Upload
others
View
0
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
December 11, 2001 Copyright © 2001 Recordare LLC 1
Recordare
MusicXML: An Internet-Friendly Format for Sheet Music
Michael GoodRecordare [email protected]
December 11, 2001 Copyright © 2001 Recordare LLC 2
Representing Musicin Computer Formats
Two main types of music data filesAudio: A recording of a musical performance, as in CDs and MP3Symbolic: Underlying musical data (pitches, rhythms) as in MIDI
This talk is about the symbolic data, as published in music notationCannot create automatically from audio
December 11, 2001 Copyright © 2001 Recordare LLC 3
Outline
The Need for a New Music Interchange FormatMusicXML’s ApproachElements of MusicXML DesignMusicXML Development EnvironmentsFuture Directions
December 11, 2001 Copyright © 2001 Recordare LLC 4
The Need for a New Music Interchange Format
Music notation publication has same great Internet potential as music audio, e-books, and other publications
Except that each music program has its own proprietary formatOr the music is published as PDF images with no musical semantics
The only common interchange format, MIDI, does not meet publication needs
December 11, 2001 Copyright © 2001 Recordare LLC 5
Prior Attempts atMoving Beyond MIDI
NIFFRepresents music data graphically, with more notation data than MIDIBut worse than MIDI for performance and analysis applications
SMDLGeneral-purpose music formatOverly complex; never implemented commercially
December 11, 2001 Copyright © 2001 Recordare LLC 6
MusicXML’s Approach
A universal translator for common Western musical notationSupports notation, analysis, information retrieval, and performance applicationsAugments, but does not replace, specialized proprietary formatsAdequate, not optimal, for diverse music applications
December 11, 2001 Copyright © 2001 Recordare LLC 7
How to SucceedWhere Many Have Failed
We have an unfair advantage: XMLMusicXML’s design based on two powerful academic music formats: MuseData and HumdrumMusicXML definition developed iteratively with MusicXML softwareSupport real music and real software
December 11, 2001 Copyright © 2001 Recordare LLC 8
And It’s Working
MusicXML entered beta test in October 2001Beta software available now for Finale and SharpEye Music ReaderSupport announced from Xemus and Middle C SoftwareFaster adoption than anything since MIDI
December 11, 2001 Copyright © 2001 Recordare LLC 9
MusicXML Interchange
MusicXML
FinaleMuseData
MIDI
NIFF
SharpEye
Middle C
XEMO
FreeHand
December 11, 2001 Copyright © 2001 Recordare LLC 10
in MusicXML (1 of 2)
Music
December 11, 2001 Copyright © 2001 Recordare LLC 11
in MusicXML (2 of 2)
1
0
44
G2
C4
4whole
December 11, 2001 Copyright © 2001 Recordare LLC 12
Elements of MusicXML Design
Music is represented 2-dimensionallyPartwise DTD for measures within partsTimewise DTD for parts within measuresXSLT stylesheets convert back and forth
Separate elements for each part of musical semanticsApplications can start by just supporting the basic MIDI-compatible elements
December 11, 2001 Copyright © 2001 Recordare LLC 13
What MusicXML Leaves Out
MusicXML represents underlying musical data, not its interpretationIt does not represent any individual music performance or engraving
No details about page and system breaks or absolute page positioningNo detailed MIDI performance data
December 11, 2001 Copyright © 2001 Recordare LLC 14
MusicXML vs. NIFF
How would look in NIFF?Pitch is not represented in NIFFInstead, the notehead position is represented as a staff step of -2So to get the pitch we need to look up the clef, key signature, any prior accidentals, ties from accidentals, and 8va marks
December 11, 2001 Copyright © 2001 Recordare LLC 15
MusicXML vs. MIDI
Original as scanned into SharpEye Imported into Finale via MusicXML
Imported into Finale via MIDI Imported into Sibelius via MIDI
December 11, 2001 Copyright © 2001 Recordare LLC 16
Limitations of MIDIfor Music Notation
MIDI represents NoteOn and NoteOff events with timestamps
Importer has to guess note durationsMIDI represents keyboard keys
Importer has to guess E-flat or D-sharpMIDI does not include slurs, barlines, dynamics, clefs, beams, stems, …MusicXML represents all of this explicitly as XML elements – no guessing needed
December 11, 2001 Copyright © 2001 Recordare LLC 17
MusicXML for
B4
31eighthdownend
December 11, 2001 Copyright © 2001 Recordare LLC 18
MusicXML for
G4
6
1quarterup
beginschla
December 11, 2001 Copyright © 2001 Recordare LLC 19
MusicXML for
61quarter1
6
62quarter2
light-heavy
December 11, 2001 Copyright © 2001 Recordare LLC 20
Freedom of Choicefor Music Software Developers
Current music formats limit your choice of software tools:
Finale plug-ins require C or C++ codeHumdrum requires Unix knowledgeMuseData tools run on special TenX system
Tight coupling of format and tools has hurt developer productivity
December 11, 2001 Copyright © 2001 Recordare LLC 21
MusicXML Development Environments
XML promises that development can be done in many different environmentsMusicXML experience bears this out
Recordare software developed using Visual Basic and MSXML parser on WindowsSeveral developers using Java and Xerces parser on Linux, Mac OS X, and WindowsSharpEye software written in C, no parser
December 11, 2001 Copyright © 2001 Recordare LLC 22
New Types of Music Use
Electronic music stands and portable music displays Intelligent music accompanimentMusic information retrieval
Query by hummingInclude music semantics when searching for new music I might likeSee http://music-ir.org
December 11, 2001 Copyright © 2001 Recordare LLC 23
Future Directions
Music information retrieval using XML databases and queriesAddress security issues using digital signatures or other DRM/PKI technologyContinued adoption by music applicationsStandardization, probably via OASIS, after more implementation experience