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*Mussolini wants to build an empire
*Invades Ethiopia in East Africa
*The League of Nations imposes sanctions (penalties), but it does not stop the Italians.
*Ethiopia annexed (made a part of another country) in May 1936.
*
*Used conscription (required military
service) to increase the military.
*Moved troops into the Rhineland (area in
Western Germany near France
*Annexed Austria in 1938
*Demanded the Sudetenland in Western
Czechoslovakia in 1938
*Invaded all of Czechoslovakia in 1939.
*
*The U.S. chose to be isolationist (turning
inward and not focusing on problems
outside of one’s own country).
*The U.S. passed a series of Neutrality Acts
prohibiting it from loaning money or selling
weapons to countries at war.
*The U.S. was hoping to keep from being
drawn into another conflict.
*
*The British and French chose appeasement
as the way to deal with the Germans and
Italians.
*Appeasement means to give in to
“reasonable demands.”
*They were hoping that loosening the reigns
a little on Hitler would make him happier.
*“You give someone an inch and they take a
mile!”
*Munich Pact (1938): Hitler agreed to stop
taking additional land in Europe.
*
*Germany, Italy, and Japan joined together
to form the Axis Alliance in 1936.
*While Germany is re-claiming lost territory
in Europe, Japan is continuing to invade
China (1937) and the French Indo-China
(1941). (French Indo-China was French
controlled countries of Vietnam, Laos,
Cambodia.)
* This creates two theaters (areas) of war:
Europe and the Pacific.
*
*Stalin is worried about Hitler. He is afraid of losing the rich farmland in Western Russia. He tries to warn the other European leaders, but they ignore him because they don’t like Communism.
*Stalin decides to become allies with Germany. Hitler and Stalin sign the Soviet Non-Aggression Pact (1939) which promises the countries won’t attack each other. They also create “spheres of influence” in Europe.
**Despite the Munich Pact,
an invasion of Poland was
planned (late 1939).
Germany invaded from
the west, and the Soviet
Union invaded from the
east. They planned to
divide Poland.
*Rapid invasion and
surprise attacks used by
the Germans known as a
“blitzkrieg” or lightning
war.
*Great Britain and France
declare war on Germany.
*
*Norway, Denmark, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands were swiftly attacked by Hitler in early 1940.
*France and Great Britain sent their best troops to protect Belgium. After hard fighting, a massive evacuation of 300,000 Allied troops occurred at Dunkirk.
*France is in chaos as the Germans race their army to Paris. An armistice is signed on June 14 and Germany controls France.
*In Southern France, Vichy France was a puppet government of the Nazis.
*
*Great Britain is the only unoccupied country in Europe.
*Hitler tries to conquer Britain by:
1. Bombing Southern England (factories)
2. Air war between the German Luftwaffe and the
British Royal Air Force (RAF)
3. Heavy bombing of London. (As a symbol to the British
people, the Royal Family stayed in Buckingham Palace
during the bombings. Winston Churchill, the Prime
Minister) said the British will never surrender.
RAF defeats the Luftwaffe, and Hitler does not invade
Great Britain.
*
*The British send troops to stop the Italian
advance in North Africa. The British push the
Italians back to the coast of Libya.
*The Germans, under the leadership of Rommel,
save the Italians in Libya, but the British kick
the Italians out of Somalia and Ethiopia.
*The Germans work to capture the Suez Canal
and Egypt because this is the gateway to the
oil resources in the Middle East.
*
*Roosevelt realizes that the British need
help.
*In 1939, the U.S. begins “cash and carry
policy.” This allows the U.S. to sell goods to
the British; must pay in cash and carry on
their own ships.
*In 1940, Congress approves the “lend-lease
act.” This allows the U.S. to lend war
equipment to any country whose defense
seemed vital to the security of the U.S.
*
*In response to the Japanese invasion of French Indo-China, the U.S. did the following:
1. Placed a ban on the sale of scrap metal to Japan (used to make weapons)
2. Placed an embargo on oil (no oil trade)
3. Would not allow the Japanese to withdraw money from U.S. banks
*
*U.S. Pacific Naval Fleet stationed at Pearl Harbor.
*December 7, 1941 – Pearl Harbor attacked. Roosevelt calls
this “a day that will live in infamy.”
*U.S. had sent all of its aircraft carriers and most of its
planes to sea.
*Japanese disabled 19 ships, destroyed 188 airplanes,
wounded 1,100 and killed 2,400.
*U.S. declares war on Japan on December 8, 1941.
*
*After losing the Battle of
Britain, the Germans turn
and attack the Soviet
Union in June 1941.
*Stalin started the
“scorched earth policy” –
burn everything that
could be helpful to the
Germans.
*Battle of Stalingrad:
Considered the turning
point in the war. 100,000
Germans died; 80,000
captured when the
Germans wait until winter
to attack.
(In the first few days of
war, the Germans destroy
most of the Soviet Air
Force, thousands of tanks,
and captured ½ million
soldiers.)
*
*German troops in N. Africa led by
General Rommel. He was known as
the “Desert Fox” because he used
blitzkrieg strategies to win.
Germans capture most of N. Africa.
*The British fight back to defend
Egypt and push the Germans back to
Tripoli.
*In May 1942, the U.S. landed troops
in Morocco and Algeria. The British
and the Americans squeezed the
Germans from both sides.
*Rommel tells Hitler it is hopeless.
Angry, Hitler removes Rommel from
N.Africa. The Allies win in May 1943.
Now the Allies can focus on Europe.
*
*“Operation Mincemeat”
*After North Africa is
liberated, the Allies focus
on invading Sicily and
then Italy. They thought
the Italians would be a
weak opponent.
*Sicily is conquered in May
1943, and after hard
fighting, Allies enter
Rome in 1944.
*Mussolini is killed by his
own people in 1945.
**Churchill, FDR, and
Eisenhower (the Allied
commander in Europe)
planned a land invasion of
France. Stalin promised to
attack Germany at the same
time from the east.
*“Operation Fortitude”
*The invasion included
150,000 soldiers; 5,000
ships; 11,000 planes and
gliders. D-day was known
as “Operation Overlord”.
*The attack began on June 6,
1944.
*
*The Free France Movement (French Resistance)
organized under General Charles de Gaulle. The
Resistance blew up railroads and bridges to slow
down the German response on D-day. They also
spied on German troop movement, information that
was crucial to the D-day invasion.
*Allies went in on parachutes and on gliders behind
enemy lines the night before the invasion.
*The beach invasion began at dawn.
*By July, more than 1 million Allied troops in France.
On August 24, 1944, de Gaulle enters a freed Paris.
*
*Battle of the Bulge: Hitler’s last attempt to defeat the
Allies in Europe. (December and January 1945). 600,000
Americans fought in the battle; 80,000 killed. Germans
lost 100,000. Germany lost because they ran out of
fuel!!!!!!!!!!
*May 7, 1945: Germany surrendered. Known as V-E day
(Victory in Europe).
*Hitler commits suicide (took a cyanide pill and then shot
himself).
*
*After Pearl Harbor, the Japanese began
capturing all of the small islands in the
Pacific, including Guam, Wake Island, Hong
Kong and the Philippines.
*Battle of Midway (1942): U.S. defeated
the Japanese and destroyed many planes
and aircraft carriers.
*U.S. begins “island-hopping”- skipping
over the islands heavily secured by the
Japanese and taking back control of
smaller islands. (This strategy got the
Americans closer to Japan with fewer
casualties, and cut those island off from
Japanese resources.)
**Battle of Guadalcanal:
the first battle in the
Pacific using allied
forces on land, sea, and
air. (lasted 6 months!)
*Battles of Okinawa and
Iwo Jima were
important because they
had air bases that were
within striking distance
of Japan.
**President Truman decided
to drop the bomb in order
to save American lives
from a land invasion.
*Hiroshima (August 6,
1945): around 70,000
killed instantly; 135,000
final death toll
*Nagasaki (August 9,
1945): 40,000 killed
instantly; 50,000 final
death toll
*Victory in Japan (VJ Day):
August 15, 1945.
*
*Hitler wants a pure race of
people (Aryans).
*Targeted Jews, Slavs,
Soviets, Poles, homosexuals,
and the handicapped for
extermination.
*Hitler took several steps to
exterminate the Jews:
1. Passed the Nuremberg
Laws (1935)
2. Kristallnacht -“Night of
Broken Glass”
(November 9, 1938) -
Nazi troops attacked
Jewish synagogues,
homes, and businesses,
killing 100 Jews.
** Forced the Jews into
ghettos (closed
neighborhoods)
* Liquidated the
neighborhoods by sending
Jews on cattle cars to
concentration camps (work
camp) or to a death camp –
“THE FINAL SOLUTION”
* Most concentration camps
were in Germany and
Poland.
* At the camps, Jews were
examined by SS doctors.
The strong (mostly men) or
skilled laborers (ex.
seamstress, cobbler) were
allowed to live.
Picture is of a round-up of Jews in the Warsaw
Ghetto. By October 1940, 400,000 people were
living in an area that could house 160,000. They
were given enough food to have 1 bowl of soup
daily. 300-400 died daily from starvation and
disease. By July 1942, 80,000 had died. At this
time, 6,000 Jews daily were rounded up and sent
to the death camp. After two months, 310,322
had been sent to the death camps. 60,000 tried
to resist and rebelled against the Germans. After
28 days, 56,065 were rounded up.
*
*Holocaust is the mass
killing of people.
*Over 11,000,000 people
in all died. 6,000,000
Jews died, including over
a million kids. 3,000,000
Jews survived.
*Those who were not sent
to an immediate death
were used as slave labor
or for medical
experiments.
*Auschwitz was the largest
death camp: (around
2,000,000 died there).
**In 1945-1946, twenty-two
Nazis were charged with
“crimes against
humanity.”
*Trial was conducted by an
International Military
Tribunal made of 23
countries.
*Ten Nazis were hanged
and they were cremated
at a concentration camp.
*Support for a Jewish
state/homeland (Zionism)
increased after the war.
Israel is founded in 1948.
**Developed in 1948 by the
United Nations in response
to the atrocities in WW2.
*Sets human rights standards
for all nations, including
rights that all people should
have.
*Difficult to enforce because
of the debate over how
much outside countries
should be involved in the
affairs of a sovereign
nation.
*
*Palestine is divided into a Jewish state and
Palestinian state, with Jerusalem as an
international city.
*Angered, Palestinians attack Israel. Israel
wins and claims ½ of the Palestinian land.
(Fight wars in 1956, 1967, 1973).
*
*
*Egyptian President Nassar wants to kick out foreign countries in
the region.
*He took control of the Suez Canal from the British by force in
1956.
*The British, French, and Israelis attack.
*The U.S. and the Soviet Union pressure the British, French, and
Israeli’s to withdraw troops. Egypt keeps the canal.
*Builds Pan-Arabism (Arab Unity).
*In 1964, the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) is formed,
Yassir Arafat is leader.
*In 1967, the PLO wants to take back land from Israel using
military force with help from other Arab nations.
*Israel attacks Egypt, Jordan, Syria, and Iran first, wiping out the
majority of Israel’s air force, and capturing the Sinai Peninsula,
the West Bank of the Jordan River, the Golan Heights, and
Jerusalem.
*In 1973, the Arabs surprise attacked Israel. The U.S. joins on
Israel’s side angering the Arabs. The United Nations arranged a
cease-fire.
**Camp David Accords (1979) – Egypt
finally recognizes Israel as a country,
receives the Sinai Peninsula from Israel.
(Egyptian President is assassinated by
an Islamic extremists upset by the
peace agreement.)
*Palestinians launched the intifada
(uprising) in 1987 – a series of terrorist
attacks against Israel.
*Oslo Peace Accords (1993) – Israel gives
Palestinians self-rule in the West Bank
and Gaza Strip. (Israeli Prime Minister
Yitzhak Rabin was assassinated by a
Jewish extremist).