mvwn‡Z¨i ¯^iƒc I †kªYxwefvM

mvwn‡Zï ¯iƒc I †kªYxwefvM gvby‡li Rxebhvc‡bi iƒc I cÖK…wZ wewPÎ| mf¨Zvi Avw`Kvj †_‡K GB wewPÎ-iƒcx Rxeb Dc‡fv‡Mi Rb¨ gvbyl †Kej e ‘MZ Dcv`v‡bi IciB wbf©i K‡iwb| m„wó K‡i‡Q Abyf‚wZ cÖKv‡ki wewPÎ Avw½K| Avw` gvbe cvi¯úwiK fve Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ cÖ_g †h aŸwbwU D”PviY K‡iwQ‡jv, ZvB mf¨Zvi Avw` wkí| aŸwb>kã> fvlv GB weeZ©b ci¤úivi ga¨ w`‡q m½xZ mvwnZ¨ I Ab¨vb¨ wkíiƒ‡ci Rb¥ n‡q‡Q| mf¨Zvi G‡KKwU ch©v‡q G‡KKwU mvwnZ¨ iƒ‡ci (Literary Form) Rb¥ n‡q‡Q| gvby‡li Rxebhvc‡bi cÖK…wZ, fve I fvebv, wPšÍv I cÖKvk¶gZvi êwkó¨B wewfbœ hy‡M mvwn‡Zï iƒc I kvLv¸‡jvi Rb¥ w`‡q‡Q| KweZv, bvUK, Dcb¨vm, †QvUMí I cÖeÜ mvwn‡Zï cÖavb K‡qKwU Avw½K | welqfvebv I web¨v‡mi w`K †_‡K cÖwZwU mvwnZïƒcB ¯Zš¿| mvwnZ¨ cÖK…Zc‡¶ GKwU wbe© ‘K aviYv| e ‘i ¯fve I cÖK…wZ w`‡q Gi wePvi m¤¢e bq| Av‡eM, Abyf‚wZ, Kíbv, ms‡e`bkxjZv cÖf…wZ †h mKj aviYv Avgiv mvwnZ¨wePv‡ii †¶‡Î eënvi Kwi Gi †Kv‡bvUvB e ‘¯fve‡K cÖKvk K‡i bv| wKš‘ gvby‡li ev Íe RxebB mvwnZ¨m„wói Drm| mvwn‡Zï ¯iƒc I †kªYxwefvR‡bi †¶‡Î G-K_v¸‡jv Avgv‡ì g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e| e¨w³gvbyl †hgb Avcbv-Avcwb m„wó nqbv, †Zgwb gvby‡li m„ó mvwnZ¨ k~b¨ †_‡K Avwef‚©Z nqbv| mvwnZ¨-wkí †h Rxeb †_‡K D™¢~Z - GB aviYv cÖvPxb Kvj †_‡KB cÖPwjZ| MÖxK `vk©wbK I ZvwË¡K †c‡Uv (wLª. c~. 3q-4_© kZK) Zvui Republic Mª‡š’ wkí-mvwnZ¨m„wói †ek KÕwU m~Î wb‡`©k K‡i‡Qb:

1. wkím„wó n‡jv AbyKiY| gvby‡li AwfÁZvi RMrB wkímvwn‡Zï Aej¤^b| wZwb g‡b Ki‡Zb Kwei m„wó AbyKi‡Yi AbyKiY Ges Zv wg_¨v|

2. wk‡íi m‡½ bxwZi m¤úK© myMfxi| wk‡íi †kªôZ¡ ˆbwZK ¸Yvejxi Dci wbf©ikxj| 3. mvwnZ¨wkí fv‡ei welq, Áv‡bi welq bq| 4. `k©‡bi mZ¨ wk‡íi ga¨ w`‡q cÖKvk cvq| GB aviYvi d‡j mvwn‡Zï mZ¨ I `k©‡bi m‡Zï g‡a¨ wZwb

†Kv‡bv cv_©K¨ wb‡`©k Ki‡Z cv‡ib wb| 5. Kv‡e¨ iƒ‡ci †P‡q fveB †ewk ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|

GB m~Î¸‡jv †_‡K †evSv hvq †c‡Uv AbyKiY ej‡Z AweKj cÖwZiƒc †evSv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb|

wKš‘ †cø‡Uvi QvÎ A¨vwi÷Uj (wLª. c~. 4_© kZK) AbyKi‡Yi we‡kl j¶Y wn‡m‡e AbyKiY‡K cÖvavb¨ w`‡jb| Zvui g‡Z wkí Ges mvwn‡Zï cv_©‡Kï gva¨g n‡jv fvlv| wZwb AbyKiY kãwU‡K MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb e¨vcK A‡_©| Zvui g‡Z mvwnZ¨ Rxe‡bi AbyKiY †h Rxe‡b NUbv, Abyf‚wZ, wPšÍv, Kg©, ev Íe A‡c¶v mZ¨ n‡q aiv †`q| GB AbyKiY-ZË¡wU `xN©Kvj mvwnZ¨wePv‡ii †¶‡Î GKwU cÖavb gvb`Û wn‡m‡e M„nxZ n‡q‡Q|

mf¨Zvi Elvj‡Mœ gvbyl wQ‡jv fvlvnxb, wbtkã| ZLb gvby‡li fve Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi gva¨g wQ‡jv wewPÎ A½fw½| cwievifz³, h~_e× gvbyl Zv‡ì ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi cvi¯úwiK †hvMv‡hvM i¶vi cÖ‡qvR‡bB m„wó K‡i fvlv| †mB cÖ‡qvRb wQ‡jv GKvšÍfv‡eB e ‘MZ| wKš‘ mg‡qi weeZ©‡b gvby‡li wPšÍv, Kg© I Abyf‚wZi eûgyLx we Ívi N‡U| gvby‡li m¤úK© †hgb ’‚j, e ‘me©¯ _v‡Kbv, †Zgwb Zvi Rxebhvcb I Rxeb Dc‡fv‡Mi †¶‡ÎI ms‡e`bkxjZv I m~²Zvi cÖKvk NU‡Z _v‡K| Avw` gvbe Zvi fve cÖ_g cÖKvk K‡i wP‡Îi gva¨‡g cÖvPxb ¸nvMv‡Î GLbI Zvi wb`k©b we`¨gvb| fvlv Avwe®‹vi nevi ci gvbyl µgvš‡q Zvi wewPÎ fve‡K Avw½‡Ki Avkª‡q cÖKvk Ki‡Z _v‡K|

1

Gm Gm GBP Gj

BDwbU-1 c„ôv : 2

Gfv‡eB gvby‡li Avw` kãwkí KweZvi m„wó| bvU‡Ki Avwefv©e n‡q‡Q gvby‡li ˆ`bw›`b Rxebhvcb Dc‡hvMx wkígva¨g ˆZwii cÖ‡qvRb‡eva †_‡K| mgvR I mf¨Zvi weeZ©‡bi avivq Gfv‡eB gvbyl µgvš^‡q Zvi Rxebhvcb, Rxeb Dc‡fvM I Zvi m~²Zi cÖKv‡ki cÖ‡qvR‡b wewfbœ mvwnZ¨ Avw½‡Ki m„wó K‡i‡Q| G-fv‡eB µgvš‡q gvbyl Zvi cÖ‡qvR‡b m„wó K‡i‡Q Dcb¨vm, †QvUMí I cÖeÜ|

evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vj‡qi œvZK cvVµ‡g mvwn‡Zï DwjwLZ kvLv¸‡jv AšÍfy©³ n‡q‡Q| GB kvLv ev †kªYxi ¯iƒc Abyave‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡Z¨K wk¶v_x©B wKQy cÖv_wgK †gŠwjK aviYv _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| G-cÖm‡½ cÖ_‡gB Avm‡e †kªYxwefvR‡bi cÖkœ| Avevi †kªYx êwk‡óï w`K †_‡K wewfbœ iƒ‡c wef³ mvwnZïƒc ev dg© (†hgb, KweZv, bvUK, Dcb¨vm, Mí I cÖeÜ) eyS‡Z n‡j Zvi fve ev welqe ‘ (Content) Ges MVb‡KŠkj (Structure) m¤ú‡K©I my¯úó aviYv _vK‡Z n‡e| G-cÖ‡qvR‡bi w`‡K j¶ †i‡LB Avgiv Ômvwn‡Zï ¯iƒc I †kªYxwefvMÕ ce© cvV¨m~wPi ïiæ‡Z AšÍfy©³ K‡iwQ Ges wb‡¤œv³ µgvbymv‡i †m¸‡jv Dc ’vc‡bi cwiKíbv MÖnY K‡iwQ:

D‡Ïk¨, Dcwi-D³ welq¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© cÖv_wgK cÖ‡qvRbxq aviYv jvf Ges mvwn‡Zï ¯iƒc, im I wewfbœ kvLv¸‡jv‡K wePvi Kivi `¶Zv AR©b| GKRb ¯vej¤^x wk¶v_x© n‡q DV‡Z mK‡jiB hv Kvg¨|

cvV-1. mvwn‡Zï †kÖYxwefvM cvV-2. mvwn‡Zï iƒc I im cvV-3. KweZv \ Aj¼vi \ Q›` cvV-4. †QvUMí cvV-5. Dcb¨vm cvV-6. bvUK cvV-7. cÖeÜ

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

evsjv mvwnZ¨-1 c„ôv - 3

mvwn‡Zï †kªYxwefvM

D‡Ïk¨ GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb mvwn‡Zï msÁv_© wjL‡Z cvi‡eb| mvwn‡Zï wewfbœ †kªYx m¤ú‡K© aviYv e¨³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| mvwn‡Zï wewfbœ †kªYxi ¯Zš¿ êwkó¨ m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvKcvZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| mvwn‡Zï fve I iƒ‡ci mvaviY êwkó¨¸‡jvi ¯iƒc e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

msÁv_© Bs†iwR Literature-Gi cÖwZkã wn‡m‡e Avgiv mvwnZ¨ kãwUi eënvi K‡i _vwK| fvlvi †mŠ›`h© I Av‡e‡Mi wµqvkxjZv hLb k‡ãi Avkª‡q iƒc jvf K‡i ZLbB cÖK…Z mvwn‡Zï Rb¥| c„w_exi wewfbœ fvlvi †jLKiv mvwnZ¨‡K wfbœ wfbœ `„wó‡KvY †_‡K e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Qb| Zvu‡ì e¨vL¨v GKwU wel‡q Awfbœ; Zvn‡jv, mvwnZ¨ n‡”Q gvby‡li m„ó wkí| gvbeRxe‡b msNwUZ wewPÎ NUbv Ges e ‘RM‡Zi DcKiY mvwn‡Zï Aej¤^b n‡jI ˆ`bw›`bZv I ’‚jZv‡K AwZµg K‡i wPišÍb n‡q I‡V| †hgb BwZnv‡m gvbeRxe‡bi NUbvi mgv‡ek Av‡Q, wKš‘ Zv NUbvi e¨Äbv ev mZ¨ A‡c¶v weeiY‡KB cÖvavb¨ †`q| e ‘MZ DcKiY w`‡q Avgiv ˆZwi Kwi AÆvwjKv, hvbevnb, M„‡ni AvmevecÎ cÖf…wZ| NUbvi weeiY ˆZwi ev M‡o †Zvjvq mªóvi †Kv‡bv K…wZZ¡ †bB| wKš‘ mvwn‡Z¨ G-me welqB †jL‡Ki Kíbv, m„RbkxjZv, Abyf‚wZi m~²Zv cÖf…wZi Avkª‡q m„ó nq, hv GKB cvVK‡K evi evi Z…ß Ki‡Z m¶g| wKš‘ NUbvi weeiY I e ‘MZ cÖ‡qvR‡b gvby‡li MfxiZg Av‡eM, Abyf‚wZ I Kíbvkw³ D‡ØvwaZ nq bv| mvwnZ¨ n‡q-IVv m¤ú` Zvi MÖnb‡hvM¨Zv wkíMZ (Art) †mŠ›`‡h©i Ici wbf©ikxj|

mvwnZ¨ e¨vcK I wewPÎ GKwU aviYv| iƒ‡ci eûgywLZv Gi êwkó¨ wbY©‡qi †¶‡Î RwUjZvi m„wó K‡i‡Q| cÖwZwU gvbyl gv_v MYbvqB †Kej ¯Zš¿ bq, Abyf‚wZ, wPšÍv I Kíbvkw³i wePv‡iI c„_K êwk‡ó¨ wPwýZ| mvwnZ¨mªóvI GKRb gvbyl| Abyf‚wZ, ms‡e`b, wPšÍvkw³ I KíbvPvwiZvq mvaviY gvbyl A‡c¶v A‡bK AMÖmi| GR‡b¨ mvwnwZ¨K‡ì ejv nq, mgv‡Ri AMÖmi †PZbvi cÖwZf‚| AZxZ ¯§„wZ, AaxZ Ávb, ev Íe-AwfÁZv Ges mgKvjxb Rxeb †_‡K DcKiY AvüZ n‡jI GKRb mvwnwZ¨‡Ki j¶¨ fwel¨Z‡K ¯úk© Kiv|

AvZ¥cÖKvk-AvKv•¶v gvby‡li †gŠwjK cÖeYZv¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg| GB cªeYZv gvbyl‡K mvgvwRK n‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| GKRb mvwnZ¨-mªóv Zvui AvZ¥cÖKv‡ki B”Qv‡KB mvwn‡Zï gva¨‡g cÖKvk K‡ib| Kwe Zvui Abyf‚wZ, Av‡eM I Kíbv‡K Awbevh© kãmgev‡q Dc ’vcb K‡ib KweZvq| Avgiv ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b AmsL¨ k‡ãi gva¨‡g g‡bi fve cÖKvk Kwi| Awfav‡bi †fZ‡iI _‡i _‡i mvRv‡bv _v‡K ARmª k‡ãi KsKvj| Kwei Kíbv I m„Rbxkw³ ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b eëüZ AmsL¨ k‡ãi ga¨ †_‡K †e‡Q †bq Awbevh© wKQy kã| Avi Awfav‡bi g„Z k‡ãi Í‚c †_‡K KweZvi kix‡i ’vcb K‡i k‡ãi g‡a¨ cÖvYmÂvi K‡ib GKRb Kwe| Gfv‡eB gvby‡li e ‘gq Rxe‡bi AšÍiv‡j gb I Kíbvi GK fvegq RMr m„wó K‡ib Kwe| KweZvq Kwe Ges cvV‡Ki g‡a¨ ms‡hvM ’vcb K‡i wKQy Awbevh©, cÖvYgq kã|

bvU‡Ki Dcv`v‡bi cwimi KweZvi Zzjbvq e¨vcK| bvU¨Kvi, PwiÎ ev Awf‡bZv, gÂ Ges `k©K ev †kªvZvi mgev‡q bvU‡Ki m„wó| mvwn‡Zï Ab¨vb¨ kvLvi g‡Zv bvU‡Ki Dcv`vbI Rxeb †_‡K M„nxZ nq| gvby‡li Rxeb, Zvi ¯fve, cwicvk¦©, mgvR GgbwK ivRbxwZ cÖwZwU †¶‡ÎB bvU‡Ki Dcv`vb wKsev bvUKxqZv we`¨gvb| bvU¨Kvi †m-me †¶Î †_‡KB AvniY K‡ib bvU‡Ki Dcv`vb| wKš‘ g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e bvUKxq Dcv`vb †Kv‡bv bvU‡Ki mv_©KZvi gvb`Û bq| bvU‡Ki Avw½K ev ixwZi Abykvmb mvwn‡Zï Ab¨vb¨ iƒc ev Avw½K A‡c¶v

cvV-1

Gm Gm GBP Gj

BDwbU-1 c„ôv : 4

A‡bK †ewk wbqš¿YcÖeY| Mí, KweZv, wKsev Dcb¨vm gvbyl GKv wKsev mw¤§wjZfv‡e cvV I Dc‡fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ bvUK Dc‡fv‡Mi Rb¨ wbw ©ó ’vb, mgq Ges mgwóMZ Dcw ’wZi cÖ‡qvRb| G-Kvi‡Y bvU‡Ki MVb‡KŠkj mywbiƒwcZ, K‡Vvi I mZK©| bvUK wbq‡gi Abymvix hvi m‡½ i‡q‡Q gÂ Ges Awfb‡qi m¤úK©| Performing Art ev cÖ‡qvM-mv‡c¶ wkí wn‡m‡e bvUK GKUv ¯Zš¿ iƒc I ixwZi Abymvix|

eZ©gvb Kv‡j mvwn‡Zï me‡P‡q RbwcÖq Avw½K n‡jv Dcb¨vm| Gi KviY †Kej Dcb¨v‡mi MVb êwP‡Îï g‡a¨B wbwnZ bq, mvwn‡Zï Ab¨ me kvLvi †Kv‡bv-bv-†Kv‡bv êwk‡óï GKÎ wgjbI G-‡¶‡Î ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv †i‡L‡Q| M‡íi eY©bvaw©g©Zv †hgb Dcb¨v‡m we`¨gvb, †Zgwb i‡q‡Q KweZvi AšÍg©qZv| bvU‡Ki AvKw¯§KZv, msjvc, Rxe‡bi AvKl©Yxq gyn~‡Z©i bvUKxq Dc ’vcbI Dcb¨v‡mi wkí¯fv‡ei Ask| Avevi gbbkxj cÖe‡Üi we‡klY-awg©Zv I RwUj gvbe-Aw ÍZ¡I Zvi ¯iƒc D‡b¥vP‡bi Rb¨ cÖvmw½K n‡q I‡V| ev Íe c„w_exi NUbv, PwiÎ, Rxe‡bi wewPÎ iƒ‡ci web¨vm Jcb¨vwm‡Ki `„wófw½ Abyhvqx iƒcvwqZ nq Dcb¨v‡m| Dcb¨v‡mi D™¢e AvaywbK bvMwiK mf¨Zvi D™¢e I weKv‡ki m‡½ m¤úK©hy³| AvaywbK Rxe‡bi RwUj, Ø›Øgq I eûgyLx mZ¨ iƒc`v‡bi cÖ‡qvRb‡PZbv †_‡K Dcb¨v‡mi m„wó| †h Kvi‡Y Dcb¨v‡mi msÁv wbY©q h‡_ó KwVb| cÖwZwU Dcb¨vmB welqe ‘ I wkí¯vZ‡š¿¨ Ab¨ Dcb¨vm †_‡K c„_K| ZeyI NUbvsk ev plot wbev©Pb, PwiÎm„wói †KŠkj, Jcb¨vwm‡Ki Rxeb `„wói †gŠwjKZ¡, Rxeb m¤ú‡K© GKwU `k©b mÜv‡bi HKvwšÍK AvMÖn Dcb¨vm‡K êwkó¨gwÛZ K‡i‡Q|

Mí ejv Ges †kvbv gvby‡li wPiKvjxb cÖeYZv nIqv m‡Ë¡I †QvUM‡íi m„wó mvwn‡Zï Ab¨vb¨ kvLv A‡c¶v †ek c‡i| Ebwesk kZvãx‡Z Dcb¨v‡m Avgiv Rxe‡bi †h we Í…Z iƒ‡ci cÖwZdjb †`wL, Avw½K-êwk‡óï Kvi‡YB †QvUM‡í Zv m¤¢e bq| Rxe‡bi eûgyLx mZ¨ Dcb¨v‡mi DcRxe¨| Avi †QvUM‡í wea„Z nq Rxe‡bi GKvšÍ Mfxi †Kv‡bv GKwU Awbevh© cÖm½| wKš‘ Gi A_© GB bq †h, †QvUM‡íi Rxeb LwÛZ, Ac~Y©| Dcb¨vm‡K Avgiv Zzjbv Ki‡Z cvwi gvby‡li mgMÖ Rxe‡bi mv‡_, †hLv‡b AmsL¨ NUbv, AwfÁZv, msNvZ I msMÖv‡gi mgv‡ek| Avi †QvUMí †mB wekvj Rxe‡bi GKwU Ask hviI c~Y©Zv Av‡Q, hvi ga¨w`‡qI Rxe‡bi †Kv‡bv GKwU m‡Zï mgMÖZv Abyaveb Kiv hvq| GR‡b¨B ejv nq , Dcb¨v‡m Avgiv mÜvb Kwi Rxe‡bi m¤ú~Y©Zv (Entirety) Avi †QvUM‡í mgMÖZv (Totality)|

cÖeÜ ej‡Z Avgiv mvaviYZ eywS †Kv‡bv msw¶ß M`¨-iPbv, hv wbw ©ó welqe ‘‡K Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g Dc ’vcb K‡i _v‡K| KL‡bv KL‡bv we‡kl `„wófw½‡K cÖKvk K‡i Avevi KL‡bv-ev wel‡qi AšÍM©Z e³e¨ we‡kl‡Yi gva¨‡g cvVK‡K †Kv‡bv wm×v‡šÍ DcbxZ n‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| KweZv, bvUK, Mí, wKsev Dcb¨vm‡K ejv nq m„Rbkxj mvwnZïƒc| Avi cÖe‡Üi DcKiY I cÖKi‡Yi êwkó¨ m„RbkxjZvi ¯fveag© †_‡K `~ieZx©| cÖe‡Üi welq n‡Z cv‡i mvwnZ¨, mgvR, ms¯‹…wZ wKsev ivRbxwZ| Bs‡iwR‡Z hv‡K Avgiv Essay ewj cÖeÜ A‡bKUv Zvi mgagx©| cÖeÜ mvwn‡Zï D™¢‡ei hy‡M gbbkxj M`¨Kvi GK ai‡bi e¨vL¨vbg~jK, weZK©g~jK I eY©bvg~jK iPbvi m~ÎcvZ K‡ib, hv‡K ejv n‡Zv ÔcÖ ÍveÕ| ivg‡gvnb ivq, we`¨vmvMi, A¶qKzgvi `Ë cÖgyL gbxlx Zvu‡ì ÔcÖ ÍveÕ mg~‡n mgvRRxe‡bi wewPÎ cÖm‡½i e¨vL¨v I eY©bv Dc ’vcb K‡i‡Qb| fvlv I mvwn‡Zï BwZnvm-we‡klYI ivgMwZ b¨vqiZœ ÔcÖ ÍveÕ-Gi iƒc ev Form †KB MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb|

cÖeÜKvi Av‡jvP¨ wel‡qi Ici wbivm³ KZ…©Z¡ cÖwZôv K‡i hyw³k„•Ljvq welq we‡klY K‡ib| d‡j, AvaywbK wPšÍvkxj we‡k¦ cÖe‡Üi MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv µgvMZ e„w× cv‡”Q| cÖeÜKvi mvwn‡Zï wewfbœ iƒc‡K †hgb we‡klY K‡ib, †Zgwb wkí I Rxe‡bi wewPÎ cÖm½‡K AšÍ‡f©`x `„wó‡Z we‡klY K‡ib|

Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K GKwU welq my¯úó| Zv n‡jv mvwn‡Zï cÖwZwU Avw½‡KiB welqe ‘ gvby‡li eûav-we Í…Z Rxeb| wKš‘ cÖKi‡Yi ag© †mB gvbeRxeb-mZ¨‡KB ¯Zš¿ iƒcvw½‡K web¨ Í K‡i| KweZv g~jZ AšÍg©q gvby‡li Av‡eM-Kíbv-Abyf‚wZi m~²Zi web¨vm Zvi Awš^ó| bvU‡K †`L‡ev bvU¨Kvi, Awf‡bZv, gÂ I `k©K GKUv mvgevwqK wkí‡¶Î iPbv K‡i‡Q| Mí Ges Dcb¨vm mvwn‡Zï mKj Avw½‡Ki ¯fve AvZ¥ ’ K‡i Rxe‡bi e¨vcK I Mfxi iƒ‡ci D‡b¥vPb-cÖqvmx|



evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vj‡qi we.G Ges we.Gm.Gm. †cÖvMÖv‡gi evsjv fvlv (mvaviY wk¶v †Kvm©) cvVµ‡g mvwn‡Zï cÖwZwU Avw½K AšÍf©z³ n‡q‡Q| evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖavb cÖavb †jL‡Ki iwPZ KvjRqx KweZv, bvUK, †QvUMí, Dcb¨vm I cÖe‡Üi wbe©vwPZ cvV †_‡K wk¶v_x©‡ì mvgwMÖK aviYv †ÌqvB GB cvVµg cÖYq‡bi D‡Ïk¨| ¯wk¶‡Y-AvMÖnx wk¶v_x©iv wbe©vwPZ g~jcvV, Zvi D‡Ïk¨, cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb, P‚ovšÍ g~j¨vqb, cÖ‡kœvË‡ii bgybv, UxKv cÖf…wZ †_‡K cÖwZwU mvwnZ¨kvLv cwic~Y©fv‡e Abyave‡bi w`Kwb‡ ©kbv cv‡eb|

mvwn‡Zï †h †Kv‡bv iƒc ev Avw½K wePv‡ii †¶‡Î Avgiv mvaviYZ ywU gvb`Û a‡i AMÖmi nB:

GK : welqe ‘ `yB : wkíiƒc ev cÖKiY cÖm½ `ywU ¯Zš¿fv‡e Av‡jvwPZ n‡jI G-`y‡qi m¤úK© Awe‡”Q`¨| wkíx ev mvwnwZ¨K Rxe‡bi wewPÎ Drm †_‡K Zvui Awš^ó mvwnZïƒ‡ci (Literary form) DcKiY AvniY K‡ib| e¨w³i Aw ÍZ¡MZ Ae ’v, mvgvwRK Ae ’vb, Avkv-AvKv•¶v-e¨_©Zv I hš¿Yvi eû‡KŠwYK mZ¨‡KB g~jZ †jL‡Ki Aejw¤Z mvwnZïƒ‡c ’vb †Ìqv nq| G-†¶‡Î †jLK Rxeb‡K wKfv‡e †`‡Lb Ges Dc ’vcb K‡ib †mUvB cÖavb we‡eP¨| Awfbœ DcKiY wb‡q GKvwaK †jLK mvwnZ¨ m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡ib| wKš‘ welq‡PZbv I wkíiƒ‡ci wfbœZv cÖ‡Z¨K †jL‡Ki m„wó‡KB ¯Zš¿ K‡i †Zv‡j| †hgb 1952 wLª÷v‡ãi fvlv Av‡›`vjb Ges 1971 wLª÷v‡ãi gyw³hy× Aej¤‡b Avgv‡ì mvwnwZ¨Kiv AmsL¨ KweZv, bvUK, Mí, Dcb¨vm wKsev cÖeÜ iPbv K‡i‡Qb| DcKiY Awfbœ n‡jI †jL‡Ki †PZbv, `„wófw½, Dc ’vcbixwZ cÖ‡Z¨K m„wó‡KB ¯Zš¿ êwkó¨ `vb K‡i‡Q| fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi i³øvZ AwfÁZvi Av‡jv‡K iwPZ nvmvb nvwdRyi ingv‡bi ÔAgi GKz‡kÕ (eZ©gvb cvV¨µ‡gi AšÍf©y³) G-welqK AmsL¨ KweZvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg †kªô iPbv| Kwei †`k‡cÖg, fvlv-knx`‡ì cÖwZ Mfxi kª×v, ZrKvjxb ˆ¯ikvm‡Ki cÖwZ Zxeª N„Yv KweZvwUi welqe ‘‡K AmvavibZ¡ `vb K‡i‡Q| KweZvwUi fvlv, kãeënvi I wPÎiPbvq welqe¯‘ cÖKv‡ki Dc‡hvMx Awbevh©Zv m„wó Kiv n‡q‡Q| †hLv‡b †µva I msMÖvgx †PZbv cÖKvwkZ , †mLvbKvi fvlv wbiv‡eM, Zrmg kãeûj Ges Zx²| Avevi ¯Rb nviv‡bvi †e`bvgq fvivµvšÍ, AkÖæwm³ †PZbvi cÖKvk N‡U‡Q mij-mnR kãmgev‡q, gvZ…-ggZvi Dc‡hvMx mnRvZ fvlvi web¨v‡m|

gybxi †PŠayix iwPZ Ôi³v³ cÖvšÍiÕ bvU‡Ki Dcv`vb ev DcKiY cvwbc‡_i Z…Zxq hy×| GB HwZnvwmK NUbv wb‡q GKvwaK iPbv evsjv fvlvq cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ gybxi †PŠayixi bvUKwUi AwfbeZ¡ Gi welq‡PZbv| hy‡×i NUbv‡K bvU¨Kvi gvbexq †cÖg I hy×we‡ivax kvwšÍKvgx AvKv•¶vi welqe ‘‡Z cwiYZ K‡i‡Qb| iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii Ô†k‡li KweZvÕi DcKiY bi-bvixi †cÖgm¤úK©| Dcb¨v‡m eûj eëüZ GB m¤úK©‡K iex›`ªbv_ gvbe †cÖ‡gi GK wPišÍb welqe ‘‡Z cwiYZ K‡i‡Qb| †h †cÖg cÖvwßi mxgvq ew›`, Zv ¶wYK I f½yi msKxY© PvIqv-cvIqvi mxgvhy³ †cÖg gvbweK †PZbv‡K K‡i †Zv‡j AbšÍgyLx| mg‡qi PjgvbZvq †m-†cÖg wPiKv‡ji gvbe-gvbexi|

mvwn‡Zï wewfbœ Avw½‡K wea„Z welqe ‘‡K Awbevh© I MÖnY‡hvM¨ K‡i Zzj‡Z n‡j , †jLK‡K mÜvb Ki‡Z nq h_v_© cÖKiY ev wkíiƒc | Zv bv n‡j mvwnZ¨ †Kej wel‡qi eY©bvq cwiYZ n‡e| BwZnv‡mi NUbv eY©bv-cÖavb e‡jB Zvi Av‡e`b `xN© ’vqx nq bv | Ô Agi GKz‡kÕ KweZv n‡q-IVvi KviY BwZnv‡mi NUbvi AšÍtmvi‡K Kwe Awbevh© wkícÖKi‡Y DbœxZ K‡i‡Qb| Ôi³v³ cÖvšÍiÕ bvU‡Ki †¶‡ÎI G-K_v cÖ‡hvR¨|

mvwn‡Zï welqe ‘ (Content) I Avw½K (Form) A½v½x m¤úK©hy³| †h-Kvi‡Y welqe ‘ cÖKvk-Dc‡hvMx Avw½K m„wó‡Z e¨_© n‡j †m-mvwnZ¨ `xN© ’vqx nqbv| iex›`ªbv‡_i ÔejvKvÕ KweZvq †h Pjgvb Rxebm‡Zï web¨vm N‡U‡Q, Gi kãeënvi I Q‡›` †mB MwZ ev cÖengvbZv‡KB Awbevh©Zv `vb Kiv n‡q‡Q | gvB‡Kj gaym~ b `‡Ëi Ôe½fvlvÕ KweZvq welqe ‘ fvlv‡cÖg I †`k†cÖg| wKš‘ m‡b‡Ui Avw½K m„wó‡Z Kwei mvgwMÖK mdjZv KweZvwUi Av‡e`b‡K `xN© ’vqx K‡i‡Q| GR‡b¨B ejv hvq, welqe ‘ hZ Mfxi I e¨vcK †nvK bv †Kb Avw½K, cÖKiY ev wkíiƒ‡ci m¤úbœZv Qvov †Kv‡bv mvwnZ¨ m„wóB mv_©KZv jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|

e ‘ms‡¶c

Gm Gm GBP Gj

BDwbU-1 c„ôv : 6

mvwnZ¨ n‡”Q gvby‡li m„ó wkí| mvwnZ¨ e¨vcK I wewPÎ GKwU aviYv| mvwn‡Zï †h †Kvb iƒc ev Avw½K wePv‡ii †¶‡Î mvaviYZ welqe ‘ Ges wkíiƒc ev cÖKiY G `ywU gvbÛ we‡eP¨| mvwn‡Zï welqe ‘ (Content) I Avw½K (Form) A½v½x m¤úK©hy³| GB Kvi‡Y welqe ‘ cÖKv‡k Dc‡hvMx Avw½K m„wó‡Z e¨_© n‡j †m mvwnZ¨ `xN© ’vqx nq bv| mvwn‡Zï cÖwZwU Avw½‡KiB welqe ‘ gvby‡li eûavwe Í…Z Rxeb| wKš‘ cÖKi‡Yi ag© †mB gvbeRxeb-mZ¨‡KB ¯Zš¿ iƒcvw½‡K web¨ Í K‡i| †hgb, KweZvq gvby‡li Av‡eM-Kíbv-Abyf‚wZi m~²Zi web¨vm wbwnZ _v‡K| bvU‡K †`Lv hvq, bvU¨Kvi, Awf‡bZv, gÂ I `k©K GKUv mvgevwqK wkí‡¶Î iPbv K‡i‡Q| Mí Ges Dcb¨vm mvwn‡Zï mKj Aw½‡Ki ¯fve AvZ¥ ’ K‡i Rxe‡bi e¨vcK I Mfxiiƒ‡ci D‡b¥vPb cÖqvmx| cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb msw¶ß-DËig~jK cÖkœ 1. mvwnZ¨ ej‡Z Avgiv wK eywS? 2. mvwnZïƒc kãeÜwU wK A‡_© eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q? 3. mvwnZ¨ wePv‡ii †¶‡Î DcKiY, welqe ‘ I Avw½K‡K Avgiv †Kb ¯Zš¿ K‡i †`wL? 4. mvwn‡Zï wewfbœ †kªYxi iƒcMZ êwkó¨ m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvKcvZ Kiæb| 5. mvwn‡Zï welqe ‘ (Content) Kv‡K e‡j? iPbvg~jK cÖkœ 1. mvwn‡Zï †kªYxwefvM m¤ú‡K© hv Rv‡bb wb‡Ri fvlvq wjLyb| 2 bs msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖ‡kœi bgybv DËi welqe ‘ I MVb-êwk‡óï Kvi‡Y mvwn‡Zï wewfbœ iƒ‡ci m„wó n‡q‡Q| KweZv, bvUK, Dcb¨vm, †QvUMí I cÖeÜ mvwn‡Zï G‡KKwU iƒc ev Form| GB iƒc ev MVbMZ ¯vZ‡š¿ï Kvi‡YB cÖwZwU mvwnZ¨-Avw½K ¯Zš¿ êwk‡ó¨ wPwýZ| †hgb KweZvi iƒc M‡o I‡V Zvi fvewbó AšÍg©q welqe ‘i wfwË‡Z| cÖe‡Üi Ae ’vb Zvi wecixZ †giæ‡Z| cÖeÜ e ‘wbó I we‡klYagx©|



mvwn‡Zï iƒc I im

D‡Ïk¨ GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb mvwn‡Zï iƒc ev MVb‡KŠkj m¤ú‡K© aviYv e¨³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| mvwn‡Zï im ej‡Z wK †evSvq †m m¤ú‡K© wjL‡Z cvi‡eb| mvwn‡Zï ÷vB‡ji cÖK…wZ m¤ú‡K© aviYv wb‡Z cvi‡eb| iƒc I i‡mi ¯Zš¿ cÖK…wZ wel‡q Av‡jvKcvZ Ki‡Z m¶g n‡eb| cÖvKK_b c~e©eZx© cv‡V (cvV-1) Avgiv mvwn‡Zï iƒc ej‡Z Zvi Avw½K ev wewfbœ kvLv (Form) eywS‡qwQ| eZ©gvb cv‡V iƒc ej‡Z mvwn‡Zï Aeqea‡g©i mvaviY êwkó¨ Av‡jvwPZ n‡e| im ej‡Z mvwn‡Zï welqe ‘i cÖwZ ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc Kiv n‡e| G-†¶‡Î cÖvP¨ I cvðv‡Zï mvwnZ¨ Avw½‡Ki aviYv I gZev‡ì we‡klY ’vb cv‡e| Avgv‡ì Pvi cv‡ki †`Lv RMr cÖavbZ `„k¨gq I wPÎgq| A_v©r wek¦RMr Avgv‡ì Kv‡Q aiv †`q Zvi iƒc wb‡q| gvbyl, cªK…wZ-b`x-e„¶-mgy ª-mewKQyB Avgv‡ì g‡bv‡hvM AvKl©Y K‡i ¯-iƒ‡c| †mB iƒc cÖZ¨¶ Kivi ci wewPÎ Abyf‚wZ, Kíbv I ¯‡cœi Rb¥ nq gvby‡li g‡b| evB‡ii RMr I Rxe‡bi †h me Dcv`vb mvwnZ¨ mªóvi gvbm-†jv‡K mwÂZ n‡Z _v‡K, †m¸‡jv m„wói GK AbyK‚j cwi‡ek iPbv K‡i| GB m„wóB mvwnZ¨| mvwnZ¨ Dc‡fvM I wePv‡ii †¶‡Î fve I iƒc kã ywU Avgiv cÖvqk eënvi Kwi| GB fve I iƒ‡ci cig I Awbevh© wgjbB n‡jv mvwnZ¨| Avgiv mvwnwZ¨‡Ki †h-m„wó Dcjwä Kwi, im Av¯v`b Kwi Ñ Zv cÖK…Zc‡¶ fve I iƒ‡ci ALÛ GK m„wó| †Kv‡bvwU‡KB Avjv`v K‡i wePvi Kiv hvq bv| `vk©wbK †µv‡Pi g‡Z wk‡íi cÖ_g cÖKvk N‡U, wkíxi g‡bv‡jv‡K| Avi GB cÖKvk Kíbvi mvnv‡h¨ evB‡ii RMr †_‡K cÖvß AwfÁZv ev cÖZ¨qmg~‡ni AvK…wZ ev Aeqe jvf| fve I iƒc Gfv‡eB n‡q I‡V Awe‡”Q`¨| wKš‘ Av‡jvPbvi myweavi Rb¨ Avgiv fve I iƒ‡ci g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wb‡`©k Kwi| fve I iƒ‡ci Awbevh© wgj‡b †h Avb›`gq Dc‡fv‡Mi Abyf‚wZ m„wó nq, Zv‡KB ejv nq im| fv‡ei g‡Zv iƒc ev cÖKvkfw½I mvwn‡Zï DcKiY| gvby‡li Rxe‡bi m‡½ m¤úwK©Z †h-†Kv‡bv welq fve-iƒ‡ci Dcv`vb n‡Z cv‡i| GB fve ev Íe RM‡Zi m‡½ mvwnwZ¨K ev wkíxi ms¯úk© †_‡K m„wó n‡Z cv‡i, ev BwZnvm, HwZn¨ I cyivY †_‡K Avm‡Z cv‡i A_ev c~e© AwfÁZvi wfwË‡Z Kíbvq Dw`Z n‡Z cv‡i| ZvB fve wewPÎ| KL‡bv wPšÍv, KL‡bv Abyfe, KL‡bv ev ¯§„wZ n‡q GB me DcKiY mvwnwZ¨‡Ki gb‡K AwaKvi K‡i| RMr I Rxe‡bi AwfÁZv mvwnwZ¨‡Ki gvbmm¤ú` n‡jI iƒ‡ci gva¨‡gB Zv‡K cÖKvk Ki‡Z n‡e| GKRb cvðvZ¨ mgv‡jvPK DBwjqvg †nbwi nvWmb mvwn‡Zï iƒcixwZ‡K Ab¨Zg cÖavb Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e ¯xK…wZ Rvwb‡q‡Qb| Zvui g‡Z cÖwZwU mvwnZ¨ iƒ‡ci web¨vm, mvgÄm¨, †mŠ›`h© Ges Kvh©KvwiZv wba©vwiZ bxwZ ev Av`k© Abymv‡i m„wó Ki‡Z n‡e| GB bxwZi wfwË‡ZB mvwn‡Zï cÖhyw³MZ wKsev ˆkjxMZ Dcv`vb ¯xK…wZ jvf K‡i| G-cÖm‡½ iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii we‡ePbvi kiY †bqv †h‡Z cv‡i| mvwnZ¨, mvwn‡Zï mvgMªx, mvwn‡Zï Zvrch© cÖf…wZ wel‡q Av‡jvKcvZ Ki‡Z wM‡q iex› ªbv_ mvwn‡Zï iƒc I im‰ewP‡Îï cÖeYZvmg~n kbv³ K‡i‡Qb| Zvui g‡Z, mvwn‡Zï cÖavb Aej¤^b Áv‡bi welq bq, fv‡ei welq| Avi GB fveRMr M‡o I‡V Ôgvbe ü`qÕ ÔgvbePwiÎÕ I ÔewntcÖK…wZÕ †K Avkªq K‡i| evB‡ii Gme Dcv`vb wkíxi g‡b Ôü`qfveÕ RvMÖZ K‡i| wKš‘ GB ü`qfv‡ei mv_©KZv cÖKv‡ki g‡a¨, A‡bï ü`‡q mÂvwiZ Kivi g‡a¨| A‡bï ü`‡q mÂvi Ki‡Z n‡j Zvi iƒc‡mŠ›`h© I Kjv‡KŠk‡j cwic~Y©Zv _vK‡Z n‡e| iex›`ªbv‡_i g‡Z ÔKjv‡KŠkjc~Y©Õ iPbv fv‡ei †`‡ni g‡Zv| GB †`‡ni g‡a¨ fv‡ei cÖwZôvq mvwnwZ¨‡Ki cwiPq|

cvV-2

Gm Gm GBP Gj

BDwbU-1 c„ôv : 8

c~e©eZx© cv‡V (cvV-1) Avgiv mvwn‡Zï †h-me Avw½‡Ki K_v e‡jwQ, cÖ‡Z¨KwU Avw½K‡K mv_©K n‡Z n‡j Kjv‡KŠk‡ji Awbevh© eënvi _vK‡Z n‡e| mvwnZ¨-m„wó ej‡Z Avgiv fve I fvecÖKv‡ki Dcvq ev c×wZ DfqB eywS| GB DcvqwU n‡”Q iƒc, fve n‡”Q i‡mi Drm| fve‡K h_v_© iƒ‡c cÖKvk Ki‡Z n‡j cÖvmw½K i‡miI cÖ‡qvM NUv‡Z n‡e|

mvwn‡Zï iƒc ev cÖKvkfw½i Av‡jvPbv cÖm‡½ mvwn‡Zï ˆkjx ev Style -Gi K_vI G‡m c‡o Awbevh©fv‡e| fviZxq Aj¼vi kv‡ ¿¿ Bs‡iwR ÷vBj-Gi Abyiƒc †h-kãwU Avw`Kvj †_‡KB eëüZ n‡q Avm‡Q, †m kãwU n‡”Q ÔixwZÕ| Aj¼vi kv ¿we` AvPvh© evgb e‡j‡Qb, ÔixwZÕ n‡jv ÔcìPbvi wewkó fw½Õ Ges ixwZB n‡”Q Kv‡eï AvZ¥v ÔixwZivZ¥v Kve¨m¨Õ| Zvui g‡Z gvayh©, IRt, cÖmv` cÖf…wZ ¸‡Y Kve¨ wewkóZv cvq| Kv‡eï AvZ¥v n‡jv ixwZ Avi ixwZi AvZ¥v ¸Y| AvPvh© KzšÍK e‡j Avi GK fviZxq Kve¨ZvwË¡K ixwZ‡K †Kej mvRm¾v g‡b K‡ibwb| Zvui g‡Z ixwZ ev cÖKvkfw½ GKRb Kwei AvšÍi-¯fve‡KB cÖKvk K‡i| cvðv‡Zï mvwnZ¨fvebvq ÷vBj-‡K wewPÎfv‡e †`Lv n‡q‡Q| †c‡Uv Ges Zuvi Abymvixiv fve I iƒ‡ci cig wgjb‡KB ÷vB‡ji Drm wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb| †h-fvewU †Kv‡bv ÷vB‡ji ga¨ w`‡q ÔAwbevh©ZvÕ cvq, †mUvB ÷vB‡ji mv_©KZv| `„óvšÍ¯iƒc ejv hvq, gvB‡Kj gaym~ b `‡Ëi Ôe½fvlvÕ KweZvwUi fvee ‘i m‡½ Zuvi ÷vB‡ji m¤úK© Awbevh©| G-KweZvi ÷vBj AbïKg n‡j Gi fve ev welq cwic~Y©Zv †c‡Zv bv| A¨vwi÷Uj I Zuvi Abymvix‡ì g‡Z ÷vBj †Kv‡bv ¸Y bq A‡bK¸‡jv Dcv`v‡bi dj| GB aviYv cieZx©Kv‡j AviI wewPÎ iƒ‡c cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q| ÷vBj‡K mvZwU cÖavb †kªYx‡Z wef³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| 1. †jL‡Ki bvg-Abyhvqx ÷vBj| †hgb: †k·cxq‡ii ÷vBj iex›`ªbv‡_i ÷vBj 2. Kv‡ji w`K †_‡K| †hgb: ga¨hyMxq ÷vBj AvaywbK ÷vBj 3. fvlvi êwk‡óï w`K †_‡K| †hgb: Rvg©vb ÷vBj e½xq ÷vBj 4. AÂjwfwËK ÷vBj| †hgb: MÖxK ÷vBj Gkxq ÷vBj 5. Rbmvavi‡Yi iæwP Abyhvqx| †hgb: RbwcÖq ÷vBj 6. welq Abyhvqx ÷vBj| †hgb: êÁvwbK ÷vBj HwZnvwmK ÷vBj bxwZg~jK ÷vBj 7. D‡Ïk¨ Abyhvqx ÷vBj| †hgb: fvecÖeb ÷vBj e¨½vZ¥K ÷vBj Gfv‡e ÷vBj ev cÖKvkfw½ mvwnZ¨wePv‡ii †¶‡Î e¨vcKfv‡e ¯xK…Z n‡q‡Q| K¬vwmK¨vj ev †ivgvw›UK ÷vB‡ji aviYvbxwZI G-RvZxq gvbwmKZv †_‡K D™¢yZ| †hgb †nvgv‡ii ÔBwjqvWÕ I gaym~ b `‡Ëi Ô†gNbv`-ea Kve¨Õ-†K K¬vwmK ÷vB‡ji Kve¨ wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv nq| Avevi Rb KxUm&-Gi ÔGwÛwgqbÕ wKsev ÔnvB‡cwiqbÕ Ges iex›`ªbv‡_i ÔgvbmxÕ, Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ, ÔejvKvÕ wKsev Ab¨vb¨ Kve¨¸‡jv †ivgvw›UK ÷vB‡ji ¯fveag© jvjb K‡i| K¬vwmK ÷vBj ej‡Z eywS my¯úóZv (Objectivity) Avi †ivgvw›UK ÷vBj n‡jv e¨w³i fvegq (Subjective) Rxebvbyf‡ei iƒcvqY|



fviZxq Kve¨wePv‡i imev‡ì g~j¨ Acwimxg| GB aviYv Kv‡eï kixi ev iƒc A‡c¶v im‡KB Kv‡eï AvZ¥v wn‡m‡e ¯xK…wZ w`‡q‡Q| eyrcwËMZ w`K †_‡K im k‡ãi A_© n‡jv Av¯v`b | Kv‡eï welqe ‘ Abymv‡i cvV‡Ki g‡b wewPÎ ai‡bi Abyf‚wZi Rb¥ nq| ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b e ‘RMr †_‡K Avgiv †h im Av¯v`b Kwi Zv evn¨ Bw›`ª‡qi imbvi dj| mvwn‡Zï im Av¯v`b Ki‡Z n‡e AšÍ‡iw› ªq gb w`‡q| i‡mi Dcv`vb PviwU: 1. ’vwqfve 2. wefve 3. Abyfve 4. mÂvixfve GB Dcv`vb¸‡jvi ¯iƒc fv‡jvfv‡e eyS‡jB i‡mi cÖKvk ev Awfe¨w³ Abyaveb Kiv m¤¢e| gvby‡li evmbv‡jv‡K me©`vB AmsL¨ fve M~pfv‡e eZ©gvb| Avgv‡ì wPËRM‡Zi GB me fv‡ei MwZwewa wewPÎ| GB fve¸‡jv GKwU Av‡iKwU †_‡K ¯Zš¿| wePv‡ii myweavi Rb¨ Aj¼vikv ¿weìv bqwU fve‡K ¯xKvi K‡i wb‡q‡Qb| G¸‡jvi bvg iwZ, nvm, †kvK, †µva, Drmvn, fq, Ry¸áv, we¯§q Ges kg| Kve¨ ev mvwnZ¨ cv‡Vi d‡j wel‡qi Abyavebm~‡Î G‡KKmgq G‡KKiƒc fv‡ei m„wó nq| GB fve¸‡jvi im-cwiYvg wb¤œiƒc:

iwZfve k„½viim nvm-fve nvmïm †kvKfve KiæYim †µvafve †iŠ ªim Drmvnfve exiim fqfve fqvbKim Ry¸ávfve exfrmim we¯§qfve A™¢yZim kgfve kvšÍim

†Kej Kve¨cv‡Vi d‡j bq, †h-‡Kvb mvwnZïƒc cv‡Vi cwiYv‡g Avgv‡ì wP‡Ë GKUv imvbyf~wZi D™¢e nq| Ôe½fvlvÕ KweZvq AvZ¥wb‡e`‡bi †h kvšÍw œ» iƒc cwijw¶Z nq, Zv‡K kvšÍi‡mi KweZv ejvB hyw³hy³| iex›`ªbv‡_i ÔejvKvÕ KweZvq GKvwaK fv‡ei wgkªY Av‡Q | wKš‘ †gŠjfve we¯§q Ges cwiYv‡g cvB A™¢yZ i‡mi Mfxi Av¯v`b| ÔAgi GKz‡kÕ KweZvq †µva Ges Drmvn GB `ywU fv‡ei ¯ú›`b Avgiv Abyfe Kwi| †Kv_vI †Kv_vI †iŠ ªi‡mi cÖKvk NU‡jI cwiYv‡g †c‡q hvB exiim|

DcwiD³ ’vwqfve‡K †h-wZbwU Dcv`vb Kv‡h© cwiYZ K‡i, †m¸‡jv n‡jv wefve, Abyfve Ges e¨wfPvix ev mÂvixfve| ewnR©M‡Zi welq‡K Avgiv Abyfe Kwi evB‡ii Bw›`ªq w`‡q| `yN©Ubv †`L‡j Avgiv †kvKvwff~Z nB| mKv‡ji my›ì m~‡hv©`‡qi „‡k¨ Avbw›`Z nB, DÏvg wgwQ‡ji AvnŸv‡b Drmvn †eva Kwi G¸‡jviB imcwiYvg KiæY, kvšÍ wKsev exiim| wefve `y cÖKv‡ii:

K) Avj¤b wefve : gyL¨fv‡e †h e ‘‡K Aej¤^b ( Avj¤b ) K‡i im Drcbœ nq, ZvB Avj¤b wefve| L) DÏxcb wefve : †h e ‘ ev cvwicvwk¦©K Ae ’v im‡K DÏxwcZ K‡i A_v©r im m„wói AbyK‚j cwi‡ek m„wó K‡i ZvB DÏxcb wefve| †hgb my›ì †Rvrøv ivZ, wgwQj cÖKw¤úZ bMix, yN©Ubvq wech©¯Í Rbc`, cyÎ †kvKvZziv Rbbxi nvnvKvi cÖf…wZ DÏxcb wefve|

wewPÎ fv‡ei cÖKvkiƒcB n‡jv Abyfve| †hgb µ× n‡j Avgv‡ì Awfe¨w³i iƒc cvj‡U hvq| Avevi †e`bvi cÖwZwµqv Avgv‡ì‡K K‡i AkÖæmRj, A_v©r ü`‡qi fve-weKv‡ii ewncÖ©KvkB n‡jv Abyfve|

Gm Gm GBP Gj

BDwbU-1 c„ôv : 10

e¨wfPvix ev mÂvixfv‡ei ’vqx †Kv‡bv ¯xK…wZ ev Aw ÍZ¡ †bB| wKš‘ wefve I Abyfv‡ei mswgkª‡Y i‡mi m„wó K‡i| †hgb Av‡eM, ¯cœ, j¾v, Mvwb, welYœZv cÖf…wZ mswkó ’vwqfv‡ei ¯ú‡k© GKwU imcwiYv‡gi m„wó K‡i| Av‡eM †_‡K exiimI n‡Z cv‡i| Avevi KiæY i‡miI Rb¥ n‡Z cv‡i|

Avgv‡ì g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, i‡mi aviYvwU cÖvPxb| wKš‘ mvwn‡Zï iƒ‡ci aviYv cwieZ©bkxj | KweZv‡K Av`k© ev g‡Wj wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i imkv‡ ¿i Rb¥| Gici mg‡qi cÖ‡qvR‡b A‡bK¸‡jv mvwnZïƒ‡ci m„wó n‡q‡Q| Dcb¨vm, bvUK, Mí, cÖeÜ cv‡V Avgv‡ì g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv im‡ev‡ai m„wó nq| iex›`ªv‡_i ÔGKivwÎÕ M‡í imcwiYvg wbtm‡›`‡n KiæY, gybxi †PŠayixi Ôi³v³ cÖvšÍ‡iÕi imcwiYwZI Avgv‡ì g‡a¨ KiæYi‡mi e¨Äbv m„wó K‡i| gvwbK e‡›`vcva¨v‡qi ÔcÖv‰MwZnvwm‡KÕi imcwiYvg exfrm i‡mi Mfx‡i wb‡¶c K‡i cvVK‡K|

Gfv‡eB Avgiv †`L‡ev, mvwn‡Zï iƒc I im ci¯úi Awew”Qbœ| G- y‡qi h_v_© wgj‡bB mvwn‡Zï mv_©KZv|

e ‘ms‡¶c fve nj mvwn‡Zï cÖavb Aej¤^b| fveRMr M‡o I‡V gvbeü`q, gvbePwiÎ I ewntcÖK…wZ‡K Avkªq K‡i| evB‡ii Gme Dcv`vb wkíx‡ì g‡b ü`qfve RvMÖZ K‡i| wKš‘ GB ü`qfv‡ei mv_©KZv wbf©i K‡i A‡bï ü`‡q Zv mÂvwiZ Kivi gva¨‡g| A‡bï ü`‡q mÂvi Ki‡Z n‡j Zvi iƒc‡mŠ›`h© I Kjv‡KŠk‡j cwic~Y©Zv _vK‡Z nq| GKvwaK mvwnZïƒ‡ci m„wó j¶Yxq| Dcb¨vm, bvUK, Mí, cÖeÜ cv‡V Avgv‡ì g‡a¨ †Kvb bv †Kvb im‡ev‡ai m„wó nq| i‡mi aviYvwU cÖvPxb| mvwn‡Zï iƒc I im ci¯úi Awew”Qbœ| G y‡qi h_v_© wgj‡bB mvwn‡Zï mv_©KZv| cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ 1. mvwn‡Zï iƒc ej‡Z Avgiv wK eywS? 2. mvwn‡Zï ÷vBj ev cÖKvkfw½ Kv‡K e‡j? 3. mvwn‡Zï iƒc I im †Kb Awe‡”Q`¨? 4. eZ©gvbKv‡j mvwn‡Z¨ imwePv‡ii Dc‡hvwMZv wK? iPbvg~jK cÖkœ 1. mvwn‡Zï iƒc I im ej‡Z wK †ev‡Sb? i‡mi Dcv`vb m¤ú‡K© hv Rv‡bb wjLyb| 4 bs msw¶ß-DËig~jK cÖ‡kœi bgybv-DËi: imkv ¿ cÖvPxb fviZxq AvjsKvwiK‡ì m„wó| mg‡qi weeZ©‡b gvby‡li „wófw½i A‡bK cwieZ©b n‡q‡Q| cvðvZ¨ Ávb-weÁv‡bi Av‡jv Avgv‡ì‡K wewPÎ fv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i‡Q| wKš‘ cÖvPxb MÖxK Kve¨Z‡Ë¡ Avgiv welq Abymv‡i Kve¨ wKsev bvU‡Ki wewfbœ imcwiYwZ m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvwi| †hgb MÖxK Uª¨v‡RwW¸‡jvi imcwiYvg KiæY| gvby‡li Rxeb-ai‡bi cwieZ©b n‡jI †gŠwjK ’vqxfve¸‡jv GL‡bv wµqvkxj| cÖKvkixwZi cÖf~Z cwieZ©b n‡jI mvwnZ¨ cv‡Vi ci Avgv‡ì g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv bv †Kvb imv‡e`‡bi m„wó nq| Ges GB imv‡e`‡bi cwi‡cÖw¶‡ZB H me mvwnZ¨ cvV‡Ki g‡b ’vqx Avmb jvf K‡i| myZivs mvwnZ¨ hZw`b _vK‡e imI ZZKvj _vK‡e|



KweZv \ Aj¼vi \ Q›`

D‡Ïk¨ GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb KweZvi msÁv_© m¤ú‡K© aviYv e¨³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| KweZvi fve I iƒ‡ci mvaviY êwkó¨ m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| KweZvi wewPÎ iƒc-ixwZ m¤ú‡K© wjL‡Z cvi‡eb| cÖavb cÖavb Aj¼vi m¤ú‡K© wjL‡Z cvi‡eb| Q›` Kv‡K e‡j †m-m¤ú‡K© aviYv e¨³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| KweZv KweZv wb‡q K_v ejv h‡Zv mnR Gi msÁv_© wbY©q Kiv Z‡ZvUv mnR KvR bq| KweZv cQ›` K‡ibv c„w_ex‡Z GiKg †jv‡Ki msL¨v LyeB Kg| KweZv m¤ú‡K© h‡Zv Av‡jvPbv I †jLv‡jwL n‡q‡Q, mvwn‡Zï Ab¨ †Kvb iƒc m¤ú‡K© Zv nqwb| cÖ‡Z¨K m‡PZb ms‡e`bkxj gvby‡li g‡a¨B KweZvi cÖwZ AvKl©Y i‡q‡Q| gvby‡li we¯§q, ¯§„wZ, ¯cœ, Kíbvi GK Aciƒc wgkª‡Y KweZvi m„wó| e¨w³i Abyf~wZ, Av‡eM, inm¨vbyf~wZ cÖwZdjb NUvq cÖwZwU h_v_© KweZvB GK ¯Zš¿ m„wó| h_v_© ejvi KviY, A‡bK AbyKvix KweZv Av‡Q †hLv‡b †gŠwjK Abyf‡ei cwie‡Z© Ab¨ †Kvb Kwei Abyf~wZ, Av‡eM I m„wókxj Kíbvi cÖwZaŸwbB gyL¨ n‡q I‡V|

Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K Abygvb Kiv m¤¢e †h, KweZvi msÁv_© wbY©q mnR KvR bq| ZeyI mvwn‡Zï cÖwZwU kvLviB GKwU †gŠwjK gvb`Û Av‡Q| †m gvb`Û wePvi K‡i KweZv m¤ú‡K©I GKUv †gvUvgywU aviYv AR©b Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| we‡kl Abyf‚wZ cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ kã¸‡”Qi Zvrch©gq web¨vm †_‡K KweZvi m„wó| wKš‘ G-aviYvI c~Y©v½ bq| Av‡iv my¯úó K‡i ejv hvq Av‡eM, Abyf‚wZ, ¯cœ, Kíbv cÖf„wZ e¨w³gvb‡mi mvaviY cÖeYZvi Ask; G¸‡jvi m‡½ hLb m„wókxjZv hy³ nq, Awbevh© k‡ãi Zvrch©gq web¨vm Zv‡K K‡i †Zv‡j e¨Äbvgq| ZLbB GKwU KweZvi Rb¥ m¤¢e nq| G MÖ‡š’ AšÍfz©³ cvuPwU KweZvi welqe ‘ I Avw½‡Ki we‡klY †_‡K Avgiv GKUv wm×v‡šÍ †cuŠQvi †Póv Ki‡Z cvwi|

gvB‡Kj gaym~ b `‡Ëi Ôe½fvlvÕ KweZvi welqe ‘ n‡”Q gvZ…fvlv‡cÖg I Mfxi †`kvZ¥‡eva| Kwe m‡b‡Ui Avw½‡K wb‡Ri Rxe‡bwZnvm chv©‡jvPbv I AvZ¥we‡klY †_‡K gvZ…fvlvi Uv‡b ¯‡`k †cÖ‡g D¾xweZ n‡q‡Qb| †PŠÏ gvÎvi †PŠÏ Pi‡Yi msw¶ß cwim‡i Awbevh© wKQy k‡ãi web¨v‡mi gva¨‡g Kwe wbR Abyf‚wZ, Av‡eM, ¯§„wZ, ¯cœ I ev Íe cÖvwßi cwic~Y© Qwe Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb GB KweZvq| ÔejvKvÕ KweZvq iex›`ªbv_ Av‡e‡Mi †eM‡K ¯§„wóRM‡Zi AšÍwb©wnZ Aweivg MwZi Q‡›` Abyfe K‡i‡Qb| G-KweZvq kã-eënvi I Q›`-cwiKíbv Kwei Abyf‚Z wel‡qi m‡½ m¤úK©hy³| KvRx bRiæj Bmjv‡gi ÔevZvqb cv‡k ¸evK-Ziæi mvwiÕ KweZvq †cªg‡PZbv I cÖK…wZ‡PZbvi Abycg †gjeÜb N‡U‡Q| ÔebjZv †mbÕ m¤¢eZ evsjv mvwn‡Zï eûj cwVZ KweZv¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg| e¨w³‡cÖg wKsev †`k‡cÖg hvB-B e¨³ †nvKbv †Kb, nvRvi eQ‡ii c_Pjvi K¬všÍ cwieªvRK hLb D”PviY K‡i e‡j‡Q †m, ÒGZw`b †Kv_vq wQ‡jb?/ cvwLi bx‡oi gZ †PvL Zz‡j bv‡Uv‡ii ebjZv †mb|ÕÕ ZLb †`kKv‡ji mxgv jyß n‡q gvby‡li wPiKvw•¶Z ïkªlvi ggZvww œ× bvixi gvZ…g~wZ©B cÖavb n‡q I‡V| nvmvb nvwdRyi ingv‡bi ÔAgi GKz‡kÕ fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi AwfÁZvi Av‡jv‡K iwPZ KweZv| G-KweZvq gvZ…fvlv‡cÖg I †`k‡cÖ‡gi m‡½ hy³ n‡q‡Q †kvl‡Yi weiæ‡× N„Yv Ges msMÖv‡gi „p-cÖwZÁv|

cvV-3

Gm Gm GBP Gj


cvuPwU KweZvi welqe ‘i g‡Zv Avw½KixwZI ¯Zš¿| kãPqb I eënv‡i cÖ‡Z¨K Kwei iæwP Avjv`v| wKš‘ cÖwZwU KweZvB Avgv‡ì g‡a¨ ’vqx Av‡e`b m„wó‡Z m¶g| myZivs mvaviYfv‡e ejv hvq, Kwei ¯Zù‚Z© Abyf‚wZ kã I Q‡›ì Awbevh© web¨v‡m Rxe‡bi AšÍg©q Ges ’vqx Av‡e`b m„wói Dc‡hvMx †h kã‡mŠa m„wó K‡i ZvB-B KweZv|

KweZvi †kªYxKiY cÖwZwU mvwnZ¨ Avw½‡KiB Dcv`vb gvby‡li Rxeb, cvwicvwk©¦K mgvR A_v©r gvby‡li wPšÍv I K‡g©i m‡½ mswkó mKj cÖm½| Rxeb‡K †`Lvi Ges Dc ’vcb Kivi êwkó¨B mvwn‡Zï cÖwZwU Avw½K‡K ¯Zš¿ K‡i †`q| Avevi GBme mvwnZïƒ‡ci g‡a¨ welqe ‘, Avw½Kweb¨vm I fvlvixwZi Kvi‡Y †kªYxKiY Awbevh© n‡q c‡o| KweZvi Avw½K-êwkó¨ m¤ú‡K© aviYv AR©b Ki‡Z n‡j, Zvi wewfbœ †kªYxi ¯Zš¿-MVbixwZ, fvlvweb¨vm, Q›ìxwZ cÖf…wZ wel‡q Rvb‡Z n‡e| cÖ_‡g GKwU Q‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ Avgiv KweZvi wewfbœ †kªYxi Ae ’vb wb‡`©k Ki‡Z cvwi:

KweZv

Kve¨bvU¨ gnvKve¨ MxwZKweZv

cÖv_©bvm½xZ (Hymn) IW& (Ode) †kvKKweZv (Elegy) PZz ©kc`x (Sonet) e¨vjvW (Ballad) Kve¨bvU¨ Avw`hy‡M Kve¨fvlvB wQ‡jv mvwn‡Zï cÖavb Aej¤^b| d‡j, bvU‡Ki cÖv_wgK iƒc Kve¨bvU‡KI KweZvi fvlv I Q›ìxwZ Abym„Z n‡Zv| MÖxK ev †ivgvb mvwn‡Zï ¯Y©hy‡M bvUK‡K ejv n‡Zv Rxe‡bi AbyKiY, Nwbó cÖwZdjb| GwjRv‡e_vb hy‡Mi KvjRqx bvU¨Kvi †k·cxq‡ii bvUK¸‡jv Rxe‡bi eûgyLx êwkó¨‡K aviY Ki‡jI KweZvi iƒcixwZB wQ‡jv Zuvi cÖavb Aej¤^b| mvaviY `k©K-†kªvZvi wbKU MÖnY‡hvM¨ I AvKl©Yxq K‡i †Zvjvi Rb¨ bvU¨msjv‡ci fvlv‡K †jŠwKK fvlvi KvQvKvwQ wb‡q Av‡mb bvU¨Kviiv| †gŠwLK fvlvi ¯ú›`b bvU‡Ki Kve¨¸Y‡K wKQyUv LwÛZ Ki‡jI cieZx©Kv‡j bvU‡K M`¨fvlvi cÖ‡qvM Awbevh© K‡i †Zv‡j| wKš‘ Kve¨bv‡Uï aviv mvwn‡Zï gvbwPÎ †_‡K wbwðý nqwb| Dwbk kZ‡K wMwikP›`ª †Nvl, c‡i iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi, ey×‡è emy Kve¨bvU‡Ki iƒcixwZ , fvlv I Q›`‡K gvby‡li cwieZ©bkxj mvwnZïæwPi Kv‡Q MÖnY‡hvM¨ K‡i Zzj‡Z cÖf‚Z cix¶v-wbix¶v K‡i‡Qb| mv¤úÖwZKKv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki mvwnZ¨ RM‡Z ˆmq` kvgmyj nK Kve¨bvUK iPbvi †¶‡Î Mfxi wbôv, AvšÍwiKZv I wkímvd‡jï cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb|

gnvKve¨ KweZvi cÖvPxbZg kvLv †h gnvKve¨, G-wel‡q †Kvb m‡›`n †bB| MÖxK Epos k‡ãi Bs‡iwR iƒcvšÍi Epic gnvKv‡eï Bs‡iwR cÖwZkã| Epos-Gi cÖvPxb A_© wQ‡jv kã| mg‡qi weeZ©‡b GB k‡ãi Ici wewfbœ A_© Av‡ivwcZ n‡q KL‡bv weeiY ev Kvwnbx, KL‡bv MxwZ ev exiZ¡e¨ÄK Kve¨| Gfv‡eB A‡_©i iƒcvšÍi NU‡Z NU‡Z GK mgq Epic-Gi A_© `vuwo‡q hvq AvL¨vbg~jK ev exiZ¡e¨ÄK KweZv| MÖxK mvwnZ¨ZvwË¡K A¨vwi÷Uj Zuvi KvjRqx MÖš’ Ô†cv‡qwUK&mÕ-G Uª¨v‡RwWi Ici we Í…Z Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z wM‡q gnvKv‡eï j¶Y I ¯iƒc m¤ú‡K©I gšÍe¨ K‡i‡Qb| Kvwnbxi we Ívi-awg©Zv, I‡Rv¸Y-m¤úbœ kãcÖ‡qvM I †nKUvwgUvi Q›` gnvKv‡eï MVbixwZi we‡klZ¡ I ¯vZš¿¨| A¨vwi÷Uj Avi †h ywU j¶‡Yi K_v e‡j‡Qb, Zv AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| cÖ_g j¶Y: e ‘wbôv ev Objectivity Kwei wbwj©ßZv, wbivmw³| NUbv ev Kvwnbxi AšÍiv‡j Kwei wbi‡c¶ Ae ’vb ev AvZ¥‡Mvcb Kivi ¶gZv|



wØZxq j¶Y: A‡jŠwKK welqe ‘‡K Kve¨m¤§Zfv‡e iƒc`vb Kiv| G m¤ú‡K© A¨vwi÷U‡ji GKwU gšÍe¨ g~jëvb ÔAwek¦vm¨ m¤¢‡ei †P‡q wek¦vm‡hvM¨ Am¤¢e A‡bK †ewk Kvg¨Õ| gnvKv‡eï welqweb¨vm I MVb‡KŠk‡j êwPÎ¨, e¨vcKZv I AwfbeZ¡ my¯úó| Gi NUbv ev cU MÖš’‡b Avw`-ga¨-A‡šÍï HK¨ _vK‡Z n‡e, bvqK exh©eËv I `¶Zvq eû¸‡Y ¸Yvwš^Z| Gi e ‘-Dcv`vb RvZxq Rxe‡bi HwZnvwmK ev †cŠivwYK Z_¨ I NUbv, Gi Aby‡cÖiYv-Drm AwaKvsk †¶‡ÎB Hkxkw³| gnvKv‡e¨ gvbe-`vbe, †è-†èx Pwi‡Îi mgv‡ek NUvq A‡jŠwKKZvi cÖ‡qvM N‡U _v‡K|

gnvKve¨ `yB cÖKvi: 1. RvZ gnvKve¨ (Epic of Growth): G‡Z GKwU mgvR ev iv‡óªi h~_e× RxebcÖYvjx, gvbe-gvbexi AvPvi-AvPiY-wek¦vm, †cÖg-msMÖvg web¨ Í nq| wbw`©ó mgqL‡Ûi cwie‡Z© GKwU mgv‡Ri AZxZ eZ©gv‡bi `xN© mgq-mxgv RvZ gnvKv‡e¨ Abym„Z nq| e¨w³we‡kl iPbv Ki‡jI RvZ gnvKv‡e¨ mvgvwRK NUbv-cwiµgv I Rxe‡bi mgvwMÖK iƒcvqY N‡U| evj¥xwK iwPZ ÔivgvqYÕ I K…ò‰Øcvqb e¨vmK…Z Ôgnvfvi‡ZÕi NUbv, welqe ‘ I Pwi‡Îi êwPÎ¨ fviZe‡l©i Aw`Kv‡ji †MvUv mgvR eë ’v‡KB D‡b¥vPb K‡i‡Q| †nvgvi iwPZ BwjqW I I‡Wwm cÖvPxb MÖx‡mi †hŠ_ mgvReë ’vi gnvKvwe¨K iƒc| BwjqW-G Uªqhy‡×i †kl ch©v‡qi Kvwnbx Aejw¤Z n‡jI `k eQi e¨vß hy‡×i mgMÖ QweB Kwei MÖš’Y-ˆbcy‡Y¨ G‡Z wea„Z n‡q‡Q| I‡Wwm‡Z Uªq hy‡×i NUbvcÖev‡ni m‡½ hy³ n‡q‡Q B_vKv iv‡Rï RbRxeb, bvqK I‡Wwmqy‡mi Awek¦vm¨ ågY I msMªvg Ges †cwb‡jvwci weow¤Z-fvM¨ Rxeb| †nvgvi NUbvfvivµvšÍ gnvKv‡e¨ Pwi‡Îi wbqš¿Y cÖwZôv K‡i‡Qb|

2. mvwnwZ¨K gnvKve¨ (Literary epic): G RvZxq gnvKve¨ †cŠivwYK NUbv wKsev †Kvb RvZ gnvKv‡eï NUbvm~Î Aej¤^‡b Kwei hyMgvbm, mgvRgvbm I `„wófw½i mgev‡q GK AvaywbK m„wó| GB †kªYxi gnvKv‡eï g‡a¨ fvwR©‡ji ÔCwb`Õ (Eneid) Zv‡mvi Ô†RiæRv‡jg †WwjfvW©Õ (Jerusalum Delivered), `v‡šÍi ÔwWfvBb K‡gwWÕ (Divine Commiedia), Rb wgë‡bi Ôc¨vivWvBm j÷Õ (Paradise Last) Ges gvB‡Kj gaym~ b `‡Ëi Ô†gNbvèaÕ Kve¨ D‡jL‡hvM¨| cyivZ‡bi Avkª‡q bZzb hy‡Mi RxebmZ¨ cÖwZwU mvwnwZ¨K gnvKv‡eïB welqe ‘|

MxwZKweZv e¨w³-Abyf‚wZi ¯Z:ù‚Z© cÖKvk MxwZKweZvi cÖavb j¶Y| mvejxjZv I mnRZvq GB Kve¨-Avw½K me©v‡c¶v êwPÎ¨gq I cÖfvekvjx| cÖvPxb MÖx‡m exYvhš¿ mn‡hv‡M †h m½xZ cwi‡ewkZ n‡Zv , Zv‡K ejv n‡Zv Lyric | G †_‡K †evSv hv‡”Q Lyric ev MxwZKweZvi m‡½ m½xZ a‡g©i m¤úK© mywbweo| iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi Ges KvRx bRiæj Bmjv‡gi A‡bK KweZv GKB m‡½ KweZv I Mvb| ZeyI g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e m½xZ A‡c¶v MxwZKweZvi †¶Î eûwewPÎ| gvbexq Abyf‚wZi eûgyLx mZ¨ MxwZKweZvq iƒc cvq| m½x‡Z _v‡K my‡ii cÖvavb¨ I wbqš¿Y, Avi MxwZKweZvq K_v I my‡ii mgšq| d‡j, m½xZ A‡c¶v MxwZKweZvi †¶Î eû¸‡Y we Í…Z| e¨w³ Abyf‚wZi m~²Zi cÖKvk Awbevh© kã, aŸwb Ges Q‡›`vweb¨v‡m MxwZKweZvq iƒc cvq e‡j Avw`Kvj †_‡KB KweZvi GB ixwZ mev©waK PwP©Z mvwnZäviv| G-cÖm‡½ gnvKv‡eï m‡½ MxwZKweZvi welqe ‘ I Avw½KMZ cv_©‡Kï ¯iƒc wb‡ ©k Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| gnvKv‡eï welq Avw½K I c~e©wbiƒwcZ Avi MxwZKweZvi welq, ixwZ I mgq, mgvR I iæwPi cwieZ©‡bi m‡½ m¤úK©hy³| gnvKve¨ e ‘wbô (Objective) Avi MxwZKweZv fvewbô (Subjective) KweZv|

MxwZKweZvi wewPÎ iƒc-ixwZ wjwiK ev MxwZKweZvi RbwcÖqZvi I avivevwnKZv Drm Gi iƒcMZ êwPÎ¨ †_‡KB Abyaveb Kiv m¤¢e|

Íem½xZ ev Hymn m„wóKZ©v ev †èZvi D‡Ï‡k iwPZ cÖv_©bvg~jK KweZv‡K ejv nq wng& ev Íe m½xZ| G ai‡bi KweZv Rbmvavi‡Yi mvg‡b MvIqv n‡Zv Avevi Ave„wËI Kiv n‡Zv| A_v©r m½xZag© ev Kve¨¸Y DfqB Íem½x‡Zi êwkó¨| Ava¨vwZ¥KZv I fw³fve G-KweZvi cÖvY| †kªvZvmvavi‡Yi g‡b gnr fvebv RvMÖZ Kivi j‡¶¨ Íem½xZ iwPZ n‡Zv| cÖvPxb I ga¨hy‡Mi mvwn‡Z¨ G-ai‡bi m½xZag©cÖavb KweZv n‡q‡Q cÖPzi| êòe c`vejx,

Gm Gm GBP Gj


k¨vgvm½xZ I evDj Mv‡b Íem½x‡Zi êwkó¨ my úU| iex›`ªvbv_ VvKz‡ii ÔMxZvÄwjÕ ÔMxwZgvj¨Õ, I Ôˆb‡e`¨Õ Kve¨MÖ‡š’i AwaKvsk KweZvq Íemx½Z ev Hymn Gi êwkó¨ j¶ Kiv hvq|

† ÍvÎKweZv ev IW& (Ode) evsjv fvlvq IW&-Gi †Kvb cÖwZkã †bB| welqe ‘ I MVb‰ewkó¨ Abymv‡i G‡K † ÍvÎKweZv ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| Kwe †Kv‡bv gnr fvebvq DÏxß n‡q e¨w³ ev e ‘i D‡Ï‡k mwgj ev Awgj Q‡›` †h KweZv iPbv K‡ib ZvB-B IW& e † ÍvÎ KweZv | cÖvPxb MÖxK Kwe wcÛvi IW& iPbvi †¶‡Î cw_K…Z| †ivgvb Kwe †nv‡imI †ek wKQy IW& iPbv K‡i‡Qb | evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ m‡PZbfv‡e IW& iPbvi m~ÎcvZ gvB‡Kj gaym~ b `‡Ëi ÔeªRv½bvÕ Kve¨ †_‡K| iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii ÔemyÜivÕ, Ômgy‡`ªi cÖwZÕ wKsev ÔDe©kxÕ IW&-Gi AvaywbK iƒcvqY| IW&-Gi j¶Yhy³ D‡jø‡hvM¨ msL¨K KweZv AvaywbK evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ iwPZ n‡q‡Q|

†kvKKweZv ev GwjwR (Elegy) g~j MÖxK kã Elegia-Gi A_© n‡jv †e`bvi AvwZ©| GB kã †_‡K Elegy k‡ãi DrcwË| Elegia ev Elegos †Kej †kvK A_© †evSv‡Z eëüZ n‡Zv bv| cÖvPxb MÖxK Ges j¨vwUb mvwn‡Z¨ GwjwRqvK (Elegiac) bv‡g 6+5 gvÎvq ( cÖ_‡g Qq c‡i cvuP) iwPZ GK ai‡bi KweZv cÖPwjZ wQ‡jv | mg‡qi weeZ©‡b GwjwR ej‡Z GLb †Kej †kvK KweZv‡KB †evSvq| G-ixwZi KweZvq Kwei e¨w³MZ †kvK wKsev RvZxq †kvK iƒcvwqZ nq| wcÖqR‡bi g„Zz¨RwbZ we‡”Q`-†e`bv, †Kv‡bv RvZxq e¨w³‡Z¡i g„Zz RwbZ Dcjwä †_‡K †kvKKweZvi m„wó| MÖxK Kwe weqb iwPZ Lament for Adonis we‡kl ai‡bi †kvKKweZv Pastal Elegy-i Avw` „óvšÍ| Rb wgë‡bi Licidus Ges †kwji Adonis GB avivi Av‡iv AMÖmi chv©‡qi KweZv| weq‡bi KweZv †kv‡KB ïiæ Ges mgvwß| wKš‘ wgëb Ges †kwj Zvu‡ì †kv‡Ki g‡a¨ cÖZ¨vkv I Avb‡›ì e¨Äbv m„wó K‡i‡Qb| Ugvm †MÖi Elegy written in country churchyard mev©waK cwVZ †kvK KweZv| wcÖqRb wKsev †Kv‡bv e¨w³we‡kl bq, bvg bv-Rvbv †Kv‡bv MÖv‡gi g„Z K…wlRxex‡ì D‡Ï‡k¨ DrmM© Kiv n‡q‡Q KweZvwU| †Uwbm‡bi GwjwR¸‡”Qi bvg In Memorium| evsjv fvlvq †kvKKweZv iwPZ n‡q‡Q cÖPzi| wKšÍ †m-Zzjbvq Kv‡jvËxY© KweZvi msL¨v Kg| cÖvq mKj KweB †kvK‡K fvlviƒc w`‡q‡Q| iex› ªbv_ VvKz‡ii g„Z ¿xi D‡Ï‡k iwPZ KweZv ¸”Q Ô¯§iYÕ †kvKKweZviB AvaywbK iƒcvqb| iex›`ªbv‡_i g„Zz¨‡Z hZx›`ªbv_ †mb¸‡ßi Ô22†k kªveY-1348Õ, gnvZ¥v MvÜxi g„Zz¨‡Z †cÖ‡g›`ª wg‡Îi †jLv ÔwZbwU ¸wjÕ, gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi g„Zz¨ Dcj‡¶ myfvl gy‡Lvcva¨vq iwPZ Ô cv_‡ii dzjÕ, kw³ P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi ÔgvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq mv_©K GwjwRi „óvšÍ| †`keÜz wPËiÄb `v‡mi AKvj cÖqv‡Y KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg wj‡LwQ‡jb ÔwPËbvgvÕ | RmxgD &`x‡bi ÔKeiÕ cvwievwiK †kvKKweZvi Abb¨ `„óvšÍ|

m‡bU ev PZz`©kc`x m‡bU kãwUi DrcwË BUvwjqvb Soneto (A_©: g„`yaŸwb) kã †_‡K| BUvjxq Kwe `v‡šÍ I †cÎvK© m‡b‡Ui Avw` iwPqZv| GKwU ALÛ Abyf‚wZ hLb 14 gvÎvi (KL‡bv KL‡bv 18 gvÎvI nq) 14 csw³‡Z ( KL‡bv KL‡bv 18 csw³i eënviI †`Lv hvq) web¨ Í n‡q Av‡e‡Mi wkLi ¯úk© K‡i, ZLbB GKwU mv_©K m‡bU Rb¥ †bq| evsjv mvwn‡Zï Avw` Ges mv_©K m‡bU iwPqZv gvB‡Kj gaym~ b `Ë m‡b‡Ui Avw½K‡K ÔPZz`©kc`xÕ wn‡m‡e wbw ©ó K‡i‡Qb| cieZx©Kv‡ji mv_©K m‡bU iwPqZvMY GB ixwZB g~jZ AbymiY K‡i‡Qb| m‡b‡Ui cÖ_g AvU csw³‡K ejv nq AóK (Octave)| GB cÖ_g As‡k Kwei fve ev Kíbv Cw½Zgq iƒc jvf K‡i| †kl Qq PiY‡K ejv nq lUK (Sestet) G-As‡k c~e©eZx© fv‡ei we Í„wZmvab ev e¨vL¨v `vb Kiv nq| m‡b‡Ui e³e¨ web¨v‡mi GB ixwZ gaym~ b `Ë AbymiY K‡i‡Qb| Zvui Ôe½fvlvÕ KweZvwU we‡klY Ki‡j G-gšÍ‡eï h_v_©Zv cÖgvwYZ n‡e| Ôe½fvlvÕ KweZvi cÖ_g AvU Pi‡Y (cvVµgfz³ KweZvwU mvg‡b wb‡q emyb) Kwe wb‡Ri AvZ¥iƒcvšÍ‡ii Cw½Z w`‡q e‡j‡Qb, e½fvÛv‡i wewPÎ iZœm¤¢vi _vKv m‡Ë¡I wZwb gË †_‡K‡Qb ci-m¤ú` †jv‡f| ci‡`‡k (we‡`‡k) ågY K‡i Rxebhvc‡bi g‡a¨ wf¶ve„wËi g‡Zv wbK…ó AwfiæwPB dz‡U I‡V| e¨_© mvabvq Zvui Rxe‡b mvd‡jï cwie‡Z© G‡m‡Q nZvkv| gvZ…f~wg iƒc cÙKvbb cwiZ¨vM K‡i ˆkev‡ji Av‡eóbx‡Z Ave× †_‡K bó K‡i‡Qb Rxe‡bi mKj m¤¢vebvi c_| GB As‡k Kwei AvZ¥we‡klY cÖvavb¨ †c‡q‡Q| cieZ©x Qq Pi‡Y Kwe Kzjj²x Z_v †`kgvZ…Kvi c_wb‡`©kbv †c‡q hvb ¯‡cœ| Ôcvwjjvg AvÁv my‡L ; cvBjvg Kv‡j/ gvZ…fvlv-iƒc Lwb, c~Y© gwYRv‡j\Õ AZ¨šÍ wbôv I mZK©Zvq gaym~ b m‡bU ev PZz`©kc`x KweZvi Avw½K wbgv©Y K‡iwQ‡jb|

e¨vjvW (Ballad)



MxwZKweZvi Avwìƒc wn‡m‡e wePvi Kiv hvq e¨vjvW ev MxwZMv_v‡K| BZvjxq kã evjv‡i (ballare) †_‡K e¨vjvW k‡ãi DrcwË| evjv‡i k‡ãi A_© Ôb„Z¨ KivÕ| A_v©r KweZvi m‡½ b„Z¨ I bvUKxqZvi wgkª‡Y e¨vjv‡Wi m„wó| e¨vjvW-G †cÖg, ag©, exiZ¡, ivRbxwZ, mvgvwRK cÖm½, nvmïm I KiæYi‡mi NUbv ’vb †cZ| Avw` e¨vjvW¸‡jvi iPwqZviv AÁvZbvgv| g~jZ †jvKRxeb Z_v MÖvgRxe‡bi wewPÎ cÖm½ e¨vjvW-G ’vb †c‡q‡Q| G‡Z e¨w³ wKsev mvgwóK Rxe‡bi †e`bvKiæY KvwnbxiB cÖvavb¨ j¶ Kiv hvq| AvaywbK †ivgvw›UK hy‡Mi Kweiv e¨vjv‡Wi Abymi‡Y wj‡L‡Qb cÖPzi KweZv| IqvW©mIqv_©, nvwW©, †KvjwiR, KxU&m, †gwiwW_, myBbevb© cÖgyL Kwe e¨vjv‡Wi Abymi‡Y cÖPzi KweZv wj‡L‡Qb| evsjv fvlvi e¨vjvW RvZxq Avw` iPbv ˆggbwmsn MxwZKv| iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii ÔK_v I KvwnbxÕ Kv‡eï †ek wKQy KweZvq gvivVx e¨vjv‡Wi AbyiYb Av‡Q| iex›`ªbv_B e¨vjv‡Wi AvaywbK wkím¤§Z iƒcKvi| RmxgD &`x‡bi ÔbKmxKvu_vi gvVÕ I Ô†mvRb evw`qvi NvUÕ e¨vjv‡Wi wb`k©b wn‡m‡e AZyjbxq|

evsjv KweZv evsjv KweZvi Avw` wb`k©b ÔPh©vc`Õ| 750 †_‡K 1050 wLªóv‡ãi g‡a¨ †eŠ× mnwRqviv ÔPh©vc`Õ iPbv K‡iwQ‡jb| a‡g©i M~p inm¨ Gi welq n‡jI mgKv‡ji mvgvwRK Rxe‡bi wewfbœ w`K G‡Z cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q| Phv©c‡ì ci `xN©Kvj mvgvwRK-ivwóªK Aw ’iZvi Kvi‡Y KweZv iwPZ nqwb A_ev iwPZ n‡q _vK‡j Kv‡ji M‡f© nvwi‡q †M‡Q| evsjv mvwnZ¨ ga¨hy‡M cÖ‡ek K‡i eo~ PÛx`v‡mi ÔkªxK…òKxË©bÕ Kv‡eï gva¨‡g| ga¨hy‡M evsjv KweZvi mg„w× N‡U wewPÎavivq| bv_mvwnZ¨, ag©g½j, g½jKve¨, êòe c`vejx, Rxebx Kve¨, Abyev`Kve¨, †ivgvÝg~jK cÖYqK_v (Kv‡iv Kv‡iv g‡Z †ivgvw›UK cÖY‡qvcvL¨vb) cÖf…wZ welqfvebv I iƒc‰ewP‡Î¨ evsjv KweZvi weKvk I DËi‡Y f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q| evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ AvaywbK hy‡Mi m~ÎcvZ 1800 wLª÷v‡ã| 1757 wLª÷v‡ã Bs‡iR ¶gZvq AwawôZ nIqvi ci BD‡ivcxq wk¶v- ms¯‹…wZ I mvwn‡Zï cÖfv‡e evOvwj Rxe‡b AvaywbKZvi AbycÖ‡ek N‡U| †dvU© DBwjqvg K‡jR (1800), wn› y K‡jR (1817), KwjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq (1857) cÖf…wZ wk¶v-cÖwZôvb G‡`‡k AvaywbK `„wófw½ I wPšÍvfvebv m„wó‡Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb ‡i‡L‡Q| Ck¦iP›`ª ¸‡ßi KweZvq cÖ_g AvaywbK Rxe‡bi j¶Ymg~n cÖKvk †c‡Z _v‡K| gvB‡Kj gaym~ b `Ë evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g me©v½xb AvaywbK Kwe | wenvixjvj PµeZx©, iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi, KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg I Rxebvb›` `v‡ki nv‡Z AvaywbK evsjv KweZv AvšÍRv©wZK gvb ¯ú‡k© m¶g nq| KweZvi welq I iƒc-ixwZ D™¢ve‡b evOvwj Kweiv wbôv I AvšÍwiKZvi cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb| evsjv KweZvi GK ¯Zš¿ aviv evsjv‡`‡ki KweZv| Awfbœ fvlvq iwPZ n‡jI mvgvwRK ivR‰bwZK I ivóªxq Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`‡ki KweZv cwðgevsjvi KweZv †_‡K welqe ‘ I Avw½‡K ¯Zš¿| 1947-Gi †`kwefv‡Mi ci 1948 †_‡K m~wPZ fvlv Av‡›`vjb‡K †K›`ª K‡i evsjv‡`‡ki KweZv bZzb êwkó¨ AR©b K‡i| 1952 wLª÷v‡ãi GKz‡k †deyªqvwi evsjv fvlvi Rb¨ i³`v‡bi AwfÁZvq Avgv‡ì KweZvq †h †PZbv Rb¥ †bq c„w_exi †Kv‡bv †`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨ Zvi cÖgvY cvIqv hv‡e bv| 1971 wLª÷v‡ãi gyw³hy× †_‡K GB mgvR I Zvi KweZv GK Abb¨ êwk‡óï `vwe`vi n‡q I‡V|

evsjv‡`‡ki KweZv evsjv‡`‡ki KweZvq ¯Zš¿ wfwË iwPZ nq Pwj‡ki `k‡K| mgvR, ivRbxwZ I ms¯‹…wZi ¯Zš¿ avivi m‡½ wkí`„wói bZzbZ¡ G-mg‡qi KweZv‡K wewkó K‡i‡Q| G-mg‡q Avwef‚©Z Kwe‡ì g‡a¨ Avnmvb nvexe (1917-1985), diiæL Avng` (1918-1974), wmKvb&`vi Avey Rvdi (1918-1976), Aveyj †nv‡mb (1921-), ˆmq` Avjx Avnmvb (1922-) cÖgyL D‡jL‡hvM¨| Aveyj †nv‡m‡bi ÔbeemšÍÕ (1940), diiæL Avng‡ì ÔmvZ mvM‡ii gvwSÕ (1945), ˆmq` Avjx Avnmv‡bi ÔPvnvi ì‡ekÕ (1945), Avnmvb nvex‡ii ÔivwÎ‡klÕ (1947) Kv‡e¨ DcKiY, RxebwRÁvmv I wkíixwZi ¯vZ‡š¿ï cwiPq cvIqv hvq| cÂv‡ki `k‡K evsjv‡`‡ki KweZv welq‰ewPÎ¨ I wkí-fvebvq hyMvšÍKvix êwk‡óï Rb¥ †`q| G-mg‡qi Kwe‡ì g‡a¨ kvgmyi ivngvb, nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb, AvjvDwÏb Avj AvRv`, Avey Rvdi Ievq`yjvn, ˆmq`

Gm Gm GBP Gj


kvgmyj nK, Ave`yj Mwb nvRvix, AvRxRyj nK, †gvnv¤§` gwbiæ¾vgvb, Avj gvngy`, knx` Kvìx D‡jL‡hvM¨| fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi AwfÁZvi m‡½ b‡ev™¢‚Z ga¨we‡Ëi Rxeb‡PZbvi iƒcvq‡Y G-ch©v‡qi KweZv GK bZzb gvÎv †hvM K‡i|

lv‡Ui `k‡K Avwef‚©Z Kwe‡ì g‡a¨ Ave`yj gvbœvb ˆmq`, iwdK AvRv`, †gvnv¤§` iwdK, wbg©‡j›`y ¸Y, Aveyj nvmvb, gvneye mvw`K, gyn¤§` b~iæj û`v, Avmv` †PŠayix cÖgyL D‡jL‡hvM¨| cvðvZ¨ KweZvi a¨vbaviYvi m‡½ e¨w³gvb‡mi wbf…ZPvwiZv I ivRbxwZ m‡PZbZv Gu‡ì KweZvi ¯fveag©|

1971 wLª÷v‡ã GK i³¶qx gyw³hy‡×i gva¨‡g ¯vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki Afz¨`q N‡U| G-mg‡q D‡jL‡hvM¨ msL¨K ZiæY Kwei Avwef©v‡e evsjv‡`‡ki KweZvq bZzb cÖvYeb¨v m~wPZ nq| ¯vaxbZvi ci †_‡K mv¤úÖwZK Kvj ch©šÍ evsjv‡`‡ki KweZv huv‡ì mvabvq mg„× n‡q‡Q, Zuv‡ì g‡a¨ Avwe` AvRv`, mvbvDj nK Lvb, mv¾v` Kvwì, wmK`vi Avwgbyj nK, Avj gyRvwn`x, gvneye nvmvb, †njvj nvwdR, iæ ª gyn¤§` knx`yjvn, †Lv›`Kvi Avkivd †nv‡mb cÖgyL D‡jL‡hvM¨|

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mgq I gvbweK iæwPi cwieZ©‡bi m‡½ m‡½ †QvUM‡íi iƒcixwZiI cwieZ©b N‡U‡Q| wKš‘ GWMvi G¨vjvb †cv-i msÁv_© wbY©qK m~Î¸‡jv GLv‡b cÖvmw½K| eªvÛvi g¨vw_DR Zvui ÔPhilosophy of the short storyÕ (1884) cÖe‡Ü †QvUM‡íi ¯iƒc wb‡ ©k Ki‡Z wM‡q e‡jb: A short-story deals with a single character, a single event, a single emotion, or the series of emotions cotted forth by a single situation. ‘SingleÔ k‡ãi †cŠbtcywbK eënv‡ii ga¨ w`‡q g¨vw_DR †cv D”PvwiZ H‡Kï aviYv‡KB ¯xKvi K‡i wb‡jb| Gici wesk kZvãxi cÖ_gva©e¨vcx †QvUM‡íi iƒcixwZi †¶‡Î e¨vcK cix¶v-wbix¶v n‡q‡Q| Zvi welq I Avw½‡Ki aviYviI G‡m‡Q hyMvšÍKvix cwieZ©b| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv mgv‡jvPK †QvUMí‡K Rxe‡bi Sketch ev Lmov wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| wPÎKjvi Ô†¯‹PÕ Ges †QvUMí †h GK wRwbm bq, G mZ¨wU my¯úófv‡e e¨vL¨vZ n‡jv nv‡k©j weª‡Kj iwPZ ÔWhat happend to the short story, (1951) cÖe‡Ü| wZwb m½Z Kvi‡YB ej‡jb †¯‹‡Pi êwkó¨ w ’wZkxjZv Avi †QvUM‡íi êwkó¨ MwZkxj| AvqZb ev AvK…wZi †Qv‡Uv-eo w`‡q bq, wel‡qi g‡a¨ eo †Kvb e¨Äbv Ges mgMÖZv m„wó n‡jv wK-bv †mUvB mv_©K †QvUM‡íi ¯fveag©| G-cÖm‡½ cvVµg-fz³ ÔGKivwÎÕ MíwUi D‡jL Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| iex› ªbv_ VvKzi Zvui cÖ_g ch©v‡qi GB †QvUM‡í NUbv, PwiÎ, cwi‡ek Ges NUbvšÍM©Z fvem~Î‡K wbweo msnZ iƒc w`‡q‡Qb| †bvqvLvwji cÖZ¨šÍ AÂ‡ji GKwU cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡qi †m‡KÛ gvóv‡ii ¯§„wZK_‡b M‡íi welqe ‘ D‡b¥vwPZ n‡q‡Q| myievjv bv¤§x GK evwjKvi m‡½ Zvi ˆkke-‰K‡kv‡ii m¤úK©, c‡i gvUwkbx-MvwievjwW nIqvi ¯cœ wb‡q KjKvZvq Mgb, mgvR I †`‡kv×v‡ii cÖZ¨vkvq †hŠe‡bi D¾¡j m„wókxj gyn~Z©¸‡jvi AcPq Ges †k‡l GKwU mvaviY we`¨vj‡qi †m‡KÛ gvóvi nIqvi NUbvµg AšÍg©q fw½‡Z wea„Z n‡q‡Q| iex›`ªbv_ AZ¨šÍ `¶Zvi m‡½ gvby‡li e¨w³MZ e¨_©Zvi ¯iƒc D‡b¥vPb K‡i‡Qb| G-M‡í NUbv wKsev PwiÎ †Kv‡bvUvB cÖvavb¨ cvqwb| mewKQy wgwj‡q GK wbweo HKë× Míiƒc m„wó n‡q‡Q| G-Mí‡K Rxe‡bi LÛvs‡ki iƒcvqY ejv hv‡e bv| eis Rxe‡bi Awš^ó fvee ‘‡K GKwU Pwi‡Îi `„wó‡KvY †_‡K mgMÖ AvqZ‡b Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| †¯‹P ev Lmov Rxeb aiv †`q A¯úó e¨Äbvnxb Ae ’vq| wKš‘ †QvUM‡í ¶YKvjxb Rxe‡bi g‡aÏ m„wó nq wPiKvjxb e¨Äbv| ÔGKivwÎÕ M‡íi †k‡l cÖjqsKix iv‡Îi AÜKv‡i †m‡KÛ gvóvi I myievjvi cvkvcvwk Ae ’vb m‡Ë¡I †h GKvwKZ¡, ˆbtm½¨ I wew”QbœZv‡K Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q, Zvi e¨Äbv wPiKvjxb| Dchy©³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K †QvUM‡íi msÁv_© wbY©‡qi cÖ‡kœ Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi, †QvUMí Ggb GK ai‡bi mvwnZïƒc, hv wbw ©ó NUbvsk‡K Avkªq K‡i PwiÎ, cwi‡ek I fvem~‡Îi g‡a¨ wbweo HK¨ cÖwZôv K‡i| GB fvem~Î KL‡bv Mfxi Kvwe¨K e¨Äbvq, KL‡bv ev bvUKxq gyn~‡Z©i D¾¡jZvq Avevi KL‡bv KL‡bv gvbe-gb ÍË¡ we‡kl‡Yi MfxiZvq wbweo imiƒc jvf K‡i| †QvUM‡íi DcKiY Rxe‡bi †h-†Kv‡bv †¶Î †_‡K M„nxZ n‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ Rxe‡bi †h Ask †jL‡Ki Awš^ô, Zv‡K mgMÖ iƒ‡c Dc ’vcb Kiv mv_©K †QvUM‡íi Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ Riæwi|

†QvUM‡íi MVb †KŠkj Dcb¨vm Ges †QvUM‡íi cÖKi‡Yi cwifvlv Awfbœ| †hgb, „wó‡KvY (Point of view), NUbvsk (Plot), PwiÎvqY (Characterization), cwiPh©v (Treatment) cÖf…wZ| †Kv‡bv †QvUMí‡K mgMÖ ˆRe-H‡K¨ (Organic whole) iƒc †c‡Z n‡j DwjwLZ Avw½K-Dcv`v‡bi eënvi Avewk¨K| gvby‡li ewnRx©eb wKsev AšÍRx©e‡bi †h-‡Kvb †¶Î †_‡K †QvUM‡íi DcKiY AvüZ n‡Z cv‡i| wbg©g KwVb ev Íe RMr, gvbeg‡bi RwUj inm¨, msKU I msMÖv‡gi ga¨ w`‡q engvb Rxe‡bi †h-‡Kvb cÖm½‡K MZ¥Kvi M‡íi Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡ib| `„wó‡KvY n‡”Q Rxeb‡K †`Lv Ges Dc ’vcb Kivi we‡kl fw½| †QvUM‡í wea„Z NUbv, PwiÎ I Avbylw½K cÖm½ hLb MZ¥Kvi wbivm³fv‡e Dc ’vcb K‡ib, ZLb cÖ‡qvM N‡U me©Á `„wó‡Kv‡Yi (AuthorÕs omniscient point of view) | bvqK, †K›`ªxq PwiÎ wKsev Míwea„Z †Kv‡bv Pwi‡Îi K_KZvq M‡íi NUbv ewY©Z n‡j, Zv ejv nq DËg cyiæ‡li „wó‡KvY (First person’s point of view)| G‡¶‡Î mgMÖ Mí ÔAvwgÕ bvgK e³vi „wó‡KvY †_‡K Dc ’vwcZ nq| Avevi †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †¶‡Î †`Lv hvq †jLK wKsev †K›`ªxq PwiÎ (bvqK A_ev K_K PwiÎ-(Teller character) QvovI NUbvi cÖv‡šÍ Ae ’vbKvix †Kv‡bv Pwi‡Îi „wó‡KvY †_‡K M‡íi Kvwnbx Dc ’vwcZ nq| G-c×wZ‡K ejv nq cÖvwšÍK Pwi‡Îi `„wó‡KvY (peripheried character’s point of view)| we.G/ we.Gm.Gm †cÖvMÖv‡gi cvVµgfz³ ÔGKivwÎÔ MíwU ïiæ n‡q‡Q G-fv‡e: Òmyievjvi m‡½ GK‡Î cvVkvjvq wMqvwQ, Ges eD-eD †LwjqvwQ| Zvnv‡ì evwo‡Z †M‡j myievjvi gv Avgv‡K e‡ov hZœ Kwi‡Zb Ges Avgv‡ì yBRb‡K GKÎ Kwiqv Avcbv-Avcwb ejvewj Kwi‡Zb, ÔAvnv, ywU‡Z †ek gvbvq|ÕÕ M‡íi †K› ªxq PwiÎ †Kv‡bv GK ¯‹z‡ji †m‡KÛ gvóv‡ii „wó‡KvY †_‡K MíKvwnbx ewY©Z n‡q‡Q| DËg cyiæ‡l M‡íi NUbv, PwiÎ, Pwi‡Îi AšÍR©Mr, cwi‡ek-cwiw ’wZ Dc ’vcb Ki‡Z †jLK‡K h‡_ó mZK© _vK‡Z nq| me©Á



†jL‡Ki `„wó‡KvY A‡c¶v K_K Pwi‡Îi gva¨‡g mvd‡jï m‡½ NUbv eY©bvq iex›`ªbv‡_i `¶Zv AZzjbxq| gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi ÔcÖv‰MwZnvwmKÕ Mí me©Á †jL‡Ki „wó‡KvY †_‡K iwPZ| mgvR I gvby‡li Rxe‡bi †h Abv‡jvwKZ cÖvšÍ G-M‡í D‡b¥vwPZ n‡q‡Q, †jL‡Ki RxebvwfÁZvi êwPÎ¨ I MfxiZv Qvov Zv m¤¢e wQ‡jv bv| wfLy, cvuPx I ewk‡ii Pwi‡Îi MwZwewa I AšÍR©Mr Ae‡jvK‡bi Rb¨ †jL‡Ki me©Á `„wó‡Kv‡Yi cª‡qvMB h_v_©|

cøU (Plot) ej‡Z Avgiv mvaviYZ Dcb¨vm, bvUK ev Míwea„Z NUbv‡K eywS| BwZnv‡mI †Zv NUbv _v‡K| Zv‡K †Zv cøU ewj bv, Mí wn‡m‡eI wPwýZ Kwibv| Gi KviY BwZnvm n‡jv N‡U hvIqvi Kvwnbxi weeiYgvÎ| Avi Mí-Dcb¨v‡mi NUbv mg‡qi k„•Ljv Abymv‡i web¨ Í nq| G-Kvi‡YB cøU‡K ejv nq Kvh©KviY-m¤Ühy³ mg‡qi web¨vm| Míwea„„Z PwiÎI †mB mg‡qi ga¨ w`‡q engvb| PwiÎ ev gvbe-gvbex †h-†Kv‡bv mvwnZïƒ‡ci gyL¨ Dcv`vb| `„wó‡KvY I cø‡Ui Awbevh©Zvq M‡í Pwi‡Îi Ae ’vb wbiƒwcZ nq| PwiÎ‡K GKRb †jLK Kx cÖwµqvq Dc ’vcb Ki‡eb †mB g‡bvfw½ †_‡KB PwiÎvqY kãwU eëüZ nq| †QvUMí †Kej eY©bvZ¥K wkí bq| cwi‡ek cwiw ’wZ I Pwi‡Îi ¯iƒc D‡b¥vP‡bi cÖ‡qvR‡b MíKvi Zvui eY©bvfw½‡K (Narrative situation) wewfbœfv‡e cÖ‡qvM K‡ib| „óvšÍmn welqwU e¨vL¨v Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| ÔGKivwÎÕ M‡í cÖPÛ So I R‡jv”Q¡v‡mi g‡a¨ ¯‹z‡ji †m‡KÛ gvóvi I myievjvi cvkvcvwk Ae ’v‡bi wPÎwU wb¤œiƒc : ÒZLb cÖjqKvj, ZLb AvKv‡k Zvivi Av‡jv wQ‡jv bv Ges c„w_exi mg Í cÖ`xc wbweqv †M‡Q ZLb GKwU K_v ewj‡jI ¶wZ wQjbv wKš‘ GKUv K_vI ejv †Mj bv| †Kn Kvnv‡KI GKUv Kzkj cÖkœI Kwij bv| †Kej yBR‡b AÜKv‡ii w`‡K Pvwnqv iwnjvg| c`Z‡j Mvp K…òeY© Db¥Ë g„Zz¨‡mªvZ MR©b Kwiqv QywUqv Pwjj|Ó D×…Z AskwU †Kej eY©bv (Narrative) ev wPÎ (Picture) bq, GK Mfxi Kve¨gqZv GLv‡b my¯úó| myZivs G-As‡ki Treatment ev cwiPh©v‡K ej‡Z n‡e Kve¨vbyM ev Poetic | ˆmq` IqvjxDjvn&Õi ÔbqbPvivÕ M‡íi ïiæwU GiKg: ÒNbvqgvb Kv‡jv iv‡Z Rbk~b¨ cÖk Í iv ÍvwU‡K gq~iv¶x b`x e‡j Kíbv Ki‡Z †ek jv‡M| wKš‘ g‡bi P‡i hLb Ny‡gi eb¨v Av‡m ZLb g‡b nq IUv mwZ¨B gq~iv¶x: iv‡Zi wb ÍäZvq Zvi Kv‡jv †mªvZ Kj-Kj K‡i, ~‡i Avuav‡i †`Lv Zxi‡iLv bR‡i c‡o GKUz-GKUz, ga¨R‡j-fvmšÍ †R‡jwWw½¸‡jvi we› y we›`y jvj‡P Av‡jv Nb Avuav‡iI me©smnv Zvivi g‡Zv g„`y-g„`y R¡‡j|ÕÕ MíwU‡K m~Îvbymv‡i me©Á-†jL‡Ki `„wó‡Kv‡Y Dc ’vwcZ g‡b n‡jI, Mfxi we‡ePbvq `ywf©¶cxwoZ bqbPviv MÖvg †_‡K kn‡i AvMZ Avgyi „wó‡ZB Gi NUbv I welq web¨ Í n‡q‡Q| D×…Zvs‡ki cÖwZwU evK¨B e¨Äbvgq, cÖZxKx| Rbk~ b¨ iv ÍvwU‡K gq~iv¶x b`x wn‡m‡e cÖwZfvZ nIqvi Kvh©KviY Avgy Pwi‡Îi „wó‡KvY cÖ‡qv‡Mi g‡a¨ wbwnZ i‡q‡Q| G-As‡ki cwiPh©vq Kve¨gqZv I cÖZxKx (Symbolic) †KŠk‡ji Aciƒc wgkªY N‡U‡Q| †QvUM‡íi AvqZb wb‡q GWMvi G¨vjvb †cv-mn cÖ_g hy‡Mi MZ¥Kvi‡ì g‡a¨ gZ‡f` i‡q‡Q| wKš‘ AvqZb †QvUM‡íi ¯iƒc wb‡`©‡ki Rb¨ h‡_ó bq| iex›`ªbv‡_i Ô†cvógvóviÕ Ges ÔbóbxoÕ Mí AvqZ‡bi w`K †_‡K wecixZ êwk‡óï aviK| Ô†cvógvóviÕ M‡íi mxwgZ AvqZ‡b `ywU Pwi‡Îi AšÍi-evwni msnZ iƒc †c‡q‡Q| Avi ÔbóbxoÕ AvqZ‡bi w`K †_‡K Dcb¨v‡mvcg| wKš‘ NUbv I Pwi‡Îi GKvMÖ mgMÖZv MíwU‡K Abb¨Zv `vb K‡i‡Q|

†QvUM‡íi iƒcêwPÎ¨ AvaywbK Kv‡j †QvUMí Rxe‡bi eûgyLx RwUjZvi ¯ú‡k© wewPÎ iƒc aviY K‡i‡Q| Z‡e MVb-‰ewkó¨ Abymv‡i †QvUMí‡K cÖavbZ wZbwU cÖeYZvq wPwýZ Kiv hvq :

1. NUbvcÖavb Mí 2. PwiÎ-cÖavb Mí 3. fve ev welqe ‘ cÖavb Mí|

Mí iPbvi cÖ_g ch©v‡q NUbv cÖavb M‡íiB AvwaK¨ wQ‡jv| NUbvi êwPÎ¨ I HK¨B wQ‡jv H avivi M‡íi êwkó¨| e¨w³Pwi‡Îi bvbvgyLx iƒc wea„Z nq PwiÎcÖavb M‡í| iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii ÔAwZw_Õ, ÔˆngšÍxÕ I Ô ¿xicÎÕ kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi ÔmZxÕ, Zvivk¼i e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi ÔZvwiYx gvwSÕ, gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi ÔcÖv‰MwZnvwmKÕ PwiÎ cÖavb M‡íi „óvšÍ| PwiÎ gvby‡li e¨w³Z¡ I Aw Í‡Z¡iB ewntcÖKvk| PwiÎcÖavb Mí KL‡bv KL‡bv e³‡eï MfxiZvq welqe ‘-†Kw›`ªK n‡q DV‡Z cv‡i| iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii PwiÎcÖavb AwaKvsk MíB Gi „óvšÍ| gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi ÔcÖv‰MwZnvwmKÕ mgvRZvwš¿K Rxeb`„wói m‡½ d«‡qWxq g‡bvweKjb-Z‡Ë¡i mgš‡q GK MfxiZi e³‡eï wkíiƒc n‡q D‡V‡Q| d‡j welqcÖavb M‡íi ¯fveag© G-M‡íI j¶Yxq|

Gm Gm GBP Gj


fve ev welqe ‘ cÖavb M‡í gvby‡li wewPÎ Dcjwä, Abyf‚wZ ev gvbwmK Ae ’vi cÖwZdjb N‡U| Rxeb‡K Mfxi Ges m~² `„wó‡Z Ae‡jvKb Kivi d‡j G-RvZxq M‡í Kve¨gqZv I `vk©wbK wPšÍvi cÖKvk N‡U KL‡bv KL‡bv | M‡íi GB cÖavb wZbwU aviv‡K welq I Avw½‡Ki êwk‡óï w`K †_‡K Av‡iv DckvLvq fvM Kiv hvq| Aek¨ GK M‡í GKvwaK cÖeYZvi wgkªYI N‡U KL‡bv KL‡bv| †hgb, 1. gvbe m¤úK© we‡klYg~jK Mí| e¨w³m¤ú‡K©i wewPÎ w`K GB RvZxq M‡í wea„Z nq| 2. mgvRwelqK| G-RvZxq M‡í mgvRRxe‡bi wewPÎ cÖm‡½i Dc ’vcb N‡U| we‡kl‡Yi `¶Zv I MfxiZvq

ivRbxwZi ZË¡, Av`k© I NUbviI cÖwZdjb N‡U mgvR-we‡klYg~jK M‡í| 3. gb ÍvwË¡K| gvbeg‡bi inm¨gq w`K we‡kl‡Yi gva¨‡g G-RvZxq M‡í wea„Z nq| GB wZbwU DckvLvi g‡a¨ †cÖgm¤úK©, cÖK…wZi cUf‚wg‡Z gvbeAw Í‡Ë¡i Kg© I wµqv cÖwZwµqv cÖf…wZi iƒcvqY N‡U| `„wófw½i w`K †_‡KI †QvUMí‡K K‡qKwU DckvLvq web¨ Í Kiv hvq| †hgb, 1. †ivgvw›UK 2. nvmïmcÖavb ev e¨½g~jK| †jL‡Ki AšÍgy©Lx MxZgq Rxeb‡PZbv †ivgvw›UK M‡íi êwkó¨| nvmïmcÖavb Mí †Kej weï× nvwmiB m„wó K‡i bv, KL‡bv KL‡bv Mfxi Bw½Zgq e³eÏ cÖ`vb K‡i| c×wZ wePv‡iI †QvUMí‡K GKvwaK kvLvq web¨vm Kiv hvq| †hgb, 1. Kvwe¨K 2. iƒcKagx© G-Qvov AwZcÖvK…Z, cÖZxKagx©, weÁvb wbf©i, BwZnvm-Avkªqx, Mvn© ’¨Rxe‡bi cÖvZ¨wnKZv wbf©i, d¨v›Uvwm ev D™¢U wel‡qi Avkª‡qI †QvUMí wjwLZ n‡Z cv‡i| weMZ yB kZvãx‡Z †QvUM‡íi iƒc I ixwZi eûgyLx cwieZ©b N‡U‡Q| gvby‡li Rxebweb¨vm I `„wófw½i cwieZ©‡bi m‡½ m‡½ †QvUM‡í wel‡qi cwiwaI eû¸‡Y e„w× †c‡q‡Q| M‡íi DcKi‡Yi RMr n‡q‡Q we Í„ZZi| hš¿, Kwdb, ev ÍeRxe‡bi e¨vL¨vZxZ †Kv‡bv welqI GLb M‡íi Dcv`vb|

evsjv †QvUM‡íi BwZnvm mvwnZïƒc wn‡m‡e †QvUM‡íi D™¢e Ebwesk kZvãxi BD‡iv‡c| Ebwesk kZvãx‡ZB evsjv †QvUM‡íi D™¢e N‡U| iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi evsjv †QvUM‡íi cÖ_g I cÖavb wkíx n‡jI Zvui c~‡e© c~Y©P›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq, mÄxeP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq, ¯Y©Kzgvix †èx, b‡M› ªbv_ ¸ß cÖgyL †jLK MíiPbvq cUf‚wg cÖ ‘Z K‡iwQ‡jb| Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvM‡ii Ô†eZvj cÂweskwZÕ (1847) bvgK Abyev` MÖš’wUi NUbv Dc ’vcbvq Míi‡mi cwiPq cvIqv hvq| evsjv †QvUM‡íi D™¢e, weKvk I mg„w×i †¶‡Î iex› ªbv_ VvKz‡ii Ae`vb AZzjbxq| †Kbbv, †QvUMí †h GKwU ¯Zš¿ mvwnZiƒc (Literary form) GB aviYvwU iex›`ªbv‡_i M‡íB cÖ_g aiv c‡o| B‡Zvc~‡e© hvuiv †QvUMí iPbvq AvZ¥wb‡qvM K‡iwQ‡jb, Zviv Kvwnbx eY©bvi g‡a¨B cwiZ…wß mÜvb K‡i‡Qb| 1877 wLª÷v‡ã iex›`ªbv‡_i ÔwfLvwiYxÕ MíwU ÔfviZxÕ cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ nq| gvÎ †lvj eQi eq‡m iwPZ GB M‡í †QvUM‡íi welqe ‘, iƒc I ixwZi mg Í êwkó¨ j¶ Kiv qvq| Gici 1891 mvj †_‡K g„Zz Kvj ch©šÍ `xN© cÂvk eQ‡i iex›`ªbv_ 93wU †QvUMí Ges Av‡iv wKQy Míag©x mvwnZïƒc m„wó K‡i‡Qb| Ebwesk kZãx‡ZB iex›`ªbv_ 50 Gi AwaK †QvUMí iPbv K‡ib| hvi g‡a¨ Ô†cvógvóviÕ, Ô†LvKveveyi cÖZ¨veZ©b,Õ ÔK¼vjÕ, ÔGKivwÎÕ, ÔKveywjqvjvÔ, Ôkvw Í,Õ Ô¶zwaZ cvlvYÕ, ÔAwZw_Õi g‡Zv Mí i‡q‡Q| wesk kZvãxi m~PbvKvj †_‡K iex›`ªbv_ †QvUMí‡K cix¶v-wbix¶vi gva¨‡g wek¦gv‡b †cŠu‡Q †`b| welq-êwPÎ¨ I Avw½‡Ki Awfbe‡Z¡ c„w_exi Avi †Kv‡bv MZ¥Kvi‡K iex›`ªbv‡_i mgK¶ g‡b Kiv hvq bv| Ôbóbxo,Õ ÔˆngšÍx,Õ Ô ¿xicÎ,Õ Ôcqjv b¤î,Õ Ôj¨ve‡iUwiÕ cÖf…wZ M‡í iex› ªbv‡_i AZzjbxq m„wómvg‡_ ©i cwiPq †g‡j| iex›`ªbv‡_i ci hvuiv evsjv †QvUMí iPbvq K…wZ‡Z¡i cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb, Zvu‡ì g‡a¨ kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq (1876-1938), cÖg_ †PŠayix (1868-1946), a~R©wUcÖmv` gy‡Lvcva¨vq (1894-1962), cÖgyL D‡jL‡hvM¨| kirP‡›`ªi Mí AwfÁZvi w`K †_‡K Awfbe n‡jI iƒcixwZ wePv‡i iex›`ªbv‡_i mgZzj¨ bq| cÖg_ †PŠayix I a~R©wUcÖmv` gbbkxj Rxeb‡PZbv‡K †QvUM‡íi Dcv`v‡b cwiYZ K‡ib| G-mgqB Avwef‚©Z nb Av‡iv K‡qKRb ¶gZvai Mí †jLK| Guiv n‡jb ˆÎ‡jvK¨bv_ gy‡Lvcva¨vq, (1847-1919), cÖfvZKzgvi gy‡Lvcva¨vq (1849-1932), ivR‡kLi emy (1880-1960), B› ªbv_ e‡›`¨vcva¨vq (1849-1911), ˆmq` gyRZev Avjx (1904-1974) cÖgyL|

cÖ_g wek¦hy‡×vËiKv‡j evOvwji Rxeb‡PZbv I `„wófw½i †¶‡Î †h hyMvšÍKvix cwieZ©b N‡U, Zvi cÖwZdjb †QvUM‡íI Awbevh© n‡q I‡V| cÖPwjZ g~j¨‡eva, bvix-cyiæ‡li m¤ú‡K©i aviYv , ms¯‹vi I wek¦vm bZzb avivi MZ¥Kvi‡ì wbKU Zvrch©nxb n‡q c‡o| G-mg‡q D™¢‚Z Mí‡jLK‡ì g‡a¨ b‡ikP›`ª †mb¸ß (1882-1964), gbx›`ªjvj emy (1897-1986), `x‡bkiÄb `vk (1888-1941), †MvKzjP› ª bvM (1894-1925), AwPšÍ Kzgvi



†mb¸ß (1903-1976), †cÖ‡g›`ª wgÎ (1904-1987), cÖ‡evaKzgvi mvb¨vj (1905-1967), RM`xkP› ª ¸ß (1886-1957), wef‚wZf‚lb e‡›`¨vcva¨vq (1894-1950), Zvivk¼i e‡›`¨vcva¨vq (1898-1971), KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg (1899-1976), ˆkjRvb›` gy‡Lvcva¨vq (1900-1967), gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq (1908-1956) cÖgyL D‡jL‡hvM¨|

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cÖ_g wek¦hy‡×vËi Kv‡ji Mí‡jLK‡ì e¨wZµgx Rxeb „wó I welqfvebvi mgvšÍiv‡j Dcv`vb I Dc ’vcbvi Awfbe‡Z¡ Av‡iv GKwU ¯Zš¿ M‡íi aviv j¶ Kiv hvq| GB avivi MZ¥Kviiv n‡jb wef‚wZf‚lY gy‡Lvcva¨vq (1894-1987), ebdzj Ii‡d ejvBPvu` gy‡Lvcva¨vq (1899-1979), kiw`›`y e‡›`¨vcva¨vq (1899-1979), mRbxKvšÍ `vm (1900-1962), g‡bvR emy (1901-1987),cÖg_bv_ wekx (1901-1985), Abœ`vk¼i ivq (1901-1999), wkeivg PµeZ©x (1905), M‡R› ªKzgvi wgÎ(1908), Avkvc~Y©v †èx (1909) cÖgyL | †KŠZzK-nvmïm I weeªæc G‡uì M‡íi DcRxe¨ n‡jI Rxe‡bi eY©bv A‡c¶v we‡klY‡KB Zvuiv ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q‡Qb|

wØZxq wek¦hy× I hy×-cieZx©Kv‡j Avwef© Z Mí †jLK‡ì g‡a¨ my‡eva †Nvl (1910-1970), b‡i›`ªbv_ wgÎ (1916-1975), †R¨vwZwi› ª b›`x (1912-1982), m‡šÍvlKzgvi †Nvl (1920-1985), bvivqY M‡½vcva¨vq (1918-1970), †mv‡gb P›`ª (1920-1942) D‡jL‡hvM¨| mgvR-AwfÁZvi weeZ©‡bi m‡½ m‡½ evsjv †QvUM‡íi welq I ixwZi †¶‡Î †h hyMvšÍKvix cwieZ©b mvwaZ n‡q‡Q, DwjwLZ †jLK‡ì M‡í Zvi cÖgvY my¯úó|

evsjv‡`‡ki †QvUMí †fŠ‡MvwjK-mvgvwRK I b„ZvwË¡K êwk‡óï wePv‡i eZ©gvb evsjv‡`k f‚LÛ Avw`Kvj †_‡KB wQ‡jv ¯Zš¿| g~jZ b`xgvZ…K I f‚wgwbf©i GB †`k I Zvi Rb‡Mvôx Rxe‡bvcKiY, Rxebhvcb I Aw ÍZ¡ mvabvq †Mvov †_‡KB ev ÍegyLx I msMÖvgkxj| Dwbk kZ‡K Bs‡iwR mvwnZ¨-ms¯‹…wZ I wk¶vi cÖfv‡e KjKvZv I Zvi cvk¦©eZ©x AÂj¸‡jv‡Z †h ga¨weË †kªYxi D™¢e N‡U †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae ’vb I Bs‡iR ivRkw³i Amn‡hvwMZvi d‡j ZrKvjxb c~e©e‡½ (eZ©gvb evsjv‡`k)Zv N‡Uwb| G-‡`‡k ga¨weË †kªYxi hvÎv ïiæ nq wesk kZvãx‡Z | 1921 wLª÷v‡ã XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq cÖwZwôZ nIqvi ci AvaywbK wk¶vi cÖfv‡e GB ga¨weË‡kªYx †PZbv I Rxebhvc‡bi †¶‡Î ¯vej¤^x n‡Z ïiæ K‡i| †h-Kvi‡Y 1947-wLª÷v‡ã †`kwefv‡Mi c~‡e©B G-‡`‡ki wkw¶Z ga¨weË mvwnZ¨mvabvi ¯Zš¿ cUf~wg iPbvq mg_© nq| G-ch©v‡qi MZ¥Kvi‡ì g‡a¨ KvRx Ave`yj I`y` (1894-1970), gyn¤§` gbmyiDÏxb (1904-1986), Aveyj gbmyi Avng` (1898-1979), Aveyj dRj (1903-1983), kIKZ Imgvb (1917-1999), ˆmq` IqvjxDjvn& (1922-1971) cÖgyL D‡jL‡hvM¨| G-f‚L‡Ûi ¯Zš¿ Rxebaviv, Aw ÍZ¡web¨vm, gvbem¤úK© cÖf…wZ GB Mí‡jLK‡ì gyL¨ DcRxe¨| DwjwLZ MZ¥Kvi‡ì A‡b‡KB †`k wefv‡Mi ciI MíPP©v K‡i‡Qb| †Kej KjKvZv-†Kw› ªK †QvUMí bq, wek¦gv‡bi †QvUMí iPbvqI †h †KD †KD cvi`k©x wQ‡jb ˆmq` IqvjxDjvn& Zvi D¾¡j „óvšÍ|

†`kwefv‡Mi ci hvuiv †QvUMí iPbvq AvZ¥wb‡qvM K‡ib, Zvu‡ì nv‡ZB evsjv‡‡`‡ki †QvUMí mg„w× jvf K‡i‡Q| kvgmyÏxb Aveyj Kvjvg (1926-1998), mi`vi R‡qbD`&`xb (1918-1986), wgiRv Ave yj nvB (1919-1985), kv‡n` Avjx (1925- ), Avey BmnvK (1926- ), Ave yj Mvd&dvi †PŠayix (1931- ), AvjvDwÏb Avj AvRv` (1932-), Rwni ivqnvb (1933-1972), ˆmq` kvgmyj nK (1935- ) cÖgyL †jLKiv evsjv‡`‡ki †QvUMí‡K welqweb¨vm I Avw½‡Ki cix¶v-wbix¶vq mg„× I êwPÎ¨gwÛZ K‡i‡Qb|

evsjv‡`‡ki †QvUMí GLb wewPÎ welq I wbix¶vkxj wkíiƒ‡ci evnb| 1971 wLª÷v‡ãi gyw³hy‡×i ci †QvUMí n‡q I‡V Avgv‡ì mvwn‡Zï Ab¨Zg mg„×kvLv| cÖexY Ges bexb wgwj‡q cÖPzi Mí †jLK GL‡bv m„wókxj| Gu‡ì g‡a¨ kIKZ Avjx (1936- ) nvmvb AvwRRyj nK (1939- ), †R¨vwZcÖKvk `Ë (1939- ) ivnZ Lvb (1940- ), AvLZviæ¾vgvb Bwjqvm (1943-1998), Ave`yj gvbœvb ˆmq` (1943- ) evsjv‡`‡ki †QvUMí‡K welqfvebv I wkíiƒ‡ci w`K †_‡K mg„× K‡i‡Qb|

Gm Gm GBP Gj


e ‘ms‡¶c: †QvUMí Ggb GK ai‡bi mvwnZïƒc hv wbw ©ó NUbvsk‡K Avkªq K‡i PwiÎ, cwi‡ek I fvem~‡Îi g‡a¨ wbweo HK¨ cÖwZôv K‡i| GB fvem~Î KL‡bv Mfxi Kvwe¨K e¨Äbvq, KL‡bv ev bvUKxq gyn~‡Z©i D¾¡jZvq, Avevi KL‡bv KL‡bv gvbe-gb ÍZ¡ we‡kl‡Yi MfxiZvq wbweo imiƒc jvf K‡i| †QvU M‡íi DcKiY Rxe‡bi †h †Kvb †¶Î †_‡K M„nxZ n‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ Rxe‡bi †h Ask †jL‡Ki Awšô, Zv‡K mgMÖ iƒ‡c Dc ’vcb Kiv mv_©K †QvUM‡íi Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ Riæwi| cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb msw¶ß-DËig~jK cÖkœ 1. †QvUMí Kv‡K e‡j? 2. †QvUM‡íi m‡½ Dcb¨v‡mi †gŠwjK cv_©K¨ †Kv_vq? 3. †QvUM‡íi MVb‰ewkó¨ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb| 4. cÖeYZv Abymv‡i †QvUM‡íi †kªYxKiY Kiæb| 5. evsjv †QvUM‡íi msw¶ß BwZnvm wee„Z Kiæb|

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ 1. †QvUM‡íi MVb‡KŠkj m¤‡Ü hv Rv‡bb wjLyb| 2. †QvUM‡íi iƒc‰ewPÎ¨ wel‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

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Dcb¨vm D‡Ïk¨ GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb

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Dcb¨vm Kv‡K e‡j †m wel‡q wjL‡Z cvi‡eb| Dcb¨v‡mi MVb‡KŠk‡ji cÖavb cÖavb êwkó¨¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© aviYv e¨³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| Dcb¨v‡mi iƒcMZ êwPÎ¨ wb‡`©k Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

msÁv_© mvwn‡Zï Avw½K¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Dcb¨v‡mi msÁv_© wbY©qB †eva nq me©v‡c¶v `yiƒn KvR| †Kbbv, mgq I mgv‡Ri G‡Zv wewPÎgyLx NvZ-cÖwZNvZ, DÌvb-cZb I fvOv-Movi hy‡M Dcb¨v‡mi Avwef©ve n‡q‡Q †h, wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv gvb`Û w`‡q Dcb¨v‡mi ¯fveag© wbiƒcb Kiv m¤¢e bq| Dcb¨v‡mi D™¢‡ei m‡½ mgvRweb¨vm, Av_©-Drcv`b KvVv‡gv, gvby‡li g‡bvRvMwZK m~²Zv Ges Aw ÍZ¡wRÁvmvi RwUj µgweKv‡ki cÖkœ RwoZ| †i‡bmuv ev beRvMiY-cieZx© gvby‡li bZzb Rxeb - fvebv, evwYR¨cyuwRi Avkª‡q M‡o-IVv ga¨weË †kªYxi wecyj we Ívi Ges wkíwecøe-DËi bvMwiK mf¨Zvi Ø›ØmsNvZc~Y©, RwUj, êwPÎ¨gq I MwZkxj Rxe‡bi wkí-Avw½K wn‡m‡e BD‡iv‡c Dcb¨v‡mi D™¢e| myZivs Dcb¨vm Zvi Rb¥j‡MœB mgvR I Rxe‡bi ev ÍeZvi AwMœcix¶vi gy‡LvgywL n‡q‡Q| GB ev ÍeZvi PwiÎ mgvR I e¨w³‡f‡` wewPÎ| Dcb¨v‡mi msÁv_© wbY©‡q, Zvi welq I Avw½‡Ki ¯iƒc wba©vi‡Y Av‡jvPbvi †kl †bB| cvðvZ¨ I cÖv‡Pï mgv‡jvPKMY `xN©Kvj a‡i weZK© I we‡kl‡Y AvZ¥wb‡qvM K‡i‡Qb, wKš‘ †Kv‡bv gxgvswmZ wm×v‡šÍ Zvuiv DcbxZ n‡Z cv‡ib wb| ZeyI ¯fvej¶Y Ges welq I Avw½‡Ki êwkó¨ wePvi K‡i Dcb¨v‡mi msÁv_© wba©viY Kiv m¤¢e| G-cÖm‡½ ¯§iYxq †h, Dcb¨v‡mi msÁv_© wbY©q I welq-Avw½K wePvi mgq I mgv‡Ri PwiÎ I iæwP Abymvix| †hgb AvqZb, PwiÎ Ges NUbv-‰ewkó¨ wePv‡i Av‡b©÷ †nwgsI‡qi ÔIìg¨vb GÛ `¨ mxÕ Ges wjD Zj Í‡qi ÔIqvi GÛ cxmÕ yB wfbœ ¯fv‡ei m„wó nIqv m‡Ë¡I Dcb¨vm wn‡m‡e ¯xK…Z| nvigvb †gjvwf‡ji ÔgwewWKÕ Ges †Rgm& R‡q‡mi ÔBDwjwmmÕ, wKsev ew¼gP‡›`ªi ÔKcvjKzÛjvÕ Ges iex›`ªbv‡_i Ô†MvivÕ, ˆmq` IqvjxDjvn&i ÔPuv‡ì Agvem¨vÕ, Ges knx`yjv Kvqmv‡ii ÔmskßKÕ AvqZb, PwiÎvqb Ges welqwePv‡i wfbœag©x m„wó| wKš‘ me¸‡jvB Dcb¨vm wn‡m‡e wPwýZ I we‡kwlZ| ZeyI D³ MÖš’¸‡jv‡Z †gvŠwjK wKQy j¶Y we`¨gvb, hvi wfwË‡Z Hme MÖš’ Dcb¨v‡mi ch©vqfz³| Dch©y³ aviYvi Av‡jv‡K Dcb¨v‡mi GKwU mvaviY msÁv_© Avgiv wbY©q Ki‡Z cvwi| Zvn‡jv, †h eY©bvZ¥K iPbvq gvby‡li ev Íe RxebK_v †jL‡Ki Rxebm¤úwK©Z `„wófw½i mgš^‡q Awfe¨³ nq, Zv‡KB Dcb¨vm e‡j| NUbvg~jK I eY©bvag©x nIqvq M`¨fvlvB Dcb¨v‡mi cÖKvkevnb| gvby‡li Rxeb RwUj, m~² Ges wewPÎ| Rxeb‰ewk‡óï eûgyLx iƒ‡ci cÖwZdjb NUvq cÖwZwU Dcb¨v‡mi AvqZb wfbœag©x| iex›`ªbv‡_i Ô†MvivÕ Ges Ô†k‡li KweZvÕ wePvi Ki‡jB Gi cÖgvY cvIqv hv‡e| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, Dcb¨vm †Kej Kvwnbx wKsev NUbvgvÎ bq| gvby‡li Rxe‡b AmsL¨ NUbv N‡U| †Kv‡bv NUbv †hŠw³K k„•Ljvhy³ Avevi †Kv‡bvUvi g‡a¨ Zv _v‡Kbv| GR‡b¨B Dcb¨vmwea„Z NUbvs‡ki g‡a¨ †hŠw³K k„•Ljv _vK‡Z n‡e| †jL‡Ki `„wófw½, PwiÎ I NUbvi mgš^‡q GKwU Dcb¨vm n‡q DV‡e h_v_©|

Dcb¨v‡mi Dcv`vb I MVb‡KŠkj Dcb¨v‡mi Dcv`v‡bi msL¨v 7| Gi g‡a¨ kixix Dcv`v‡bi (Concrete elements) msL¨v-6| †hgb, cøU (plot), PwiÎ (Character), „wó‡KvY (Point of view), cðvrcU (Back ground), mgq (Time), Ges fvlv (Language)| Dcb¨vm we‡kl‡Y Akixix Dcv`vb (Abstruct elements) wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ Kiv n‡q‡Q †jL‡Ki Rxeb m¤úwK©Z `k©b‡K| cøU Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Z¨ Dcb¨vm iPbvi cÖ_g w`‡K MÖxK mvwnZ¨ZvwË¡K I mgv‡jvPK A¨vwi÷U‡ji cøUm¤úwK©Z aviYvi cÖfveB wQ‡jv mev©waK| A¨vwi÷Uj Zvui Poetics MÖ‡š’ cø‡Ui Av‡jvPbvq e‡j‡Qb GKwU gvÎ K‡g©i mgMÖ iƒc AbyK…Z nq cø‡U| wewfbœ As‡ki g‡a¨ MVbMZ HK¨ Ggbfv‡e A¶zYœ ivLvi †Póv Kiv nq, hvi d‡j GKwU Ask‡K Zvi †fZi †_‡K ’vbvšÍwiZ Ki‡j cø‡Ui mgMÖ MVbwUB †f‡O co‡e (So the plot being an imitation of an action, must imitate one action and that a whole, the structural vision of the parts being such that, if

Gm Gm GBP Gj


any one of them in displaced or removed, the whole will be disjoined and disturbed)| A¨vwi÷U‡ji g‡Z cøU GKwU mgMÖ I m¤úK© ÔKg©©Õ (Action), Ab¨Î wZwb e‡j‡Qb, cøU n‡”Q NUbvejxi web¨vm (Arrangement of incidents) Ges GB NUbvweb¨v‡m Avw`, ga¨ Ges A‡šÍi g‡a¨ _vK‡e HK¨| wZwb cøU‡K mij (Simple) I RwUj (Complex) GB `yB †kªYx‡Z fvM K‡iwQ‡jb| Zvui RwUj cø‡Ui aviYv cøUfvebvi cieZx© iƒcvšÍ‡ii m¤¢vebvi c_ cÖk Í K‡iwQ‡jv| AvR‡Ki wePv‡i nq‡Zv A¨vwi÷U‡ji aviYvi g‡a¨ Ac~Y©Zv j¶ Kiv hv‡e, wKš‘ Ebwesk kZvãxi †klva© ch©šÍ GB aviYv‡KB Dcb¨v‡mi ZvwË¡K Ges ZË¡‡PZb JcbvwmKiv eûjvs‡k MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb| Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g hy‡Mi Jcb¨vwmKiv †hgb, wiPvW©mb Ges †nbwi wdjwWs Plot Ges Story (Kvwnbx)-†K Awfbœ A‡_© MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb| Zvuiv Kvwnbx‡K GKwU HKë× iƒc †`qvi †Póv K‡i‡Qb| wKš‘ mg‡qi weeZ©‡bi m‡½ m‡½ cøU aviYviI cwieZ©b N‡U| Dcb¨vmwea„Z Kg© ev Action †h gvbe Pwi‡Îi iƒcvqY G-mZ¨wU my¯úó n‡Z _v‡K| NUbv, PwiÎ, Pwi‡Îi wPšÍv, Abyf‚wZ, Zvi Rxebm¤úwK©Z ZË¡ ev `k©bI ¸iæZ¡c~Y© n‡q I‡V| †nbwi †Rgm Zvui The Art of Fiction (1884) cÖe‡Ü cøU Ges Kvwnbxi m‡½ Dcb¨v‡mi welqe ‘i mv`„k¨ mÜvb K‡i‡Qb| wesk kZvãx‡Z G‡m Dcb¨v‡mi cøUfvebvq mg‡qi ¸iæZ¡ ¯xK…Z n‡jv| gvbeRxe‡b msNwUZ NUbv †h Avm‡j mg‡qiB ewntcÖKvk GB †eva †_‡K cøU‡K ejv n‡jv Kvh©KviY k„•Ljvhy³ mgq| GB mg‡qi engvbZv evwn¨K `„wó‡Z GK iKg Avi wPšÍv, Abyf‚wZ, ¯§„wZ-¯cœ-Kíbvi gvb`‡Û GK iKg| evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g mv_©K Jcb¨vwmK ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq cøU‡K NUbvi cvi¤úh© wn‡m‡eB MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb| Zvui ÔKcvjKzÛjvÕ Dcb¨vm cøUweb¨v‡mi wbfy©j `„óvšÍ| HwZnvwmK NUbvi iƒcvq‡bI ÔivRwmsnÕ wKsev ÔAvb›`gVÕ-G cøUweb¨v‡mi cÖPwjZ ixwZi Abymvix| iex›`ªbv_ VvKziB cÖ_g cøU‡K mgq I †PZbvi H‡K¨ myMÖw_Z Ki‡jb| Zvui Ô†k‡li KweZvÕ Dcb¨v‡mi cøU Kvwnbx (Story) wKsev ÔNUbvÕi (Events) cvi¤úh© k„•Ljvhy³ web¨vmgvÎ bq, AvaywbK wkw¶Z gvbe-gvbexi †PZbv, Abyf‚wZ, Kíbv I `k©‡bi AvZ¥cÖKv‡ki gva¨gI N‡U|

PwiÎ Dcb¨v‡mi kixix Dcv`vbmg~‡ni g‡a¨ Pwi‡Îi ¸iæZ¡ me©vwaK| †Kbbv, Dcb¨vm gvby‡li m„wó Ges AšÍi-evwni m‡gZ gvbe-gvbexi mgMÖ Rxe‡bi iƒcvq‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb‡evaB Dcb¨v‡mi Rb¥‡K m¤¢e K‡i Zz‡jwQ‡jv| A¨vwi÷Uj PwiÎ A‡c¶v cøU‡K AwaK ¸iæZ¡ w`‡qwQ‡jb| Uª¨v‡RwWi MVb‰ewkó¨ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z wM‡q wZwb QqwU Ask cÖZ¨¶ K‡i‡Qb| †hgb, cøU, PwiÎ , fvlv, fvebv (Thought), `„k¨ Ges m½xZ| cÖ_‡g wZwb cø‡Ui Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| AZtci Pwi‡Îi | wKš‘ cU †h Rxe‡bi Kv‡Ri AbyKiY, Zv wbtm‡›`‡n gvby‡li| AwfÁZv Ges `„óv‡šÍi mxgve×Zv m‡Ë¡I A¨vwi÷Uj Pwi‡Îi cÖK…Z †¶ÎwU wb‡`©k Ki‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb| Ebwesk kZvãxi Jcb¨vwmKiv cy•¶vbycy•L eY©bv‡K (Narration) AwaK ¸iæZ¡ w`‡Zb| wesk kZvãxi cÖ_g w`‡Ki A‡bK Dcb¨v‡mI eY©bvevûj¨ †Pv‡L c‡o| wKš‘ eY©bvi ga¨ w`‡q Pwi‡Îi evB‡ii Aeqe, MwZwewa, ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi NUbvewjB Dc ’vcb Kiv hvq| Pwi‡Îi ¯iƒc D‡b¥vP‡bi R‡b¨ eY©bvi AwZwi³ Av‡iv wKQy cÖ‡qvRb| RR© †gwiwW_ GB fvebv †_‡KB m¤¢eZ e‡jwQ‡jb: Ô†Kej †Pv‡Li cvZvq iO w`‡jB Pj‡e bv, †Pv‡Li g‡a¨ AšÍ`„©wóI †dvUv‡Z n‡e|Õ divwm wecøe I wkí-wecø‡evËi Kv‡j gvby‡li e¨w³mËvi ¸iæZ¡ e„w×i m‡½ m‡½ Dcb¨v‡mI Pwi‡Îi Ae ’vb `„pZi n‡Z _v‡K| ew¼gP‡›`ªi Dcb¨v‡m Pwi‡Îi iƒcvqY g~jZ eY©bvag©x| Pwi‡Îi wµqvkxjZv mgvR, Dcb¨vmwea„Z NUbv Ges Jcb¨vwm‡Ki Av`k©‡ev‡ai Kv‡Q `vqe×| Ô`y‡M©kbw›`bxÕ Dcb¨v‡m Av‡qlv PwiÎ m¤ú‡K© †jL‡Ki Dw³: Ô†hgb D`¨vb g‡a¨ cÙdzj, G AvL¨vwqKv g‡a¨ †Zgwb Av‡qlv|Õ A_©vr cy‡iv Dcb¨v‡m Av‡qlv NUbvi cÖ‡qvR‡b Dc ’vwcZ| Avcb e¨w³Ë¡ I Kg©avivq †m ¯vej¤^x bq| B.Gg. di÷vi G-ai‡bi PwiÎ‡K e‡j‡Qb Flat Character ev mgZj PwiÎ| G-ai‡bi PwiÎ Dcb¨v‡mi NUbv‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i bv| NUbvavivi m‡½ Awµq (Passive) Ae ’vb K‡i gvÎ| wKš‘ †h PwiÎ Dcb¨v‡mi ïiæ †_‡KB AvK…wZ-cÖK…wZmn Dc ’vwcZ nq Ges Zvi fwel¨r MwZwewa, cÖvavb¨, g‡bvRvMwZK cwieZ©b I weeZ©‡bi my¯úó Bw½Zmn wµqvkxj _v‡K, Zv‡K ejv nq Round Character ev wb‡Uvj PwiÎ| Ô†Pv‡Li evwjÕ Dcb¨v‡m iex›`ªbv_ we‡bvw`bx PwiÎ‡K †Mvov †_‡KB Zvi AZxZ, eZ©gvb I fwel¨‡Zi m¤¢vebv wPwÎZ K‡i‡Qb| d‡j, PwiÎwU n‡q D‡V‡Q mgMÖ|



ÔPZzi½Õ Dcb¨v‡mi PwiÎvqb‡K G-cÖm‡½ `„óvšÍ wn‡m‡e MÖnY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| kPxk, RM‡gvnb, `vwgbx Ges kªxwejvm GB PviwU Pwi‡Îi iƒcvq‡Y iex› ªbv‡_i `„wófw½ Awfbœ| kªxwejvm mgZj PwiÎ (Flat Character)| Zvi Pwi‡Îi weeZ©‡bi †Kv‡bv Bw½Z Dcb¨v‡m †bB AvMv‡Mvov GKB iKg| Zvi gvbwmK cwieZ©‡bi †Kv‡bv Bw½Z ev cÖvmw½KZv Dcb¨v‡m †bB| kPxk Ges `vwgbxi ¯fveag© I weeZ©‡bi Bw½Z †Mvov †_‡KB my¯úó| iex›`ªbv‡_i cÖvq cÖwZwU Dcb¨v‡mi PwiÎvq‡b GB c×wZ Aejw¤^Z n‡q‡Q| Ô†Pv‡Li evwjÕi we‡bvw`bx, Ô†MvivÕ Dcb¨v‡mi †Mviv, Ô†hvMv‡hv‡MÕi Kzgyw`bx, Ô†k‡li KweZvÕi AwgZ I jveY¨ Zx² †iLvq wPwÎZ Ges e¨ÄbvMf©| ÔPZzi‡½Õ kPxk m¤ú‡K© iex› ªbv‡_i fvl¨ PwiÎwUi mgMÖ ¯iƒc D‡b¥vPb K‡i| †hgb,

ÔkPxk †`wL‡j g‡b nq †hb GKUv †R¨vwZ®‹ Zvi †Pv‡L R¡wj‡Z‡Q| Zvi miæ miæ j¤v AvOyj¸wj †hb Av¸‡bi wkLv, Zvi Mv‡qi is †hb is b‡n, Zv Avfv| kPxk‡K hLb †`wLjvg Agwb †hb Zvi AšÍivZ¥v‡K †`wLjvg|Õ

`vwgbx m¤ú‡K© †jL‡Ki „wófw½ Awfbœ| †hgb, Ô`vwgbx †hb kªveY †g‡Ni wfZiKvi KvwgbxÕ| evwn‡i †m cyÄ cyÄ †hŠe‡b c~Y©, AšÍ‡i PÂj Av¸b wSK-wgK Kwiqv DwV‡Z‡Q|Õ

kPxk Ges `vwgbxi ewniveq‡ei m‡½ Zv‡ì AšÍiRMrI Gfv‡e D‡b¥vwPZ n‡q‡Q| Ô†k‡li KweZvÕ Dcb¨v‡m AwgZ ivq Ges jveY¨ Pwi‡Îi iƒc, ¯iƒc Ges cwiYwZ m~² Bw½‡Z †iLvwqZ K‡i‡Qb iex› ªbv_|

1. AwgZi †bkvB nj ÷vB‡j| †Kej mvwnZ¨-evQvB Kv‡R bq, †e‡k f‚lvq eënv‡i| Ii †Pnviv‡ZB GKUv we‡kl Qvu` Av‡Q| cvuPR‡bi g‡a¨ G †h-†Kv‡bv GKRb gvÎ bq, I nj G‡Kev‡i cÂg| ... `vuwo‡Mvd-Kvgv‡bv PvuPv gvRv wPKb k¨vgeY© cwicyó gyL, ù‚wZ© fiv fveUv, †PvL PÂj, nvwm PÂj, bovPov Pjv‡div PÂj, K_vi Reve w`‡Z GKUzI †`wi nq bv; gbUv Ggb GK iK‡gi PKgwK †h Vzb K‡i GKUz VzK‡jB ùzwj½ wQU‡K c‡o|

2. ev‡ci GKgvÎ kL wQj we`¨vq, †g‡qwUi g‡a¨ Zvui †mB kLwUi m¤ú~Y© cwiZ…wß n‡qwQj| wb‡Ri jvB‡eªwii †P‡qI Zv‡K fv‡jvevm‡Zb| Zvui wek¦vm wQj, Áv‡bi PP©vq hvi gbUv wb‡iU n‡q I‡V †mLv‡b D‡ov fvebvi M¨vm wb‡P †_‡K †V‡j IVvi g‡Zv mg Í dvUj g‡i hvq| †m gvby‡li c‡¶ we‡q Kievi ìKvi nq bv| Zvui `„p wek¦vm †h Zvui †g‡qi g‡b ¯vgx‡mev-Avev‡ì †hvM¨ †h big RwgUzKz evwK _vK‡Z cviZ †mUv MwY‡Z BwZnv‡m wm‡g›U K‡i Mvu_v n‡q‡Q Lye gReyZ cvKv gb hv‡K ejv †h‡Z cv‡i evB‡i †_‡K AuvPi jvM‡j `vM c‡o bv|

Dcb¨v‡m PwiÎvq‡Yi †¶‡Î `„wófw½i eûj cwieZ©b N‡U‡Q| wKš‘ Rxe‡bi †h †Kv‡bv m‡Zï D‡b¥vP‡b Pwi‡Îi Awbevh©Zv A¶zYœB i‡q †M‡Q|

Dcb¨v‡mi `„wó‡KvY (Point of view) wesk kZvãxi cvðvZ¨ Dcb¨vmZvwË¡K‡ì g‡Z „wó‡KvYB n‡jv Dcb¨v‡mi me©v‡c¶v Kvh©Ki Dcv`vb| NUbvsk, PwiÎ wKsev Ab¨vb¨ Dcv`v‡bi Dc ’vcb †KŠkj wbf©i K‡i „wó‡Kv‡Yi Ici| Jcb¨vwm‡Ki Rxeb‡K †`Lv Ges †`Lv‡bvi c×wZ `„wó‡KvYB wba©viY K‡i †`q| Dcb¨vm iPbvi cÖ_g ch©v‡q NUbvi †h eY©bvZ¥K (Narrative) Dc ’vcb j¶ Kwi, †mLv‡b mg Í NUbv, Pwi‡Îi MwZcÖK…wZ I Avbylw½K cÖm½ †jLK ¯qs wea„Z Ki‡Zb| AZtci Dcb¨v‡m gvbePwi‡Îi cÖvavb¨ cÖwZôvi ci cÖavbZ †K›`ªxq Pwi‡Îi `„wó‡Kv‡Yi cª‡qvM NU‡Z _v‡K| ¯§„wZg~jK wKsev AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK Dcb¨v‡m gyL¨-PwiÎ wb‡RB wb‡Ri K_v wea„Z K‡i| mgMÖ NUbvi Ici †jL‡Ki „wói GKK wbqš¿Y wKsev gyL¨ Pwi‡Îi „wó‡KvY QvovI Z…Zxq †Kvb PwiÎI NUbv eY©bv Ki‡Z cv‡i Dcb¨v‡m| Dcb¨vmwea„Z NUbv hLb †jLK wbivm³fv‡e cÖZ¨¶ K‡i wee„Z K‡ib, ZLb ejv nq †jL‡Ki me©Á `„wó‡KvY (Author`s Omnscient point of view)| gyL¨ PwiÎ wKsev bvq‡Ki Revwb‡Z hLb NUbv wee„Z nq, ZLb Zv‡K AwfwnZ Kiv nq DËg cyiæ‡li „wó‡KvY wn‡m‡e (First person`s point of view)| NUbvi cÖv‡šÍ Ae ’vbKvix †Kv‡bv Pwi‡Îi „wó‡KvY eëüZ n‡j ejv nq, cÖvwšÍK Pwi‡Îi „wó‡KvY (Peripherid character)| wesk kZvãxi cÖ_gv‡a©i GKRb cÖL¨vZ Dcb¨vmZË¡we` cvwm© jyeK Zvui Craft of Fiction (1921) MÖ‡š’ „wó‡Kv‡Yi Awbevh©Zv cÖ_g my¯úófv‡e e¨³ Ki‡jb| Zvui g‡Z, Dcb¨vmwk‡íi hvÎv †mw`b †_‡KB Kvh©Kifv‡e m~wPZ n‡jv, †hw`b

Gm Gm GBP Gj


Jcb¨vwmK fve‡Z Avi¤¢ Ki‡jb †h, ÔZvui Mí Ggb GKwU welq hv‡K NUgvb Ae ’vq †`Lv‡Z n‡e Ges Ggbfv‡e †`Lv‡Z n‡e †hb MíwU wb‡RB wb‡Ri K_v ej‡Q| A_v©r Jcb¨vwmK wb‡R MíwUi weeiY w`‡j †mUv Dcb¨v‡mi mv_©K wkZ¥Kjv nj bv| NUbvewj Ges PwiÎ¸jv †hb Avgv‡ì mvg‡b Dcw ’Z n‡q wb‡R‡ì K_v e‡j I KvRI K‡i MíwU‡K dzwU‡q Zzj‡e| ejv (Telling) bq, †`Lv‡bvB (Showing) n‡jv Dcb¨v‡mi wbR¯ wkíixwZ|Õ jye‡Ki g‡Z „wó‡KvYB n‡jv Dcb¨v‡mi wkíixwZi me‡P‡q RwUj welq| cvwm© jye‡Ki c‡i B.Gg.di÷vi, †R. WweD. exP, gvK© †¯‹vivi, big¨vb dªvqvWg¨vb cÖgyL Dcb¨vmZË¡we` „wó‡Kv‡Yi Zvrch©‡K Dcb¨vmwePv‡ii †K‡› ª ’vcb Ki‡jb|

†Kv‡bv Dcb¨vm Mfxifv‡e Abyaveb Ki‡Z †M‡j †jL‡Ki „wó‡Kv‡Yi ¯iƒc eyS‡Z n‡e| ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi GKgvÎ ÔiRbxÕ Qvov mKj Dcb¨vmB me©Á †jL‡Ki `„wó‡KvY †_‡K wea„Z n‡q‡Q| iRbxÕ†Z gyL¨-Pwi‡Îi `„wó‡Kv‡Yi cÖ‡qvM N‡U‡Q| iex›`ªbv_ `„wó‡KvY eënv‡ii †¶‡Î hyMvšÍKvix cwieZ©b Av‡bb| Zvui Ô†Pv‡Li evwjÕ Ges Ô†MvivÕ me©Á †jL‡Ki `„wó‡KvY †_‡K Dc ’vwcZ| ÔPZzi½Õ Dcb¨v‡m GKvwaK Pwi‡Îi „wó‡KvY eëüZ n‡q‡Q| ÔN‡i-evB‡iÕ Dcb¨v‡m wbwL‡jk, m›`xc Ges wegjvi „wó‡KvY eënv‡ii d‡j Dcb¨vmwk‡í bZzb gvÎv ms‡hvwRZ n‡q‡Q| Ô†k‡li KweZvÕq †jL‡Ki me©Á `„wó‡KvY eëüZ n‡jI PwiÎmg~‡ni (we‡kl K‡i AwgZ I jveY¨) AšÍ‡jv©K D‡b¥vP‡bi cÖ‡qvR‡b Zv‡ì `„wó‡KvY‡KI ¸iæZ¡ †Ìqv n‡q‡Q| iex›`ª cieZ©xKv‡j „wó‡KvY eënv‡ii †¶‡Î e¨vcK cix¶v-wbix¶v n‡q‡Q| `„wó‡KvY cÖ‡qv‡Mi †KŠkj Dcb¨vm wePv‡i Ab¨Zg cÖavb gvb`‡Û cwiYZ n‡q‡Q|

cðvrcU (Background) Dcb¨vmwea„Z cÖwZwU NUbv Ges Pwi‡Îi wµqv-cÖwZwµqvi GKwU ’vb ev cUf‚wgMZ wfwË _v‡K| †Kv‡bv NUbv wKsev KvR wbiej¤ ev k~b¨ †_‡K N‡U bv| GR‡b¨B NUbv ev wel‡qi GKwU cðvrcU Awbevh© n‡q I‡V| Ebwesk kZvãxi wØZxqv‡a© DBwjqvg _¨vKv‡i, Pvj©m wW‡KÝ, RR© GwjqU cðvrcU‡K ¸iæZ¡mnKv‡i we‡ePbv Ki‡jb| wW‡KÝ PwiÎ I NUbvi cÖ‡qvR‡bi m‡½ mvgÄm¨ †i‡L ’vb ev cðvrc‡Ui eY©bv w`‡q‡Qb| RR© Gwjq‡Ui Kv‡Q cðvrc‡Ui Dcw ’wZ PwiÎ A¼‡bi m‡½ cÖZ¨¶fv‡e RwoZ| wesk kZvãx‡Z GB aviYvwUi e¨vcK cÖwZôv †c‡q‡Q| †KD †KD cðvrcU‡K ¯Zš¿fv‡e g~j¨ w`‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| wKš‘ Dcb¨v‡mi Ab¨ me Dcv`v‡bi m‡½ mgwš^Z n‡qB cðvrcU ev ’v‡bi mv_©KZv| Ô†k‡li KweZvÕ Dcb¨v‡mi ’vb ev cðvrcU bvMwiK †Kvjvnj †_‡K ~ieZ©x| Dcb¨v‡mi welqe ‘ I PwiÎ¸‡jvi AšÍR©M‡Zi wµqv-cÖwZwµqvi Dc ’vc‡b wkjs cvnv‡oi wbR©b cwi‡e‡ki f‚wgKv‡K iex› ªbv_ `¶Zvi m‡½ eënvi K‡i‡Qb| mgq A¨vwi÷Uj Zvui Poetics MÖ‡š’ Uª¨v‡RwWi êwkó¨ e¨vL¨vq †h wÎ-HK¨bxwZi K_v e‡jwQ‡jb, Zvi g‡a¨ Kv‡ji ev mg‡qi H‡Kï K_vI wQ‡jv| Z‡e Zvui Kv‡Q wµqvMZ HK¨B (Unity of action) me©vwaK ¸iæZ¡ †c‡qwQ‡jv| Zvi c‡i G‡m‡Q ’vb (Unity of place) I KvjMZ H‡Kï (Unity of time) cÖm½| Dcb¨vm iPbvi cÖ_g hyM †_‡KB mg‡qi Zvrch© †jL‡Ki Kv‡Q ¸iæZ¡ †c‡q‡Q| m¨vgy‡qj wiPvW©mb ÔK¬vwimvÕ Dcb¨v‡m cÎwjLb c×wZ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z wM‡q mg‡qi µgaviv‡K mZK©Zvi m‡½ AbymiY K‡i‡Qb| †nbwi wdwìs-Gi ÔUg †RvbmÕ Dcb¨v‡mI mg‡qi µg Abym„Z n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ Guiv mgq‡K Dcb¨v‡mi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb g‡b K‡ibwb| NUbvµg i¶vi †¶‡Î mgq‡K AbymiY K‡i‡Qb gvÎ| Ebwesk kZvãxi cÖ_gva©e¨vcx Dcb¨v‡m mg‡qi Zvrch© m‡PZbfv‡e ¯xK…Z nqwb| †nbwi †RgmB cÖ_g mgq‡K Dcb¨v‡mi MVbMZ H‡Kï w`K †_‡K ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡ib| evjRv‡Ki Dcb¨vm Av‡jvPbvq wZwb mgq in‡mï ¯iƒc mÜvb K‡i‡Qb| wZwb `ywU cÖm‡½ mg‡qi ¸iæZ¡ Abyave‡bi †Póv K‡i‡Qb : 1. PwiÎ I NUbvewji ms‡¶cxKi‡Yi inm¨ ; 2. Dcb¨v‡mi welqe ‘i w ’wZKvj I AwZµvšÍ mg‡qi cÖKvk| Dcb¨v‡m mgq bvgK Dcv`vb‡K h_vh_fv‡e eënvi K‡i mg‡qi wµqvkxjZv‡K Awbevh©Zv `vb Kiv Zvui g‡Z AZ¨šÍ Zvrch©c~Y©| wZwb mgqiƒc Dcv`vb‡K Dcb¨v‡mi mvsMVwbK HK¨m„wói (Organic Unity) Kv‡R eëüZ †`L‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| wesk kZvãx‡ZB cÖK…Zc‡¶ mg‡qi cÖvmw½KZv Dcb¨v‡m ¸iæ‡Z¡i m‡½ M„nxZ nq| cÖæ Í, W‡ivw_ wiPvW©mb I †Rgm R‡q‡mi g‡Zv Jcb¨vwmKiv mgqaviYv‡K Dcb¨vmZ‡Ë¡i †K‡›`ª ’vcb Ki‡jb|



gvbeg‡bi RwUj mZ¨, Zvi ¯cœ‡jvK, †PZb-A‡PZ‡bi RwUj cÖvšÍmg~n mg‡qi g‡bv‰eÁvwbK cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g Dc ’vwcZ n‡jv Ges `yB wek¦hy‡×i ci mgq wewPÎ „wó‡KvY †_‡K Dcb¨v‡m eëüZ n‡Z _v‡K | cvVK, †jLK, welqe ‘, eY©bvc×wZ, `„wó‡KvY cÖf…wZi †¶‡Î mg‡qi cÖ‡qvMMZ êwkó¨ mv¤úÖwZK Dcb¨vmwePv‡ii Ab¨Zg ¸iæZ¡cyY© cÖm½|

Dcb¨v‡mi fvlv I cwiPh©vixwZ Rb¥jMœ †_‡KB †h Dcv`v‡bi Kvi‡Y Dcb¨vm Ab¨vb¨ mvwnZïƒc †_‡K ¯Zš¿ n‡q DV‡jv, †m n‡jv Zvi fvlv| Kvwnbx, Mí, PwiÎ cÖf…wZ Dcv`vb¸‡jv Uª¨v‡RwW wKsev gnvKv‡eï g‡a¨ we`¨gvb wQ‡jv| wKš‘ Rxe‡bi ev ÍegyLx, K…wÎg, RwUj I eû‡KŠwYK iƒc A¼‡bi cÖ‡qvR‡b M`¨fvlv n‡jv Dcb¨v‡mi cÖKvkgva¨g| †jL‡Ki Rxeb`„wó I Rxebm„wói m‡½ fvlv IZ‡cÖvZfv‡e RwoZ| Dcb¨v‡mi eY©bv (Narration), cwiPh©v (Treatment), ’vb ev cðvrcU Dc ’vcb, Pwi‡Îi iƒc I ¯iƒc wbY©‡q Awbevh© fvlvixwZi cÖ‡qvM †h †Kv‡bv Jcb¨vwm‡Ki Kvg¨| Dcb¨vmwea„Z wel‡qi m‡½ fvlvi mvgÄm¨ i¶vi gva¨‡gB †Kv‡bv Dcb¨vm h_v_© I mgMÖ n‡q I‡V| GB fvlvB GKwU Dcb¨vm †_‡K Av‡iKwU Dcb¨vm‡K, GKRb †jLK †_‡K Av‡iKRb †jLK‡K c„_K K‡i †`q| AšÍg©q Rxeba‡g© cwicyó KwecÖvY iex›`ªbv_ Ges ey×‡è emyB †h Dcb¨vm-Kvwnbxi †kªô K_K Zv ejv hv‡ebv| Zvivk¼i e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, ˆmq` IqvjxDjvn&i iæ¶ K‡Vvi M`Ï Dcb¨v‡mi Dchy³ fvlv| GB fvlv eënv‡ii cix¶v-wbix¶v I MwZkxjZvi cÖgvY wewPÎ cwiPh©vixwZi D™¢veb| Dcb¨v‡mi welq, PwiÎ I ’vb I mgq¯fve‡K h_v_©fv‡e Dc ’vcb Kivi cÖ‡qvRb †eva †_‡KB wewPÎ cwiPh©vixwZi D™¢veb n‡q‡Q| GB me cwiPh©v‡K eY©bvZ¥K (Narrative), Kve¨vbyM (Poetic), bvwU¨K (Dramatic), wPÎgq (Pictorial), cÖZxKx (Symbolic), we‡klYvZ¥K (Analytical) cÖf…wZ Awfavq wPwýZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| †KejgvÎ eY©bv †h Dcb¨v‡mi AvKl©Y‡K †MŠY K‡i †d‡j Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g hy‡Mi Dcb¨vmmg~n Ges c¨vixPvu` wg‡Îi ÔAvjv‡ji N‡ii yjvjÕ (1858) Zvi cÖgvY| ew¼gP›`ª BwZnv‡mi †ivgvÝ m„wói cÖ‡qvR‡b Kve¨vbyM cwiPh©vi mgvšÍiv‡j bvwU¨K cwiPh©v eënvi K‡i‡Qb| cwi‡ek I cwiw ’wZi ¯iƒc D‡b¥vP‡bi cÖ‡qvR‡b GKwU Dcb¨v‡m me¸‡jv cwiPh©vixwZ eëüZ n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e Dcb¨v‡mi wel‡qi ¯fve GKwU cÖavb cwiPh©vixwZ‡K GKvšÍfv‡e MÖnY K‡i| iex›`ªbv‡_i Ô†Pv‡Li evwjÕ wel‡qi AšÍg©qZvi Kvi‡YB cÖavbZ we‡klYag©x (Analytical), Ô†MvivÕi gnvKvwe¨K iƒcKí eY©bvZ¥K Ges Ô†k‡li KweZvÕi fvegyL¨ welq Kve¨vbyM cwiPh©vq Dc ’vwcZ n‡q‡Q|

Rxeb`k©b, Rxebv_© ev RxebaviYv Dcb¨v‡mi Akixix Dcv`vb (Abstract Elements) wn‡m‡e Rxeb`k©‡bi Zvrch© we‡klY Ki‡j Ab¨ me kixix Dcv`vb‡KI Zv Qvwo‡q hvq| †jL‡Ki e¨w³mËv, e¨w³ Abyf‚wZ Ges Rxeb, mgq I mgvRm¤úwK©Z `„wófw½i AšÍtmvi‡K AvZ¥ ’ K‡i M‡o I‡V †jL‡Ki Rxeb`k©b ev Rxebv_©| Jcb¨vwmK hLb Dcb¨vm iPbvq g‡bvwb‡ek K‡ib, ZLb wZwb †h †Kej mvaviYfv‡e GKwU Av`k© ˆbe©¨w³K gvbyl iPbv K‡ib Zv bq, wZwb Avcb mËviB GKwU fvl¨ (Implied Version) iPbv K‡ib| mËvi AšÍwb©wnZ GB fvl¨ Ab¨ mvwnZïƒc ¸‡jv‡Z _vK‡jI Dcb¨v‡mi †¶‡Î Zvi g~j¨ ¯Zš¿| Jcb¨vwm‡Ki AšÍwb©wnZ GB †jLKmËv‡K ÔwØZxq mËvÕ wn‡m‡eI AwfwnZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| GKRb †jL‡Ki cÖwZwU Dcb¨v‡m GB †jLK-mËvi cÖKvk ¯Zš¿fv‡e cÖKvk cvq| kixix Dcv`vb¸‡jvi †hŠ_ eënv‡ii Awbevh©Zvi ga¨ w`‡q Jcb¨vwmK g~jZ Zvui Rxebm¤úwK©Z ZË¡ ev `k©b‡KB cÖKvk K‡ib| Dcb¨vm iPbvi cÖ_ghy‡M eY©bvi (Narration) cÖwZ AwZ g‡bv‡hv‡Mi d‡j Ab¨vb¨ kixix Dcv`v‡bi g‡Zv Rxeb`k©‡bi cÖkœwUI Aby”QvwiZ †_‡K †hZ| wKš‘ Ebwesk kZvãxi wØZxqva© †_‡K c„w_exi me fvlvi Dcb¨v‡m †jL‡Ki Rxeb`k©‡bi cÖKvk ZxeªZi n‡Z _v‡K| †KD BwZnvm, †KD mgKvjxb mgq I mgvR, Avevi †KD †KD e¨w³i Kg© I wPšÍvi ga¨ w`‡q GB `k©b‡K cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi cÖvq Dcb¨v‡mB Rxebm¤úwK©Z GKUv e³e¨ Av‡Q| wKš‘ `y-GKwU Dcb¨vm ev‡` Ab¨ me Dcv`v‡bi mgš^‡q Zv h_v_© n‡q I‡V wb| iex›`ªbv‡_i Ô†MvivÕ Dcb¨v‡mi wek¦RbxbZvi ZË¡wU Avgv‡ì Rvbv| G Dcb¨v‡m NUbv, Acivci PwiÎ Ges mgvRRxe‡bi we Í…Z cwimi‡K †K› ª K‡i †Mviv Pwi‡Îi gvbm‰ewPÎ¨ I DËiY †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| †Mvivi DËiY ev gxgvsmvq DbœxZ nIqvi gva¨‡gB iex›`ªbv_ Zvui Rxebm¤úwK©Z `k©b cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| Ô†k‡li KweZvÕ ixwZi w`K †_‡K Kveäg©x n‡jI †cÖ‡gi wPišÍbZvi †h ZË¡ G-Dcb¨v‡mi †k‡l D”PvwiZ n‡q‡Q, Zv Avm‡j iex›`ªbv‡_iB Rxeb`k©b| G-fv‡eB AvaywbK Dcb¨v‡m Rxeb`k©‡bi Awbevh©Zv ¯xK…Z n‡q‡Q|

Gm Gm GBP Gj


Dcb¨v‡mi †kªYxKiY kixix Dcv`vbmg~‡ni cÖvav‡bï wfwË‡Z Dcb¨vm‡K NUbv cÖavb, fvebvcÖavb, eY©bv cÖavb, PwiÎ cÖavb cÖf…wZ Awfavq wPwýZ Kiv hvq| Z‡e Dcb¨v‡m NUbv ev I Pwi‡Îi f‚wgKvB gyL¨| NUbvcÖavb Dcb¨vm‡K cÖavbZ cvuPwU †kªYx‡Z fvM Kiv hvq :

1. mvgvwRK Dcb¨vm 2. HwZnvwmK Dcb¨vm 3. †cŠivwYK Dcb¨vm 4. AvÂwjK Dcb¨vm 5. AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK Dcb¨vm

1. mvgvwRK Dcb¨vm mgvR-Rxe‡bi NUbv wb‡q iwPZ Dcb¨vm‡K e‡j mvgvwRK Dcb¨vm| gvbyl mvgvwRK Rxe Avevi e¨w³I e‡U| Zvi mvgvwRK wµqvKg©‡K cÖvavb¨ †`qv nq mvgvwRK Dcb¨v‡m| cwievi, †`k, ivRbxwZ, A_©bxwZ, BwZnvm, ag©, `k©b cÖf…wZ mgvR Rxe‡bi m‡½ m¤úwK©Z| mvgvwRK Dcb¨v‡m G mKj welq cÖvavb¨ cvq| ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi ÔK…òKv‡šÍi DBjÕ I Ôwele„¶Õ, iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii Ô‡hvMv‡hvMÕ, kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi ÔcjxmgvRÕ, ey×‡è emyi ÔwZw_‡WviÕ, ˆmq` IqvjxDjvn&i ÔjvjmvjyÕ mvgvwRK Dcb¨v‡mi `„óvšÍ|

2. HwZnvwmK Dcb¨vm BwZnv‡mi NUbv I PwiÎ wb‡q iwPZ Dcb¨vm‡K ejv nq HwZnvwmK Dcb¨vm| BwZnvm MÖ‡š’i m‡½ Gi cv_©K¨ n‡jv BwZnv‡m †Kej msNwUZ NUbvi weeiY I g~j¨vqb _v‡K Avi HwZnvwmK Dcb¨v‡m BwZnv‡mi NUbv I PwiÎ Aej¤^b K‡i Jcb¨vwmK Zvui Rxeb‡eva‡K cÖKvk K‡ib| Z‡e Kíbvi we Ív‡ii †¶‡Î Jcb¨vwmK‡K mZK© _vK‡Z nq hv‡Z BwZnv‡mi weK…wZ bv N‡U| RvZxq BwZnv‡mi †MŠie, Rq-civRq, Avb›`-‡e`bv, HwZ‡nï Drm bZzb Zvrch© wb‡q HwZnvwmK Dcb¨v‡m Dc ’vwcZ nq| wjI Zj Í‡qi ÔIqvi GÛ cxmÕ, ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi ÔivRwmsnÕ HwZnvwmK Dcb¨v‡mi „óvšÍ|

3. †cŠivwYK Dcb¨vm cyiv‡Yi welqe ‘ Aej¤^b K‡i iwPZ Dcb¨vm‡K †cŠivwYK Dcb¨vm e‡j| cÖvPxb Kv‡ji gvby‡li ag©, wek¦vm Ges ms¯‹vi‡KB Avgiv cyivY-e‡j Rvwb| cÖvPxb gvby‡li Rxe‡b cyiv‡Yi cÖfve wQj Acwimxg| AvaywbK Jcb¨vwmK cyivY Kvwnbx Aej¤‡b Dcb¨vm iPbv K‡ib wb‡Ri †`k, mgvR I Kv‡ji cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z| m‡Zï †m‡bi ÔAwfkß bMixÕ †cŠivwYK Dcb¨v‡mi „óšÍ|

4. AvÂwjK Dcb¨vm †h Dcb¨v‡m we‡kl †Kvb AÂ‡ji †fŠ‡MvwjK cwi‡e‡k gvby‡li b„ZvwË¡K cwiPq, ms¯‹…wZi êwkó¨ Ges Rxeb hvc‡bi ¯vZš¿¨-iƒc cÖKvk cvq, Zv‡KB e‡j AvÂwjK Dcb¨vm| †kªô AvÂwjK Dcb¨vm we‡kl AÂ‡ji Kvwnbx n‡qI gvbweK ¸Yvejx cÖKv‡k me©RbxbZv jvf K‡i| wef‚wZf‚lY e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi ÔAviY¨KÕ, Zvivk¼i e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi Ônvumyjx euv‡Ki DcK_vÕ, A‰ØZ gjeg©‡Yi ÔwZZvm GKwU b`xi bvgÕ mv_©K AvÂwjK Dcb¨v‡mi `„óvšÍ|

5. AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK Dcb¨vm MVb‡KŠk‡ji w`K †_‡K AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK Dcb¨vm Kvwnbx cÖavb bq, PwiÎcÖavb| wb‡Ri Rxe‡bi NUbv‡K hLb we‡kl mgvR I †`k Kv‡ji cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z Jcb¨vwmK Dc ’vcb K‡ib ZLb Rb¥ †bq AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK Dcb¨vm| Gw`K †_‡K wePvi Ki‡j cÖwZwU gnr Dcb¨v‡mB Jcb¨vwm‡Ki e¨w³-Rxeb I e¨w³wPšÍvi cÖwZdjb N‡U| wef‚wZf‚lY e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi Ôc‡_i cuPvjxÕ†K Avgiv AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK mvgvwRK Dcb¨vm wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ Ki‡Z cvwi|



GQvovI MVb‡KŠkj I Rxebweb¨v‡mi wfbœ wfbœ êwk‡óï Av‡jv‡K Dcb¨vm Av‡iv wewPÎ †kªYxi n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb K. Kveäg©x Dcb¨vm L. ågY Dcb¨vm M. c‡Îvcb¨vm N. gb ÍvwË¡K Dcb¨vm O. †PZbvcÖevnixwZi Dcb¨vm P. inm¨ Dcb¨vm Q. cÖZxKx Dcb¨vm R. gnvKvwe¨K Dcb¨vm BZ¨vw`| Rxebweb¨v‡mi êwkóï w`K †_‡K iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii Ô†k‡li KweZvÕ Kveäg©x Dcb¨v‡mi ch©v‡q c‡o| G Dcb¨vm‡K fvebvcÖavb Dcb¨vmI (Novel of thought) ejv †h‡Z cv‡i|

Dcb¨v‡mi BwZnvm BD‡iv‡c we‡kl K‡i Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Zï Dcb¨vm-hy‡Mi m~Pbv `vwb‡qj wW‡dvÕi Ô iwebmb µz‡kvÕi (1719) Kvj †_‡K | AwaKvsk mgv‡jvP‡Ki g‡Z Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g Dcb¨vm m¨vgy‡qj wiPvW©m‡bi Ôcv‡gjvÕ (1740)| Ôiwebmb µz‡kvÕ g~jZ ågYKvwnbx Avi Ôcv‡gjvÕ e¨w³Rxe‡bi m‡½ cwievi I mgv‡Ri cwiPq Dc ’vwcZ n‡q‡Q| Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g hy‡Mi K‡qKRb Jcb¨vwmK n‡jb †nbwi wdj&wWs (1707-1754), m¨vgy‡qj wiPvW©mb (1689-1761) Ges Iqvëvi ¯‹U (1781-1832)| Aóv`k kZvãx‡Z mgMÖ BD‡iv‡c I Av‡gwiKvq Dcb¨v‡mi e¨vcK we Ívi N‡U| RR© GwjqU (1819-1880), Pvj©m wW‡Kb&m (1822-1870), †nbwi †Rgm (1843-1916) Dcb¨v‡mi cÖ_g hy‡Mi K‡qKRb †kªô Jcb¨vwmK| iæk mvwn‡Zï wjI Zj Í‡qi bvgI G cÖm‡½ ¯§iY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Bs‡iR mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g hy‡Mi K‡qKwU †kªô Dcb¨vm n‡jv †nbwi wdj&wWs-Gi ÔUg †Rvbm&Õ, †Rb A‡÷‡bi ÔcÖvBW GÛ †cÖRywWmÕ, Pvj©m wW‡Kbm&-Gi Ô†WwfW KcviwdìÕ Ges Ggwj eªw›Ui ÔDB`vwis nvBUm&Õ| divwm mvwn‡Z¨ ¸ Ívr K¬‡eqv‡ii Ôgv`vg †evfvwiÕ, iæk mvwn‡Z¨ wdIì ` Í‡qfw¯‹i Ôw` eªv`vm© Kvigv‡RvfÕ, wjI Zj Í‡qi ÔIqvi GÛ cxmÕ Ges ÔAvbv Kv‡iwbbvÕ, Av‡gwiKvb mvwn‡Z¨ †nbwi †Rgm-Gi Ôw` †cv‡U©U Ae G †jwWÕ c„w_exi †kªô Dcb¨v‡mi `„óvšÍ| wek kZvãx‡Z Dcb¨v‡mi welq I MVb-‡KŠkj wb‡q wewPÎ cix¶v-wbix¶v j¶¨ Kiv hvq| mgvi-†mU gg, wW.GBP. j‡iÝ, fvwR©wbqv Djd, †Rgm R‡qm, R¨vu cj mv‡Z©, m¨vgy‡qj †e‡KU cÖgyL Jcb¨vwmK bZzb bZzb avivq Dcb¨vm m„wó K‡i‡Qb| gvby‡li Rxeb-hvcb, a¨vb-aviYv I `„wófw½i cwieZ©‡bi m‡½ m‡½ Dcb¨v‡mi welhe ‘i †hgb cwieZ©b N‡U‡Q, †Zgwb Dc ’vcb fw½‡ZI bZzb bZzb ixwZ cÖewZ©Z n‡q‡Q|

evsjv Dcb¨vm AvaywbK Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Zï cÖfv‡e Ebwesk kZvãxi wØZxqv‡a© evsjv Dcb¨vm iPbvi m~ÎcvZ| 1858 wLª÷v‡ã cÖKvwkZ c¨vixPvu` wg‡Îi ÔAvjv‡ji N‡ii yjvjÕ evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g Dcb¨vm| ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi Ô y‡M©kbw›`bxÕ (1865) cÖ_g mv_©K Dcb¨vm| Gici ew¼gP› ª ÔKcvjKzÊjvÕ (1866), Ôwele„¶Õ (1873), ÔP›`ª‡kLiÕ (1875), ÔK…òKv‡šÍi DBjÕ (1878), ÔivRwmsnÕ (1882) cÖf…wZ Dcb¨vm iPbv K‡i evsjv mvwnZ¨‡K êwPÎ¨ I mg„w× `vb K‡ib| ew¼gP‡› ªi mgKv‡j Dcb¨vm iPbv K‡i L¨vwZ jvf K‡ib gxi gkviid †nv‡mb| Zvui Ôwelv`-wmÜzÕ (1885-Õ91) evsjv mvwn‡Zï Ab¨Zg †kªô Dcb¨vm| iex›`ªbv‡_i mvabvq evsjv mvwn‡Zï wewfbœ kvLvi g‡Zv Dcb¨vmI mg„× n‡q‡Q| NUbv,MVb-‡KŠkj, Rxeb`k©b I fvlvi Hk¦‡h© iex›`ªbv‡_i cÖwZwU Dcb¨vmB wewkó| Ô†Pv‡Li evwjÕ (1903) Ô†MvivÕ (1910),ÔPZzi½Õ (1916), ÔN‡i evB‡iÕ (1916), Ô†hvMv‡hvMÕ (1929), Ô†k‡li KweZvÕ (1929), ÔPvi Aa¨vqÕ (1930) iex›`ªbv‡_i †kªô Dcb¨vm¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg| iex›`ª-cieZ©xKv‡j evsjv Dcb¨v‡mi me‡P‡q RbwcÖq Jcb¨vwmK kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq| Zuvi Dcb¨vm¸‡jvi g‡a¨ ÔP›`ªbv_Õ (1916), cjøxmgvRÕ (1916), ÔkªxKvšÍÕ (1917-33),ÔPwiÎnxbÕ (1917), Ô†è`vmÕ (1917), ÔM„n`vnÕ (1920), Ô†`bvcvIbvÕ (1923), Ôc‡_i `vexÕ (1926) cÖf…wZ D‡jL‡hvM¨| iex›`ªbv_ I kirP‡›`ªi ci evsjv Dcb¨v‡mi êwPÎ¨ eû¸‡Y e„w× †c‡q‡Q| welqe ‘, MVb‡KŠkj, Rxeb‡K †`Lv Ges †`Lv‡bvi fw½ cÖf…wZ w`K †_‡K G mg‡qi cÖZ¨K Jcb¨vwmKB wewkó| Gu‡ì g‡a¨ D‡jL‡hvM¨ n‡jb : b‡ikP›`ª †mb¸ß (1882-1964), RM`xk ¸ß (1866-1956), wef‚wZf‚lY e‡›`¨vcva¨vq (1894-1950), Zvivk¼i e‡›`¨vcva¨vq (1898-1971), AwPšÍ¨Kzgvi †mb¸ß (1903-1976), †cÖ‡g› ª wgÎ (1904-1988), gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq (1908-1956), ey×‡è emy (1908-1988), ˆkjRvb›` gy‡Lvcva¨vq (1899-1979),

Gm Gm GBP Gj


cÖ‡evaKzgvi mvb¨vj (1905-1983), mZxbv_ fv`yox (1906-1965), my‡eva †Nvl (1909-80) KgjKzgvi gRyg`vi (1915-1979) m‡šÍvlKzgvi †Nvl (1920-1985) Ges mg‡ik emy (1924-1988)|

evsjv‡`‡ki Dcb¨vm A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK, mvs¯‹…wZK I ivR‰bwZK Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`‡ki Dcb¨vm KjKvZv‡Kw› ªK evsjv Dcb¨v‡mi mnPi n‡qI ¯Zš¿ avivq weKvk jvf K‡i‡Q| Gi KviY evsjv‡`‡ki b`xgvZ…K, K…wlwbf©i Rxeb Ges wkí-iæwP I `„wófw½i cv_©K¨| 1947 wLª÷v‡ã †`k wefv‡Mi mgq evsjv‡`k cvwK Ívb iv‡óªi AšÍ©fz³ nq| 1971 wLª÷v‡ã bq gv‡mi i³¶qx hy‡×i gva¨‡g ¯vaxb ivóª evsjv‡`‡ki Afz¨`q N‡U| Z‡e GB AÂ‡ji Rb‡Mvwôi ¯Zš¿ Rxebavivi g‡Zv Dcb¨v‡mi †¶‡ÎI wewkóZv j¶¨ Kiv hvq| GB avivi cÖ_g Dcb¨vm †gvnv¤§` bwRei ingv‡bi (1860-1923) ÔAv‡bvqvivÕ (1914)| KvRx Avãyj I y‡ì Ôb`xe‡¶Õ (1919), †eMg †iv‡Kqvi ÔAe‡ivaevwmbxÕ (1928), KvRx Bg`v`yj n‡Ki ÔAvãyjøvnÕ (1933), ûgvqyb Kwe‡ii Ôb`x I bvixÕ (1945) evsjv‡`‡ki Dcb¨v‡mi cUfzwg m„wó‡Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q|

evsjv‡`‡k iwPZ Dcb¨vm welqe ‘ I MVb-‡KŠk‡ji bZzb bZzb cix¶vi ga¨ w`‡q weKvk jvf K‡i‡Q| cÖavbZ MÖvgxY K…wlRxeb, bvMwiK ga¨weË Rxeb, AvÂwjK Dcv`vb mg„× Rxeb evsjv‡`‡ki Dcb¨v‡mi cÖavb welq| GQvov †`‡ki gvby‡li ivR‰bwZK Av‡›`vjbmg~n evsjv‡`‡ki Dcb¨v‡mi Kvwnbx iƒ‡c M„nxZ n‡”Q| we‡klZ fvlv Av‡›`vjb I Avgv‡ì gnvb gyw³hy× wKQy Dcb¨v‡m welq iƒ‡c M„nxZ nIqvq RvZxq †MŠi‡ei ¯§viK wn‡m‡e †m-me Dcb¨vm Avgv‡ì mvwn‡Zï AnsKvi|

evsjv‡`‡ki Jcb¨vwmK‡ì g‡a¨ hvuiv K…wZZ¡ AR©b K‡i‡Qb Zvu‡ì g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡jb: Aveyj gbmyi Avn‡g` (1897-1997), Aveyj dRj (1903-1983), m‡Z¨b †mb (1907-1981), KvRx Avdmvi DwÏb (1921 ), Avey Rvdi kvgmywÏb (1911-1988), kIKZ Imgvb (1921 1998 ), Avey iæk` (1919 ), ˆmq` IqvjxDjvn& (1922-1971), Ave`yi iv¾vK (1926-1981), mi`vi R‡qb D`&`xb (1923-1986) , ikx` Kwig (1925 ), kvgmyÏxb Aveyj Kvjvg (1926 ), Avey BmnvK 1926 ), A‰ØZ gjeg©Y (1914-1951), wgiRv Ave`yj nvB (1919-1984), knx`yjv Kvqmvi (1927-1971),AvjvDÏxb Avj AvRv` (1932 ), Rwni ivqnvb (1933-1972), ˆmq` kvgmyj nK (1935 ), kIKZ Avjx (1936 ), ûgvqyb Kvwì (1935-1977), Avey eKi wmwÏK (1936 ), wiwRqv ingvb (1943 ), gvngy`yj nK (1940 ), ivnvZ Lvb (1940 ), ikx` nvq`vi (1941 ), AvLZviæ¾vgvb Bwjqvm (1943-1997), †mwjbv †nv‡mb (1947 ), ûgvqb Avn‡g` (1948 ), Kv‡qm Avn‡g` (1948-1992), myKvšÍ P‡Ævcva¨vq, nwic` `Ë, Bg`v yj nK wgjb (1954 ), gCbyj Avnmvb mv‡ei (1958 )|

e ‘ms‡¶c: †h eY©bvZ¥K iPbvq gvby‡li ev Íe RxebK_v †jL‡Ki Rxeb m¤úwK©Z `„wófw½i mgš‡q Awfe¨³ nq, Zv‡KB Dcb¨vm e‡j| NUbvg~jK I eY©bvagx© nIqvq M`¨fvlvB Dcb¨v‡mi cÖKvkevnb| gvby‡li Rxeb RwUj, m~² Ges wewPÎ| Rxeb êwk‡óï eûgyLx iƒ‡ci cÖwZdjb NUvi Rb¨ cÖwZwU Dcb¨v‡mi AvqZb wfbœagx©| Rb¥jMœ †_‡KB †h Dcv`v‡bi Kvi‡Y Dcb¨vm Ab¨vb¨ mwnZïƒc †_‡K ¯Zš¿ n‡q I‡V, Zv nj Zvi fvlv| Kvwnbx, PwiÎ cÖf…wZ Dcv`vb¸‡jv Uªv‡RwW wKsev gnvKv‡eï g‡a¨ we`¨gvb wQj| wKš‘ Rxe‡bi ev ÍegyLx, K…wÎg, RwUj I eû‡KŠwYK iƒc A¼‡bi cÖ‡qvR‡b M`¨fvlv nj Dcb¨v‡mi cÖKvkgva¨g| †jL‡Ki Rxeb`„wó I Rxeb m„wói fvlv IZ‡cÖvZfv‡e RwoZ| Dcb¨v‡mi eY©bv, cwiPh©v, ’vb ev cðvrcU Dc ’vcb, Pwi‡Îi iƒc I ¯iƒc wbY©‡q Awbevh© fvlvixwZi cÖ‡qvM †h †Kvb Jcb¨vwm‡Ki Kvg¨| Dcb¨vmwea„Z wel‡qi m‡½ fvlvi mvgÄm¨ i¶vi gva¨‡gB †Kvb Dcb¨vm h_v_© I mgMÖ n‡q I‡V| cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb msw¶ß-DËig~jK cÖkœ

1. Dcb¨v‡mi msÁv_© wbY©q Kiæb| 2. Dcb¨v‡mi Akixix Dcv`v‡bi ¯iƒc wb‡ ©k Kiæb|



3. Dcb¨v‡mi †kªYxwefvM Kiæb Ges cÖavb cÖavb †kªYxi cwiPq w`b| 4. Dcb¨v‡mi cøU Kv‡K e‡j| iPbvg~jK cÖkœ 1. Dcb¨v‡mi †kªYxKiY m¤ú‡K© hv Rv‡bb we ÍvwiZ wjLyb| 2. Dcb¨v‡mi cøU I PwiÎ wel‡q hv Rv‡bb wb‡Ri fvlvq eY©bv Kiæb|

1 bs msw¶ß-DËig~jK cÖ‡kœi bgybv-DËi Dcb¨v‡mi kixix Dcv`vb¸‡jvi (Concrete Elements) IciB mgv‡jvPKiv me mgq ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡ib| AvL¨vbag©x mKj iPbvB (†hgb: gnvKve¨, bvUK, evsjv g½jKve¨mg~n) NUbv,PwiÎ, fvlv cÖf…wZ Dcv`v‡bi mgš^‡q M‡o I‡V| wKš‘ H me iPbvq Avgiv Rxeb`k©‡bi mÜvb Kwi bv| Dcb¨v‡m wea„Z †jL‡Ki Rxebm¤úwK©Z e³e¨‡KB Zvi Akixix Dcv`vb (Abstract Elements) wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ Kiv nq | Jcb¨vwm‡Ki e¨w³mËv, e¨w³ Abyf‚wZ Zuvi Rxebm¤úwK©Z `„wófw½i mgš‡q Dcb¨v‡m cÖwZdwjZ nq| GB wbe© ÍyK mZ¨wU Dcb¨vm Abyave‡bi Rb¨ mev©waK ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| GB Rxeb`k©b KL‡bv nq NUbv-Avkªqx, KL‡bv ev PwiÎ-Avkªqx| Ô†k‡li KweZvÕq iex›`ªbv_ Zvui †cÖg ev bvix-cyiæ‡li m¤úK© welqK ZË¡‡K PwiÎ I NUbvi mgš‡q e¨³ K‡i‡Qb| GKB ai‡bi NUbv wewfbœ †jLK Dcb¨v‡mi Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡ib| wKš‘ Jcb¨vwm‡Ki Rxeb`k©bB Zv‡K ¯Zš¿ K‡i †`q| G A‡_© Rxeb`k©b ev Author’s Philosophy of Life GKwU Dcb¨v‡mi me©v‡c¶v Zvrch©c~Y© Dcv`vb| Dcb¨v‡mi cwic~Y©Zvi aviYvwUI Rxeb`k©‡bi m‡½ m¤úwK©Z|

Gm Gm GBP Gj


bvUK D‡Ïk¨ GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb- bvU‡Ki msÁv_© wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| bvU‡Ki MVb‡KŠkj m¤ú‡K© aviYv e¨³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| bvU‡Ki iƒcMZ êwPÎ¨ m¤ú‡K© wjL‡Z cvi‡eb| bvU‡Ki †kªYxwefvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| bvUK m¤ú‡K© bvU¨ZË¡we` G¨vwi÷U‡ji aviYv wjL‡Z cvi‡eb| evsjv bvU‡Ki msw¶ß BwZnvm wjL‡Z cvi‡eb|

msÁv_© mvwn‡Zï wewfbœ Avw½K ev iƒ‡ci (Form) g‡a¨ bvUK KweZvi g‡ZvB cÖvPxb| fviZxq Aj¼vikv‡ ¿ bvUK‡K KweZviB GKwU iƒc Ô „k¨Kve¨Õ wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| †hLv‡b KweZv‡K ejv n‡q‡Q Ôkªe¨Kve¨Õ| bvU‡K NUbv, PwiÎ, Pwi‡Îi wµqv-cÖwZwµqv, AvPvi-AvPiY D”PvwiZ msjv‡ci gva¨‡g iƒc jvf K‡i| G-†¶‡Î bvU‡Ki welqe ‘, cvÎ-cvÎx Ges `k©‡Ki †hŠ_ Dcw ’wZ‡Z GwU n‡q I‡V mvgevwqK wkí| Ab¨w`‡K KweZv g~jZ kÖæwZwbf©i| cÖvPxb MÖxK mvwnZ¨ZvwË¡K G¨vwi÷U‡ji Poetics ev Kve¨ZË¡ MÖ‡š’ cÖavbZ bvU‡KiB wewfbœ w`K Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| mg‡qi weeZ©‡bi m‡½ gvby‡li iæwP I `„wófw½i cwieZ©b bvU‡Ki iƒc-ixwZi †¶‡ÎI cwieZ©b Awbevh© K‡i Zz‡j‡Q| wKš‘ bvU‡Ki †gŠwjK DcKiY Awf‡bZv-Awf‡bÎx, gÂ Ges `k©K-†kªvZv AwfbœB i‡q †M‡Q| gvby‡li Rxeb mij‡iLvq kvšÍ-¯Q›` fw½‡Z cÖevwnZ nq bv| G-ai‡bi Rxeb _vK‡jI Zv bvUKxqZv ewR©Z| gvby‡li Rxe‡bi Q›` fvOv-Movi ga¨ w`‡q cÖengvb| `y‡f©vM, hš¿Yv, we‡¶vf, AkvwšÍ cÖf…wZi AvKw¯§K AvNv‡Z gvby‡li Rxe‡b MwZ I êwPÎ¨ Awbevh© n‡q I‡V| Rxe‡bi GB MwZ I êwPÎ¨‡K wk‡í aviY Kivi cÖ‡qvRb †_‡KB bvU‡Ki D™¢e| gnr †Póvi wbõjZv, cÖvYvšÍKi cwikª‡gi e¨_©Zv, AcÖZ¨vwkZ fvM¨wech©q, wewPÎ NUbvi PgKcÖ` mgvcZb, eÜz-evÜe I AvZ¥xq-¯R‡bi wek¦vmNvZKZv, †Øl-Cl©v, KwVb msMÖvg I Zvi †kvKven civRq, g‡bi Mfx‡i weiæ×-cÖe„wËi m‡½ K‡Vvi msMÖvg GB me bvUKxq Dcv`vb ev bvUKxqZv i‡q †M‡Q gvby‡li Rxeb I Zvi ¯fv‡ei g‡a¨B| bvU¨Kvi bvUK iPbvi mgq Rxe‡bi DwjwLZ Dcv`vb¸‡jvB MÖnY K‡i _v‡Kb| wKš‘ Dcv`vb¸‡jv‡K MÖnY Ki‡jB h_v_© bvUK n‡e bv| wbw ©ó wkí-k„•Ljvq †Kv‡bv GKwU Dcv`vb ev GKvwaK Dcv`v‡bi web¨vmB mv_©K bvU‡Ki Rb¥ †`q| mvwn‡Zï Ab¨vb¨ kvLvi g‡Zv bvU‡KiI i‡q‡Q iƒc-ixwZMZ wbw ©ó k„•Ljv| KweZv, Mí, Dcb¨vm wKsev cÖeÜ cvV I Dc‡fv‡Mi Rb¨ gvby‡li Ab¨ e¨w³ ev mnkw³i cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| wKš‘ †Kej cvV K‡i bvUK Dc‡fvM Kiv hvq bv| bvUK h_v_©fv‡e Dc‡fvM Ki‡Z n‡j GKwU mvgevwqK ev †hŠ_ cwi‡e‡ki cÖ‡qvRb| Awf‡bZv-Awf‡bÎx, gÂ Ges `k©K-†kªvZv Gm‡ei w`‡K j¶ †i‡LB bvU¨Kvi bvUK iPbv K‡ib| †Kej cvV K‡i bvU‡Ki †h Dc‡fvM Zv AvswkK| Dc‡fvM‡K mgMÖ n‡q DV‡Z n‡j wbw ©ó mg‡q I ’v‡b mw¤§wjZfv‡e bvUK Dc ’vcb I `k©b Ki‡Z nq| G R‡b¨B bvU‡Ki wkíxixwZ h‡_ó mZK©, `„pe×, K‡Vvi Ges wbqgZvwš¿K| mg‡qi weeZ©‡b bvU‡Ki iƒc-ixwZi †¶‡Î A‡bK cwieZ©b N‡U‡Q| wKš‘ wbq‡gi Abykvm‡bi g‡a¨ †_‡KB iƒcixwZi cix¶v-wbix¶v K‡i‡Qb bvU¨Kviiv| cÖvPxb MÖxK-†ivgvb bvUK, GwjRv‡e_vb hy‡Mi KvjRqx bvU¨Kvi DBwjqvg †k·cxq‡ii bvUK wKsev Ebwesk I wesk kZvãxi wewPÎ Dcv`v‡b ˆZwi bvUKmg~n we‡klY Ki‡j Dchy©³ gšÍ‡eï mZ¨Zv Lyu‡R cvIqv hv‡e| wbqg I iƒcixwZi Abykvm‡bi d‡jB bvU‡Ki MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv e„w× †c‡q‡Q Ges Zv n‡q D‡V‡Q cÖv‡qvwMK wkígva¨g ev Performing Art |

cvV-6



bvU‡Ki cU ev NUbvsk G¨vwi÷Uj Zuvi Poetics MÖ‡š’ bvU‡Ki QqwU A‡½i K_v e‡j‡Qb: 1. cU ev e„Ë 2. PwiÎ 3. iPbvixwZ 4. fve, 5. `„k¨ Ges 6. m½xZ| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ cU ev e„ËB cÖavb| gvbeRxe‡b N‡U hvIqv wewPÎ NUbvi ga¨ †_‡K bvU¨Kvi bvU‡Ki Dcv`vb AvniY K‡ib| bvU‡Ki NUbvsk wewfbœ A‡¼ wef³ _v‡K| wewfbœ A‡¼ bvU‡Ki MwZ Pwi‡Îi dg© ev A¨vKkb Abyhvqx MwZ cvq| MÖxK Uª¨v‡RwW‡Z GB MwZ Pig j¶¨‡K †K› ª K‡i AMÖmi nq| †k·cxq‡ii bvU‡Ki NUbvsk cÂv¼ wefv‡Mi gva¨‡g Dc ’vwcZ| cÖ‡Z¨K A‡¼ NUbv GK-GKwU euvK †bq| Gfv‡e NUbvi MwZ DÌvb, Pi‡gvbœwZ I cZ‡bi ga¨ w`‡q cwiYv‡gi w`‡K avweZ nq| bvU‡Ki Plot ev e„‡Ëi web¨vm-†KŠk‡ji DciB wbf©i K‡i bvU‡Ki wkímv_©KZv| bvU‡K cU ev e„Ë †h welqe ‘‡K aviY Ki‡e, G¨vwi÷U‡ji g‡Z, †mLv‡b Avw`, ga¨, AšÍ GB wZbwU ce©-wefvRb _vK‡e| Zuvi g‡Z bvU‡Ki Kvwnbx yB iKg:

1. mij (Simple) 2. RwUj (Complex) †h-bvU‡K NUbvi aviv Awew”Qbœ, Zvi cU‡KB ejv n‡e mij| wKš‘ gvby‡li Rxe‡b GB mij îwLK Awew”Qbœ NUbv QvovI i‡q‡Q GK Mfxi, RwUj ch©vq| †h-me bvU‡Ki NUbvi g‡a¨ wech©q ev Af‚Zc~e© aviYv, †eva wKsev NUbvi cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© bZzb wPšÍvi cÖwZdj‡b wewkó (Reversal of Situation or Recognition or by Both) n‡q I‡V, †m-me bvU‡Ki PwiÎ fv‡jv-g›` ev fwel¨r wba©vi‡Y euvK cwieZ©b K‡i| GB euvK cwieZ©‡b cvwicvwk¦©K Ae ’v ev gvbweK Ae ’vi cwieZ©b Awbevh© n‡q c‡o| cvwicvwk¦©K Ae ’v ev cwiw ’wZi wech©q bvU‡Ki NUbv‡K K‡ZvUv RwUj K‡i Zzj‡Z cv‡i, m‡dvwK¬‡mi KvjRqx Uª¨v‡RwW ÔBwWcvmÕ Zvi cÖgvY| bvU‡Ki NUbvi cwiYwZ Avb›``vqK n‡j Zv‡K e‡j K‡gwW (Comedy)| Avevi Pig ytLen n‡j Zv‡K ejv nq Uª¨v‡RwW (Tragedy)| m‡dvwK¬m Ges †k·cxq‡ii AwaKvsk bvUKB cUweb¨vm Ges welqfvebvq Uª¨v‡RwWi ch©v‡q c‡o| mgvR I mf¨Zvi cwieZ©‡bi m‡½ m‡½ bvU‡Ki cU I welqweb¨v‡m cÖPzi iƒcvšÍi N‡U‡Q| wKš‘ Rxeb‡K Dc ’vc‡b mij I RwUj GB `yB fw½i cÖvavb¨ GL‡bv Av‡Q| G¨vwi÷Uj mv_©K bvU‡Ki Rb¨ wZbwU H‡Kï Dci †Rvi w`‡q‡Qb| †m ¸‡jv n‡”Q mg‡qi HK¨, NUbvi HK¨ Ges ’v‡bi HK¨| GB H‡Kï aviYv A‡bK cv‡ë‡Q e‡U, wKš‘ mg‡qi †fZi-evB‡ii k„•Ljv GL‡bv GKwU mv_©K bvUK n‡q-DVvi Ab¨Zg gvb`Û| PwiÎ bvUK gvbe Rxe‡bi iƒcvqY| G-Rxeb wµqvkxj Ges eû Íixf‚Z| myZivs PwiÎB bvU‡Ki g~j Dcv`vb| gvbePwi‡Îi iƒc I cÖK…wZ wewPÎ, †hgb mr-Amr, mij-RwUj, AvZ¥m‡PZb, ¯vej¤^x A_ev cwiw ’wZi Kv‡Q AvZ¥mgcY©Kvix BZ¨vw`| gvbeRxeb iƒcvq‡Yi cÖ‡qvR‡b †h †Kvb ai‡bi PwiÎ bvU¨Kvi †e‡Q wb‡Z cv‡ib|& bvUKxq PwiÎ‡K PviwU êwk‡ó¨ wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb G¨vwi÷Uj| Zuvi g‡Z bvUKxq PwiÎ g~jZ KZK¸‡jv ˆbwZK AvPi‡Yi mgwó ev cÖwZwbwa gvÎ| G¨vwi÷U‡ji g‡Z, GB AvPi‡Yi wfwË‡ZB bvU‡Ki PwiÎ-êwkó¨ wbiƒcY Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖ_gZ: gvby‡li PwiÎ fv‡jv (Good Character) n‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ Awewgkª fv‡jv PwiÎ bvU‡K †Kv‡bv RwUjZv ev msNvZ m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| bvUKxq PwiÎ n‡e fv‡jv-g‡›ì mswgkª‡Yi dj| G¨vwi÷U‡ji g‡Z Uªv‡RwWi PwiÎ n‡e fv‡jv-g‡›ì gvSvgvwS| wØZxqZ: bvU‡K Pwi‡Îi h_vh_ cÖKvk (Appropiateness) NU‡e| Z…ZxqZ: PwiÎ‡K n‡Z n‡e ev Íem¤§Z (Real) PZz_©Z: Pwi‡Îi m½wZc~Y© AvPiY (Consistent)| Pwi‡Îi AvPi‡Y AmvgÄm¨ _vK‡j wk‡íi †¶‡Î Zv n‡e m½wZnxb (Consistently Inconsistent)| G¨vwi÷U‡ji GB `„wófw½ bvU‡Ki wPiKv‡ji êwkó¨‡KB †hb wb‡`©k K‡i‡Q| mgvRRxe‡bi cwieZ©b gvby‡li †eva‡KI cwiewZ©Z K‡i‡Q| fv‡jv g‡›ì aviYvI cwiewZ©Z n‡q‡Q| g›`PwiÎI gvbweK „wó‡KvY †_‡K bvU‡K wea„Z n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ gbyl¨‡Z¡i j¶YewR©Z †Kv‡bv PwiÎ, †h gvby‡li mnvbyf‚wZ AvKl©‡Y e¨_© Zv‡K KL‡bvB bvUKxq PwiÎ ejv hv‡e bv|

Gm Gm GBP Gj


cwieZ©bkxj mgvR I Rxeb bvU‡Ki Pwi‡Îi AvK…wZ-cÖK…wZi e`jI Awbevh© K‡i Zz‡j‡Q| BD‡iv‡ci †i‡bmuvm †_‡K ïiæ K‡i MYZ‡š¿i Avwef©ve I PP©v bvU‡Ki PwiÎ I Zvi ¯fve‡KI cwieZ©b K‡i‡Q| ivRZš¿ I mvgšÍZ‡š¿i AÜKvi hyM †_‡K †Kej bvUK bq, bvU‡Ki PwiÎI †ei n‡q G‡m‡Q| BwWcv‡mi g‡Zv AmvaviY PwiÎ nq‡Zv GLb †bB| wKš‘ mvaviY gvbeRxeb †_‡K AvüZ PwiÎ-cvÎ‡ì Rxe‡bI †h RwUj wPšÍv, Zx ¶ wRÁvmv, Ø›Ø, AšÍh©š¿Yv, ytL‡eva cÖf…wZ we`¨gvb AvaywbK bvU¨Kviiv Zv‡KB iƒc`vb K‡ib bvU‡K| G-cÖm‡½ ¯§iYxq †h, bvU‡Ki me¸‡jv Dcv`v‡bi h_vh_ cÖ‡qvM †Kv‡bv bvUK‡K mdj K‡i †Zv‡j| cU ev NUbv Ges Pwi‡Îi cvi¯úwiK ms‡hvM I mvgÄm¨B bvUKxqZv m„wói wbqvgK| wKš‘ NUbv I Pwi‡Îi GB cvi¯úwiK wbf©ikxjZv Av‡cw¶K| †Kv‡bv bvU‡K NUbv Avevi †Kv‡bv bvU‡K PwiÎ cÖvavb¨ cvq| Rxe‡bi Mfxi Dcjwäi cÖvavb¨ Uª¨v‡RwW‡K K‡i‡Q PwiÎcÖavb| msMÖvgkxj gvbeRxeb, Zvi Ø›Ø I †e`bvi evnb wn‡m‡e NUbvi ¸iæZ¡ me©vwaK| K‡gwW Rxe‡bi evB‡ii Am½wZ‡K †KŠZzKgq K‡i cÖKvk K‡i e‡j †mLv‡b NUbv cÖvavb¨ cvq| AvaywbK Kv‡ji †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv bvU‡K bvU¨Kv‡ii „wófw½ Abymv‡i mgvR, gvby‡li Aw ÍZ¡, e¨w³gvbyl cÖf…wZ ¸iæZ¡ mnKv‡i we‡ewPZ n‡q‡Q|

msjvc mvwn‡Zï Ab¨vb¨ kvLv †_‡K bvU‡Ki c„_K Ae ’v‡bi KviY GB msjvc| †Kej Pwi‡Îi K_v bq, bvU¨Kv‡ii imm„wó I AvBwWqvi evnbI GB msjvc| msjv‡ci mv_©KZv wbf©i K‡i cwi‡ek I Pwi‡Îi g‡bvfv‡ei m½wZi Dci| Pwi‡Îi e¨w³Z¡ wKsev e¨w³Z¡nxbZv dzwU‡q †Zv‡j GB msjvc| Pwi‡Îi e¨w³Z¡‡K dzwU‡q Zzj‡Z n‡j Zvi evKfw½i wewkóZv _vK‡Z n‡e| †hgb `xbeÜz wg‡Îi Ômaevi GKv`kxÕ bvU‡Ki wbgPuv‡ì msjvc| Zvi †gav, e¨w³Z¡ wKsev e¨w³Z¡k~b¨Zvi evnb Zvi Bs‡iwR-cÖfvweZ msjvc| ˆmq` IqvjxDjvn&i ÔewncxiÕ bvU‡Ki msjvc Pwi‡Îi êwkó¨ I ¯iƒc‡KB dzwU‡q †Zv‡j| msjv‡ci fvlv-êwPÎ¨ †Kej Pwi‡Îi ¯vZš¿¨‡K cÖKvk K‡i bv, bvU¨Kv‡ii ¯fveag©‡KI cÖKvk K‡i|

bvU‡Ki †kªYxwefvM bvU‡Ki welq I cwiYwZ wePvi K‡i bvUK‡K cÖavbZ wZb fv‡M wef³ Kiv n‡q‡Q: 1. Uª¨v‡RwW ev we‡qvMvšÍK bvUK 2, K‡gwW ev wgjbvšÍK bvUK 3. cÖnmb Ø›Øgq cvwicvwk¦©K NUbv I cwiw ’wZi RwUjZvq civf‚Z gvbeRxe‡bi KiæY Kvwnbx Uªv‡RwWi DcRxe¨| wgjvbvšÍK n‡jI cÖZ¨vkvi m‡½ ev ÍeZvi, AvKv ¶vi m‡½ cÖvwßi Ges D‡Ï‡kï m‡½ Dcv‡qi Ø›Ø A_ev ejv hvq gvbeK‡g©i Am½wZ Uª¨v‡RwWi g‡Zv K‡gwWiI DcRxe¨| K‡gwW‡K K‡qKwU cÖavb †kªYxfz³ Kiv hvq| †hgb Kveägx© ev †ivg¨vw›UK K‡gwW, mvgvwRK K‡gwW, PµvšÍg~jK K‡gwW cÖf…wZ| Avevi †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv mgv‡jvPK K‡gwW‡K KíbvZ¥K, fvecÖeY, ev Íeev`x, we`ªƒcvZ¥K, mvgvwRK fvecÖavb cÖf…wZ avivq wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb| GQvovI i‡q‡Q bvU‡Ki HwZnvwmK Ges †cŠivwYK iƒ‡ci `yB ewnPwe©Z aviv| Q‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ bvU‡Ki †kªYxwefv‡Mi êwPÎ¨ wb‡`©k Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i:

bvU‡Ki cÖavb yBiƒc

Uªv‡RwW K‡gwW

†ivgvw›UK K‡gwW K‡gwW Ae g¨vbvim cÖnmb e¨½-we`ªƒcvZ¥K K‡gwW



2.mvwn‡Zï wewfbœ Av‡›`vjb-wbf©i iƒcixwZMZ êwPÎ¨: bvUK

†ivgvw›UK K¬vwmK ev Íeev`x mvs‡KwZK Awfe¨w³ev`x GwcK w_‡qUvi w_‡qUvi Ae w` A¨vemvW© 3.welq-MZ iƒc‰ewPÎ¨:

bvUK

HwZnvwmK †cŠivwYK mvgvwRK bvUK †jvKbvU¨ GQvovI AvaywbKKv‡j ms‡hvwhZ n‡q‡Q GKv¼ bvUK|

evsjv bvU‡Ki BwZnvm Dcb¨vm I †QvUM‡íi g‡Zv evsjv bvU‡KiI m~ÎcvZ Ebwesk kZvãx‡Z| wKš‘ bvU‡Ki HwZn¨ I m~Î evOvwjRxe‡b Avw`Kvj †_‡KB wQ‡jv| hvÎv, cvjvMvb, KweMvb GgbwK g½jKve¨¸‡jvi g‡aÏ bvUïxwZi h‡_ó wb`k©b we`¨gvb| Dwbk kZ‡K Bs‡iwR mvwnZ¨ I ms¯‹…wZi cÖZ¨¶ ms¯ú‡k© Avmvi d‡j m‡PZbfv‡e evsjv bvUK iPbv I gÂvqb ïiæ K‡i| 1872 wLª÷v‡ã evsjv mvaviY i½gÂ cÖwZwôZ nq, wKš‘ Gi †ek Av‡M †_‡KB evsjv fvlvq bvUK iPbv I gÂ ’ n‡Z ïiæ K‡i| 1852 wLª÷v‡ã iwPZ nq †hv‡M› ª P› ª¸‡ßi ÔKxwZ©wejvmÕ Ges ZvivPiY wmK`v‡ii Ôf ªvRy©bÕ| 1957 wLª÷v‡ã KjKvZvi bZzb evRv‡i ivgRq emv‡Ki evwo‡Z AwfbxZ nq ivgbvivqY ZK©i‡Zœi ÔKzjxbKzjme©¯Õ|

evsjv fvlvi cÖ_g ch©v‡qi D‡jL‡hvM¨ bvU¨Kviiv n‡jb gvB‡Kj gaym~ b `Ë (1824-1873), `xbeÜy wgÎ (1830-1873) Ag„Zjvj emy (1853-1929), wMwikP›`ª †Nvl (1844-1911), †R¨vwZwi›`ªbv_ VvKzi (1849-1926) cÖgyL| gvB‡Kj gaym~ ‡bi ÔiZœvejxÕ bvUK 1858 wLª÷v‡ã †ejMvwQqv bvU¨kvjvq AwfbxZ nq| Zuvi gÂ ’ bvUK¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Ôkwg©ôvÕ (1858), ÔK…òKzgvixÕ (1861), ÔG‡KB wK e‡j mf¨ZvÕ (1859) D‡jL‡hvM¨| evsjv bvU‡Ki mg„w× N‡U gxi gkviid †nv‡mb, w¶‡iv`cÖmv` we`¨vwe‡bv`, wØ‡R›`ªjvj ivq, iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi cÖgyL bvU¨wkíx‡ì nv‡Z| iex›`ªbv‡_i c‡i evsjv bvU‡Ki MwZ I Hk¦h© eû¸‡Y e„w× cvq bvU¨vPvh© wkwkiKzgvi fv`yoxi †Póvq| kPx›`ªbv_ †mb¸ß (1892-1961), kiw`› y e‡›`¨vcva¨vq (1899-1970) Ges weRb fÆvPvh© (1915-1977) cix¶v-wbix¶vi ga¨w`‡q evsjv bvU‡K êwPÎ¨ I bZzbZ¡ Av‡bb| weRb fÆvPv‡h©i ÔbevbœÕ 1944 wLª÷v‡ã KjKvZvq gÂvwqZ nIqvi ga¨w`‡q evsjv bvUK GK bZzb RM‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡i|

evsjv‡`‡ki bvUK Ab¨vb¨ mvwnZ¨-Avw½‡Ki g‡Zv evsjv‡`‡ki bvU‡KiI ¯Zš¿ hvÎvc_ wPwýZ nq 1921 wLª÷v‡ã XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq cÖwZôvi ga¨ w`‡q| G-f‚L‡Ûi ¯Zš¿ RxebiæwP, `„wófw½ I †PZbv-iƒcvq‡Y †`kwefvM-c~e©Kvj †_‡KB huviv bvUK iPbvq g‡bvwb‡ek K‡ib, Zuv‡ì g‡a¨ kvnv`vr †nv‡mb (1893-195) Beªvnxg Luv (1894-1979), AvKeiDÏxb (1895-1978), Aveyj dRj (1903-1983), kIKZ Imgvb (1918-1998) cÖgyL D‡jL‡hvM¨| Gu‡ì nv‡ZB evsjv‡`‡ki bvU‡Ki ¯Zš¿ wfwË ˆZwi nq|

1947-Gi †`kwefv‡Mi ci huviv bvUK iPbvq g‡bvwb‡ek K‡ib Zuv‡ì g‡a¨ b~iæj †gv‡gb (1908-1989), ˆmq` IqvjxDjvn& (1922-1971), gybxi †PŠayix (1925-1971), AvmKvi Be‡b mvBL (Rb¥-1925) D‡j-L‡hvM¨| byiæj †gv‡g‡bi Ô†b‡gwmmÕ (1948) I ÔbqvLv›`vbÕ (1962), ˆmq` IqvjxDjvn&i ÔewncxiÕ (1960) I ÔZi½f½Õ (1964); gybxi †PŠayixi Ôi³v³ cÖvšÍiÕ (1962), ÔwewaÕ (1966), I ÔKeiÕ (1966) evsjv bvU¨mvwn‡Zï †¶‡Î KvjRqx ms‡hvRb wn‡m‡e wewkó| GQvov RmxgD``xb, AvwRgDÏxb Avng`, ivwRqv Lvb, Ave`yj nK, ˆmq` gKmy` Avjx, diiæL Avng`, Avwbm †PŠayix, AvjvDwÏb Avj AvRv`, ggZvRDwÏb Avng` welqe ‘ I Avw½K-wbix¶vi evsjv‡`‡ki bvUK‡K eû¸‡Y mg„× K‡i‡Qb|

Gm Gm GBP Gj


¯vaxbZv-DËiKv‡j (1971-1999) cix¶v-wbix¶vi w`K †_‡K bvUK †h mvdj¨ AR©b K‡i‡Q, ¸Y I gvbwePv‡i Zv Ab¨vb¨ mvwnZ¨-kvLv¸‡jv‡K Qvwo‡q hv‡e| ¯vaxbZvi AeëwnZ-c~‡e© huviv bvUK iPbv ïiæ K‡ib, ¯vaxbZvi ci Zuv‡ì nv‡ZB evsjv‡`‡ki bvUK mg„w× jvf K‡i| bvU‡Ki welqfvebv cUweb¨vm Ges PwiÎwPÎ‡Yi †¶‡Î GB me bvU¨KviMY bZzb `„wófw½ cÖ‡qvM K‡ib| ggZvRDwÏb Avng` Ges mvC` Avng` G-†¶‡Î ¯§iYxq bvU¨Kvi| ¯vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki bvUK huv‡ì mvabv Ges cix¶v-wbix¶vq mg„× n‡q‡Q Zuv‡ì g‡a¨ Ave`yjvn Avj gvgyb, †mwjg Avj `xb, gvgybyi ikx`, ˆmq` kvgmyj nK Ges wRqv nvq`v‡ii bvg we‡klfv‡e D‡jL‡hvM¨|

e ‘ms‡¶c: bvU‡K NUbv, PwiÎ, Pwi‡Îi wµqv-cÖwZwµqv, AvPvi-AvPiY D”PvwiZ msjv‡ci gva¨‡g iƒc jvf K‡i| G‡¶‡Î welqe ‘, cvÎ-cvÎx Ges `k©‡Ki †hŠ_ Dcw ’wZ‡Z GwU n‡q I‡V mgevwqK wkí| gvby‡li Rxeb mij‡iLvq kvšÍ-¯”Q›` fw½‡Z cÖevwnZ nq bv| G-ai‡bi Rxeb _vK‡jI Zv bvUKxqZv ewR©Z| gvby‡li Rxeb fvOv-Movi ga¨ w`‡q cÖengvb| `y‡f©vM, hš¿Yv, we‡¶vf, AkvwšÍ cÖf…wZi AvKw¯§K AvNv‡Z gvby‡li Rxe‡b MwZ I êwPÎ¨ Awbevh© n‡q I‡V| Rxe‡bi GB MwZ I êwPÎ¨‡K wk‡í aviY Kivi cÖ‡qvRb †_‡KB bvU‡Ki D™¢e| cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb

msw¶ß-DËig~jK cÖkœ 1. bvUK Kv‡K e‡j? 2. bvU‡Ki cU ej‡Z Avgiv wK eywS? 3. bvU‡Ki †kªYxKiY Kiæb| 4. Uª¨v‡RwW ej‡Z Avgiv wK eywS?

1 bs msw¶ß-DËig~jK cÖ‡kœi bgybv-DËi: msjvc bvU‡Ki Ab¨Zg wewkó GKwU j¶Y hv mvwn‡Zï Ab¨vb¨ kvLv †_‡K bvUK‡K c„_K K‡i‡Q| Pwi‡Îi gyL †_‡K D”PvwiZ n‡jI msjv‡c bvU¨Kv‡ii Rxeb-`„wóiB cÖwZdjb N‡U| GKwU bvU‡K wewfbœ ai‡bi PwiÎ _v‡K| Zviv GKB fvlvq K_v e‡j bv| Zv‡ì mvgvwRK, †kªYxMZ wKsev e„w×e„wËMZ Ae ’vb wb‡`©wkZ nq Zv‡ì D”PvwiZ msjv‡c| †h Kvi‡Y Avw`Kvj †_‡KB bvU¨Kvi msjvc‡K †Kej bvU‡Ki bq, Pwi‡Îi ¯iƒc I êwkó¨ wbiƒc‡Yi kw³kvjx gva¨g wn‡m‡e eënvi K‡i‡Qb|



cÖeÜ D‡Ïk¨ GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb cÖeÜ Kv‡K e‡j †m m¤ú‡K© wjL‡Z cvi‡eb| cÖe‡Üi ixwZ-êwPÎ¨ m¤ú‡K© aviYv w`‡Z cvi‡eb| cÖe‡Üi †kªYxwefvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

msÁv_© mvwn‡Zï Ab¨vb¨ iƒc wb‡q hZ Av‡jvPbv n‡q‡Q, cÖeÜ wb‡q G‡ZvUv nqwb| Gi KviY m¤¢eZ GB †h KweZv, Dcb¨vm, †QvUMí Ges bvUK‡KB mvwn‡Zï m„wókxj Avw½K g‡b Kiv nq| Ae ’vb-wePv‡i †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv mgv‡jvPK cÖeÜ‡K wØZxq †kªYxi mvwnZïƒc (Literary Form) g‡b K‡ib| wKš‘ AvaywbKKv‡j gvby‡li eyw×, hyw³ Ges wPšÍvwbf©iZv cÖe‡Üi cÖvmw½KZv‡K eû¸‡Y evwo‡q w`‡q‡Q| cÖeÜ ej‡Z Avgiv mvaviYZ Ggb GK ai‡bi M`¨ iPbv‡K eywS, hv Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g †Kv‡bv we‡kl e³e¨, `„wófw½ wKsev welq-AšÍM©Z e³e¨‡K Dc ’vcb K‡i wPšÍv Ges hyw³i ci¯úi wgj‡b cvVK‡K GKwU wm×v‡šÍ DcbxZ n‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| Bs‡iwR Essay-i cÖwZkã wn‡m‡e cÖeÜ‡K MÖnY K‡i _v‡Kb A‡b‡K| wKš‘ evsjv fvlvq cÖe‡Üi †¶Î Bs‡iwR Essay-i Zzjbvq e¨vcK| ÔBs‡iwR‡Z Treatise, discourse ev dissertation RvZxq iPbvi m‡½ cÖe‡Üi cv_©K¨ we`¨vgvb| IB wZbwU msÁvq we‡kl ai‡bi ÔwbqgZvwš¿KÕ I Ôm¤ú~Y©Õ wel‡qv‡¤§vPb †evSvq †h wbq‡gi kvmb ev m¤ú~Y©Zv cÖe‡Üi †¶‡Î me mgq †g‡b Pjv nq bv|Õ AviI D‡jL¨ †h, Treatisc ev dissertation RvZxq iPbv wbw`©ó Ômxgve×Õ cvVK‡kªYxi Rb¨ iwPZ nq| wKš‘ cÖeÜ iwPZ nq ÔmvaviY cvV‡KiÕ w`‡K j¶ †i‡L| G-Kvi‡Y welq ev cwifvlvi †¶‡Î wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv bxwZI †g‡b P‡j bv cÖeÜ| eis e³e¨ ev welq Dc ’vc‡bi cÖ‡qvR‡b KL‡bv Mí, KL‡bv `„óvšÍ, KL‡bv †KŠZzK, Avevi KL‡bv m~²-Abyf‚wZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g cvV‡Ki eyw× I hyw³‡K RvMÖZ KivB cÖe‡Üi j¶¨|

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cvV-7

Gm Gm GBP Gj


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cÖe‡Üi †kªYxwefvM wel‡qi cÖK…wZ I Dc ’vcb-êwkó¨ wePv‡i cÖeÜ‡K cÖavbZ `ywU †kªYxfz³ Kiv nq:

1. e ‘wbô ev Zb¥q cÖeÜ (Formal or Informative Essay)

2. fvewbô ev gb¥q cÖeÜ (Familiar of Intimate Essay) e ‘wbô cÖe‡Ü †jLK wbivm³fv‡e wel‡qi Dci KZ©„Z¡ ’vcb K‡i hyw³k„•Ljvi gva¨‡g Mfxifv‡e welq we‡klY K‡ib| wPšÍvkxj AbymÜvbx cvVK G-RvZxq cÖe‡Üi AbyivMx| ew¼ge‡›`ªi Ôev½vjv fvlvÕ Formal cÖe‡Üi †MvÎfz³| ew¼gP‡›`ªi ÔcÖeÜcy ÍKÕ ev Ôwewea cÖeÜÕ, †R¨vwZwi› ª bv‡_i ÔcÖeÜgÄyixÕ, ivRK…ò gy‡Lvcva¨v‡qi Ôbvbv cÖeÜÕ, wkebv_ kv ¿xi ÔcÖeÜvejxÕ, wØ‡R› ªbv_ VvKz‡ii ÔcÖeÜgvjvÕ, f‚‡è gy‡Lvcva¨v‡qi ÔmvgvwRK cÖeÜÕ I ÔcvwievwiK cÖeÜÕ, KvRx †gvZv‡ni †nv‡m‡bi Ôms¯‹…wZ K_vÕ, gybxi †PŠayixi Ôevsjv M`ïxwZÕ e ‘wbó cÖeÜ ev Formal Essay-i „óvšÍ| fvewbó gb¥q cÖeÜ‡K e¨w³MZ cÖeÜ wn‡m‡eI AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq| GR‡b¨B G-RvZxq cªe‡Üi †kªYxKi‡Y Familior of Personal kã¸‡jv cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq| G-ai‡bi cÖe‡Ü welqe ‘ A‡c¶v †jLK cvVK‡KB †ewk ¸iæZ¡ †`b †jLK| wbR Abyf‚wZ‡K cvV‡Ki Abyf‚wZ I ms‡e`bkxjZvi m‡½ mshy³ Ki‡Z Pvb| ejv hvq, G-RvZxq cÖe‡Ü †jL‡Ki e¨w³mËvi ÔAvZ¥cÖKvkÕ N‡U| ew¼gP‡›`ªi ÔKgjvKv‡šÍi `ßiÕ I Ô†jvK inm¨Õ, iex›`ªbv‡_i ÔwewPÎ cÖeÜÕ G-RvZxq cÖe‡Üi †kªô wb`k©b| cÖg_ †PŠayix, AZzjP› ª ¸ß, a~RwUcÖmv` gy‡Lvcva¨vq, nx‡i›`ªbv_ `Ë, †R¨vwZg©q ivq, ey×‡è emy, ˆmq` gyRZev Avjx mvwnZ¨ QvovI Ab¨vb¨ welq wb‡qI Informal ev e¨w³MZ cÖeÜ iPbvi †¶‡Î Avðh© `¶Zv †`wL‡q‡Qb| cÖe‡Üi iƒc I ixwZ eû wewPÎ| †jL‡Ki Ávb, AwfÁZv I wPšÍvi eûgywLZv cÖe‡Üi †¶Î‡K K‡i‡Q êwPÎ¨gq, êwkó¨gwÛZ| d‡j mv¤úÖwZKKv‡j cÖeÜ AwaKgvÎvq e¨w³Z¡wPwýZ n‡q DV‡Q| Abœ`vk¼i ivq, Awgq PµeZx©, Rxebvb›` `vk, Avey mvqx` AvBqye, wkebvivqY ivq, A¤øvb `Ë `yB †kªYxi cÖeÜ iPbvqB cvi`wk©Zv †`wL‡q‡Qb| cix¶v-wbix¶vi w`K †_‡K evsjv cÖeÜ‡K Guiv m„Rbkxj mvwnZïƒ‡ci ch©v‡q DbœxZ K‡i‡Qb|

evsjv cÖeÜ



Dwbk kZ‡Ki cÖ_gv‡a© evsjv M‡`ï D™¢‡ei m‡½ cÖeÜ-j¶YvµvšÍ evsjv iPbvi AvZ¥cÖKvk N‡U| Bs‡iR ivRKg©Pvixiv evsjv †kLvi D‡Ï‡k¨ wKQy cÖwZôv‡bi †MvovcËb K‡ib| †dvU© DBwjqvg K‡jR (1800) Zvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg| m‡PZbfv‡e evsjv M`¨PP©vi m~ÎcvZ GLvb †_‡KB| ivR ivg‡gvnb iv‡qi ag©wPšÍvg~jK iPbv Ges Ôw`M&`k©bÔ, ÔmgvPvi `c©bÕ (1818), Ômsev`cÖfvKiÕ (1831) I ZË¡vevwabx cwÎKvi (1843) msev`, cÖwZ‡e`b I iPbvi ga¨ w`‡q evsjv cÖe‡Üi wfwË ˆZwi nq| Dwbk kZ‡KB evsjv M`¨ e¨w³i wPšÍv I AvZ¥cÖKv‡ki cwic~Y© evnb n‡q I‡V| Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvMvi (1820-1891) A¶qKzgvi `Ë (1820-1887), f‚‡ì gy‡Lvcva¨vq (1825-1894), ivRbvivqY emy (1826-1900), ivgMwZ b¨vqiZœ (1832-1895) cÖgy‡Li wPšÍv I Abyf‚wZi cÖKv‡k evsjv cÖeÜ mvwn‡Zï ¯Zš¿ evnb n‡q I‡V| ew¼gP›`ª Ges iex›`ªbv_ evsjv cÖeÜ‡K êwPÎ¨ I mg„w× `vb K‡ib| cieZx© ch©v‡q cÖg_ †PŠayix, kirP› ª P‡Ævcva¨vq, KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg, ˆmq` gyRZev Avjx, ey×‡è emy, Rxebvb›` `vk, ûgvqyb Kwei, †Mvcvj nvj`vi, webq †Nvl, Awgq PµeZx©, Abœ`vk¼i ivq, Avey mvqx` AvBqye cÖgy‡Li †Póvq evsjv cÖeÜ welqfvebv I iƒc-ixwZi cix¶v wbix¶vq wek¦gv‡Y DcbxZ nq|

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e ‘ms‡¶c cÖeÜ ej‡Z Avgiv mvaviYZ Ggb GK ai‡bi M`¨ iPbv‡K eywS, hv Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g †Kvb we‡kl e³e¨, `„wó-fw½ wKsev welq-AšÍM©Z e³e¨‡K Dc ’vcb K‡iwPšÍv Ges hyw³i ci¯úi wgj‡b cvVK‡K GKwU wm×v‡šÍ DcbxZ n‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| cÖeÜ iwPZ nq ÔmvaviY cvV‡KiÕ w`‡K j¶¨ †i‡L| G-Kvi‡Y cÖeÜ welq ev cwifvlvi †¶‡Î wbw ©ó †Kvb bxwZI †g‡b P‡j bv| eis e³e¨ ev welq Dc ’vc‡bi cÖ‡qvR‡b KL‡bv Mí, KL‡bv `„óvšÍ, KL‡bv †KŠZzK, Avevi KL‡bv m~²-Abyf‚wZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g cvV‡Ki eyw× I hyw³‡K RvMÖZ KivB cÖe‡Üi j¶¨|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb iPbvg~jK cÖkœ 1. cÖe‡Üi iƒcMZ êwkó¨ m¤^‡Ü hv Rv‡bb we ÍvwiZ wjLyb|

Gm Gm GBP Gj


2. cÖeÜ Kv‡K e‡j? cÖe‡Üi †kªYxwefvM Av‡jvPbv Kiæb

msw¶ß-DËig~jK cÖkœ 1. cÖeÜ Kv‡K e‡j? 2. cÖeÜ‡K wK †gŠwjK mvwnZ¨ m„wói ch©vqfz³ Kiv hvq? 3. cÖe‡Üi †kªYxKiY Kiæb| 5. evsjv‡`‡ki cÖe‡Üi aviv eY©bv Kiæb|

1 bs msw¶ß-DËig~jK cÖ‡kœi bgybv-DËi: †gŠwjK mvwnZïƒc (Literary Form) ej‡Z Avgiv mvaviYZ KweZv, bvUK, Dcb¨vm I †QvUMí‡K ey‡S _vwK| Dwbk kZ‡K cÖeÜ mvwn‡Zï D™¢e mvgvwRK-mvs¯‹…wZK I ivR‰bwZK cÖ‡qvR‡bB n‡qwQ‡jv| eyw× Ges hyw³i cÖvavb¨ cÖe‡Üi êwkó¨| cÖ_g ch©v‡qi cÖvewÜKMY mgvR, wk¶v, mvwnZ¨, ms¯‹…wZ wKsev ivRbxwZi we‡kl‡Y cÖe‡Üi M`¨gq Avw½K‡KB Awbevh© g‡b K‡iwQ‡jb| wKš‘ mg‡qi weeZ©‡b cÖeÜ gvby‡li A‡bK †gŠwjK wRÁvmv‡KI cÖKvk Ki‡Q| iex› ªbv_, Rxebvb›` `vk wKsev ey×‡è emyi A‡bK cÖeÜB †gŠwjK Rxebvbyf‚wZi cÖKvkK| iex›`ªbv‡_i ÔmvwnZ¨Õ, Ômvwn‡Zï c‡_Õ, Rxebvb›` `v‡ki ÔKweZvi K_vÕ Ges ey×‡è emyi A‡bK cÖeÜB †gŠwjK wPšÍv I Abyf‚wZi evnb n‡q D‡V‡Q| Ges mv¤úÖwZK mg‡q eyw× I hyw³i cvkvcvwk gvby‡li A‡bK †gŠwjK wPšÍv I Abyf‚wZ cÖe‡Ü Awfe¨³ n‡”Q| d‡j welq I iƒ‡ci G-RvZxq wgjb A‡bK cÖeÜ‡K †gŠwjK m„wói ch©vqfz³ K‡i‡Q|

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