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MWO – APPLICATION IN FILTER DESIGN
Soh Ping Jack
Sabarina Ismail
2
1.0 FILTER DESIGN PROCESS
Filter Specification
Low-pass Prototype
Design
Scaling & Conversion
Filter Implementation
Optimization & Tuning
Done using MWO
3
1.1 FILTER DESIGN PROCESS
Filter Specification
Low-pass Prototype
Design
Scaling & Scaling & ConversionConversion
Filter Filter ImplementationImplementation
Optimization Optimization & Tuning& Tuning
Done using Done using MWOMWO
4
1.2 GENERAL STEPS IN FILTER DESIGN
A. Know your filter specifications
1. Max Flat/Equal Ripple,
2. LPF/HPF/BPF/BSF
3. Desired freq of operation
4. Passband & stopband range
5. Max allowed attenuation (for Equal Ripple)
B. Design your LPF Prototype
1. Min Insertion Loss level, No of Filter Order/Elements
2. Determine whether shunt cap model or series inductance model to
use
3. Determine elements’ values from Prototype Table
5
1.3 FILTER DESIGN PROCESS
Filter Filter SpecificationSpecification
Low-pass Low-pass Prototype Prototype
DesignDesign
Scaling & Conversion
Filter Filter ImplementationImplementation
Optimization Optimization & Tuning& Tuning
Done using Done using MWOMWO
6
1.4 GENERAL STEPS IN FILTER DESIGN
C. Scaling & Conversion
1. Draw LPF filter prototype
2. Determine if there are any conversion to
HPF/BPF/BSF required
3. If yes, convert the LPF to the desired HPF/BPF/BSF
filter prototype. If no, move on to step 4.
4. Use equations to de-normalize cap & inductance
values
5. Re-draw de-normalized filter prototype
7
1.5 FILTER DESIGN PROCESS
Filter Filter SpecificationSpecification
Low-pass Low-pass Prototype Prototype
DesignDesign
Scaling & Scaling & ConversionConversion
Filter Implementation
Optimization & Tuning
Done using MWO
8
1.4 GENERAL STEPS IN FILTER DESIGN
D. Filter Implementation & Optimization
1. Draw de-normalized LPF filter prototype
with elements’ values
2. Implement filter prototype on software
3. Optimize & tune filter to get best response
To do this you have to be familiar with MWO
9
2.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - BASIC
2.1 Working in the Circuit
Schematic Environment
2.2 Selecting & placing elements
2.3 Setting project frequency
range
2.4 Changing elements’ values
2.5 Adding result Graphs & Charts
10
2.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - BASIC
2.1 Working in the Circuit
Schematic Environment
2.22.2 Selecting & placing elements Selecting & placing elements
2.32.3 Setting project frequency Setting project frequency
rangerange
2.42.4 Changing elements’ valuesChanging elements’ values
2.52.5 Adding result Graphs & ChartsAdding result Graphs & Charts
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2.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - BASIC
2.1 Working in the Circuit Schematic Environment
To add a new Schematic, right-click on “Circuit Schematic”
icon and select “New Schematic”
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2.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - BASIC
2.1 Working in the Circuit Schematic EnvironmentA pop-up window like this will
appear after clicking “New
Schematic”, click on “OK”
button after entering the desired
name
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2.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - BASIC
2.1 Working in the Circuit Schematic Environment
A blank schematic like this will
appear. It is used for the
placement of
components/elements
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2.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - BASIC
2.12.1 Working in the Circuit Working in the Circuit
Schematic EnvironmentSchematic Environment
2.2 Selecting & placing elements
2.32.3 Setting project frequency Setting project frequency
rangerange
2.42.4 Changing elements’ valuesChanging elements’ values
2.52.5 Adding result Graphs & ChartsAdding result Graphs & Charts
15
2.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - BASIC
2.2 Selecting and Placing Elements
To select a specific element, ensure that the “Elem” tab is selected. Elements are sorted
into categories as shown in the box above
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2.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - BASIC
2.2 Selecting and Placing Elements
For example, to select a capacitor, select “Capacitor” categories on the top box. A
specific capacitor then can be selected from the box at the
bottom
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2.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - BASIC
2.2 Selecting and Placing Elements
To insert the desired element into the schematic, click on the specific element in the bottom box and drag till an
outline of the element appear as shown. Click
again to place the element
18
2.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - BASIC
2.12.1 Working in the Circuit Working in the Circuit
Schematic EnvironmentSchematic Environment
2.22.2 Selecting & placing elementsSelecting & placing elements
2.3 Setting project frequency
range
2.42.4 Changing elements’ valuesChanging elements’ values
2.52.5 Adding result Graphs & ChartsAdding result Graphs & Charts
19
2.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - BASIC
2.3 Setting project frequency range
To edit simulation freq sweep/range, double-click on the “Project Options” icon
20
2.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - BASIC
2.3 Setting project frequency range
Define desired “Start Freq”, “Stop Freq” & “Freq Step”. It should not be too refined in
an initial simulation
List of the simulated freq points will be listed down when “Apply” button is
clicked
21
2.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - BASIC
2.12.1 Working in the Circuit Working in the Circuit
Schematic EnvironmentSchematic Environment
2.22.2 Selecting & placing elementsSelecting & placing elements
2.32.3 Setting project frequency Setting project frequency
rangerange
2.4 Changing elements’ values
2.52.5 Adding result Graphs & ChartsAdding result Graphs & Charts
22
2.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - BASIC
2.4 Changing elements’ values
To add edit an element’s value, double-click on the
element’s default value and enter a desired value
23
2.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - BASIC
2.4 Changing elements’ values – Add Port
To add a port on a specific section of a line, click on the
“Ports” icon and select “PORT”
Place the port on the schematic section by clicking once on the desired location
Adding a port can be also done by clicking on the
“Ports” icon from the top toolbar
24
2.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - BASIC
2.4 Changing elements’ values – Add Ground
To add a ground, click on the “Ground” icon and select it. Click once and an outline of
it will appear
Place the ground on the schematic section by clicking once on the desired location
25
2.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - BASIC
2.12.1 Working in the Circuit Working in the Circuit
Schematic EnvironmentSchematic Environment
2.22.2 Selecting & placing elementsSelecting & placing elements
2.32.3 Setting project frequency Setting project frequency
rangerange
2.42.4 Changing elements’ valuesChanging elements’ values
2.5 Adding result Graphs & Charts
26
2.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - BASIC
2.5 Adding result Graphs & Charts – Add Graph
To add a result graph, right-click on the “Graph” icon on the left window and select “Add Graph”. A pop-up
window will appear
Ensure that the “Proj” tab is selected before adding in any graphs
27
2.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - BASIC
2.5 Adding result Graphs & Charts – Graph Types
When a pop-up window like this will appear, select the appropriate type of
graph
Rename the graph as preferred
28
2.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - BASIC
2.5 Adding result Graphs & Charts – Add Meas
After inserting the appropriate graph type, it still does not know what type of parameters that is to be plotted on it.
To define this, right click on the “Graph’s Name” and click on “Add
Measurement”
29
2.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - BASIC
2.5 Adding result Graphs & Charts – Select Meas
A pop-up window like this will appear, select the correct EM Structure’s result
to be plotted by selecting the correct Data Source Name
Check on the correct parameter. In this case, it is S21. Ensure that the “dB”
checkbox is checked
30
2.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - BASIC
2.5 Adding result Graphs & Charts – Simulate
To start simulation, click on the Analyze button on the tool bar at the
top
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2.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - BASIC
2.5 Adding result Graphs & Charts – Results
Filter Design CriteriaA good S11 will have a response at the desired design freq with < -10dB value
in pass bandA good S21 will have almost 0dB
response in pass band, & infinite response in stop band
32
3.0 D.I.Y No. 1
Simulate the following design in MWO. Save the file.
CAPID=C1C=0.9833 pF
CAPID=C3C=3.182 pF
INDID=L2L=6.436 nH
INDID=L4L=6.436 nH
CAPID=C5C=0.9833 pF
PORTP=1Z=50 Ohm
PORTP=2Z=50 Ohm
33
3.1 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - INTERMEDIATE
3.1.1 Selecting & Setting Variables
3.1.2 Analyzing & Tuning
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3.1 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - INTERMEDIATE
Re-open the file that was saved earlier in DIY No 1.
CAPID=C1C=0.9833 pF
CAPID=C3C=3.182 pF
INDID=L2L=6.436 nH
INDID=L4L=6.436 nH
CAPID=C5C=0.9833 pF
PORTP=1Z=50 Ohm
PORTP=2Z=50 Ohm
35
3.1 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - INTERMEDIATE
3.1.1 Selecting & Setting Variables
To start manual tuning of certain parameters in a schematic, the “Tune
Tool” in the schematic should be selected
36
3.1 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - INTERMEDIATE
3.1.1 Selecting & Setting Variables
Using the tune tool, select the desired parameter in the schematic to be
tuned. When selected its value will turn blue
37
3.1 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - INTERMEDIATE
3.1.1 Selecting & Setting Variables
Invoke the variable tuning toolbar by clicking on the “Tune” button at the
top tool bar
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3.1 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - INTERMEDIATE
3.1.1 Selecting & Setting Variables
A variable tuning toolbar like this will appear before you. The nominal, max and min tunable values/range can be
set here by users
39
3.1 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - INTERMEDIATE
3.1.2 Analyzing & Tuning
Click on “Analyze” button and click on the Graph so that the results may be shown. Ensure that the variable tuner
tool bar is also easily accessible.
40
3.1 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - INTERMEDIATE
3.1.2 Analyzing & Tuning
Move the variable tuner up and down (to change the L value) and observe the changes in the S11 and S21 values
in the freq range
41
4.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - ADV
4.1 Selecting & Setting Variables
4.2 Adding & Setting Optimization
Goals
4.3 Running an Optimization
42
4.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - ADV
4.1 Selecting & Setting Variables
4.24.2 Adding & Setting Optimization Adding & Setting Optimization
GoalsGoals
4.34.3 Running an OptimizationRunning an Optimization
43
4.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - ADV
4.1 Selecting & Setting Variables
To edit the property of variables for optimization purposes, click on “Simulate” button at the top of
window. Select “Optimize” option, OR press “F7” button
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4.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - ADV
4.1 Selecting & Setting Variables
A window like this will appear. Click on the “Variables” tab at the bottom of
the window to enable variable selection
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4.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - ADV
4.1 Selecting & Setting Variables
A window like this will appear. Select all the elements in the schematic and enable both options for tuning and
optimization
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4.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - ADV
4.1 Selecting & Setting Variables
A pop-up window like this will appear. Select the element’s Value (only) for
optimization and tuning. In this case, inductance “L” is selected for
tuning & optimization
47
4.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - ADV
4.1 Selecting & Setting Variables
Another way of having a clearer view when selecting a certain (not all)
elements to be tuned and optimized is to double-click on the element in the
schematic
48
4.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - ADV
4.14.1 Selecting & Setting VariablesSelecting & Setting Variables
4.2 Adding & Setting Optimization
Goals
4.34.3 Running an OptimizationRunning an Optimization
49
4.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - ADV
4.2 Adding & Setting Optimization Goals
To set optimization goals, right-click on the “Optimization Goals” icon on the
right and select “Add Opt Goal”
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4.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - ADV
4.2 Adding & Setting Optimization Goals
To add a goal so that S11 less than -10 dB in pass band, ensure that the S11 measurement is selected
here
Since this is an LPF with pass band < 2GHz, the range of the goal should start from MIN and
stops at 2GHz
Click on “OK” button when done setting an
optimization goal
51
4.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - ADV
4.2 Adding & Setting Optimization Goals
An optimization goal will appear under the “Optimizer Goals” icon when setting is
done
52
4.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - ADV
4.2 Adding & Setting Optimization Goals
An optimization goal line will also appear in the graph
where the optimized measurement is plotted.
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4.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - ADV
4.2 Adding & Setting Optimization Goals
• Continue to add on another two more
optimization goals, which are both for S21;
1. S21 is at least -3 dB in pass band
2. S21 is less than – 10 db in stop band
54
4.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - ADV
4.2 Adding & Setting Optimization Goals
Goal 1: S21 is at least -3 dB in pass band
55
4.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - ADV
4.2 Adding & Setting Optimization Goals
Goal 2: S21 is less than – 10 db in stop band
56
4.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - ADV
4.2 Adding & Setting Optimization Goals
Optimization goal lines will also appear in the graph where the optimized measurement is
plotted. Colors of the lines are according to the measurement types, different measurement has
different goal line colors
57
4.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - ADV
4.14.1 Selecting & Setting VariablesSelecting & Setting Variables
4.24.2 Adding & Setting Optimization Adding & Setting Optimization
GoalsGoals
4.3 Running an Optimization
58
4.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - ADV
4.3 Running an Optimization
To start running an optimization, click on
“Simulate” and “Optimize” option at the top of the
window. User can also press “F7” button
59
4.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - ADV
4.3 Running an Optimization
Once a window as shown appears, click on the “Start” button. Please also ensure
that the “Maximum Iterations” option is set to
“5000”
60
4.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - ADV
4.3 Running an Optimization
When the “Show all iterations” check box is selected, no of iterations
during optimization run will be shown here.
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4.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - ADV
4.3 Running an Optimization
Final S11 and S21 response of the optimized filter is shown in the graph.
The optimizer tries to fit curves towards the goal targets, but might
not achieve it 100% due to the property of the filter itself
62
4.0 KNOW YOUR SOFTWARE - ADV
4.3 Running an Optimization
Optimized circuit element’s value is shown in this figure
63
5.0 CONCLUSION
• What you have learnt today??
• Revised on design theories learnt in class
• Applied a theory based design using a simulation
software
• Learnt how to use a software which is capable of
simulating various microwave components
64
5.0 REFERENCES
• Pozar, D.M. (2005) Microwave Engineering 3rd Ed.
John Wiley & Sons, N.J, USA
• Pozar, D.M. (2001) Microwave and RF Design for
Wireless Systems, John Wiley & Sons, N.J, USA
65
6.0 REVISION HISTORY
Version Date Comments Author
R01.00 22-08-2006 Initial Draft P.J Soh
R01.01 29-08-2006 Added Manual Tuning Proc (Section 3.1)
P.J Soh