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Emotional Contagion and its Influence on Team
Functioning in Organizations
V.Vijayalakshmi MS04D011
Department of Management Studies INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY MADRAS 1st DC Meeting, 19th July, 2005
DC Members: Dr. Sanghamitra Bhattacharyya (Guide) Dr. L.S.Ganesh (Chairman) Dr.T.J.Kamalanabhan Dr. C. Rajendran Dr. K .N. Satyanarayana Dr. Debashis Acharya
1st DC Meeting, 19th July, 2005
V.Vijayalakshmi MS04D011 Department of Management Studies, IIT Madras
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Contents
Definition of Emotional ContagionOccurrence of Emotional Contagion Rationale of Emotional Contagion Literature ReviewWork done in the past yearObjectives of the studyConceptual FrameworkResearch PropositionsProposed Plan of Action
1st DC Meeting, 19th July, 2005
V.Vijayalakshmi MS04D011 Department of Management Studies, IIT Madras
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What is Emotional Contagion?
Emotional Contagion is defined as “a
multiply determined family of psychophysiological, behavioral and social phenomena.” (Hatfield,1994)
It’s a multi-level phenomenon
‘A ‘ individual
’B’ individual ‘C’ individual ‘D’ individual
1st DC Meeting, 19th July, 2005
V.Vijayalakshmi MS04D011 Department of Management Studies, IIT Madras
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How does this occur? (Hatfield, 1994)
Conscious cognitive process
Conditional and Unconditional emotional responses
Mimicry and feedback
Automatic, unintentional,
uncontrollable & largely inaccessible
to consciousness.
1st DC Meeting, 19th July, 2005
V.Vijayalakshmi MS04D011 Department of Management Studies, IIT Madras
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Rationale
Raison d'être-
Psychological
Climate is influential
Emotions drive
people
to action
State of infancy
in India
1st DC Meeting, 19th July, 2005
V.Vijayalakshmi MS04D011 Department of Management Studies, IIT Madras
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Literature Review
Groups and Teams Marketing
and Customer Relations
Mimicry and Imitation
Literature review
Psychological Processes
1st DC Meeting, 19th July, 2005
V.Vijayalakshmi MS04D011 Department of Management Studies, IIT Madras
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Emotional Contagion and Group Behavior
Barsade(2002)
Deals with the mechanisms by which mood
transfer occurs in groups.
Emotional Contagion and Gender Differences
Helland (2001)
Investigated whether there was any significant
difference between genders in terms of the
amount of imitation recorded.
1st DC Meeting, 19th July, 2005
V.Vijayalakshmi MS04D011 Department of Management Studies, IIT Madras
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Emotional Contagion and Organizational Functioning
Halverson (2004)
Suggests that the concept of affect is
influential in its dealings with leadership,
especially charismatic and transformational
leadership.
Hsee, Hatfield, and Carlson (1990)
The nature of power base and its relation to
Emotional Contagion was analysed.
1st DC Meeting, 19th July, 2005
V.Vijayalakshmi MS04D011 Department of Management Studies, IIT Madras
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Emotional Contagion in Marketing and Customer Satisfaction
Howard and Gengler (2001) Employee affect is manifested by their on-the-job
service transactions and is a potent contributor to attributions of service quality and perceptions of the organizations by the customer.
Pugh (2001) Studies how employees feel and how they act
towards customers and also about how employee actions make customers feel, and how this influences what customers think about the organization.
1st DC Meeting, 19th July, 2005
V.Vijayalakshmi MS04D011 Department of Management Studies, IIT Madras
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Emotional Contagion and Stress
Wethington (2000) sees stress as originating in the daily course of life as a consequence of social interaction in dyads and groups.
Doherty (1997) has developed a Emotional Contagion 15-item uni-dimentional measure of susceptibility to other’s emotions resulting from mimicry.
1st DC Meeting, 19th July, 2005
V.Vijayalakshmi MS04D011 Department of Management Studies, IIT Madras
11
Work done during the period of review
Literature Survey
Position paper - work in progress
Deciding on the variables to be used in
the study
Completion of the required course work
Two National Conference Presentations
1st DC Meeting, 19th July, 2005
V.Vijayalakshmi MS04D011 Department of Management Studies, IIT Madras
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Objective of the study (Research questions )
What is the level of contagion present in the Indian organizational setting?
How do
a) individual factors contribute to EC?
b) interpersonal factors affect EC?
c) contextual factors influence the level of EC?
How would the use of
a) the concept Facial Feedback Hypothesis (FFH) influence EC and thereby aid in the improvement of team functioning?
b) Neuro-linguistic Programming (NLP), as an organizational developmental tool affect EC and bring about better team functioning?
1st DC Meeting, 19th July, 2005
V.Vijayalakshmi MS04D011 Department of Management Studies, IIT Madras
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Conceptual Framework
Facial
Feedback Hypothesis
Individual Factors
•Level of susceptibility to emotion•Need for affiliation
Contextual Factors
• Composition of teams •Nature of job tasks•Cohesiveness
Improvement of team
functioning Presence of EC
Neuro -Linguistics
Programming
InterpersonalFactors• Interpersonal attraction•Interpersonal trust•Extent of familiarity•Psychological congruence
1st DC Meeting, 19th July, 2005
V.Vijayalakshmi MS04D011 Department of Management Studies, IIT Madras
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Research Propositions… Based on the objectives of the study, we propose the
following:
Individual and interpersonal factors may contribute
more to the level of EC than contextual factors.
Applying
a) FFH to the presence of EC may bring about
improvement in team functioning.
b) NLP to the presence of EC may improve team
functioning.
1st DC Meeting, 19th July, 2005
V.Vijayalakshmi MS04D011 Department of Management Studies, IIT Madras
15
2 Stages of Future Action
I Stage
Development of a multi-dimensional EC Scale applicable to the Indian Context
Assessing the level of contagion present in organizations
1st DC Meeting, 19th July, 2005
V.Vijayalakshmi MS04D011 Department of Management Studies, IIT Madras
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II Stage
Using the concept of FFH and NLP on the level of Emotional Contagion to bring about an improvement in team functioning.
1st DC Meeting, 19th July, 2005
V.Vijayalakshmi MS04D011 Department of Management Studies, IIT Madras
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Proposed plan of action
Developing a model of Emotional Contagion (End of
July’05)
Based on the Literature review, submit the position paper
to a journal –work in progress( End of Aug’05)
Identify the field of operations to collect data ( End of
Aug’05)
Approach the relevant authorities ( End of October’05)
Develop a pretest questionnaire ( End of January’06)
1st DC Meeting, 19th July, 2005
V.Vijayalakshmi MS04D011 Department of Management Studies, IIT Madras
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Thank You
1st DC Meeting, 19th July, 2005
V.Vijayalakshmi MS04D011 Department of Management Studies, IIT Madras
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Personality & Group ProcessesGroup Personality Composition And Group Effectiveness: An Integrative Review Of Empirical Research.
Halfhill, Terry; Sundstrom, Eric; Lahner, Jessica; Calderone, Wilma; Nielsen, Tjai M.. Small Group Research, Feb2005, Vol. 36 Issue 1, p83, 23pI'm in the Mood for Work: Current Perspectives on Work Group Dynamics.
Gummer, Burton. Administration in Social Work, 2001, Vol. 25 Issue 2, p81, 21p Representations of the Group-as-a-Whole: Personality, Situational, and Dynamic Determinants
Les R. Greene , Psychoanalytic Psychology , Vol 16, Iss 3 , Summer 1999, pg 403-425
1st DC Meeting, 19th July, 2005
V.Vijayalakshmi MS04D011 Department of Management Studies, IIT Madras
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Personality & Group Processes (contd.)
Personality and Susceptibility to Positive and Negative Emotional States
Larsen, R.J.,T.Ketelaar, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1991, Vol.61, No1,132-140
Relating Member Ability and Personality to Work-Team Processes and Team Effectiveness
Barrick, M.R et al., Journal of Applied Psychology, 1998, Vol.83, No. 3, 377-391
Personality and Organizational Team Work
Singh,S, Indian Psychological Review, 2004, Vol.62, No.3, 124-135
1st DC Meeting, 19th July, 2005
V.Vijayalakshmi MS04D011 Department of Management Studies, IIT Madras
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ReferencesBarsade, G (2002) The Ripple Effect: Emotional Contagion and its Influence on Group Behavior, Administrative Science Quarterly.Brett, J.M., L. K. Stroh (2003) Working 61 plus hours a week: Why do managers do it?, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 88(1), 67-78. Doherty, W.R (1997) The Emotional Contagion Scale: A Measure of Individual Differences, Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 21(2), 131-154.
Gump, B., and J. Kulik (1997) Stress, Affiliation and Emotional Contagion, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 72, Issue. 2, 305-319.Halverson, S.K (2001) Emotional Contagion in Leader-Follower Interactions, Journal of Consumer Research, Vol.28.
1st DC Meeting, 19th July, 2005
V.Vijayalakshmi MS04D011 Department of Management Studies, IIT Madras
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ReferencesHess, U., and S. Blairy (2001) Facial mimicry and Emotional Contagion to dynamic emotional facial expressions and their influence on decoding accuracy, International Journal of Psychophysiology, 40, 129-141. Hsee, K., Hatfield, and G. Carlson. (1990) The effect of Power on Susceptibility to Emotional Contagion, Cognition and Emotion, 4(4), 327-340.Huy, Q.N (2002) Emotional Balancing of Organizational Continuity and Radical Change: the Contribution of Middle Managers, Administrative Science Quarterly. Joiner, T.E (1994) Contagious Depression: Existence, Specificity to Depressed Symptoms, and the Role of Reassurance Seeking, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol.67(2), 287-296.Kelly, J. R., S. G. Barsade (2001) Mood and Emotions in Small Groups and Work Teams, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Vol.86, Iss 1, pg. 99
1st DC Meeting, 19th July, 2005
V.Vijayalakshmi MS04D011 Department of Management Studies, IIT Madras
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ReferencesNeumann, R., F. Strack (2000) Mood Contagion: The Automatic Transfer of Mood Between Persons, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 79, Issue 2, 211-223.
Totterdell, P (2000) Catching moods and hitting runs: Mood Linkage and Subjective Performance in Professional Sport Teams, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 85(6), 848-859.
Totterdell, P., S, Kellett., K, Teuchmann., R. B, Briner (1998) Evidence of Mood Linkage in Work Groups, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol.74(6), 1504-1515.
Wethington. E (2000) Contagion of Stress, Advances in Group Processes, Vol.17, 229-253.
Wild, B., M. Erb., and M. Bartels (2001) Are Emotions Contagious? Evoked Emotions While Viewing Emotionally Expressive Faces: Quality, Quantity, Time Course and Gender Differences