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INTRODUCTION AND ADVANCEMENT IN TYRE

TECHNOLOGY

A SEMINAR REPORT

Submitted by

ABHINAV KUMAR TYAGI

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

B.TECH

IN

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

AJAY KUMAR GARG ENGINEERING COLLEGE ,GHAZIABAD

MAHAMAYA TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY,NOIDA

AUGUST 2013

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BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

cccCertified that this seminar report INTRODUCTION AND

ADVANCEMENT IN TYRE TECHNOLOGY is a bonafied work of

Abhinav Kumar Tyagi who carried out the seminar work under my

supervision .

(prof. I.P.Sharma) (MR. Devendra Singh)

HEAD SUPERVISOR

Deptt. Of Mechanical Engineering, Associate Professor

Ajay Kumar Garg Engg. College, Deptt. Of Mechanical Engineering,

Ghaziabad201009 Ajay Kumar Garg Engg. College,

Uttar Pradesh Ghaziabad201009

India Uttar Pradesh

India

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TABLE OF CONTENT

NO. TITTLE PAGE NO.

ABSTRACT

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF SYMBOLS

1. INTRODUCTION.. 1

2

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Abstract

Tyres seems to be one of the most important invention of humans and this

invention has move the civilization of humans to a very great extent . Now

traction property of tyres helps in moving very heavy materials at very high

speed with great ease . Previously or now in some cars still air tube is used

which has a great disadvantage of busting on getting punctured . But with the

invention of tubeless tyres , this problem has been solved to a great extent,as

in tubeless tyres air leaks out at a very slow rate . Also in place of air nitrogen

gas is used as it dry inert gas and comes out three times slower than oxygen .

Man has also moved the tyres on other planets also . NASA recently made

tyres in which there is no fear of puncture which is known as SPRING TYRE

TECHNOLOGY. US also used airless tyres in the attack over IRAQ , where

they face the problem of getting their tyres hit by the enemy . Above this

technology in future their will be intelligent tyres equipped with

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electromagnetic system , and will tilt itself according to the road with safety.

Table of Contents

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INTRODUCTION

AND

ADVANCEMENT

IN

TYRE TECHNOLOGY

BY:-

ABHINAVKR.TY

GI

ME-G 1140064

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CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

HISTORY OF TYRES

COMPOSITION IN TYRES

CAUSE FOR THE BLACKNESS OF TYRE

KNOWN PRODUCERS OF TYRES IN THE WORLD

TYRES CONFIGURATION

THREAD PATTERN IN TYRES

PARTS OF A TYRE

TYRE CONSTRUCTION TYPES OF TYRES

RECENT TYRE TECHNOLOGIES

APPLICATION OF TYRE TECHNOLOGIES

GLIMPSE OF FUTURE TYRES

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

TYRE

Tyreisa ring-shapedcovering that fits around

awheel's rimto protect itand enable better vehicle

performance. Most tires, such as those for

automobiles and bicycles,providetractionbetween

the vehicle and the road while providing a flexible

cushion that absorbs shock.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rim_(wheel)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rim_(wheel)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traction_(engineering)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traction_(engineering)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traction_(engineering)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traction_(engineering)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rim_(wheel)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheel

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HISTORY OF TYRES

The first true tyre as we now know it was invented in

1846 by the Scot inventor Robert William Thompson

, when he fitted an air-filled tube inside a hollow rubber

tyre. He fitted his aerial wheels to several horse-drawn

carriages in Londons Hyde Park greatly improving the

comfort oftravel and reducing the noise. One set ran

for

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1200 miles without any sign of wear and tear.In 1888

John Boyd Dunlop also invented the pneumatic tyreand applied it to a bicycle, which he duly patented only

to be rejected because of Thompsons legitimatepatent

43 years before.The earliest tires were bands

ofiron(latersteel), placedon wooden wheels, usedon cartsand wagons. The tire would be heated in a

forgefire, placed over the wheel and quenched,causing

the metal to contract and fit tightly on the wheel. A

skilled worker, known as awheelwright, carried out thiswork. The outer ring served to "tie" the wheelsegments

together for use, providing also a wear-resistantsurface

to the perimeter of the wheel.

The first practical pneumatic tire was made

by ScottishinventorJohn Boyd Dunlopwhile workingas

a veterinarian in May Street,Belfastin 1887 for his

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelwrighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelwrighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Boyd_Dunlophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Boyd_Dunlophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Boyd_Dunlophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelwrighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron

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son'sbicycle, in an effort to prevent the headaches his

son had while riding on rough roads (Dunlop's patent

was later declared invalid because of prior art by

fellow ScotRobert William Thomson). Dunlop iscredited

with "realizing rubber could withstand the wear andtear

of being a tire while retaining its resilience".[4]

The

development of this technology hinges onmyriad

engineering advances. In terms of materials, the

vulcanization of natural rubber is credited to Charles

Goodyearand Robert William. Synthetic rubbers were

invented in the laboratoriesofBayerin the,

1920s Today, over 1 billion tiresare produced annuallyin over 400 tire factories

COMPOSITION IN TYRES

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tire#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tire#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Goodyearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Goodyearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Goodyearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Goodyearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Goodyearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tire#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle

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Raw Rubber

Steel

Nylon

Polyester

Rayon

Carbon Black

Synthetic Rubber

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CAUSE FOR THE

BLACKNESS OF

TYRE

Mostly the colour of the tyres are kept black , this

is

done in order to protect the tyres from harmfull UV

rays . In order to protect the tyre , a common type

of

UV stabilizer called COMPETITIVE ABSORBER

IS

added , which absorb these harmful UV light

wave

energy

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TOP 5 PRODUCER OF TYRESIN THE WORLD

1. Michelin

http://www.automaxblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/BMW-3-series-wheels-and-tires.jpg

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The first thing that comes to peoples mind about

Michelin is the marshmallow man. On top of that

, Michelin is the worlds largest tire manufacturing

company. Michelin is based in Auvergne, France andit

has been in business since 1888. Michelin has been

producing high quality tires and it has an outstanding

reputation in producing high quality tires. What is

interesting is that Michelin is the only tiresupplier

for NASAs space shuttles. Also, Michelin tiresare

used in Concorde, F22 Stealth Fighter jets, B2 Stealth

Bomber, and in various race cars. Top quality and

confidence is the strengths of Michelin. Some of the

popular tire lines include the all-season Energy, long-

lasting HydroEdge, all-season Harmony, all-season

performance Pilot, X-Ice and X-Ice Xi2 winter tires. On

the down side, Michelin tires tend to be moreexpensive

compared to other brands.

2. Bridgestone

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OzzrKEEMAj0&feature=PlayList&p=A961352F8FEB6DF1&playnext=1&playnext_from=PL&index=19http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OzzrKEEMAj0&feature=PlayList&p=A961352F8FEB6DF1&playnext=1&playnext_from=PL&index=19http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OzzrKEEMAj0&feature=PlayList&p=A961352F8FEB6DF1&playnext=1&playnext_from=PL&index=19

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Bridgestone is worlds second largest tiremanufacturing

company. Based in Fukuoka, Japan since 1931,

Bridgestone is focused on producing highperformance

tires such as the Potenza summer tires and thefamous

Blizzak winter performance tires. Many of the luxury

cars such as Audi, BMW, Mercedes-Benz,

Porsche, and Ferrari are equipped with factory

installed tires made by Bridgestone. Bridgestone has

been supplyingtires in Formula One racing since 1997.

In 1988Bridgestone purchased Firestone Tire and

Rubber Company, which used to be an American

company based in Tennessee

.

3. Goodyear

Goodyear is the third largest tire company in the

world. The company was named after CharlesGoodyear

, who invented the vulcanized rubber back in 1925

. Goodyear got famous from its innovative market

strategythrough the Goodyear blimp.Goodyear was

http://www.goodyearblimp.com/http://www.goodyearblimp.com/

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founded in1898 in Ohio, America. The tire company is

recognized asone of the most respected companies in

America in 2008 ranked by the Forbes magazine.

Goodyear produces awide range of tires such as the

popular all-season Integrity, the Eagle series summer

performance tires, andtheNordic winter tire. Goodyearis

the official tire supplier for the National Hot Rod

Association (NHRA) for dragracing. Goodyear owns

other tire companies including Dunlop, Kelly Tires,Sava,

and Fulda.

4. Continental

Founded in 1871, Continental is based in Hanover

, Germany. It is the fourth worlds largest tire

manufacturing company in the world. Continental alsomanufactures other automotive components such as

brake systems and vehicle stability systems. In orderto

enter the North American market, Continental Tire

purchased General Tire in 1987. To increase its

market

http://www.automaxblog.com/2009/12/goodyear-nordic-winter-tires/http://www.automaxblog.com/2009/12/goodyear-nordic-winter-tires/

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presence, Continental has become an official sponsor

ofthe 2010 FIFA World Cup. Continentals product line

includes the all-season ExtremeContact series, the

SportContact summer performance series, and the TS

and WinterContact winter series

5. Pirelli

Last but not least, Pirelli is the worlds fifth largest tiremanufacturing company in the world. Its headquarteris

based in Milan, Italy and it was founded since 1872.

Pirellihas placed most emphasis on producing high

performance and ultra high tires such as the PZero

series, which is factory installed on Lamborghini

Gallardo LP 560 and Murcielago LP 640 supercars.

Pirellis winter Sottozero Serie II has received a lot of

great reviews from various tire tests.

http://www.pirellityre.com/web/car-suv-van/tyres/tyre-test-results/wintertest/wintertest.pagehttp://www.pirellityre.com/web/car-suv-van/tyres/tyre-test-results/wintertest/wintertest.page

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TYPES CONFIGURATION

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.

What Do The Numbers on The Sidewall

Actually Mean?

Aspect ratio: The aspect ratio is essentially a measure

of how tall your tire is. The larger the number, the

taller the tire. The number is calculated by dividing the

height of the tire by it's width, then turning the result

into a percentage. Your typical all-season passenger

car tire will have an aspect ratio somewhere between

65 and 80.

Load index: Your tire's load index lets you know how

much weight the tire was designed to carry safely. By

using the load index chart displayed below, you can

match the rating up with the number of pounds the tire

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can support when it is inflated to its maximum air

pressure. For example, if your load rating is 81, you can

then determine that the tire was engineered to carry

1,019 pounds when fully inflated. Multiply this weight

by four to find out the maximum carrying capacity for

your vehicle. When buying aftermarket or replacement

tires, it's important to find a model that matches the

load index that was on the original equipment

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Speed rating :- The speed rating is a number issued by the

U.S. government which signifies how well a tire can reach

and maintain a certain speed. Speed ratings are simply

letters which correspond to a specific top speed. Keep in

mind that these are not recommended speeds to drive at,

but simply a way to get a better idea of how well the tire

will handle (tires with a hire speed rating are likely to

provide better traction and handling). When buying new

tires, always choose 4 tires with identical speed ratings.

Mixing up the specifications on your tires will result in

serious and unsafe driving conditions. It's also not

recommended that you downgrade the speed rating on

your tires. Always follow the manufacturer's guidelines and

buy tires with ratings that are identical to the original stockequipment.

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Aspect Ratio

So if we have a P205/

60R15

tire

The width is 205 millimeters and

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the height is 60% of the width.That means 205 x .6 = 123millimeters.

That tire should be 123

millimeters tall.

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THREAD PATTERN IN TYRES

Tread is a rubber on the main surface of tyre which

has direct contact with the terrain. On the otherhand,

Pattern is a design which is cut into the rubberand

it helps to create traction between tyre and road

. Therefore, tread is referred to the rubber andnot

the design.Depending upon various factors, such

as usage frequency and type of terrain on whicha

vehicle is driven, the tread can eventually give up

which later typically causes less effective braking

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and tractionforce. It is highly recommended to

replace the tyres as soon as you sense the signs

of their balding, also, legally the depth of tread

should be at least 1.6 MM. One may, however,

never be penalized for violation of this rule but its

made for the safety of your own and other

innocent road users out there. You will find ahuge

variety of tyres available of different sizes and

tread designs in the market. Here, choosing the

correct tread pattern can certainly make a big

difference when it comes to tyre speed rating and

stability. So, its important to become familiar

withsome of the primary types of tread patternsas

described below.

Symmetric Tyre Tread

Pattern

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Symmetric tread design can be commonly seen

on the tyres of many cars. As their name itself

indicates, symmetrical pattern refers to those

treads which feature similar continuous design

across the tread on either sides of tyre. Tyres

with this type of pattern are normally non-

directional, meaning that they can be fitted

without worrying about a specific rotational

direction

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Asymmetric Tyre Tread

Pattern

Exactly opposite to the symmetric tread patternasymmetric tyre treads feature dissimilar designson both the sides. This discrepancy in theirdesign allows better grip on flat out roads andalso while making turns. Generally, the outer

area of such tyres has broad design where as theinner carries smaller independent tread blocks,as seen on symmetric design.

Unidirectional Tyre Tread

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Pattern

The unidirectional (also known as directional)

tread patterns are made to perform well when

fitted on a specified direction, this direction is

generally marked with help of an arrow on the

sidewalls. This type of tyres have V shaped

tread design which helps increasing aquaplaningresistance when the vehicle is running on high

speeds, by efficiently cutting it through this

unique pattern.

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PARTS OF TYRES

Beads

Two rings that are made of steel wire and

encased in rubber.They hold tire side walls

snugly against the rim

Body Pl ies

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It is rubberized fabric and cords which is

wrapped around beads.and form body of the

tire.

Tread

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outer surface of the tire that contacts the

road

Sidewall

outer part of the tire that extends fromthe bead to the tread. Marking on the

sidewall

provides the information about the tire.

Liner

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thin layer of rubber that is bonded to the

inside of the plies. It provides a leak proof

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membrane for tubeless tires

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Tire Construction

I. Bias Ply Tires

Still used today in some applications for trucks,trailers and farm implements, as well as inemerging markets, bias tires have body ply cordsthat are laid at angles substantially less than 90

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to the tread centerline, extending from bead tobead .

Advantages :- Simple construction and ease ofmanufacture.

Disadvantages :- As the tire deflects, shear

occurs between body plies which generates heat.

Tread motion also results in poor wear

characteristics

I. Belted Bias Tire

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Belted bias tires, as the name implies, are biastires with belts (also known as breaker plies)added in the tread region. Belts restrict expansionof the body carcass in the circumferentialdirection, strengthening and stabilizing the treadregion (see Figure 1.1).

Advantages :- Improved wear and handling dueto added stiffness in the tread area

.Disadvantages :- Body ply shear during

deflection generates heat; higher material and

manufacturing cost

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I. Radial Ply Tire

Radial tires have body ply cords that are laid

radially from bead to bead, nominally at 90 to the

centerline of the tread. Two or more belts are laiddiagonally in the tread region to add strength andstability. Variations of this tire construction are

used in modern passenger vehicle tire).

Advantages :- Radial body cords deflect moreeasily under load, thus they generate less heat,

give lower rolling resistance and better high-speed

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performance. Increased tread stiffness from thebelt significantly improves wear and handling.

Disadvantages :- Complex construction

increases material and manufacturing costs and

also produce a harder , or harsher , ride at low

speed

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TYPES OF TYRES

Perfo rmance Tyres

Performance tyres are designed for sports cars orfor drivers who want a combination of sportyappearance, good performance at high speed

along with durability and great dry and wettraction. These tyres are intended to be used insports cars, sporty coupes and performancesedans. The circumferential grooves enable waterdissipation and give the best resistance toaquaplaning. These tyres are available in differentspeed ratings ranging from H to W/Y. If it is a H

rated tyre it is Standard Performance, V-Rated -High Performance and W/Y - Ultra High

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Performance tyres. These tyres are available withsymmetric, asymmetric and directional tread

patterns. These tyres cannot be used in freezingtemperatures, like in snow.

Standard Summer Tyres

Standard summer tyres are designed for standardcars or for drivers who want enhanced durability,better handling along with good dry and wettraction. These tyres are usually meant for smalland compact cars which have a limited speedcapacity (usually up to H rating). These tyres are

designed with all the necessary performancecharacteristics in mind. These tyres in generalhave strong casing and durable construction, sothe tyre performs well in loaded conditions too.These tyres can be used in all seasons except insnow. Standard summer tyres are available to fitrim diameters from 12 to 16 inches. These tyres

have in general symmetric tread patterns butasymmetric designs are also available.

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A ll Weather Tyres

All season tyres are designed for full-size sedans,

mini cargo vans and crossover utility vehicles. Thetyre design combines durability, fuel efficiency,ride comfort and all-season traction includingoccasional light snow. The tyre has excellenthandling characteristics that are ideal for driving insummer conditions on dry and wet roads. At thesame time, the tyre offers perfect grip and highdispersal capacity in winter conditions.Independent tread blocks enhance aquaplaningresistance and a rib pattern gives a quiet andcomfortable ride. The asymmetric tyre has in itselfboth winter and summer pattern in it so it performsequally well in both conditions. These tyres aresuitable where the weather conditions rapidlychange and the driver need not change his tyres

frequently depending on the weather.

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Win ter Tyres

Winter tyres are designed to meet challengingwinter conditions. These tyres are intended for usein extreme winter conditions with snow. Thesetyres enable high-speed driving on highways andgood traction on snow-covered roads. Tyre sizesare available in a wide range of sizes for small andcompact cars, sedans, minivans, crossovers andsports utility vehicles in different speed categories.Wet grip and traction is of prime importance inthese tyres which are enabled with special silicacompounds. The numerous thin grooves calledsipes in the tread enables excellent grip andstability when accelerating and braking. Thesetyres have directional tread patterns

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SUV Tyres

.

SUV tyres are designed for sports utility vehicles.These tyres have a unique combination of sportyperformance and luxury looks. These tyres aremeant for drivers who want heavy-duty loadcapacity, even wear and low noise along withgood traction on dry and wet roads. These tyreshave robust construction, which gives the tyre ahigher load capacity making it ideal for heavySUVs. These tyres are able to perform well on allkind of road surfaces like highways, streets, etc.These tyres have excellent grip and braking sosafety is ensured. The tread pattern is designed to

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have excellent water dissipation, and a wider treadenables good traction.

Wet Weather Tyres

These tyres need to get up

to a certain temperature to grip well. They are the

best tyres for rainy weather. The treads are

designed to diffuse the maximum amount of water

so that grip is not compromised in the wet.

Al l Terrain/Mud & Snow Tyres

Mud & Snow/All Terrain tyres are designed forvehicles which operate both on and off the road.

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These tyres have an aggressive and sporty lookwhich matches the vehicle. These tyres have a

combination of customary on-road capacity,enhanced off road capabilities and all-seasonversatility including traction in light snow. Theblock tread pattern provides excellent grip andtraction on road and in terrain. Specially designedgrooves provide good traction in mud and slush,and gravel roads. The circumferential and lateral

grooves channel out mud and slush, helping thesetyres have the same capability off road as they doon road. These tyres are branded with an M+Ssymbol to indicate their all-season ability. Allterrain tyres are used for light and medium-duty4WD trucks, pickups and sports utility vehicles

.

Cargo Tyres

Cargo tyres are for small commercial vehicles(SCV) which are used for load-carrying operationsand people-movers like the Tata Ace, Piaggio ApeTruk and Mahindra Gio. These are for vehicles

with small wheel diameters. These tyres havetreads with specially designed tread compounds to

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enable cooler running and lower resistance. Thesetyres are able to perform well on all kind of road

surfaces like highways, surface streets, etc. Thedesign of the tyre also ensures better grip, goodhandling and comfort.

Van Tyres

Van tyres are for vehicles which are used primarilyfor load-carrying and passenger ferryingoperations (Commercial Light Truck/LCV). As theapplication demands these tyres are very robust in

construction to enable durable performance.These tyres are fitted in vehicles with low speedcapability when compared to a passenger car buthigh load carrying capacity. The rib patternprovides directional stability on all kind of roads.The wide and continuous shoulder grooves enableuniform wear and superior fuel efficiency.

Interconnected ribs provide better stability at high

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speeds and prevent uneven wear. These tyreshave treads with specially designed tread

compounds to enable cooler running and lowerresistance.

.

RECENT TYRETECHNOLOGIES

Tube-Type Tyres

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Tube-type or tubed tyres have an inner tubebetween the rim and the tyre, which holds the air

under pressure. . The tube inside the tyre isfilled with airand inflated to allow tyres to supporta vehicles weight and maintain the shape of atyre.

.

Tubeless Tyres

Tubeless tyresdon't have tubes. Air is retainedthanks to an airtight seal between tyre and rim,and the valve hole in the rim is sealed with aspecial tubeless valve. Here the inner liner of the

tyre is made of butyl rubber, which resists air

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leakage from the tyre due to its low airpermeability property.

Each tubeless tyre has a "TUBELESS" engravedmarking. If this marking is not present on the tyre,it is a tube-type tyre and must be fitted with a tubeonly.

Never use a tube-type tyre without tube. This willlead to frequent loss of air through the tyre

because the tubeless inner liner is absent, whichfurther deteriorates the integrity of the tyrestructure.

Advantage of tubeless tyre over

tube-type tyre

Slower rate of deflation

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Less chances of loss of control = Greatersafety

No sudden loss of air = Journey can continue

Lighter wheel assembly, means:o Less vibrations = Better comforto Lower rolling resistance = Better fuel

efficiency

Sidewall is more supple as there is no inner body

to create friction

o More comfortable ride

Less friction since tube is not thereo Cooler running = Longer tyre life

MODIFICATION

Nitrogen Filling

Nitrogen has been used for decades in the tyres ofairplanes, as well as in motorsport. Nitrogen is an inertgas and remains in the gaseous state at very lowtemperatures and so it doesn't liquefy at high altitudewhere temperatures ranges close to -40 degrees

Celsius. Since nitrogen doesn't freeze at those

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temperatures, it doesn't cause any issues when anaircraft lands. Now, even some passenger cars use

nitrogen to inflate their tyres. Nitrogen is usedbecause:

Nitrogen is a dry inert gas. That means moisture free.

Nitrogen leaks out of the sidewall three times slower

then oxygen.

Oxygen oxidizes the rubber in the sidewall. Plus the

moisture in the air will rust the steel rims

Alloy Wheels

Most passenger cars are equipped with

steel rims. These rims are heavy andhence increase the weight of the wheel-tyre combination. Alloy wheels arelighterand look better than regular rimsand wheel caps, making your car lookmore attractive.

. Studies have shown that alloys have a greater

inclination to undergo corrosion resulting in theleakage of air. The one advantage that the al loyswheels h ave is th at they can be repaired

regardless o f the damage.

Non-pneumatic tires (NPT)

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OR

Airless tyres

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Non-pneumatic tires (NPT), orAirless tires,are tires that are not supported by air pressure. Theyare used on some small vehicles such as riding lawnmowers and motorized golf carts. They are also usedon heavy equipment such as backhoes, which are

required to operate on sites such as buildingdemolition, where tire punctures are likely. Tirescomposed of closed-cell polyurethane foam are alsomade for bicycles and wheelchairs. The mainadvantage of airless tires is that they cannot go flat,but they are far less common than air filled tires.

Airless tires generally have higherrolling

resistance and provide much less suspension thansimilarly shaped and sized pneumatic tires. Other

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawn_mower#Riding_.28ride-on.29_mowershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawn_mower#Riding_.28ride-on.29_mowershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf_carthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backhoehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_resistancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_resistancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatic_tireshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatic_tireshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_resistancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_resistancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backhoehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf_carthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawn_mower#Riding_.28ride-on.29_mowershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawn_mower#Riding_.28ride-on.29_mowershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tire

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problems for airless tires include dissipating the heatbuildup that occurs when

they are driven. Airless tires are often filled withcompressed polymers (plastic), rather than air.

Michelin is currently developing an integrated tire andwheel combination, the "Tweel" (derived from "tire" and

"wheel," which, as the name "Tweel" suggests, arecombined into one new, fused part), that operatesentirely without air. Michelin claims its "Tweel" has loadcarrying, shock absorbing, and handling characteristicsthat compare favorably to conventional pneumatictires. Automotive engineering group of mechanicalengineering department at Clemson University is

developing a low energy loss airless tire with Michelinthrough the NIST ATP project.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemson_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemson_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer

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Resilient Technologies and the University ofWisconsinMadison's Polymer Engineering Center are

creating a "non-pneumatic tire", which is basically around

polymeric honeycomb wrapped with a thick, blacktread. The initial version of the tire is forthe Humvee and is expected to be available in

2012.

[1][2]

Resilient Technologies airless tires havebeen tested and are used by the U.S. Army.[3]

Bridgestone is developing theAir-Free ConceptTyre which is similar to the Tweel and can hold150 kgs per tire.

[4]

The Energy Return Wheel has the outer edge of the

tire connected to the inner rim by a system of springs.

The springs can have their tension changed to vary the

handling characteristics

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humveehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airless_tire#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airless_tire#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airless_tire#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airless_tire#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgestonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bridgestone_Air-Free_Concept_Tyre&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bridgestone_Air-Free_Concept_Tyre&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airless_tire#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airless_tire#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy_Return_Wheel&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy_Return_Wheel&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airless_tire#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bridgestone_Air-Free_Concept_Tyre&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bridgestone_Air-Free_Concept_Tyre&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgestonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airless_tire#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airless_tire#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airless_tire#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humvee

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NASA SPRING

TYRE TECHNOLOGY

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The spring tyre technology has been developed and

by Goodyear and NASA (The National Space

Aeronautics and Space Administration) together.

These are energy efficient tyres that will not go flat,

have been made up of springs and can carry heavy

loads too

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The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company of Akron,

OH and the NASA Glenn Research Center(GRC) in

Cleveland, OH under the direction of Vivake Asnani

recently completed a jointly funded project to improve

upon the wire mesh Moon tire technology developed

for the Apollo Lunar Roving Vehicle in the early

1970s. The purpose was to support new heavier lunar

vehicles that will travel much longer distances, thus

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making the technology more practical for use on Earth.

The original tire used a mesh of wire and did not

require air or rubber in order to operate on the

Moon. The project team modified this technology,

creating what is known as the "Spring Tire." The spring

tire meets the new requirements and has the additional

benefit of consuming a negligible amount of energy.

The national aeronautics and space administration

(NASA) joined forces with goodyearto develop an

airless tire to be used on extra-terrestrial surfaces. the

'spring tire' features 800 load bearing springs and is

designed to carry heavy vehicles over much greater

distances than the wire mesh tire used on the apollo

lunar roving vehicle.

It's able to withstand the sharp temperature differences

of outer space and will not blow out if it is punctured.

should a puncture occur, it would affect only one or a

http://www.nasa.gov/http://www.nasa.gov/http://www.goodyear.com/http://www.goodyear.com/http://www.goodyear.com/http://www.nasa.gov/

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few of the 800 load bearing springs

COMMERCIAL APPLICATION

Tires for passenger vehicles to avoidpuncture failure and save energy.

Tires that conform to rough terrain and

operate reliably in remote and hostile

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locations. Applications include military mining

and trash hauling vehicles.

Social/Economic Benefit

Reduced fuel consumption in vehicles,

reducing cost and emissions

Improved safety of passenger vehicles.

Improved mobility, ride, and maintenancefor off- road vehicles

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NASA APPLICATION

The NASA Glenn Research Center is now on aninnovative path, producing tires for lunar exploration

and construction vehicles. Spring tires were installed

on NASAs Lunar Electric Rover test vehicle and was

tested successfully at the Johnson Space Center

Rock Yard in Houston, where it performed

successfully. This success shows there is a greatpossibility for future missions to the moon and Mars.

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GLIMPSE OF FUTURE TYRES

Tiltread Dynamic Tires

Designed by Ben Zavala, the Tiltread is a resilient,

non-pneumatic tire designed to prevent blowouts.The maximized contact ratio and dispersion of surface

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tension by tilting system designed to provide dynamicbut stable cornering. A revolution of the sport tire,

Tiltread is designed to provide more dynamic corneringability through the use of non-pneumatic and Tilt TireTechnology with the addition of unnecessary treadwear.

Motiv Off Road Tyre

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Designed by Mark Hearn, the Motiv off-road tirefeatures numerous variable tread blocks that move and

adapt to the driving surface beneath to help provide anexhilarating adventure. The variable tread contactpatch and non-pneumatic technology provide a tiredesign that's intended to adapt to extremeconditions without the risk of blowing out.

http://www.prnmag.com/images/Blog/hankook/IMG_5997_resize.JPG

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eMembrane Optional Friction

Variable Tread (HYBRID TYRE)

The eMembrane (above left) by Scott Lenkowsky

might just be the world's smartest hybrid tire.Desgined to not only provide a tire that offers excellent

fuel efficiency, but excellent grip for spiritedperformance, it boasts two modes. In Full Grip mode,eMembrane is designed to increase its contact patchsize to provide excellent grip and cornering ability. InFuel Efficiency mode, the tire reduces its total contactpatch size, thus improving rolling resistance andvehicle fuel efficiency.

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Mag-Trac

Richard Byrne's Mag-Trac (above right) features an

independent wheel/hub assembly designed to offerexcellent ride comfort. Empty space generated throughthe use of magnetic field technology separates thevehicle's wheel and hub, allowing for a morecomfortable and quiet ride. This intelligent tire of thefuture looks to make driving on air possible.

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