Myanmar Definitions and sources of data - UNCTADunctad.org/sections/dite_fdistat/docs/wid_cp_mm_en.pdf · 2012-02-14 · Myanmar Companies Act with the Registrar of Companies of the

Myanmar Definitions and sources of data

Data on foreign direct investment (FDI) in Myanmar are reported by the Directorate of Investment and Company Administration, Ministry of National Planning and Economic Development in Yangon.

Inward flow and stock data cover approved investments under the 1988 Foreign Investment Law, available both by geographical origin and by industrial sector breakdown. Foreign investors are allowed to invest either in a wholly foreign-owned enterprise, or in a joint-venture with private local partners or a public entity. In the case of a joint-venture project, the foreign participation should not be less than 35 per cent of the total equity capital. The minimum amount of foreign capital to be brought into the country is $500,000 for manufacturing and $ 300,000 for services which can be either in cash or in equipment. Foreign investors are requested to submit their project proposals to the Myanmar Investment Commission for analysis and approval. Foreign enterprises are usually incorporated under the Myanmar Companies Act with the Registrar of Companies of the Directorate of Investment and Company Administration. If the investment involves the participation of a state-owned enterprise, incorporation is to be effected under the 1950 Special Companies Act, and Myanmar Companies Act. As for outward investment flows, no data are available. Following the liberalization efforts of the Government to open up to foreign investment, foreign nationals who invest and operate under the 1988 Foreign Investment Law are entitled to incentives, benefits and legal guarantees. Among the guarantees offered are the rights to repatriate profits and to withdraw legitimate assets on the winding up of business. Restrictions on private investment in activities reserved for state-owned enterprises have been relaxed. For example, the Myanmar Investment Commission has permitted the exploration and development of oil, gas and minerals. The foreign party is required to sign a production sharing contract with the relevant government entity. In 1991, procedures conferring the right to cultivate and utilize land were introduced to make land available to foreign and local investors on a long-term lease for agricultural development. According to new banking laws, the Central Bank of Myanmar grants operational licenses to representative offices of foreign banks. The International Monetary Fund reports data on foreign direct investment flows to Myanmar only under equity investment. As for outward flows, no information is available.

Statistics on FDI and the operations of TNCs

Table 1. Summary of FDI

(Millions of dollars)

Variable Inward Outward

1. FDI flows, 1999-2002 (annual average) 208.2 ..

2. FDI flows as a percentage of GFCF, 1998-2001 (annual average) 1.0 ..

3. FDI stocks, 2002 4 186 ..

4. FDI stocks as a percentage of GDP, 2002 45.8 ..

Sources : Based on tables 3a and 4 and UNCTAD, FDI/TNC database.

Table 2. Summary of international production

Variable Home-based TNCs

Affiliates of foreign TNCs in Myanmar

Foreign affiliates of

home-based TNCs abroad

1. Number, 2003 .. 353a ..

Sources : Based on table 22.

a This figure is based on the number of cumulative permitted foreign enterprises between 1990 and 2002.

Note: Data refer to the number of projects in approved investment under the 1988 Foreign Investment Law and arereported for the fiscal year beginning 1 April.

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UNCTAD WID Country Profile: MYANMAR page of 17

Table 3a. FDI flows, by type of investment, 1989-2002


Inward investment Outward investment

Year Equity

Intra-Company

loans Other Total Equity

Intra-Company

loans Other Total

1989 .. .. .. 56.0 .. .. .. ..1990 .. .. .. 225.1 .. .. .. ..1991 .. .. .. 235.1 .. .. .. ..1992 .. .. .. 149.0 .. .. .. ..1993 .. .. .. 91.7 .. .. .. ..1994 .. .. .. 135.2 .. .. .. ..1995 .. .. .. 317.6 .. .. .. ..1996 .. .. .. 580.7 .. .. .. ..1997 .. .. .. 878.8 .. .. .. ..1998 .. .. .. 683.6 .. .. .. ..1999 .. .. .. 304.2 .. .. .. ..2000 .. .. .. 208.0 .. .. .. ..2001 .. .. .. 192.0 .. .. .. ..2002 .. .. .. 128.7 .. .. .. ..

Source: Myanmar Investment Commission, Directorate of Investment and Company Administration.

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UNCTAD WID Country Profile: MYANMAR page 4 of 17

Intra- Intra-Reinvested company Reinvested company

Year Equity earnings loans Total Equity earnings loans Total

1989 7.8 .. .. 7.8 .. .. .. ..1990 161.2 .. .. 161.2 .. .. .. ..1991 238.1 .. .. 238.1 .. .. .. ..1992 171.6 .. .. 171.6 .. .. .. ..1993 104.7 .. .. 104.7 .. .. .. ..1994 126.1 .. .. 126.1 .. .. .. ..1995 277.2 .. .. 277.2 .. .. .. ..1996 310.4 .. .. 310.4 .. .. .. ..1997 387.2 .. .. 387.2 .. .. .. ..1998 314.5 .. .. 314.5 .. .. .. ..1999 253.1 .. .. 253.1 .. .. .. ..2000 254.8 .. .. 254.8 .. .. .. ..2001 208.3 .. .. 208.3 .. .. .. ..

Source : International Monetary Fund, August 2003 Balance of Payments CD ROM.

Table 3b. FDI flows, by type of investment, 1989-2001



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Table 4. FDI stock, by type of investment, 1989-2002



Year EquityIntra-Company

loans Other Total EquityIntra-Company

loans Other Total

1989 .. .. .. 56.0 .. .. .. ..1990 .. .. .. 281.1 .. .. .. ..1991 .. .. .. 516.2 .. .. .. ..1992 .. .. .. 665.2 .. .. .. ..1993 .. .. .. 756.9 .. .. .. ..1994 .. .. .. 892.1 .. .. .. ..1995 .. .. .. 1 209.7 .. .. .. ..1996 .. .. .. 1 790.4 .. .. .. ..1997 .. .. .. 2 669.2 .. .. .. ..1998 .. .. .. 3 352.8 .. .. .. ..1999 .. .. .. 3 657.0 .. .. .. ..2000 .. .. .. 3 865.0 .. .. .. ..2001 .. .. .. 4 057.0 .. .. .. ..2002 .. .. .. 4 185.7 .. .. .. ..


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Table 5a. FDI flows in the host economy, by industry, 1999-2001


Sector/industry 1999 2000 2001Total 304.2 208.0 192.0

Primary 222.8 113.2 116.7Agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing 2.6 6.1 5.5Mining, quarrying and petroleum 220.2 107.1 111.2

Mining and quarrying 220.2 107.1 111.2Secondary 54.6 25.1 25.0Tertiary 26.4 63.5 47.6

Construction - - 0.04Trade 10.5 22.1 3.1Business activities 15.3 39.8 44.5

Real estate 15.3 1.6 43.9Unspecified business activities - 38.2 0.5

Unspecified tertiary 0.6 - -Unspecified 0.4 7.8 2.7

Source: ASEAN Secretariat, Statistics of Foreign Direct Invesment in ASEAN , 2002 edition, Jakarta, 2002.

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Table 5b. Foreign direct investment flows in the host economy, by industry, 1990-2002


Sector/industry 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002Total 280.6 5.9 103.7 377.6 1 351.9 668.2 2 814.2 1 012.9 54.4 58.2 217.7 19.0 86.9

Primary 151.5 - 86.4 48.0 1 188.2 183.6 897.3 186.9 9.6 24.6 68.7 3.2 73.8Agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing 77.3 - 8.5 7.6 148.2 13.0 23.4 11.5 4.7 3.3 20.0 - 26.4

Agriculture and hunting - - 2.7 - - - 5.9 5.7 - - 20.0 - -Forestry and Fishing 77.3 - 5.8 7.6 148.2 13.0 17.5 5.8 4.7 3.3 - - 26.4

Mining, quarrying and petroleum 74.2 - 77.9 40.4 1 040.0 170.6 873.9 175.4 4.9 21.3 48.7 3.2 47.4Mining and quarrying 55.1 - 33.4 20.9 0.5 155.8 178.3 3.3 4.9 16.0 1.1 - 3.4Petroleum 19.1 - 44.5 19.5 1 039.5 14.8 695.6 172.1 - 5.3 47.6 3.2 44.0

Secondary 42.7 5.9 13.3 18.1 76.3 21.3 923.6 319.2 43.3 18.1 77.4 15.8 13.1Tertiary 86.4 - 4.0 311.5 87.4 461.6 984.7 503.4 1.5 15.5 61.6 - -

Construction - - - - - - 17.3 - - - 20.5 - -Hotels and restaurants 86.4 - 3.0 311.5 86.1 79.2 114.9 274.9 1.5 15.5 5.2 - -Transport, storage and communications - - 1.0 - 1.3 118.9 47.9 106.3 - - 7.9 - -Business activities - - - - - 251.5 623.5 122.2 - - 28.0 - -

Real estate - - - - - 251.5 623.5 122.2 - - 28.0 - -Other services - - - - - 12.0 181.1 - - - - - -

Unspecified - - - - 1.7 8.6 3.4 - - 10.0 - -


Notes : Data refer to approved investment under the 1988 Foreign Investment Law and are reported for fiscal years beginning 1 April and eding 31 March. While forestry and fishing referto fisheries, petroleum refer to oil and gas. No detailed breakdown is available for the secondary sector. Hotels and restaurants refer to hotel and tourism. Transport and storagerepresent transport and communication. Other services denote industrial estates.

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Table 6a. FDI flows in the host economy, by geographical origin, 1995-2001


Region/economy 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001Total world 317.6 580.7 878.8 683.6 304.2 208.0 192.0

Developed countries 210.7 333.2 543.9 490.8 237.9 124.7 111.6Western Europe 176.5 301.7 492.5 294.8 216.6 69.0 56.4

European Union 176.5 301.7 492.5 294.8 216.6 69.0 56.4Austria - - 0.8 0.2 - - -Denmark - 3.3 - - - - -France 86.9 71.8 201.7 90.0 33.0 20.8 24.3Germany - - 0.2 1.5 7.0 - -Netherlands 2.0 4.4 1.2 - 0.5 - -United Kingdom 87.6 222.2 288.6 203.1 176.1 48.3 32.1

North America 31.0 14.3 32.1 162.2 1.2 37.5 46.3Canada 0.8 - 1.5 3.9 0.4 1.1 1.6United States 30.2 14.3 30.6 158.3 0.8 36.4 44.7

Other developed countries 3.2 17.2 19.3 33.8 20.1 18.2 8.8Australia - 1.6 0.4 0.3 1.3 1.9 1.1Japan 0.4 15.6 18.9 33.5 18.8 16.3 7.7New Zealand 2.8 - - - - - -

Developing economies 106.9 247.5 334.9 192.8 66.3 83.3 79.8Latin America and the Caribbean - - - 8.5 2.5 - -

Other Latin America and Caribbean - - - 8.5 2.5 - -Panama - - - 8.5 2.5 - -

Asia 106.9 247.5 334.9 184.3 63.8 83.3 79.8South, East and South-East Asia 106.9 244.5 334.9 184.3 63.8 83.0 79.8

China 3.1 2.2 0.4 2.6 0.0 - 0.5Hong Kong, China 5.7 13.2 4.7 10.7 13.8 4.5 4.7Indonesia - - 7.0 4.8 1.0 7.5 3.5Malaysia 5.7 10.6 5.1 12.0 15.5 5.9 2.2Philippines 3.1 0.4 0.1 - 0.2 - -Republic of Korea 1.4 0.5 6.5 17.1 8.8 4.5 7.2Singapore 55.5 175.0 279.1 79.1 14.9 57.6 55.7Thailand 32.4 42.6 32.0 58.0 9.6 3.0 6.0

Unspecified Asia - 3.0 - - - 0.3 -Unspecified - - - - - - 0.7

Source: ASEAN Secretariat, Statistics of Foreign Direct Invesment in ASEAN , 2002 edition, Jakarta, 2002.

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Table 6b. Approved FDI flows in the host economy, by geographical origin, 1990-2002


Region/economy 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002Total world 280.6 5.9 103.7 377.6 1 351.9 668.2 2 814.2 1 012.9 54.4 58.2 217.7 19.0 86.9

Developed countries 160.7 - 46.6 27.6 1 062.9 212.7 1 094.1 124.1 14.3 20.2 52.6 6.2 3.4Western Europe 7.5 - 14.6 8.1 1 057.8 173.7 688.4 47.5 5.4 15.1 30.6 1.5 3.4

European Union 7.5 - 14.6 8.1 1 057.8 173.7 688.4 47.5 5.4 15.1 30.6 1.5 -Austria - - - - - - 1.0 - - - - - -Denmark - - - - - 13.4 - - - - - - -France - - 10.0 - 455.0 - 5.4 - - - - - -Germany - - - - - - 15.0 - - - - - -Netherlands - - - - 3.0 - 154.8 - 1.0 - - - -United Kingdom 7.5 - 4.6 8.1 599.8 160.3 512.2 47.5 4.4 15.1 30.6 1.5 -

Other Western Europe - - - - - - - - - - - - 3.4Switzerland - - - - - - - - - - - - 3.4

North America 93.2 - 29.5 19.5 4.0 17.8 348.5 5.3 - - 22.0 - -Canada - - - - - 3.0 7.5 5.3 - - 22.0 - -United States 93.2 - 29.5 19.5 4.0 14.8 341.0 - - - - - -

Other developed countries 60.0 - 2.5 - 1.0 21.2 57.2 71.3 8.9 5.1 - 4.7 -Australia - - 2.0 - 1.0 1.8 10.1 42.0 - - - - -Israel - - - - - - - 2.4 - - - - -Japan 60.0 - 0.5 - - 19.4 47.1 26.9 8.9 5.1 - 4.7 -

Developing economies 119.8 5.9 57.1 350.0 289.0 455.5 1 720.1 888.8 40.1 38.0 165.1 12.8 83.5Latin America and the Caribbean - - - - - - - 30.5 - 1.4 - - - -

Other Latin America and Caribbean - - - - - - - 30.5 - 1.4 - - - -

Panama - - - - - - - 30.5 - 1.4 - - - -Asia 119.8 5.9 57.1 350.0 289.0 455.5 1 720.1 858.3 41.5 38.0 165.1 12.8 83.5

West Asia - - - - - - - - - 5.3 - - -Cyprus - - - - - - - - - 5.3 - - -

South, East and South-East Asia 119.8 5.9 57.1 350.0 289.0 455.5 1 720.1 858.3 41.5 32.7 165.1 12.8 83.5

Bangladesh 3.0 - - - - - - - - - - - -Brunei Darussalam - - - - - - - - - - - - 2.0China - - 0.4 0.7 4.4 0.2 23.1 0.5 2.7 - 29.0 3.3 -Hong Kong, China 11.4 0.7 14.3 30.9 6.1 - - 56.9 8.0 5.7 13.2 1.5 12.9India - - - - - - - - 4.5 - - - -Indonesia - - - - - - 210.9 25.4 1.1 1.4 1.2 1.5 -Macau - - 2.4 - - - - - - - 2.0 - -Malaysia - - 8.6 45.2 15.8 157.7 235.1 124.8 - - 9.8 1.5 62.2Philippines - - - - 6.7 - - 140.0 - - - - -Republic of Korea 3.3 4.0 - 3.1 0.2 - 9.0 29.7 0.2 4.3 47.2 5.0 0.3Singapore 5.3 0.7 23.2 228.8 55.1 287.4 636.3 270.6 14.2 4.8 36.9 - 6.1Sri Lanka - - - - 1.0 - - - - - - - -Thailand 96.9 0.6 8.3 41.3 199.8 10.2 605.7 210.4 10.8 16.5 25.8 - -

Notes: Data refer to approved investment under the 1988 Foreign Investment Law and are reported for fiscal years beginning 1 April and ending 31 March.Data for France in 1994 represent additional investment for previously permitted enterprises.


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Table 7. FDI flows in the host economy, by industry and by geographical origin, 2001


Region/economy / Sector/industry Tota

l

Prim

ary

Agric

ultu

re, h

untin

g,

fore

stry

and

fish

ing

Min

ing

and

quar

ryin

g

Seco

ndar

y

Tert

iary

Con

stru

ctio

n

Trad

e

Rea

l est

ate

Uns

peci

fied

terti

ary

Uns

peci

fied

TOTAL WORLD 192.01 116.72 5.53 111.19 25.00 54.67 0.04 3.04 48.00 3.59 - 4.38Developed Countries 108.85 96.33 - 96.33 9.71 - - - - - 2.81Western Europe 56.42 51.63 - 51.63 2.40 - - - - - 2.39European Union 56.42 51.63 - 51.63 2.40 - - - - - 2.39North America 44.70 44.70 - 44.70 - - - - - - -United States 44.70 44.70 - 44.70 - - - - - - -Other Developed Countries 7.73 - - - 7.31 - - - - - 0.42Japan 7.73 - - - 7.31 - - - - - 0.42Developing Countries 79.77 9.31 0.13 9.18 14.64 51.63 0.04 - 48.00 3.59 4.19Asia 79.77 9.31 0.13 9.18 14.64 51.63 0.04 - 48.00 3.59 4.19South, East and South-East Asia 79.77 9.31 0.13 9.18 14.64 51.63 0.04 - 48.00 3.59 4.19China 0.52 - - - 0.52 - - - - - -Hong Kong, China 4.72 - - - 0.66 4.06 - - 4.06 - -Indonesia 3.48 3.48 - 3.48 - - - - - - -Malaysia 2.23 - - - 2.23 - - - - - -Republic of Korea 7.17 - - - 6.83 - - - - - 0.34Singapore 55.69 5.79 0.13 5.66 2.81 47.09 - - 43.94 3.15 -Thailand 5.96 0.04 - 0.04 1.59 0.48 0.04 - - 0.44 3.85Unspecified 3.39 11.08 5.40 5.68 0.65 3.04 - 3.04 - - - 11.38

Source: ASEAN Secretariat, Statistics of Foreign Direct Invesment in ASEAN, 2002 edition , Jakarta, 2002.

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Table 11. FDI stocks in the host economy, by industry, 1990-2002


Sector/industry 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002Total 730.1 736.0 839.7 1 217.3 2 569.2 3 237.4 6 051.6 7 064.5 7 118.9 7 177.1 7 394.8 7 413.8 7 500.7

Primary 503.7 503.7 590.1 638.1 1 826.3 2 009.9 2 907.2 3 094.1 3 103.7 3 128.3 3 197.0 3 200.2 3 274.0Agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing 77.3 77.3 85.8 93.4 241.6 254.6 278.0 289.5 294.2 297.5 317.5 317.5 343.9

Agriculture and hunting - - 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 8.6 14.3 14.3 14.3 34.3 34.3 34.3Forestry and Fishing 77.3 77.3 83.1 90.7 238.9 251.9 269.4 275.2 279.9 283.2 283.2 283.2 309.6

Mining, quarrying and petroleum 426.4 426.4 504.3 544.7 1 584.7 1 755.3 2 629.2 2 804.6 2 809.5 2 830.8 2 879.5 2 882.7 2 930.1Mining and quarrying 109.2 109.2 142.6 163.5 164.0 319.8 498.1 501.4 506.3 522.3 523.4 523.4 526.8Petroleum 317.2 317.2 361.7 381.2 1 420.7 1 435.5 2 131.1 2 303.2 2 303.2 2 308.5 2 356.1 2 359.3 2 403.3

Secondary 58.5 64.4 77.7 95.8 172.1 193.4 1 117.0 1 436.2 1 479.5 1 497.6 1 575.0 1 590.8 1 603.9Tertiary 167.9 167.9 171.9 483.4 570.8 1 032.4 2 017.1 2 520.5 2 522.0 2 537.5 2 599.1 2 599.1 2 599.1

Construction - - - - - - 17.3 17.3 17.3 17.3 37.8 37.8 37.8Hotels and restaurants 167.9 167.9 170.9 482.4 568.5 647.7 762.6 1 037.5 1 039.0 1 054.5 1 059.7 1 059.7 1 059.7Transport, storage and communications - - 1.0 1.0 2.3 121.2 169.1 275.4 275.4 275.4 283.3 283.3 283.3Business activities - - - - - 251.5 875.0 997.2 997.2 997.2 1 025.2 1 025.2 1 025.2

Real estate - - - - - 251.5 875.0 997.2 997.2 997.2 1 025.2 1 025.2 1 025.2Other services - - - - - 12.0 193.1 193.1 193.1 193.1 193.1 193.1 193.1

Unspecified - - - - - 1.7 10.3 13.7 13.7 13.7 23.7 23.7 23.7

Notes : Data refer to cumulative approved investment under the 1988 Foreign Investment Law and are reported for fiscal years beginning 1 April and ending31 March. While forestry and fishing refer to fisheries, petroleum refer to oil and gas. No detailed breakdown is available for the secondary sector. Hotelsand restaurants refer to hotel and tourism. Transport and storage represent transport and communication. Other services denote industrial estates.


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Table 12. FDI stocks in the host economy, by geographical origin, 1990-2002


Region/economy 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002Total world 730.1 736.0 839.7 1 217.3 2 569.2 3 237.4 6 051.6 7 064.5 7 118.9 7 177.1 7 394.9 7 413.8 7 500.7

Developed countries 491.5 491.5 538.1 565.7 1 628.5 1 841.2 2 935.3 3 059.4 3 073.7 3 093.9 3 146.6 3 152.7 3 156.1Western Europe 171.1 171.1 185.7 193.8 1 251.6 1 425.3 2 113.7 2 161.2 2 166.6 2 181.7 2 212.3 2 213.8 2 217.2

European Union 171.1 171.1 185.7 193.8 1 251.6 1 425.3 2 113.7 2 161.2 2 166.6 2 181.7 2 212.3 2 213.8 2 213.8Austria 71.5 71.5 71.5 71.5 71.5 71.5 72.5 72.5 72.5 72.5 72.5 72.5 72.5Denmark - - - - - 13.4 13.4 13.4 13.4 13.4 13.4 13.4 13.4France - - 10.0 10.0 465.0 465.0 470.4 470.4 470.4 470.4 470.4 470.4 470.4Germany - - - - - - 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0Netherlands 80.0 80.0 80.0 80.0 83.0 83.0 237.8 237.8 238.8 238.8 238.8 238.8 238.8United Kingdom 19.6 19.6 24.2 32.3 632.1 792.4 1 304.6 1 352.1 1 356.5 1 371.6 1 402.2 1 403.7 1 403.7

Other Western Europe - - - - - - - - - - - - 3.4Switzerland - - - - - - - - - - - - 3.4

North America 195.2 195.2 224.7 244.2 248.2 266.0 614.5 619.8 619.8 619.8 641.8 641.8 641.8Canada 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 25.0 32.5 37.8 37.8 37.8 59.8 59.8 59.8United States 173.2 173.2 202.7 222.2 226.2 241.0 582.0 582.0 582.0 582.0 582.0 582.0 582.0

Other developed countries 125.2 125.2 127.7 127.7 128.7 149.9 207.1 278.4 287.3 292.4 292.5 297.1 297.1Australia 25.2 25.2 27.2 27.2 28.2 30.0 40.1 82.1 82.1 82.1 82.2 82.1 82.1Israel - - - - - - - 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4Japan 100.0 100.0 100.5 100.5 100.5 119.9 167.0 193.9 202.8 207.9 207.9 212.6 212.6

Developing economies 238.6 244.5 301.6 651.6 940.7 1 396.2 3 116.3 4 005.1 4 045.2 4 083.2 4 248.3 4 261.1 4 344.6Latin America and the Caribbean - - - - - - - 30.5 29.1 29.1 29.1 29.1 29.1

Panama - - - - - - - 30.5 29.1 29.1 29.1 29.1 29.1Asia 238.6 244.5 301.6 651.6 940.7 1 396.2 3 116.3 3 974.6 4 016.1 4 054.1 4 219.2 4 232.0 4 315.5

West Asia - - - - - - - - - 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3Cyprus - - - - - - - - - 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3

South, East and South-East Asia 238.6 244.5 301.6 651.6 940.7 1 396.2 3 116.3 3 974.6 4 016.1 4 048.8 4 213.9 4 226.7 4 310.2

Bangladesh 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0Brunei Darussalam - - - - - - - - - - - - 2.0China - - 0.4 1.1 5.5 5.7 28.8 29.3 32.0 32.0 61.0 64.3 64.3Hong Kong, China 12.4 13.0 27.3 58.2 64.3 64.3 64.3 121.2 129.2 134.9 148.1 149.6 162.5India - - - - - - - - 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5Indonesia - - - - - - 210.9 236.3 237.4 238.8 240.0 241.5 241.5Macau - - 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 4.4 4.4 4.4Malaysia - - 8.6 53.8 69.6 227.3 462.4 587.2 587.2 587.2 597.0 598.5 660.7Philippines - - - - 6.7 6.7 6.7 146.7 146.7 146.7 146.7 146.7 146.7Republic of Korea 53.4 57.4 57.4 60.5 60.7 60.7 69.7 99.4 99.6 103.9 151.1 156.1 156.4Singapore 8.8 9.5 32.7 261.5 316.6 604.0 1 240.3 1 510.9 1 525.1 1 529.9 1 566.8 1 566.8 1 572.9Sri Lanka - - - - 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0Thailand 161.0 161.6 169.8 211.1 410.9 421.1 1 026.8 1 237.2 1 248.0 1 264.5 1 290.3 1 290.3 1 290.3


Note: Data refer to cumulative approved investment under the 1988 Foreign Investment Law and are reported for fiscal years beginning 1 April and ending 31 March.

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Table 22. The number of affiliates of foreign TNCs in the host economy, by industry, 1990-2002

Sector/industry 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002Total 22 4 23 28 35 39 78 56 10 14 28 7 9

Primary 10 - 16 6 7 18 28 15 5 4 7 1 8Agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing 4 - 5 2 3 2 3 2 1 1 1 - 3

Agriculture and hunting - - 1 - - - 1 1 - - 1 - -Forestry and Fishing 4 - 4 2 3 2 2 1 1 1 - - 3

Mining, quarrying and petroleum 6 - 11 4 4 16 25 13 4 3 6 1 5Mining and quarrying 4 - 4 2 1 15 15 1 4 2 2 - 1Petroleum 2 - 7 2 3 1 10 12 - 1 4 1 4

Secondary 6 4 4 10 19 4 29 31 5 8 17 6 1Tertiary 6 - 3 12 9 16 19 8 - 2 3 - -

Construction - - - - 7 - 1 - - - 1 - -Hotels and restaurants 6 - 2 12 2 5 5 1 - 2 1 - -Transport, storage and communications - - - - - 4 3 3 - - 1 - -Business activities - - 1 - - 6 8 4 - - - - -

Real estate - - 1 - - 6 8 4 - - - - -Other services - - - - - 1 2 - - - - - -

Unspecified - - - - - 1 2 2 - - 1 - -

Notes : Data refer to the number of projects in approved investment under the 1988 Foreign Investment Law and are reported for fiscalyears beginning 1 April and ending 31 March. While forestry and fishing refer to fisheries, petroleum refer to oil and gas. No detailedbreakdown is available for the secondary sector. Hotels and restaurants refer to hotel and tourism. Transport and storage representtransport and communication. Other services denote industrial estates.


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Table 23. The number of affiliates of foreign TNCs in the host economy, by geographical origin, 1990-2002

Region/economy 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002Total world 22 4 23 28 35 39 78 56 10 14 28 7 9

Developed countries 6 - 10 3 8 22 30 18 2 3 7 2 1Western Europe 1 - 3 1 5 10 15 5 1 1 3 - 1

European Union 1 - 3 1 5 10 15 5 1 1 3 - -Austria - - - - - - 1 - - - - - -Denmark - - - - - 1 - - - - - - -France - - 1 - - - 2 - - - - - -Germany - - - - - - 1 - - - - - -Netherlands - - - - 1 - 3 - - - - - -United Kingdom 1 - 2 1 4 9 8 5 1 1 3 - -

Other Western Europe - - - - - - - - - - - - 1Switzerland - - - - - - - - - - - - 1

North America 3 - 5 2 1 6 5 3 - - 4 - -Canada - - - - - 5 3 3 - - 4 - -United States 3 - 5 2 1 1 2 - - - - - -

Other developed countries 2 - 2 - 2 6 10 10 1 2 - 2 -Australia - - 1 - 2 2 5 3 - - - - -Israel - - - - - - - 1 - - - - -Japan 2 - 1 - - 4 5 6 1 2 - 2 -

Developing economies 16 4 13 25 27 17 48 38 8 11 21 5 8Latin America and the Caribbean - - - - - - - 1 - - - - -

Other Latin America and Caribbean - - - - - - - 1 - - - - -

Panama - - - - - - - 1 - - - - -Asia 16 4 13 25 27 17 48 37 8 11 21 5 8

West Asia - - - - - - - - - 1 - - -Cyprus - - - - - - - - - 1 - - -

South, East and South-East Asia 16 4 13 25 27 17 48 37 8 10 21 5 8

Bangladesh 2 - - - - - - - - - - - -Brunei Darussalam - - - - - - - - - - - - 1China - - 1 1 2 1 3 1 2 - 1 1 -Hong Kong, China 3 1 3 5 4 - - 3 1 2 4 1 1India - - - - - - - - 1 - - - -Indonesia - - - - - - 4 4 1 1 1 1 -Macau - - 1 - - - - - - - 1 - -Malaysia - - 1 2 4 2 10 6 - - 2 1 5Philippines - - - - 1 - - 1 - - - - -Republic of Korea 1 1 - 3 1 - 3 8 - 2 9 1 -Singapore 4 1 3 9 6 11 18 11 1 2 1 - 1Sri Lanka - - - - 1 - - - - - - - -Thailand 6 1 4 5 8 3 10 3 2 3 2 - -

Notes: Data refer to the number of projects in approved investment under the 1988 Foreign Investment Law and are reported for fiscalyears beginning 1 April and ending 31 March. Data for the United Kingdom include enterprises incorporated in the British Virgin Islandsand Bermuda.


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Table 88. Largest affiliates of foreign TNCs in the host economy, 2002

(Millions of dollars and number)

Company Home economy Industry Sales Employees

A. Industrial

Myanmar Brewery Singapore Beverages .. 250Myanmar Posco Steel Co Republic of Korea Metals .. 158

B. Tertiary

Myanmar Nusantara Trading Singapore Trade .. 11Siemens Germany Trade .. ..Myanmar Kuok Oils & Grains Singapore Trade .. ..SGS Switzerland Other business services .. ..

C. Finance and insurance Assets Employees.. .. .. .. ..

Sources : The Banker's Almanac, 2003 (London, Reed Information Services, 2003); Thomson Analytics(http://analytics.thomsonib.com/); Who Owns Whom, 2003 (London, Dun and Bradstreet, 2003), Wright Company Analysis(http://profiles.wisi.com/); various company websites.

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Sources of information

O fficial Directorate of Investment and Company Administration, Myanmar Investment Commission Ministry of National Planning and Economic Development S econdary 1. ASEAN-US Business Council (business and economic information on Myanmar)

(http://www.us-asean.org/myanmar.asp). 2. Asia Times (Online), "Mahathir has business in Myanmar", 6 January 2001. 3. Asian Development Bank, Key Indicators of Developing Asian and Pacific Countries, 2003

(ADB: Manila). 4. Eisenstodt, G., "On the road to Mandalay", Forbes, Vol. 157, 2, 22 January 1996, pp. 52-54. 5. Finch, J., "Myanmar's foreign investment law", East Asian Executive Reports, Vol. 18, 9,

15 September 1996, p. 9. 6. Hill, C., "Singapore companies rush in", Asian Business, Vol. 31, 9, September 1995, p. 14. 7. Jones, J., "The golden land of opportunity", World Trade, Vol. 9, 7, July 1996, pp. 14-

15. 8. Vatikiotis, M., "Catching the wave", Far Eastern Economic Review, Vol. 158, 7, 16

February 1995, pp. 48-51.

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Documents

Myanmar Definitions and sources of data - UNCTADunctad.org/sections/dite_fdistat/docs/wid_cp_mm_en.pdf · 2012-02-14 · Myanmar Companies Act with the Registrar of Companies of the