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MycotoxinsMycotoxins
Mykes: Greek for fungus/mold
Toxicum: Latin for poison/toxin
Mycotoxins SummaryMycotoxins Summary
Many molds involved in mycotoxin production
Regulatory guidelines in place for animal feeding
Vigilance required to detect and control mycotoxins
Toxic effects demonstrated at very low concentrations
Ergotism (Saint Anthony’s Fire) in the Middle Ages
Alimentary Toxic Aleukia in Russia during World War 2 (T-2) -wheat stored over winter
“Turkey X” Syndrome in England in 1960 (aflatoxin)
Kenyan aflatoxin Poisoning 2004
Dog food aflatoxin outbreak 2006
History Of History Of MycotoxinsMycotoxins
Mycotoxins of Economic, Health & Mycotoxins of Economic, Health &
Agricultural Agricultural SSignificanceignificance
Mycotoxins are metabolic products of food
spoilage fungi that induce toxic responses when
consumed by animals or people.
Hundreds of mycotoxins have been identified;
They will fall into many different chemical
classes, and induce a wide variety of toxic
responses.
Worldwide Regulation of MycotoxinsWorldwide Regulation of Mycotoxins
Mycotoxin Number of countries Total Aflatoxin 76 Aflatoxin B1 61 Aflatoxin M1 60 Patulin 48 Ochratoxin A 37 Deoxynivalenol 37 Zearalenone 17 Fumonisin 6
Most Common Most Common MycotoxinsMycotoxins regulated regulated
in Human Foods Worldwidein Human Foods Worldwide
Mycotoxin RMycotoxin Regulationsegulations
For example: Mycotoxin regulations for
dairy cattle feed can be different than the
regulation for beef cattle feed. Pet food
regulations are not specified in many
countries.
For animal feeds can vary depending For animal feeds can vary depending on the on the type of animal.type of animal.
FFor or animal feeds can vary depending on animal feeds can vary depending on the type of the type of feed materialfeed material..
For example: Mycotoxin regulations for
maize by-products used in animal feed can
be different than the regulation for
cereals used in animal feed.
Mycotoxin RegulationsMycotoxin Regulations
Figure 6.1. Factors affecting mycotoxin occurrence in the food chain (Pestka and Casale, 1989).
Mycotoxin Economic Mycotoxin Economic
and Health Risksand Health Risks
Biological Factors
Susceptible Crop +
Compatible, Toxigenic Fungus
Environmental Factors
Temperature
Moisture
Mechanical Injury
Insect/Bird Damage
Fungus
Harvesting
Crop Maturity
Temperature
Moisture
Detection
Storage
Temperature
Moisture
Detection
Distribution-Processing
Detection/Diversion
Animal Products Humans Animals
Ecological Parameters Affecting Mycotoxin Production
Moisture
Spore Load
Temperature
Competing Microflora
CO2/O2
Time
Mechanical Damage
Insect Damage
Adverse Economic Effects of Mycotoxins on Farmer/TraderFarmer/Trader Costs
LIVESTOCK (beef, swine, poultry) and
dairy
—Higher mortality rates
—Reproductive failures
(abortions)
—Reduced feed efficiency
—Overall quality loss
—Lower milk production
—Nonmarketable milk
CROPS
—Yield Losses
—Restricted Markets
—Increased production
costs
—Increased post harvest
costs
EFFECTS OF AFLATOXINSEFFECTS OF AFLATOXINS
HUMAN/ LIVESTOCKHUMAN/ LIVESTOCK
Figure 2.2 Livers from guinea pigs
They have been given
increasing doses of aflatoxins over the same period of time.
From left to right beginning in the upper left corner to the lower right corner with a liver from a guinea pig given the greatest dose of aflatoxins.
Note the increasingly pale livers with increasing dose of aflatoxins.
EFFECTS….CONTINUEDEFFECTS….CONTINUED..
On growth of turkey
poults. The turkey poult
on the left was given
normal ration, and the
poult on the right was
given a ration containing
10ppm of T-2 mycotoxin
for three weeks.
Severe oral lesion in a
turkey poult that consumed
a ration containing 10 ppm
T-2 mycotoxin for 3 weeks.
EFFECTS EFFECTS OF OF AFLATOXINSAFLATOXINS
CROPSCROPS
Appears in field, storage
bin or during transport
Aspergillus Growth on
Corn
Mold contamination may
cause a reddish
discoloration of the
kernel/cob
What can be done to prevent mycotoxins?
Pre-harvest field scouting & testing
Test incoming corn loads
—Continuously at start of harvest
—Target troubled growing areas
—Every load tested during stressed growing season
Proper storage
—Consistent, low moisture
—Aeration & Mixing
Stored grain
—Routine checks
—Testing prior to use in process
WHAT ARE THE BEST SOLUTIONS ?WHAT ARE THE BEST SOLUTIONS ?
On-site testing
—Qualitative Screening
Yes/No Result
—Quantitative Results
Immunoassay (IA Column w/fluorometer, etc)
Strip Test (Vertu DON-V™, Afla-V™)
Independent Laboratory
—HPLC, UPLC
—LC/MS/MS
1. 1. VICAM FluorometerVICAM Fluorometer
Extract
Filter & Dilute
Pour Over Column
Rinse & Elute
Fluorometer
HPLC or UPLC
LC/MS/MS
SERIES 4SERIES 4--EXEX
AflaTest Series-4EX Fluorometer, 220V
includes Basic Equipment Package
2. 2. AccuScan AccuScan ProPro
Next generation reader for lateral flow diagnostics
Consistency.
Permanence.
Simple PC interface.
Intuitive operation.
Dependability.
ProcedureProcedure
Running Running a Test Using a Test Using
AccuScanAccuScan Pro Pro
4 simple steps:
Click on the run test
icon.
Select your test type
Enter your sample ID if
necessary.
Insert your test strip.
MOISTURE TESTINGMOISTURE TESTING
(Destructive)(Destructive)
Model 2000 Model 6010
MOISTURE MOISTURE TESTINGTESTING
(Non(Non--destructivedestructive))
GacMini Gac 2500
Major Seed Equipment ProjectMajor Seed Equipment Project
ACTESA ACTESA -- COMESACOMESA
ACTESA: Alliance for Commodity Trade in Eastern and Southern Africa
COMESA: Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
List of Countries for Certification and Multiplication Equipment
Burundi
Comoros
Ethiopia
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Djibouti
Rwanda
Uganda
Mauritius
Eritrea
Southern Sudan
Seychelles
Seed Certification EquipmentSeed Certification Equipment
Seed Counters Seed Dividers
Dehumidifier Bag Probes and Seed Triers
Seed Multiplication EquipmentSeed Multiplication Equipment
Seed Extracting Machine
Seed Graders Seed Blower
Seed Germinator
Paul Mungami
(Application Specialist/ Analytical Chemistry)
Email : [email protected]
Mobile: +254 714 920 052
www.fnscientific.com
THANK YOU