Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (5th Ed)

Chapter 9 (Part II)

Intelligence

What is Intelligence? Intelligence

mental abilities involves ability to:

learn from experience solve problems reason effectively meet challenges and achieve goals adapt to new situations

Assessing Intelligence

Aptitude Test assess a person’s capacity to learn

Achievement Test assess what a person has learned

Origins of Intelligence

Mental Age devised by Binet (Paris - early 1900s) chronological age that typically

corresponds to a given level of performance

child who does as well as the average 8-year-old is said to have a mental age of 8

Origins of Intelligence

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test the widely used

American revision of Binet’s original intelligence test revised by Lewis

Terman (Stanford University)

Origins of Intelligence Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

originally: ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 IQ = ma/ca x 100)

now: computerized data base - average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100

Are There Multiple Intelligences? Emotional Intelligence

perceiving emotions recognition of emotions in faces, music, stories

understanding emotions important for predicting emotions

managing emotions know how & when to express them in various situations

Theories of Intelligence One General Intelligence?

Spearman – believed we have one general intelligence

one factor that underlies our mental abilities

OR

Multiple Intelligences? Gardner’s Eight Intelligences Sternberg’s triarchic theory

Gardner’s Eight Intelligences Linguistic Logical-mathematical Musical Spatial (“picture smart”) Bodily-kinesthetic Intrapersonal (self) Interpersonal (other people) Naturalist (“nature smart”) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KEFpaY3GI-I

Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory Analytical Intelligence

academic problem-solving assessed by intelligence tests with questions that

have a single correct answer Creative Intelligence

adapt to new situations develop new ideas

Practical Intelligence required for everyday tasks problems that have multiple solutions

Assessing Intelligence Wechsler Intelligence Scale

widely used intelligence test Adults age 16+ (WAIS) Children age 6-16 (WISC)

IQ score & 4 index scores verbal comprehension perceptual reasoning (nonverbal) working memory processing speed

Perceptual reasoning example

Perceptual Reasoning Example

Assessing Intelligence

Standardization testing a group of people to see the scores that

are typically obtained Normal Curve

most scores fall near the average fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes

Malcolm Gladwell book – Outliers factors that go into extraordinary achievement http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hz4hPbHIZ6Y http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cSRu6CaJd_g&feature=fvw

The Normal Curve

Ninety-five percent of all people fall within 30 points

of 100

Number of

scores

55 70 85 100 115 130 145 Wechsler intelligence score

Sixty-eight percentof people score within 15 points

above or below 100

Assessing Intelligence

Reliability the extent to which a test yields consistent results assessed by consistency of scores on

two halves of the test alternate forms of the test retesting the same individual

Validity the extent to which a test measures or predicts

what it is suppose to

Assessing Intelligence

Content Validity the extent to which a test samples the

behavior that is of interest driving test that samples driving

Predictive Validity success with which a test predicts the

behavior it is designed to predict

Intelligence Mental Retardation (Intellectual Disability)

a condition of limited mental ability indicated by intelligence scores below 70 varies from mild to profound

Down Syndrome retardation and associated physical disorders

caused by an extra chromosome in genetic make-up

Intelligence

Moderate 35-49 10 May progress to second-grade level. academically. Adults may contribute to their own support by labor in sheltered workshops.

Degrees of Mental Retardation (Intellectual Disability - ID)

Level Typical Intelligence Scores Percentage of those with ID Adaptation to Demands of Life

Mild 50-70 85% May learn academic skills up to sixth-grade level. Adults may, with assistance, achieve self-supporting social and vocational skills.

Severe 20-34 3-4 May learn to talk and perform simple work tasks under close supervision but are generally unable to profit from vocational training.

Profound below 20 1-2 Require constant aid and supervision.

Savant Syndrome a person otherwise limited in mental ability

has an amazing specific skill computation

drawing http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lkDMaJ-wZmQ

Genetic Influences

The most genetically similar people have the most similar scores

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1.0Similarity ofintelligence

scores(correlation)

Identicaltwinsreared together

Identicaltwinsreared apart

Fraternaltwinsreared together

Siblingsreared together

Unrelatedindividualsreared together

Heritability the proportion of variation among

individuals that we can attribute to genes if variation in environments decreases

(become more alike) heritability (variation explained by genetics) will increase

Genetic Influences

Genetic Influences

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0.003 years 16 years

Child-parentcorrelation inverbal ability

scores

Children and theirbirth parents

Adopted childrenand their birthparents

Adopted childrenand their adoptiveparents