Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY

(6th Ed)

Psychological Disorders

L. Gonzalez

Historical Perspectives on Abnormal behavior

The Ancient World China (200 AD) Chung Ching stated that

both organ pathologies & stressful psychological situations were causes of mental disorders.

GreeceHippocrates (460-377 BC) believed mental

illness was the result of natural, as opposed to supernatural, causes.

Galen (130-200 AD) divided the causes of mental disorders into physical and psychological explanations.

Middle Ages (500-1500 AD)

Islamic countries- a. mental hospitals were established (792 AD)b. persian doctor Sina wrote the Canon of Medicine(medications).

Europe –abnormal behavior was most frequently viewed as demonic possession.

treatment entailed – prayer & exorcism.

The Renaissance

Spanish nun Teresa of Avila (1515-1582) established the conceptual framework that the mind can be sick.

Both Johann Weyer (1515-1588) of Germany and Scot (1538-1599) of England used scientific skepticism to refute the concept of demonic possession.

Humanitarian Reforms (18th-19th century)

In France, Philippe Pinel (1745-1826) pioneered a compassionate medical model for the treatment of the mentally ill & established a hospital in Paris.

In England, William Tuke (1732-1822) introduced trained nurses for the mentally ill & helped to change public attitudes regarding their treatment.

In US, Benjamin rush (1745-1813) founder of American Psychiatry, encouraged humane treatment of the mentally ill & hospitals.

Scientific Advances of the 20th Century

Development in technology such as MRI and PET scans have added to our knowledge of the biological bases of psychological disorder.

MRI PET Development in pscychopharmacology

have provided effective treatment for many psychological disorder.

Mood Disorders-Bipolar

PET scans show that brain energy consumption rises and falls with emotional swings

Depressed state Manic state Depressed state

Anxiety Disorders

PET Scan of brain of person with Obsessive/ Compulsive disorder

High metabolic activity (red) in frontal lobe areas involved with directing attention

Psychological Disorders- Etiology

DSM-IV American Psychiatric Association’s

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition)

a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders

Hand out

Take out disorder sheet

add Borderline Personality disorder

MENTAL DISORDERS

Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia literal translation “split mind” a group of severe disorders

characterized by:disorganized and delusional thinkingdisturbed perceptionsinappropriate emotions and actions

Schizophrenia

Delusions false beliefs, often of torture or

greatness, that may accompany psychotic disorders

Hallucinations false sensory experiences such as

seeing something without any external visual stimulus

Schizophrenia

Subtypes of Schizophrenia

Paranoid: Preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations

Disorganized: Disorganized speech or behavior, or flat or inappropriate emotion

Catatonic: Immobility (or excessive, purposeless movement), extreme negativism, and/or parrotlike repeating of

another’s speech or movements

Undifferentiated Schizophrenia symptoms without fitting one of the or residual: above types

Schizophrenia

Lifetime riskof developingschizophrenia

for relatives of a schizophrenic

40

30

20

10

0 Generalpopulation

Siblings Children Fraternaltwin

Childrenof two

schizophrenia victims

Identicaltwin

Psychological Disorders- Etiology

Neurotic disorder (term seldom used now) usually distressing but that allows one to think

rationally and function socially Freud saw the neurotic disorders as ways of

dealing with anxietyPsychotic disorder

person loses contact with reality experiences irrational ideas and distorted

perceptions

Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders

distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

Generalized Anxiety Disorder person is tense, apprehensive, and in a state

of autonomic nervous system arousalPhobia

persistent, irrational fear of a specific object or situation

Anxiety DisordersCommon and uncommon fears

Afraid of it Bothers slightly Not at all afraid of it

Beingclosed in,

in a smallplace

Being alone

In a house

at night

Percentageof peoplesurveyed

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0Snakes Being

in high,exposedplaces

Mice Flyingon an

airplane

Spidersand

insects

Thunderand

lightning

Dogs Drivinga car

Being In a

crowdof people

Cats

Anxiety Disorders

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive

thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)

Panic Disorder marked by a minutes-long episode of intense

dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensation

Anxiety DisordersCommon Obsessions and Compulsions AmongPeople With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Thought or Behavior Percentage*Reporting Symptom

Obsessions (repetitive thoughts)

Concern with dirt, germs, or toxins 40

Something terrible happening (fire, death, illness) 40

Symmetry order, or exactness 24

Excessive hand washing, bathing, tooth brushing, 85or grooming

Compulsions (repetitive behaviors)

Repeating rituals (in/out of a door, 51up/down from a chair)Checking doors, locks, appliances, 46car brake, homework

Mood Disorders

Mood Disorders characterized by emotional extremes

Major Depressive Disorder a mood disorder in which a person,

for no apparent reason, experiences two or more weeks of depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities

Mood DisordersManic Episode

a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state

Bipolar Disorder a mood disorder in which the person

alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania

formerly called manic-depressive disorder

Mood Disorders-Depression

Percentageof population

aged 18-84experiencing

majordepression

at somepoint In life

20

15

10

5

0 USA Edmonton Puerto Paris West Florence Beirut Taiwan Korea New Rico Germany Zealand

Around the worldwomen are more

susceptible todepression

Mood Disorders-Depression

12-17 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-74 75+

Age in Years

10%

8

6

4

2

0

Percentagedepressed

Females

Males

Mood Disorders- Suicide

15-24 25-34 35-44 45-44 55-64 65-74 75-84 85+

Suicides per100,000 people

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Males Females

The higher suicide rateamong men greatly increases in late adulthood

Mood Disorders-SuicideIncreasing rates of teen suicide

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000Year

12%

10

8

6

4

2

0

Suicide rate,ages 15 to 19(per 100,000)

Mood Disorders-Depression

Altering any one component of the chemistry-cognition-mood circuit can alter the others

Brainchemistry

Cognition

Mood

Mood Disorders-Depression

A happy or depressed mood strongly influences people’s ratings of their own behavior

Negative Positivebehaviors behaviors

Self-ratings

35%

30

25

20

15

Percentage ofobservations

Mood Disorders-Depression

The vicious cycle of depression can be broken at any point

1Stressful

experiences

4Cognitive and

behavioral changes

2Negative

explanatory style

3Depressed

mood

Dissociative Disorders

Dissociative Disorders conscious awareness becomes separated

(dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings

Dissociative Identity Disorder rare dissociative disorder in which a

person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities

formerly called multiple personality disorder

Personality Disorders

Personality Disorders disorders characterized by

inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

usually without anxiety, depression, or delusions

Personality Disorders

Antisocial Personality Disorder disorder in which the person

(usually man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members

may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist

Personality DisordersPET scans illustrate reduced activation in a

murderer’s frontal cortex

Normal Murderer

Personality Disorders

Percentageof criminaloffenders

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0Total crime Thievery Violence

Childhoodpoverty

Obstetricalcomplications

Both poverty and obstetrical complications

Rates of Psychological Disorders

Percentage of Americans Who Have Ever Experienced Psychological Disorders

Disorder White Black Hispanic Men Women Totals

Ethnicity Gender

Alcohol abuse or dependence 13.6% 13.8% 16.7% 23.8% 4.6% 13.8%

Generalized anxiety 3.4 6.1 3.7 2.4 5.0 3.8

Phobia 9.7 23.4 12.2 10.4 17.7 14.3

Obsessive-compulsive disorder 2.6 2.3 1.8 2.0 3.0 2.6

Mood disorder 8.0 6.3 7.8 5.2 10.2 7.8

Schizophrenic disorder 1.4 2.1 0.8 1.2 1.7 1.5

Antisocial personality disorder 2.6 2.3 3.4 4.5 0.8 2.6