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Myocardial Infarction (MI)(heart attack)
Abedin MehmedovicMVCC SN
What is MI?A heart attack is when blood
vessels that supply blood to the heart are blocked, preventing
enough oxygen from getting to the heart. This causes the muscle
to die.
Causes
• Smoking• High LDL Cholesterol Levels• High Blood Pressure• Diabetes• Chronic Kidney Disease
Symptoms
Chest pain is a major symptom of heart attack. You may feel the pain in only
one part of your body, or it may move from your chest to your arms, shoulder,
neck, teeth, jaw, belly area, or back. The pain can be severe or mild.
•A tight band around the chest•Something heavy sitting on your chest•Squeezing or heavy pressure
Symptoms Continued
Chest pain is due to ischemia (a lack of blood and hence oxygen supply) to the heart muscle. Approximately
one fourth of all myocardial infarctions are silent, without chest
pain or other symptoms. These cases can be discovered later on
electrocardiograms. This is called “silent heart attack”.
Symptoms Continued• Anxiety • Cough • Fainting • Light-headedness, dizziness • Nausea or vomiting • Palpitations (feeling like your
heart is beating too fast or irregularly)
• Shortness of breath • Sweating, which may be
extreme.
If you experience any of these symptoms call 9-1-1. DO NOT attempt to drive to ER by your self as this may
be unsafe for others.
Risk FactorsTobacco Use
Certain components of tobacco and tobacco combustion gases are known
to damage blood vessel walls. The body's response to this type of injury
elicits the formation of atherosclerosis and its progression, thereby increasing the risk of MI.
Risk Factors ContinuedHypertension
High blood pressure has consistently been associated with an increased risk of MI. This risk is associated with
systolic and diastolic hypertension. The control of
hypertension with appropriate medication has been shown to
reduce the risk of MI significantly.
Risk Factors ContinuedDiabetes Mellitus
Patients with diabetes have a substantially greater risk of
atherosclerotic vascular disease in the heart as well as in other vascular beds. Diabetes increases the risk of MI because it increases the rate of
atherosclerotic progression and adversely affects the lipid profile.
This accelerated form of atherosclerosis occurs regardless of
whether a patient has insulin-dependent or non–insulin-
dependent diabetes.
Risk Factors ContinuedHyperlipidemia
Elevated levels of total cholesterol, LDL, or
triglycerides are associated with an increased risk of
coronary atherosclerosis and MI. Levels of HDL less than
40 mg/dl also show an increased risk.
Risk Factors Continued
Family HistoryA family history of
premature coronary disease increases an
individual's risk of atherosclerosis and MI.
Diagnosis for MIElectrocardiogram (ECG)
An electrocardiogram is a recording of the electrical activity of the
heart. Abnormalities in the electrical activity usually occur with heart attacks and can identify the
areas of heart muscle that are deprived of oxygen and/or areas of
muscle that have died.
Diagnosis of MI ContinuedBlood Tests
Cardiac enzymes are proteins that are released into the blood by dying
heart muscles. These cardiac enzymes are creatine phosphokinase (CPK), and troponin, and their levels
can be measured in blood. These cardiac enzymes typically are
elevated in the blood several hours after the onset of a heart attack.
MI Medication TreatmentBeta Blockers
These medicines decrease the workload on your heart. Beta blockers also are used
to relieve chest pain or discomfort and to help
prevent additional heart attacks. Beta blockers also
are used to correct irregular heartbeats.
MI Medication Treatment Continued
ACE InhibitorsThese medicines lower blood
pressure and reduce the strain on your heart. They
also help slow down further weakening of the heart
muscle.
MI Medication Treatment Continued
AnticoagulantsThese medicines thin the blood and prevent clots
from forming in your arteries.
MI Medical Procedures Treatment
AngioplastyDuring angioplasty, a thin, flexible tube with a balloon on the end is
threaded through a blood vessel to the blocked coronary artery. Then, the balloon is inflated to push the
plaque against the wall of the artery. This widens the inside of the artery,
restoring blood flow. Also a small mesh tube called a stent may be put
in the artery to help keep it open. Some stents are coated with
medicines that help prevent the artery from becoming blocked again.
MI Medical Procedures Treatment Continued
Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG)
Coronary artery bypass grafting also known as “cabbage” is a
surgery in which arteries or veins are taken from other areas of your
body and sewn in place to go around the blocked coronary
arteries. This provides a new route for blood flow to the heart muscle.
MI Prevention• Keep your blood pressure, blood
sugar, and cholesterol under control.
• Don't smoke.• Consider drinking 1 to 2 glasses of
wine each day. Moderate amounts of alcohol may reduce your risk of cardiovascular problems. However, drinking larger amounts does more harm than good.
• Eat a low-fat diet rich in fruits and vegetables and low in animal fat.
MI Prevention Continued
• Eat fish twice a week. Baked or grilled fish is better than fried fish. Frying can destroy some of the health benefits.
• Exercise daily or several times a week. Walking is a good form of exercise. Talk to your doctor before starting an exercise routine.
• Lose weight if you are overweight.• If you have one or more risk factors for
heart disease, talk to your doctor about possibly taking aspirin to help prevent a heart attack.
• It’s been shown that aspirin lowers a chance of MI for about 30%.