MySQL Reference Manual - Table of Contents

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1 General Information

1.1 About This Manual

1.1.1 Conventions Used in This Manual

1.2 Overview of the MySQL Database Management System1.2.1 History of MySQL

1.2.2 The Main Features of MySQL

1.2.3 MySQL Stability

1.2.4 How Big MySQL Tables Can Be

1.2.5 Year 2000 Compliance

1.3 MySQL Development Roadmap

1.3.1 MySQL 4.0 in a Nutshell

1.3.1.1 Features Available in MySQL 4.0

1.3.1.2 The Embedded MySQL Server

1.3.2 MySQL 4.1 in a Nutshell

1.3.2.1 Features Available in MySQL 4.11.3.3 MySQL 5.0: The Next Development Release

1.4 MySQL Information Sources

1.4.1 MySQL Mailing Lists

1.4.1.1 The MySQL Mailing Lists

1.4.1.2 Asking Questions or Reporting Bugs

1.4.1.3 How to Report Bugs or Problems

1.4.1.4 Guidelines for Answering Questions on the Mailing List

1.4.2 MySQL Community Support on IRC (Internet Relay Chat)

1.4.3 MySQL Community Support at the MySQL Forums

1.5 MySQL Standards Compliance

1.5.1 What Standards MySQL Follows1.5.2 Selecting SQL Modes

1.5.3 Running MySQL in ANSI Mode

1.5.4 MySQL Extensions to Standard SQL

1.5.5 MySQL Differences from Standard SQL

1.5.5.1 Subqueries

1.5.5.2 SELECT INTO TABLE

1.5.5.3 Transactions and Atomic Operations

1.5.5.4 Stored Procedures and Triggers

1.5.5.5 Foreign Keys

1.5.5.6 Views

1.5.5.7 `--' as the Start of a Comment1.5.6 How MySQL Deals with Constraints

1.5.6.1 PRIMARY KEY and UNIQUE Index Constraints

1.5.6.2 Constraints on Invalid Data

1.5.6.3 ENUM and SET Constraints

1.5.7 Known Errors and Design Deficiencies in MySQL

1.5.7.1 Errors in 3.23 Fixed in a Later MySQL Version

1.5.7.2 Errors in 4.0 Fixed in a Later MySQL Version

1.5.7.3 Open Bugs and Design Deficiencies in MySQL

2 Installing MySQL

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2.1 General Installation Issues

2.1.1 Operating Systems Supported by MySQL

2.1.2 Choosing Which MySQL Distribution to Install

2.1.2.1 Choosing Which Version of MySQL to Install

2.1.2.2 Choosing a Distribution Format

2.1.2.3 How and When Updates Are Released

2.1.2.4 Release Philosophy--No Known Bugs in Releases

2.1.2.5 MySQL Binaries Compiled by MySQL AB

2.1.3 How to Get MySQL2.1.4 Verifying Package Integrity Using MD5 Checksums or GnuPG

2.1.4.1 Verifying the MD5 Checksum

2.1.4.2 Signature Checking Using GnuPG

2.1.4.3 Signature Checking Using RPM

2.1.5 Installation Layouts

2.2 Standard MySQL Installation Using a Binary Distribution

2.3 Installing MySQL on Windows

2.3.1 Windows System Requirements

2.3.2 Choosing An Installation Package

2.3.3 Installing MySQL with the Automated Installer

2.3.4 Using the MySQL Installation Wizard2.3.4.1 Introduction

2.3.4.2 Downloading and Starting the MySQL Installation Wizard

2.3.4.3 Choosing an Install Type

2.3.4.4 The Custom Install Dialog

2.3.4.5 The Confirmation Dialog

2.3.4.6 Changes Made by MySQL Installation Wizard

2.3.4.7 Upgrading MySQL

2.3.5 Using the Configuration Wizard

2.3.5.1 Introduction

2.3.5.2 Starting the MySQL Configuration Wizard

2.3.5.3 Choosing a Maintenance Option

2.3.5.4 Choosing a Configuration Type

2.3.5.5 The Server Type Dialog

2.3.5.6 The Database Usage Dialog

2.3.5.7 The InnoDB Tablespace Dialog

2.3.5.8 The Concurrent Connections Dialog

2.3.5.9 The Networking Options Dialog

2.3.5.10 The Character Set Dialog

2.3.5.11 The Service Options Dialog

2.3.5.12 The Security Options Dialog

2.3.5.13 The Confirmation Dialog

2.3.5.14 The Location of the my.ini File

2.3.5.15 Editing The my.ini File

2.3.6 Installing MySQL from a noinstall Zip Archive

2.3.7 Extracting the Install Archive

2.3.8 Creating an Option File

2.3.9 Selecting a MySQL Server type

2.3.10 Starting the Server for the First Time

2.3.11 Starting MySQL from the Windows Command Line

2.3.12 Starting MySQL as a Windows Service

2.3.13 Testing The MySQL Installation


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2.3.14 Troubleshooting a MySQL Installation Under Windows

2.3.15 Upgrading MySQL on Windows

2.3.16 MySQL on Windows Compared to MySQL on Unix

2.4 Installing MySQL on Linux

2.5 Installing MySQL on Mac OS X

2.6 Installing MySQL on NetWare

2.7 Installing MySQL on Other Unix-Like Systems

2.8 MySQL Installation Using a Source Distribution

2.8.1 Source Installation Overview2.8.2 Typical configure Options

2.8.3 Installing from the Development Source Tree

2.8.4 Dealing with Problems Compiling MySQL

2.8.5 MIT-pthreads Notes

2.8.6 Installing MySQL from Source on Windows

2.8.6.1 Building MySQL Using VC++

2.8.6.2 Creating a Windows Source Package from the Latest Development Source

2.8.7 Compiling MySQL Clients on Windows

2.9 Post-Installation Setup and Testing

2.9.1 Windows Post-Installation Procedures

2.9.2 Unix Post-Installation Procedures2.9.2.1 Problems Running mysql_install_db

2.9.2.2 Starting and Stopping MySQL Automatically

2.9.2.3 Starting and Troubleshooting the MySQL Server

2.9.3 Securing the Initial MySQL Accounts

2.10 Upgrading MySQL

2.10.1 Upgrading from Version 4.1 to 5.0






2.10.7 Upgrading the Grant Tables

2.10.8 Copying MySQL Databases to Another Machine

2.11 Downgrading MySQL

2.11.1 Downgrading to 4.0

2.12 Operating System-Specific Notes

2.12.1 Linux Notes

2.12.1.1 Linux Operating System Notes

2.12.1.2 Linux Binary Distribution Notes

2.12.1.3 Linux Source Distribution Notes

2.12.1.4 Linux Post-Installation Notes

2.12.1.5 Linux x86 Notes

2.12.1.6 Linux SPARC Notes

2.12.1.7 Linux Alpha Notes

2.12.1.8 Linux PowerPC Notes

2.12.1.9 Linux MIPS Notes

2.12.1.10 Linux IA-64 Notes

2.12.2 Mac OS X Notes

2.12.2.1 Mac OS X 10.x (Darwin)

2.12.2.2 Mac OS X Server 1.2 (Rhapsody)

2.12.3 Solaris Notes


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2.12.3.1 Solaris 2.7/2.8 Notes

2.12.3.2 Solaris x86 Notes

2.12.4 BSD Notes

2.12.4.1 FreeBSD Notes

2.12.4.2 NetBSD Notes

2.12.4.3 OpenBSD 2.5 Notes

2.12.4.4 OpenBSD 2.8 Notes

2.12.4.5 BSD/OS Version 2.x Notes

2.12.4.6 BSD/OS Version 3.x Notes2.12.4.7 BSD/OS Version 4.x Notes

2.12.5 Other Unix Notes

2.12.5.1 HP-UX Version 10.20 Notes

2.12.5.2 HP-UX Version 11.x Notes

2.12.5.3 IBM-AIX notes

2.12.5.4 SunOS 4 Notes

2.12.5.5 Alpha-DEC-UNIX Notes (Tru64)

2.12.5.6 Alpha-DEC-OSF/1 Notes

2.12.5.7 SGI Irix Notes

2.12.5.8 SCO Notes

2.12.5.9 SCO UnixWare Version 7.1.x Notes2.12.6 OS/2 Notes

2.12.7 BeOS Notes

2.13 Perl Installation Notes

2.13.1 Installing Perl on Unix

2.13.2 Installing ActiveState Perl on Windows

2.13.3 Problems Using the Perl DBI/DBD Interface

3 MySQL Tutorial

3.1 Connecting to and Disconnecting from the Server

3.2 Entering Queries

3.3 Creating and Using a Database

3.3.1 Creating and Selecting a Database

3.3.2 Creating a Table

3.3.3 Loading Data into a Table

3.3.4 Retrieving Information from a Table

3.3.4.1 Selecting All Data

3.3.4.2 Selecting Particular Rows

3.3.4.3 Selecting Particular Columns

3.3.4.4 Sorting Rows

3.3.4.5 Date Calculations

3.3.4.6 Working with NULL Values

3.3.4.7 Pattern Matching

3.3.4.8 Counting Rows

3.3.4.9 Using More Than one Table

3.4 Getting Information About Databases and Tables

3.5 Using mysql in Batch Mode

3.6 Examples of Common Queries

3.6.1 The Maximum Value for a Column

3.6.2 The Row Holding the Maximum of a Certain Column

3.6.3 Maximum of Column per Group

3.6.4 The Rows Holding the Group-wise Maximum of a Certain Field

3.6.5 Using User Variables


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3.6.6 Using Foreign Keys

3.6.7 Searching on Two Keys

3.6.8 Calculating Visits Per Day

3.6.9 Using AUTO_INCREMENT

3.7 Queries from the Twin Project

3.7.1 Find All Non-distributed Twins

3.7.2 Show a Table of Twin Pair Status

3.8 Using MySQL with Apache

4 Using MySQL Programs4.1 Overview of MySQL Programs

4.2 Invoking MySQL Programs

4.3 Specifying Program Options

4.3.1 Using Options on the Command Line

4.3.2 Using Option Files

4.3.3 Using Environment Variables to Specify Options

4.3.4 Using Options to Set Program Variables

5 Database Administration

5.1 The MySQL Server and Server Startup Scripts

5.1.1 Overview of the Server-Side Scripts and Utilities

5.1.2 The mysqld-max Extended MySQL Server5.1.3 The mysqld_safe Server Startup Script

5.1.4 The mysql.server Server Startup Script

5.1.5 The mysqld_multi Program for Managing Multiple MySQL Servers

5.2 Configuring the MySQL Server

5.2.1 mysqld Command-Line Options

5.2.2 The Server SQL Mode

5.2.3 Server System Variables

5.2.3.1 Dynamic System Variables

5.2.4 Server Status Variables

5.3 The MySQL Server Shutdown Process

5.4 General Security Issues

5.4.1 General Security Guidelines

5.4.2 Making MySQL Secure Against Attackers

5.4.3 Startup Options for mysqld Concerning Security

5.4.4 Security Issues with LOAD DATA LOCAL

5.5 The MySQL Access Privilege System

5.5.1 What the Privilege System Does

5.5.2 How the Privilege System Works

5.5.3 Privileges Provided by MySQL

5.5.4 Connecting to the MySQL Server

5.5.5 Access Control, Stage 1: Connection Verification

5.5.6 Access Control, Stage 2: Request Verification

5.5.7 When Privilege Changes Take Effect

5.5.8 Causes ofAccess denied Errors

5.5.9 Password Hashing in MySQL 4.1

5.5.9.1 Implications of Password Hashing Changes for Application Programs

5.5.9.2 Password Hashing in MySQL 4.1.0

5.6 MySQL User Account Management

5.6.1 MySQL Usernames and Passwords

5.6.2 Adding New User Accounts to MySQL

5.6.3 Removing User Accounts from MySQL


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5.6.4 Limiting Account Resources

5.6.5 Assigning Account Passwords

5.6.6 Keeping Your Password Secure

5.6.7 Using Secure Connections

5.6.7.1 Basic SSL Concepts

5.6.7.2 Requirements

5.6.7.3 Setting Up SSL Certificates for MySQL

5.6.7.4 SSL GRANT Options

5.6.7.5 SSL Command-Line Options5.6.7.6 Connecting to MySQL Remotely from Windows with SSH

5.7 Disaster Prevention and Recovery

5.7.1 Database Backups

5.7.2 Example Backup and Recovery Strategy

5.7.2.1 Backup Policy

5.7.2.2 Using Backups for Recovery

5.7.2.3 Backup Strategy Summary

5.7.3 Table Maintenance and Crash Recovery

5.7.3.1 myisamchk Invocation Syntax

5.7.3.2 General Options for myisamchk

5.7.3.3 Check Options for myisamchk

5.7.3.4 Repair Options for myisamchk

5.7.3.5 Other Options for myisamchk

5.7.3.6 myisamchk Memory Usage

5.7.3.7 Using myisamchk for Crash Recovery

5.7.3.8 How to CheckMyISAM Tables for Errors

5.7.3.9 How to Repair Tables

5.7.3.10 Table Optimization

5.7.4 Setting Up a Table Maintenance Schedule

5.7.5 Getting Information About a Table

5.8 MySQL Localization and International Usage

5.8.1 The Character Set Used for Data and Sorting

5.8.1.1 Using the German Character Set

5.8.2 Setting the Error Message Language

5.8.3 Adding a New Character Set

5.8.4 The Character Definition Arrays

5.8.5 String Collating Support

5.8.6 Multi-Byte Character Support

5.8.7 Problems With Character Sets

5.8.8 MySQL Server Time Zone Support

5.9 The MySQL Log Files

5.9.1 The Error Log

5.9.2 The General Query Log

5.9.3 The Update Log

5.9.4 The Binary Log

5.9.5 The Slow Query Log

5.9.6 Log File Maintenance

5.10 Running Multiple MySQL Servers on the Same Machine

5.10.1 Running Multiple Servers on Windows

5.10.1.1 Starting Multiple Windows Servers at the Command Line

5.10.1.2 Starting Multiple Windows Servers as Services

5.10.2 Running Multiple Servers on Unix


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5.10.3 Using Client Programs in a Multiple-Server Environment

5.11 The MySQL Query Cache

5.11.1 How the Query Cache Operates

5.11.2 Query Cache SELECT Options

5.11.3 Query Cache Configuration

5.11.4 Query Cache Status and Maintenance

6 Replication in MySQL

6.1 Introduction to Replication

6.2 Replication Implementation Overview6.3 Replication Implementation Details

6.3.1 Replication Master Thread States

6.3.2 Replication Slave I/O Thread States

6.3.3 Replication Slave SQL Thread States

6.3.4 Replication Relay and Status Files

6.4 How to Set Up Replication

6.5 Replication Compatibility Between MySQL Versions

6.6 Upgrading a Replication Setup

6.6.1 Upgrading Replication to 4.0 or 4.1

6.6.2 Upgrading Replication to 5.0

6.7 Replication Features and Known Problems6.8 Replication Startup Options

6.9 Replication FAQ

6.10 Troubleshooting Replication

6.11 Reporting Replication Bugs

7 MySQL Optimization

7.1 Optimization Overview

7.1.1 MySQL Design Limitations and Tradeoffs

7.1.2 Designing Applications for Portability

7.1.3 What We Have Used MySQL For

7.1.4 The MySQL Benchmark Suite

7.1.5 Using Your Own Benchmarks

7.2 Optimizing SELECT Statements and Other Queries

7.2.1 EXPLAIN Syntax (Get Information About a SELECT)

7.2.2 Estimating Query Performance

7.2.3 Speed ofSELECT Queries

7.2.4 How MySQL Optimizes WHERE Clauses

7.2.5 Range Optimization

7.2.5.1 Range Access Method for Single-Part Indexes

7.2.5.2 Range Access Method for Multiple-Part Indexes

7.2.6 Index Merge Optimization

7.2.6.1 Index Merge Intersection Access Algorithm

7.2.6.2 Index Merge Union Access Algorithm

7.2.6.3 Index Merge Sort-Union Access Algorithm

7.2.7 How MySQL Optimizes IS NULL

7.2.8 How MySQL Optimizes DISTINCT

7.2.9 How MySQL Optimizes LEFT JOIN and RIGHT JOIN

7.2.10 How MySQL Optimizes ORDER BY

7.2.11 How MySQL Optimizes GROUP BY

7.2.11.1 Loose index scan

7.2.11.2 Tight index scan

7.2.12 How MySQL Optimizes LIMIT


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7.2.13 How to Avoid Table Scans

7.2.14 Speed ofINSERT Statements

7.2.15 Speed ofUPDATE Statements

7.2.16 Speed ofDELETE Statements

7.2.17 Other Optimization Tips

7.3 Locking Issues

7.3.1 Locking Methods

7.3.2 Table Locking Issues

7.4 Optimizing Database Structure7.4.1 Design Choices

7.4.2 Make Your Data as Small as Possible

7.4.3 Column Indexes

7.4.4 Multiple-Column Indexes

7.4.5 How MySQL Uses Indexes

7.4.6 The MyISAM Key Cache

7.4.6.1 Shared Key Cache Access

7.4.6.2 Multiple Key Caches

7.4.6.3 Midpoint Insertion Strategy

7.4.6.4 Index Preloading

7.4.6.5 Key Cache Block Size7.4.6.6 Restructuring a Key Cache

7.4.7 How MySQL Counts Open Tables

7.4.8 How MySQL Opens and Closes Tables

7.4.9 Drawbacks to Creating Many Tables in the Same Database

7.5 Optimizing the MySQL Server

7.5.1 System Factors and Startup Parameter Tuning

7.5.2 Tuning Server Parameters

7.5.3 Controlling Query Optimizer Performance

7.5.4 How Compiling and Linking Affects the Speed of MySQL

7.5.5 How MySQL Uses Memory

7.5.6 How MySQL Uses DNS

7.6 Disk Issues

7.6.1 Using Symbolic Links

7.6.1.1 Using Symbolic Links for Databases on Unix

7.6.1.2 Using Symbolic Links for Tables on Unix

7.6.1.3 Using Symbolic Links for Databases on Windows

8 MySQL Client and Utility Programs

8.1 Overview of the Client-Side Scripts and Utilities

8.2 myisampack, the MySQL Compressed Read-only Table Generator

8.3 mysql, the Command-Line Tool

8.3.1 mysql Commands

8.3.2 Executing SQL Statements from a Text File

8.3.3 mysql Tips

8.3.3.1 Displaying Query Results Vertically

8.3.3.2 Using the --safe-updates Option

8.3.3.3 Disabling mysql Auto-Reconnect

8.4 mysqladmin, Administering a MySQL Server

8.5 The mysqlbinlog Binary Log Utility

8.6 mysqlcc, the MySQL Control Center

8.7 The mysqlcheck Table Maintenance and Repair Program

8.8 The mysqldump Database Backup Program


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8.9 The mysqlhotcopy Database Backup Program

8.10 The mysqlimport Data Import Program

8.11 mysqlshow, Showing Databases, Tables, and Columns

8.12 perror, Explaining Error Codes

8.13 The replace String-Replacement Utility

9 Language Structure

9.1 Literal Values

9.1.1 Strings

9.1.2 Numbers9.1.3 Hexadecimal Values

9.1.4 Boolean Values

9.1.5 NULL Values

9.2 Database, Table, Index, Column, and Alias Names

9.2.1 Identifier Qualifiers

9.2.2 Identifier Case Sensitivity

9.3 User Variables

9.4 System Variables

9.4.1 Structured System Variables

9.5 Comment Syntax

9.6 Treatment of Reserved Words in MySQL10 Character Set Support

10.1 Character Sets and Collations in General

10.2 Character Sets and Collations in MySQL

10.3 Determining the Default Character Set and Collation

10.3.1 Server Character Set and Collation

10.3.2 Database Character Set and Collation

10.3.3 Table Character Set and Collation

10.3.4 Column Character Set and Collation

10.3.5 Examples of Character Set and Collation Assignment

10.3.6 Connection Character Sets and Collations

10.3.7 Character String Literal Character Set and Collation

10.3.8 Using COLLATE in SQL Statements

10.3.9 COLLATE Clause Precedence

10.3.10 BINARY Operator

10.3.11 Some Special Cases Where the Collation Determination Is Tricky

10.3.12 Collations Must Be for the Right Character Set

10.3.13 An Example of the Effect of Collation

10.4 Operations Affected by Character Set Support

10.4.1 Result Strings

10.4.2 CONVERT()

10.4.3 CAST()

10.4.4 SHOW Statements

10.5 Unicode Support

10.6 UTF8 for Metadata

10.7 Compatibility with Other DBMSs

10.8 New Character Set Configuration File Format

10.9 National Character Set

10.10 Upgrading Character Sets from MySQL 4.0

10.10.1 4.0 Character Sets and Corresponding 4.1 Character Set/Collation Pairs

10.10.2 Converting 4.0 Character Columns to 4.1 Format

10.11 Character Sets and Collations That MySQL Supports


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10.11.1 Unicode Character Sets

10.11.2 West European Character Sets

10.11.3 Central European Character Sets

10.11.4 South European and Middle East Character Sets

10.11.5 Baltic Character Sets

10.11.6 Cyrillic Character Sets

10.11.7 Asian Character Sets

11 Column Types

11.1 Column Type Overview11.1.1 Overview of Numeric Types

11.1.2 Overview of Date and Time Types

11.1.3 Overview of String Types

11.2 Numeric Types

11.3 Date and Time Types

11.3.1 The DATETIME, DATE, and TIMESTAMP Types

11.3.1.1 TIMESTAMP Properties Prior to MySQL 4.1

11.3.1.2 TIMESTAMP Properties as of MySQL 4.1

11.3.2 The TIME Type

11.3.3 The YEAR Type

11.3.4 Y2K Issues and Date Types11.4 String Types

11.4.1 The CHAR and VARCHAR Types

11.4.2 The BINARY and VARBINARY Types

11.4.3 The BLOB and TEXT Types

11.4.4 The ENUM Type

11.4.5 The SET Type

11.5 Column Type Storage Requirements

11.6 Choosing the Right Type for a Column

11.7 Using Column Types from Other Database Engines

12 Functions and Operators

12.1 Operators

12.1.1 Operator Precedence

12.1.2 Parentheses

12.1.3 Comparison Functions and Operators

12.1.4 Logical Operators

12.2 Control Flow Functions

12.3 String Functions

12.3.1 String Comparison Functions

12.4 Numeric Functions

12.4.1 Arithmetic Operators

12.4.2 Mathematical Functions

12.5 Date and Time Functions

12.6 Full-Text Search Functions

12.6.1 Boolean Full-Text Searches

12.6.2 Full-Text Searches with Query Expansion

12.6.3 Full-Text Restrictions

12.6.4 Fine-Tuning MySQL Full-Text Search

12.6.5 Full-Text Search TODO

12.7 Cast Functions and Operators

12.8 Other Functions

12.8.1 Bit Functions


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12.8.2 Encryption Functions

12.8.3 Information Functions

12.8.4 Miscellaneous Functions

12.9 Functions and Modifiers for Use with GROUP BY Clauses

12.9.1 GROUP BY (Aggregate) Functions

12.9.2 GROUP BY Modifiers

12.9.3 GROUP BY with Hidden Fields

13 SQL Statement Syntax

13.1 Data Manipulation Statements13.1.1 DELETE Syntax

13.1.2 DO Syntax

13.1.3 HANDLER Syntax

13.1.4 INSERT Syntax

13.1.4.1 INSERT ... SELECT Syntax

13.1.4.2 INSERT DELAYED Syntax

13.1.5 LOAD DATA INFILE Syntax

13.1.6 REPLACE Syntax

13.1.7 SELECT Syntax

13.1.7.1 JOIN Syntax

13.1.7.2 UNION Syntax13.1.8 Subquery Syntax

13.1.8.1 The Subquery as Scalar Operand

13.1.8.2 Comparisons Using Subqueries

13.1.8.3 Subqueries with ANY, IN, and SOME

13.1.8.4 Subqueries with ALL

13.1.8.5 Row Subqueries

13.1.8.6 EXISTS and NOT EXISTS

13.1.8.7 Correlated Subqueries

13.1.8.8 Subqueries in the FROM clause

13.1.8.9 Subquery Errors

13.1.8.10 Optimizing Subqueries

13.1.8.11 Rewriting Subqueries as Joins for Earlier MySQL Versions

13.1.9 TRUNCATE Syntax

13.1.10 UPDATE Syntax

13.2 Data Definition Statements

13.2.1 ALTER DATABASE Syntax

13.2.2 ALTER TABLE Syntax

13.2.3 ALTER VIEW Syntax

13.2.4 CREATE DATABASE Syntax

13.2.5 CREATE INDEX Syntax

13.2.6 CREATE TABLE Syntax

13.2.6.1 Silent Column Specification Changes

13.2.7 CREATE VIEW Syntax

13.2.8 DROP DATABASE Syntax

13.2.9 DROP INDEX Syntax

13.2.10 DROP TABLE Syntax

13.2.11 DROP VIEW Syntax

13.2.12 RENAME TABLE Syntax

13.3 MySQL Utility Statements

13.3.1 DESCRIBE Syntax (Get Information About Columns)

13.3.2 USE Syntax


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13.4 MySQL Transactional and Locking Statements

13.4.1 START TRANSACTION, COMMIT, and ROLLBACK Syntax

13.4.2 Statements That Cannot Be Rolled Back

13.4.3 Statements That Cause an Implicit Commit

13.4.4 SAVEPOINT and ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT Syntax

13.4.5 LOCK TABLES and UNLOCK TABLES Syntax

13.4.6 SET TRANSACTION Syntax

13.5 Database Administration Statements

13.5.1 Account Management Statements13.5.1.1 CREATE USER Syntax

13.5.1.2 DROP USER Syntax

13.5.1.3 GRANT and REVOKE Syntax

13.5.1.4 RENAME USER Syntax

13.5.1.5 SET PASSWORD Syntax

13.5.2 Table Maintenance Statements

13.5.2.1 ANALYZE TABLE Syntax

13.5.2.2 BACKUP TABLE Syntax

13.5.2.3 CHECK TABLE Syntax

13.5.2.4 CHECKSUM TABLE Syntax

13.5.2.5 OPTIMIZE TABLE Syntax13.5.2.6 REPAIR TABLE Syntax

13.5.2.7 RESTORE TABLE Syntax

13.5.3 SET Syntax

13.5.4 SHOW Syntax

13.5.4.1 SHOW CHARACTER SET Syntax

13.5.4.2 SHOW COLLATION Syntax

13.5.4.3 SHOW COLUMNS Syntax

13.5.4.4 SHOW CREATE DATABASE Syntax

13.5.4.5 SHOW CREATE TABLE Syntax

13.5.4.6 SHOW CREATE VIEW Syntax

13.5.4.7 SHOW DATABASES Syntax

13.5.4.8 SHOW ENGINES Syntax

13.5.4.9 SHOW ERRORS Syntax

13.5.4.10 SHOW GRANTS Syntax

13.5.4.11 SHOW INDEX Syntax

13.5.4.12 SHOW INNODB STATUS Syntax

13.5.4.13 SHOW LOGS Syntax

13.5.4.14 SHOW PRIVILEGES Syntax

13.5.4.15 SHOW PROCESSLIST Syntax

13.5.4.16 SHOW STATUS Syntax

13.5.4.17 SHOW TABLE STATUS Syntax

13.5.4.18 SHOW TABLES Syntax

13.5.4.19 SHOW VARIABLES Syntax

13.5.4.20 SHOW WARNINGS Syntax

13.5.5 Other Administrative Statements

13.5.5.1 CACHE INDEX Syntax

13.5.5.2 FLUSH Syntax

13.5.5.3 KILL Syntax

13.5.5.4 LOAD INDEX INTO CACHE Syntax

13.5.5.5 RESET Syntax

13.6 Replication Statements


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13.6.1 SQL Statements for Controlling Master Servers

13.6.1.1 PURGE MASTER LOGS Syntax

13.6.1.2 RESET MASTER Syntax

13.6.1.3 SET SQL_LOG_BIN Syntax

13.6.1.4 SHOW BINLOG EVENTS Syntax

13.6.1.5 SHOW MASTER LOGS Syntax

13.6.1.6 SHOW MASTER STATUS Syntax

13.6.1.7 SHOW SLAVE HOSTS Syntax

13.6.2 SQL Statements for Controlling Slave Servers13.6.2.1 CHANGE MASTER TO Syntax

13.6.2.2 LOAD DATA FROM MASTER Syntax

13.6.2.3 LOAD TABLE tbl_name FROM MASTER Syntax

13.6.2.4 MASTER_POS_WAIT() Syntax

13.6.2.5 RESET SLAVE Syntax

13.6.2.6 SET GLOBAL SQL_SLAVE_SKIP_COUNTER Syntax

13.6.2.7 SHOW SLAVE STATUS Syntax

13.6.2.8 START SLAVE Syntax

13.6.2.9 STOP SLAVE Syntax

13.7 SQL Syntax for Prepared Statements

14 MySQL Storage Engines and Table Types14.1 The MyISAM Storage Engine

14.1.1 MyISAM Startup Options

14.1.2 Space Needed for Keys

14.1.3 MyISAM Table Storage Formats

14.1.3.1 Static (Fixed-Length) Table Characteristics

14.1.3.2 Dynamic Table Characteristics

14.1.3.3 Compressed Table Characteristics

14.1.4 MyISAM Table Problems

14.1.4.1 Corrupted MyISAM Tables

14.1.4.2 Problems from Tables Not Being Closed Properly

14.2 The MERGE Storage Engine

14.2.1 MERGE Table Problems

14.3 The MEMORY (HEAP) Storage Engine

14.4 The BDB (BerkeleyDB) Storage Engine

14.4.1 Operating Systems Supported by BDB

14.4.2 Installing BDB

14.4.3 BDB Startup Options

14.4.4 Characteristics ofBDB Tables

14.4.5 Things We Need to Fix for BDB

14.4.6 Restrictions on BDB Tables

14.4.7 Errors That May Occur When Using BDB Tables

14.5 The EXAMPLE Storage Engine

14.6 The FEDERATED Storage Engine

14.6.1 Installing the FEDERATED Storage Engine

14.6.2 Description of the FEDERATED Storage Engine

14.6.3 How to use FEDERATED Tables

14.6.4 Limitations of the FEDERATED Storage Engine

14.7 The ARCHIVE Storage Engine

14.8 The CSV Storage Engine

14.9 The ISAM Storage Engine

15 The InnoDB Storage Engine


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15.1 InnoDB Overview

15.2 InnoDB Contact Information

15.3 InnoDB in MySQL 3.23

15.4 InnoDB Configuration

15.5 InnoDB Startup Options

15.6 Creating the InnoDB Tablespace

15.6.1 Dealing with InnoDB Initialization Problems

15.7 Creating InnoDB Tables

15.7.1 How to Use Transactions in InnoDB with Different APIs15.7.2 Converting MyISAM Tables to InnoDB

15.7.3 How an AUTO_INCREMENT Column Works in InnoDB

15.7.4 FOREIGN KEY Constraints

15.7.5 InnoDB and MySQL Replication

15.7.6 Using Per-Table Tablespaces

15.8 Adding and Removing InnoDB Data and Log Files

15.9 Backing Up and Recovering an InnoDB Database

15.9.1 Forcing Recovery

15.9.2 Checkpoints

15.10 Moving an InnoDB Database to Another Machine

15.11 InnoDB Transaction Model and Locking15.11.1 InnoDB and AUTOCOMMIT

15.11.2 InnoDB and TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL

15.11.3 Consistent Non-Locking Read

15.11.4 Locking Reads SELECT ... FOR UPDATE and SELECT ... LOCK IN SHARE MODE

15.11.5 Next-Key Locking: Avoiding the Phantom Problem

15.11.6 An Example of How the Consistent Read Works in InnoDB

15.11.7 Locks Set by Different SQL Statements in InnoDB

15.11.8 When Does MySQL Implicitly Commit or Roll Back a Transaction?

15.11.9 Deadlock Detection and Rollback

15.11.10 How to Cope with Deadlocks

15.12 InnoDB Performance Tuning Tips

15.12.1 SHOW INNODB STATUS and the InnoDB Monitors

15.13 Implementation of Multi-Versioning

15.14 Table and Index Structures

15.14.1 Physical Structure of an Index

15.14.2 Insert Buffering

15.14.3 Adaptive Hash Indexes

15.14.4 Physical Record Structure

15.15 File Space Management and Disk I/O

15.15.1 Disk I/O

15.15.2 Using Raw Devices for the Tablespace

15.15.3 File Space Management

15.15.4 Defragmenting a Table

15.16 Error Handling

15.16.1 InnoDB Error Codes

15.16.2 Operating System Error Codes

15.17 Restrictions on InnoDB Tables

15.18 InnoDB Troubleshooting

15.18.1 Troubleshooting InnoDB Data Dictionary Operations

16 MySQL Cluster

16.1 MySQL Cluster Overview


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16.2 Basic MySQL Cluster Concepts

16.3 MySQL Cluster Configuration

16.3.1 Building from Source Code

16.3.2 Installing the Software

16.3.3 Quick Test Setup of MySQL Cluster

16.3.4 Configuration File

16.3.4.1 Example Configuration for a MySQL Cluster

16.3.4.2 The MySQL Cluster connectstring

16.3.4.3 Defining the Computers Making up a MySQL Cluster16.3.4.4 Defining the MySQL Cluster Management Server

16.3.4.5 Defining MySQL Cluster Storage Nodes

16.3.4.6 Defining the MySQL Servers for a MySQL Cluster

16.3.4.7 MySQL Cluster TCP/IP Connections

16.3.4.8 MySQL Cluster Shared-Memory Connections

16.3.4.9 MySQL Cluster SCI Transport Connections

16.4 Process Management in MySQL Cluster

16.4.1 MySQL Server Process Usage for MySQL Cluster

16.4.2 ndbd, the Storage Engine Node Process

16.4.3 ndb_mgmd, the Management Server Process

16.4.4 ndb_mgm, the Management Client Process16.4.5 Command Options for MySQL Cluster Processes

16.4.5.1 MySQL Cluster-Related Command Options for mysqld

16.4.5.2 Command Options for ndbd

16.4.5.3 Command Options for ndb_mgmd

16.4.5.4 Command Options for ndb_mgm

16.5 Management of MySQL Cluster

16.5.1 Commands in the Management Client

16.5.2 Event Reports Generated in MySQL Cluster

16.5.2.1 Logging Management Commands

16.5.2.2 Log Events

16.5.3 Single User Mode

16.5.4 On-line Backup of MySQL Cluster

16.5.4.1 Cluster Backup Concepts

16.5.4.2 Using The Management Server to Create a Backup

16.5.4.3 How to Restore a Cluster Backup

16.5.4.4 Configuration for Cluster Backup

16.5.4.5 Backup Troubleshooting

16.6 Using High-Speed Interconnects with MySQL Cluster

16.6.1 Configuring MySQL Cluster to use SCI Sockets

16.6.2 Low-level benchmarks to understand impact of cluster interconnects

16.7 MySQL Cluster Limitations in 4.1

17 Introduction to MaxDB

17.1 History of MaxDB

17.2 Licensing and Support

17.3 MaxDB-Related Links

17.4 Basic Concepts of MaxDB

17.5 Feature Differences Between MaxDB and MySQL

17.6 Interoperability Features Between MaxDB and MySQL

17.7 Reserved Words in MaxDB

18 Spatial Extensions in MySQL

18.1 Introduction


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18.2 The OpenGIS Geometry Model

18.2.1 The Geometry Class Hierarchy

18.2.2 Class Geometry

18.2.3 Class Point

18.2.4 Class Curve

18.2.5 Class LineString

18.2.6 Class Surface

18.2.7 Class Polygon

18.2.8 Class GeometryCollection18.2.9 Class MultiPoint

18.2.10 Class MultiCurve

18.2.11 Class MultiLineString

18.2.12 Class MultiSurface

18.2.13 Class MultiPolygon

18.3 Supported Spatial Data Formats

18.3.1 Well-Known Text (WKT) Format

18.3.2 Well-Known Binary (WKB) Format

18.4 Creating a Spatially Enabled MySQL Database

18.4.1 MySQL Spatial Data Types

18.4.2 Creating Spatial Values18.4.2.1 Creating Geometry Values Using WKT Functions

18.4.2.2 Creating Geometry Values Using WKB Functions

18.4.2.3 Creating Geometry Values Using MySQL-Specific Functions

18.4.3 Creating Spatial Columns

18.4.4 Populating Spatial Columns

18.4.5 Fetching Spatial Data

18.4.5.1 Fetching Spatial Data in Internal Format

18.4.5.2 Fetching Spatial Data in WKT Format

18.4.5.3 Fetching Spatial Data in WKB Format

18.5 Analyzing Spatial Information

18.5.1 Geometry Format Conversion Functions

18.5.2 Geometry Functions

18.5.2.1 General Geometry Functions

18.5.2.2 Point Functions

18.5.2.3 LineString Functions

18.5.2.4 MultiLineString Functions

18.5.2.5 Polygon Functions

18.5.2.6 MultiPolygon Functions

18.5.2.7 GeometryCollection Functions

18.5.3 Functions That Create New Geometries from Existing Ones

18.5.3.1 Geometry Functions That Produce New Geometries

18.5.3.2 Spatial Operators

18.5.4 Functions for Testing Spatial Relations Between Geometric Objects

18.5.5 Relations on Geometry Minimal Bounding Rectangles (MBRs)

18.5.6 Functions That Test Spatial Relationships Between Geometries

18.6 Optimizing Spatial Analysis

18.6.1 Creating Spatial Indexes

18.6.2 Using a Spatial Index

18.7 MySQL Conformance and Compatibility

18.7.1 GIS Features That Are Not Yet Implemented

19 Stored Procedures and Functions


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19.1 Stored Procedure Syntax

19.1.1 Maintaining Stored Procedures

19.1.1.1 CREATE PROCEDURE and CREATE FUNCTION

19.1.1.2 ALTER PROCEDURE and ALTER FUNCTION

19.1.1.3 DROP PROCEDURE and DROP FUNCTION

19.1.1.4 SHOW CREATE PROCEDURE and SHOW CREATE FUNCTION

19.1.2 SHOW PROCEDURE STATUS and SHOW FUNCTION STATUS

19.1.3 CALL Statement

19.1.4 BEGIN ... END Compound Statement19.1.5 DECLARE Statement

19.1.6 Variables in Stored Procedures

19.1.6.1 DECLARE Local Variables

19.1.6.2 Variable SET Statement

19.1.6.3 SELECT ... INTO Statement

19.1.7 Conditions and Handlers

19.1.7.1 DECLARE Conditions

19.1.7.2 DECLARE Handlers

19.1.8 Cursors

19.1.8.1 Declaring Cursors

19.1.8.2 Cursor OPEN Statement19.1.8.3 Cursor FETCH Statement

19.1.8.4 Cursor CLOSE Statement

19.1.9 Flow Control Constructs

19.1.9.1 IF Statement

19.1.9.2 CASE Statement

19.1.9.3 LOOP Statement

19.1.9.4 LEAVE Statement

19.1.9.5 ITERATE Statement

19.1.9.6 REPEAT Statement

19.1.9.7 WHILE Statement

20 Triggers

20.1 CREATE TRIGGER Syntax

20.2 DROP TRIGGER Syntax

20.3 Using Triggers

21 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA Information Database

21.1 INFORMATION_SCHEMA Tables

21.1.1 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA SCHEMATA Table

21.1.2 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TABLES Table

21.1.3 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA COLUMNS Table

21.1.4 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA STATISTICS Table

21.1.5 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA USER_PRIVILEGES Table

21.1.6 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA SCHEMA_PRIVILEGES Table

21.1.7 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TABLE_PRIVILEGES Table

21.1.8 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA COLUMN_PRIVILEGES Table

21.1.9 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA CHARACTER_SETS Table

21.1.10 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA COLLATIONS Table

21.1.11 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA COLLATION_CHARACTER_SET_APPLICABILITY Table

21.1.12 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TABLE_CONSTRAINTS Table

21.1.13 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA KEY_COLUMN_USAGE Table

21.1.14 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA ROUTINES Table

21.1.15 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA VIEWS Table


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21.1.16 Other INFORMATION_SCHEMA Tables

21.2 Extensions to SHOW Statements

22 MySQL APIs

22.1 MySQL Program Development Utilities

22.1.1 msql2mysql, Convert mSQL Programs for Use with MySQL

22.1.2 mysql_config, Get compile options for compiling clients

22.2 MySQL C API

22.2.1 C API Data types

22.2.2 C API Function Overview22.2.3 C API Function Descriptions

22.2.3.1 mysql_affected_rows()

22.2.3.2 mysql_change_user()

22.2.3.3 mysql_character_set_name()

22.2.3.4 mysql_close()

22.2.3.5 mysql_connect()

22.2.3.6 mysql_create_db()

22.2.3.7 mysql_data_seek()

22.2.3.8 mysql_debug()

22.2.3.9 mysql_drop_db()

22.2.3.10 mysql_dump_debug_info()

22.2.3.11 mysql_eof()

22.2.3.12 mysql_errno()

22.2.3.13 mysql_error()

22.2.3.14 mysql_escape_string()

22.2.3.15 mysql_fetch_field()

22.2.3.16 mysql_fetch_fields()

22.2.3.17 mysql_fetch_field_direct()

22.2.3.18 mysql_fetch_lengths()

22.2.3.19 mysql_fetch_row()

22.2.3.20 mysql_field_count()

22.2.3.21 mysql_field_seek()

22.2.3.22 mysql_field_tell()

22.2.3.23 mysql_free_result()

22.2.3.24 mysql_get_client_info()

22.2.3.25 mysql_get_client_version()

22.2.3.26 mysql_get_host_info()

22.2.3.27 mysql_get_proto_info()

22.2.3.28 mysql_get_server_info()

22.2.3.29 mysql_get_server_version()

22.2.3.30 mysql_hex_string()

22.2.3.31 mysql_info()

22.2.3.32 mysql_init()

22.2.3.33 mysql_insert_id()

22.2.3.34 mysql_kill()

22.2.3.35 mysql_library_init()

22.2.3.36 mysql_library_end()

22.2.3.37 mysql_list_dbs()

22.2.3.38 mysql_list_fields()

22.2.3.39 mysql_list_processes()

22.2.3.40 mysql_list_tables()

22.2.3.41 mysql_num_fields()


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22.2.3.42 mysql_num_rows()

22.2.3.43 mysql_options()

22.2.3.44 mysql_ping()

22.2.3.45 mysql_query()

22.2.3.46 mysql_real_connect()

22.2.3.47 mysql_real_escape_string()

22.2.3.48 mysql_real_query()

22.2.3.49 mysql_reload()

22.2.3.50 mysql_row_seek()22.2.3.51 mysql_row_tell()

22.2.3.52 mysql_select_db()

22.2.3.53 mysql_set_server_option()

22.2.3.54 mysql_shutdown()

22.2.3.55 mysql_sqlstate()

22.2.3.56 mysql_ssl_set()

22.2.3.57 mysql_stat()

22.2.3.58 mysql_store_result()

22.2.3.59 mysql_thread_id()

22.2.3.60 mysql_use_result()

22.2.3.61 mysql_warning_count()

22.2.3.62 mysql_commit()

22.2.3.63 mysql_rollback()

22.2.3.64 mysql_autocommit()

22.2.3.65 mysql_more_results()

22.2.3.66 mysql_next_result()

22.2.4 C API Prepared Statements

22.2.5 C API Prepared Statement Data types

22.2.6 C API Prepared Statement Function Overview

22.2.7 C API Prepared Statement Function Descriptions

22.2.7.1 mysql_stmt_affected_rows()

22.2.7.2 mysql_stmt_attr_get()

22.2.7.3 mysql_stmt_attr_set()

22.2.7.4 mysql_stmt_bind_param()

22.2.7.5 mysql_stmt_bind_result()

22.2.7.6 mysql_stmt_close()

22.2.7.7 mysql_stmt_data_seek()

22.2.7.8 mysql_stmt_errno()

22.2.7.9 mysql_stmt_error()

22.2.7.10 mysql_stmt_execute()

22.2.7.11 mysql_stmt_free_result()

22.2.7.12 mysql_stmt_insert_id()

22.2.7.13 mysql_stmt_fetch()

22.2.7.14 mysql_stmt_fetch_column()

22.2.7.15 mysql_stmt_field_count()

22.2.7.16 mysql_stmt_init()

22.2.7.17 mysql_stmt_num_rows()

22.2.7.18 mysql_stmt_param_count()

22.2.7.19 mysql_stmt_param_metadata()

22.2.7.20 mysql_stmt_prepare()

22.2.7.21 mysql_stmt_reset()

22.2.7.22 mysql_stmt_result_metadata()


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22.2.7.23 mysql_stmt_row_seek()

22.2.7.24 mysql_stmt_row_tell()

22.2.7.25 mysql_stmt_send_long_data()

22.2.7.26 mysql_stmt_sqlstate()

22.2.7.27 mysql_stmt_store_result()

22.2.8 C API Prepared statement problems

22.2.9 C API Handling of Multiple Query Execution

22.2.10 C API Handling of Date and Time Values

22.2.11 C API Threaded Function Descriptions22.2.11.1 my_init()

22.2.11.2 mysql_thread_init()

22.2.11.3 mysql_thread_end()

22.2.11.4 mysql_thread_safe()

22.2.12 C API Embedded Server Function Descriptions

22.2.12.1 mysql_server_init()

22.2.12.2 mysql_server_end()

22.2.13 Common questions and problems when using the C API

22.2.13.1 Why mysql_store_result() Sometimes Returns NULL After

mysql_query() Returns Success

22.2.13.2 What Results You Can Get from a Query22.2.13.3 How to Get the Unique ID for the Last Inserted Row

22.2.13.4 Problems Linking with the C API

22.2.14 Building Client Programs

22.2.15 How to Make a Threaded Client

22.2.16 libmysqld, the Embedded MySQL Server Library

22.2.16.1 Overview of the Embedded MySQL Server Library

22.2.16.2 Compiling Programs with libmysqld

22.2.16.3 Restrictions when using the Embedded MySQL Server

22.2.16.4 Using Option Files with the Embedded Server

22.2.16.5 Things left to do in Embedded Server (TODO)

22.2.16.6 A Simple Embedded Server Example

22.2.16.7 Licensing the Embedded Server

22.3 MySQL PHP API

22.3.1 Common Problems with MySQL and PHP

22.4 MySQL Perl API

22.5 MySQL C++ API

22.5.1 Borland C++

22.6 MySQL Python API

22.7 MySQL Tcl API

22.8 MySQL Eiffel Wrapper

23 MySQL Connectors

23.1 MySQL ODBC Support

23.1.1 Introduction to MyODBC

23.1.1.1 What is ODBC?

23.1.1.2 What is Connector/ODBC?

23.1.1.3 What is MyODBC 2.50?

23.1.1.4 What is MyODBC 3.51?

23.1.1.5 Where to Get MyODBC

23.1.1.6 Supported Platforms

23.1.1.7 MyODBC Mailing List

23.1.1.8 MyODBC Forum


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23.1.1.9 How to Report MyODBC Problems or Bugs

23.1.1.10 How to Submit a MyODBC Patch

23.1.2 General Information About ODBC and MyODBC

23.1.2.1 Introduction to ODBC

23.1.2.2 MyODBC Architecture

23.1.2.3 ODBC Driver Managers

23.1.2.4 Types of MySQL ODBC Drivers

23.1.3 How to Install MyODBC

23.1.4 Installing MyODBC from a Binary Distribution on Windows23.1.5 Installing MyODBC from a Binary Distribution on Unix

23.1.5.1 Installing MyODBC from an RPM Distribution

23.1.5.2 Installing MyODBC from a Binary Tarball Distribution

23.1.6 Installing MyODBC from a Source Distribution on Windows


23.1.6.2 Building MyODBC 3.51

23.1.6.3 Testing

23.1.6.4 Building MyODBC 2.50

23.1.7 Installing MyODBC from a Source Distribution on Unix


23.1.7.2 Typical configure Options23.1.7.3 Thread-Safe Client

23.1.7.4 Shared or Static Options

23.1.7.5 Enabling Debugging Information

23.1.7.6 Enabling the Documentation

23.1.7.7 Building and Compilation

23.1.7.8 Building Shared Libraries

23.1.7.9 Installing Driver Libraries

23.1.7.10 Testing MyODBC on Unix

23.1.7.11 Mac OS X Notes

23.1.7.12 HP-UX Notes

23.1.7.13 AIX Notes:

23.1.8 Installing MyODBC from the BitKeeper Development Source Tree

23.1.9 MyODBC Configuration

23.1.9.1 What is a Data Source Name?

23.1.9.2 Configuring a MyODBC DSN on Windows

23.1.9.3 Configuring a MyODBC DSN on Unix

23.1.9.4 Connection Parameters

23.1.9.5 Connecting Without a Predefined DSN

23.1.9.6 Establishing a Remote Connection to System A from System B

23.1.9.7 Getting an ODBC Trace File

23.1.9.8 Applications Tested with MyODBC

23.1.9.9 Programs Known to Work With MyODBC

23.1.10 MyODBC Connection-Related Issues

23.1.10.1 While Configuring a MyODBC DSN, a Could Not Load Translator or

Setup Library Error Occurs

23.1.10.2 While Connecting, an Access denied Error Occurs

23.1.10.3 INFO: About ODBC Connection Pooling

23.1.11 MyODBC and Microsoft Access

23.1.11.1 How to Set Up Microsoft Access to Work with MySQL using MyODBC?

23.1.11.2 How to Export a Table or Query from Access to MySQL?

23.1.11.3 How to Import or Link MySQL Database Tables to Access?


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23.1.11.4 The Structure or Location of a Linked Table has been Changed. Can I See

Those Changes Locally in Linked Tables?

23.1.11.5 When I Insert or Update a Record in Linked Tables, I Get #DELETED#

23.1.11.6 How Do I Handle Write Conflicts or Row Location Errors?

23.1.11.7 Whenever I Export a Table from Access 97, a Strange Syntax Error

Occurs

23.1.11.8 Access Returns Another user has modified the record that you

have modified While Editing Records

23.1.11.9 How to Trap ODBC Login Error Messages in Access?23.1.11.10 How Do I Optimize Access for Performance with MyODBC?

23.1.11.11 I Have Very Long Tables. What is the Best Configuration for MyODBC

to Access These Tables?

23.1.11.12 How to Set the QueryTimeout Value for ODBC Connections?

23.1.11.13 INFO: Tools to Export/Import from/to Access to/from MySQL

23.1.12 MyODBC and Microsoft VBA and ASP

23.1.12.1 Why Does SELECT COUNT(*) FROM tbl_name Return an Error?

23.1.12.2 Whenever I Use the AppendChunk() or GetChunk() ADO Methods, I Get

an Error Multiple-step operation generated errors. Check each status

value.

23.1.12.3 How to Find the Total Number of Rows Affected by a Particular SQLStatement in ADO?

23.1.12.4 How Do I Handle Blob Data in Visual Basic?

23.1.12.5 How Do I Map Visual Basic Data Types to MySQL Types?

23.1.12.6 SAMPLES: VB with ADO, DAO and RDO

23.1.12.7 ASP and MySQL with MyODBC

23.1.12.8 INFO: Frequently Asked Questions on ActiveX Data Objects (ADO)

23.1.13 MyODBC and Third-Party ODBC Tools

23.1.13.1 How to Retrieve Data from MySQL into MS-Word/Excel Documents?

23.1.13.2 Exporting Tables from MS DTS to MySQL Using MyODBC Results in a

Syntax Error

23.1.13.3 HOWTO: Configure MySQL+MyODBC+unixODBC+ColdFusion on

Solaris

23.1.14 MyODBC General Functionality

23.1.14.1 How to Get the Value of an AUTO_INCREMENT Column in ODBC

23.1.14.2 Does MyODBC Support Dynamic Cursor Type?

23.1.14.3 What Causes Transactions are not enabled Errors?

23.1.14.4 What Causes Cursor not found Errors?

23.1.14.5 Can I Use MyODBC 2.50 Applications with MyODBC 3.51?

23.1.14.6 Can I Access MySQL from .NET Environment Using MyODBC?

23.1.14.7 Why Does MyODBC Perform Poorly, and Also Make a Lot of Disk

Activity for Relatively Small Queries?

23.1.15 Basic MyODBC Application Steps

23.1.16 MyODBC API Reference

23.1.17 MyODBC Data Types

23.1.18 MyODBC Error Codes

23.1.19 MyODBC With VB: ADO, DAO and RDO

23.1.19.1 ADO: rs.addNew, rs.delete, and rs.update

23.1.19.2 DAO: rs.addNew, rs.update, and Scrolling

23.1.19.3 RDO: rs.addNew and rs.update

23.1.20 MyODBC with Microsoft .NET

23.1.20.1 ODBC.NET: CSHARP(C#)


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23.1.20.2 ODBC.NET: VB

23.1.21 Credits

23.2 MySQL Java Connectivity (JDBC)

24 Error Handling in MySQL

25 Extending MySQL

25.1 MySQL Internals

25.1.1 MySQL Threads

25.1.2 MySQL Test Suite

25.1.2.1 Running the MySQL Test Suite25.1.2.2 Extending the MySQL Test Suite

25.1.2.3 Reporting Bugs in the MySQL Test Suite

25.2 Adding New Functions to MySQL

25.2.1 CREATE FUNCTION/DROP FUNCTION Syntax

25.2.2 Adding a New User-defined Function

25.2.2.1 UDF Calling Sequences for simple functions

25.2.2.2 UDF Calling Sequences for aggregate functions

25.2.2.3 Argument Processing

25.2.2.4 Return Values and Error Handling

25.2.2.5 Compiling and Installing User-defined Functions

25.2.3 Adding a New Native Function25.3 Adding New Procedures to MySQL

25.3.1 Procedure Analyse

25.3.2 Writing a Procedure

A Problems and Common Errors

A.1 How to Determine What Is Causing a Problem

A.2 Common Errors When Using MySQL Programs

A.2.1 Access denied

A.2.2 Can't connect to [local] MySQL server

A.2.3 Client does not support authentication protocol

A.2.4 Password Fails When Entered Interactively

A.2.5 Host 'host_name' is blocked

A.2.6 Too many connections

A.2.7 Out of memory

A.2.8 MySQL server has gone away

A.2.9 Packet too large

A.2.10 Communication Errors and Aborted Connections

A.2.11 The table is full

A.2.12 Can't create/write to file

A.2.13 Commands out of sync

A.2.14 Ignoring user

A.2.15 Table 'tbl_name' doesn't exist

A.2.16 Can't initialize character set

A.2.17 File Not Found

A.3 Installation-Related Issues

A.3.1 Problems Linking to the MySQL Client Library

A.3.2 How to Run MySQL as a Normal User

A.3.3 Problems with File Permissions

A.4 Administration-Related Issues

A.4.1 How to Reset the Root Password

A.4.2 What to Do If MySQL Keeps Crashing

A.4.3 How MySQL Handles a Full Disk


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A.4.4 Where MySQL Stores Temporary Files

A.4.5 How to Protect or Change the MySQL Socket File `/tmp/mysql.sock'

A.4.6 Time Zone Problems

A.5 Query-Related Issues

A.5.1 Case Sensitivity in Searches

A.5.2 Problems Using DATE Columns

A.5.3 Problems with NULL Values

A.5.4 Problems with Column Aliases

A.5.5 Rollback Failure for Non-Transactional TablesA.5.6 Deleting Rows from Related Tables

A.5.7 Solving Problems with No Matching Rows

A.5.8 Problems with Floating-Point Comparisons

A.6 Optimizer-Related Issues

A.7 Table Definition-Related Issues

A.7.1 Problems with ALTER TABLE

A.7.2 How to Change the Order of Columns in a Table

A.7.3 TEMPORARY TABLE Problems

B Credits

B.1 Developers at MySQL AB

B.2 Contributors to MySQLB.3 Documenters and translators

B.4 Libraries used by and included with MySQL

B.5 Packages that support MySQL

B.6 Tools that were used to create MySQL

B.7 Supporters of MySQL

C MySQL and the Future (the TODO)

C.1 New Features Planned for 5.0

C.2 New Features Planned for 5.1

C.3 New Features Planned for the Near Future

C.4 New Features Planned for the Mid-Term Future

C.5 New Features We Don't Plan to Implement

D MySQL Change History

D.1 Changes in release 5.0.x (Development)

D.1.1 Changes in release 5.0.3 (not released yet)

D.1.2 Changes in release 5.0.2 (01 Dec 2004)

D.1.3 Changes in release 5.0.1 (27 Jul 2004)

D.1.4 Changes in release 5.0.0 (22 Dec 2003: Alpha)

D.2 Changes in release 4.1.x (Production)


D.2.2 Changes in release 4.1.9 (11 Jan 2005)


D.2.4 Changes in release 4.1.7 (23 Oct 2004: Production)

D.2.5 Changes in release 4.1.6 (10 Oct 2004)

D.2.6 Changes in release 4.1.5 (16 Sep 2004)

D.2.7 Changes in release 4.1.4 (26 Aug 2004: Gamma)

D.2.8 Changes in release 4.1.3 (28 Jun 2004: Beta)

D.2.9 Changes in release 4.1.2 (28 May 2004)


D.2.11 Changes in release 4.1.0 (03 Apr 2003: Alpha)

D.3 Changes in release 4.0.x (Production)



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D.3.7 Changes in release 4.0.18 (12 Feb 2004)



D.3.10 Changes in release 4.0.15 (03 Sep 2003)D.3.11 Changes in release 4.0.14 (18 Jul 2003)


D.3.13 Changes in release 4.0.12 (15 Mar 2003: Production)






D.3.19 Changes in release 4.0.6 (14 Dec 2002: Gamma)

D.3.20 Changes in release 4.0.5 (13 Nov 2002)

D.3.21 Changes in release 4.0.4 (29 Sep 2002)D.3.22 Changes in release 4.0.3 (26 Aug 2002: Beta)



D.3.25 Changes in release 4.0.0 (Oct 2001: Alpha)

D.4 Changes in release 3.23.x (Recent; still supported)



D.4.3 Changes in release 3.23.57 (06 Jun 2003)

D.4.4 Changes in release 3.23.56 (13 Mar 2003)




D.4.8 Changes in release 3.23.52 (14 Aug 2002)


D.4.10 Changes in release 3.23.50 (21 Apr 2002)
















D.4.26 Changes in release 3.23.34a (11 Mar 2001)


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D.4.30 Changes in release 3.23.31 (17 Jan 2001: Production)



D.4.33 Changes in release 3.23.28 (22 Nov 2000: Gamma)


D.4.35 Changes in release 3.23.26 (18 Oct 2000)D.4.36 Changes in release 3.23.25 (29 Sep 2000)





D.4.41 Changes in release 3.23.20 (28 Jun 2000: Beta)

D.4.42 Changes in release 3.23.19




D.4.46 Changes in release 3.23.15 (08 May 2000)D.4.47 Changes in release 3.23.14 (09 Apr 2000)














D.4.61 Changes in release 3.23.0 (05 Jul 1999: Alpha)

D.5 Changes in release 3.22.x (Old; discontinued)

















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D.5.19 Changes in release 3.22.17 (22 Feb 1999: Production)



D.5.22 Changes in release 3.22.14 (01 Jan 1999: Gamma)


D.5.24 Changes in release 3.22.12 (09 Dec 1998)D.5.25 Changes in release 3.22.11 (24 Nov 1998)




D.5.29 Changes in release 3.22.7 (21 Sep 1998: Beta)


D.5.31 Changes in release 3.22.5 (20 Aug 1998: Alpha)

D.5.32 Changes in release 3.22.4 (06 Jul 1998: Beta)



D.5.35 Changes in release 3.22.1 (Jun 1998)D.5.36 Changes in release 3.22.0 (18 May 1998: Alpha)

D.6 Changes in release 3.21.x













D.6.13 Changes in release 3.21.21a








D.6.21 Changes in release 3.21.14b

D.6.22 Changes in release 3.21.14a









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D.7.2 Changes in release 3.20.17D.7.3 Changes in release 3.20.16










D.7.13 Changes in release 3.20.3D.7.14 Changes in release 3.20.0





D.9 InnoDB Change History

D.9.1 MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.21, September 10, 2004

D.9.2 MySQL/InnoDB-4.1.4, August 31, 2004

D.9.3 MySQL/InnoDB-4.1.3, June 28, 2004

D.9.4 MySQL/InnoDB-4.1.2, May 30, 2004



D.9.7 MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.18, February 13, 2004

D.9.8 MySQL/InnoDB-5.0.0, December 24, 2003



D.9.11 MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.16, October 22, 2003



D.9.14 MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.14, July 22, 2003



D.9.17 MySQL/InnoDB-4.1.0, April 3, 2003

D.9.18 MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.56, March 17, 2003

D.9.19 MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.12, March 18, 2003



D.9.22 MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.55, January 24, 2003





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D.9.28 MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.5, November 18, 2002





D.9.33 MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.2, July 10, 2002

D.9.34 MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.51, June 12, 2002D.9.35 MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.50, April 23, 2002










D.9.45 MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.41, August 13, 2001D.9.46 MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.40, July 16, 2001



D.10 MySQL Cluster Change History

D.10.1 MySQL Cluster-4.1.10 (not released yet)

D.10.2 MySQL Cluster-4.1.9 (13 Jan 2005)

D.10.3 MySQL Cluster-4.1.8 (14 Dec 2004)

D.10.4 MySQL Cluster-4.1.7 (23 Oct 2004)

D.10.5 MySQL Cluster-4.1.6 (10 Oct 2004)

D.10.6 MySQL Cluster-4.1.5 (16 Sep 2004)

D.10.7 MySQL Cluster-4.1.4 (31 Aug 2004)

D.10.8 MySQL Cluster-5.0.1 (27 Jul 2004)

D.10.9 MySQL Cluster-4.1.3 (28 Jun 2004)

E Porting to Other Systems

E.1 Debugging a MySQL Server

E.1.1 Compiling MySQL for Debugging

E.1.2 Creating Trace Files

E.1.3 Debugging mysqld under gdb

E.1.4 Using a Stack Trace

E.1.5 Using Log Files to Find Cause of Errors in mysqld

E.1.6 Making a Test Case If You Experience Table Corruption

E.2 Debugging a MySQL Client

E.3 The DBUG Package

E.4 Comments about RTS Threads

E.5 Differences Between Thread Packages

F Environment Variables

G MySQL Regular Expressions

H GNU General Public License

I MySQL FLOSS License Exception
