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N A P O L E O N. AN OVERVIEW. E U R O P E 1 8 0 0. Sea Power. 1805:. France . Britain. Trafalgar (Lord Nelson: Fr. Navy lost!). NAPOLEON’S MILITARY CAMPAIGNS. Napoléon’s Major Military Campaigns. GOAL: CONQUEST OF ALL OF EUROPE. BRIEF OUTLINE - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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N
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E
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AN OVERVIEW
E
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1
8
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Napoléon’s Major Military Campaigns
Napoléon’s Major Military Campaigns
Trafalgar (Lord Nelson: Fr. Navy lost!)
BritainFrance 1805: SeaPowerSea
Power
NAPOLEON’S MILITARY CAMPAIGNS
GOAL: CONQUEST OF ALL OF EUROPE
BRIEF OUTLINE1799: DEFEAT OF THE 2ND COALITION (ENGLAND, AUSTRIA, NAPLES, PORTUGAL, OTTOMAN EMPIRE) OVER EGYPT
1800: ITALIAN CAMPAIGN: VERSUS AUSTRIA; RECOGNITION OF RHINELAND, CISALPINE REPUBLIC, ETC.
1802: PEACE OF AMIENS – BRITAIN TO GIVE UP MALTA, SOME WEST INDIES, RETURN EGYPT TO SULTAN; FRANCE STILL MEDDLING IN ITALIAN AFFAIRS; MADE PEACE WITH AUSTRIA
1803: ENGLAND STEPS UP; NOT WILLING TO LET FRANCE CONTROL THE CONTINENT, WAR BEGINS
1805: 3RD COALITION: BRITAIN, RUSSIA, AUSTRIA – BATTLE OF TRAFALGAR IS HUGE VICTORY: FRANCE AND SPAIN DEFEATED BY BRITAIN
BRIEF OUTLINE1799: DEFEAT OF THE 2ND COALITION (ENGLAND, AUSTRIA, NAPLES, PORTUGAL, OTTOMAN EMPIRE) OVER EGYPT
1800: ITALIAN CAMPAIGN: VERSUS AUSTRIA; RECOGNITION OF RHINELAND, CISALPINE REPUBLIC, ETC.
1802: PEACE OF AMIENS – BRITAIN TO GIVE UP MALTA, SOME WEST INDIES, RETURN EGYPT TO SULTAN; FRANCE STILL MEDDLING IN ITALIAN AFFAIRS; MADE PEACE WITH AUSTRIA
1803: ENGLAND STEPS UP; NOT WILLING TO LET FRANCE CONTROL THE CONTINENT, WAR BEGINS
1805: 3RD COALITION: BRITAIN, RUSSIA, AUSTRIA – BATTLE OF TRAFALGAR IS HUGE VICTORY: FRANCE AND SPAIN DEFEATED BY BRITAIN
“Crossing the Alps,”
1805
“Crossing the Alps,”
1805
Napoléon’s Major Military Campaigns
Napoléon’s Major Military Campaigns
Britain Austria Russia
(3rd Coalition)
France 1805: -Danube-Italy-Danube-Italy
AUSTERLITZ: France defeated Austria & Russia.
AUSTERLITZ: France defeated Austria & Russia.
Crowned “King of Italy” on May 6, 1805
SIGNIFICANCE: CONTINENTAL CONTROLCONTINENTAL CONTROL
Crowned “King of Italy” on May 6, 1805
SIGNIFICANCE: CONTINENTAL CONTROLCONTINENTAL CONTROL
British Cartoon British Cartoon
“Continental System” (1806-1812)“Continental System” (1806-1812)
Napoléon’s Major Military Campaigns
Napoléon’s Major Military Campaigns
Napoleon becomes Grand Duchy of Warsaw
France defeated Russian troops
France occupies capital of East Prussia!
RussiaFrance 1806: PolandPolandPolandPoland
“Napoléon on His Imperial
Throne”
1806
By Jean AugusteDominique
Ingres
“Napoléon on His Imperial
Throne”
1806
By Jean AugusteDominique
Ingres
Josephine’s Divorce Statement (1807)
Josephine’s Divorce Statement (1807)
With the permission of my august and dear husband, I must declare that, having no hope of bearing children who would fulfill the needs of his policies and the interests of France, I am pleased to offer him the greatest proof of attachment and devotion ever offered on this earth.
With the permission of my august and dear husband, I must declare that, having no hope of bearing children who would fulfill the needs of his policies and the interests of France, I am pleased to offer him the greatest proof of attachment and devotion ever offered on this earth.
Napoléon’s Divorce Statement (1807)
Napoléon’s Divorce Statement (1807)
Far from ever finding cause for complaint, I can to the contrary only congratulate myself on the devotion and tenderness of my beloved wife. She has adorned thirteen years of my life; the memory will always remain engraved on my heart.
Far from ever finding cause for complaint, I can to the contrary only congratulate myself on the devotion and tenderness of my beloved wife. She has adorned thirteen years of my life; the memory will always remain engraved on my heart.
Marie Louise(of Austria)
married Napoléon on
March 12, 1810
in Vienna
Marie Louise(of Austria)
married Napoléon on
March 12, 1810
in Vienna
Marie Louise(of Austria)
withNapoléon’s
Son
(Napoléon Francis Joseph Charles:
1811-1832)
Marie Louise(of Austria)
withNapoléon’s
Son
(Napoléon Francis Joseph Charles:
1811-1832)
Peninsular Campaign: 1807-1810
Peninsular Campaign: 1807-1810
e Portugal did not comply with the Continental System.
e France wanted Spain’s support to invade Portugal.
e Spain refused, so Napoleon invaded Spain as well!
Spain Portugal
France 1806: ContinentalContinentalSystemSystem
ContinentalContinentalSystemSystem
The Surrender of MadridMay, 1809
The Surrender of MadridMay, 1809
“Third of May, 1808” by Goya (1810)
“Third of May, 1808” by Goya (1810)Many innocent citizens
shot by Napoleon’s troops
May have been made from sketches drawn by witnesses
The depiction of evil
Mangled bodies show courage of the other victims who know they will join them
“Napoléon in His
Study”
1812
by David
“Napoléon in His
Study”
1812
by David
Napoléon’s Family Rules!Napoléon’s Family Rules!
e Jerome Bonaparte King of Westphalia.e Joseph Bonaparte King of Spaine Louise Bonaparte King of Hollande Pauline Bonaparte Princess of Italye Napoléon Francis Joseph Charles (son)
King of Romee Elisa Bonaparte Grand Duchess of
Tuscanye Caroline Bonaparte Queen of Naples
Napoléon Invades Russia: 1812
Napoléon Invades Russia: 1812
614,000 French troops614,000 French troops
Napoléon & His Grand Arméeat the Gates of Moscow
Napoléon & His Grand Arméeat the Gates of Moscow
Napoléon’s Retreat from Moscow (Early 1813)
Napoléon’s Retreat from Moscow (Early 1813)
100,000 French troops retreat—40,000 survive!100,000 French troops retreat—40,000 survive!
The 6th CoalitionThe 6th Coalition
Britain, Russia. Spain, Portugal, Prussia, Austria, Sweden, smaller German states
France 1813-1814:
Napoléon’sNapoléon’sDefeatDefeat
Napoléon’sNapoléon’sDefeatDefeat
Napoléon’s Defeat in Spain Napoléon’s Defeat in Spain British had organized and came to assist the Spanish
France had occupied Spain since 1805
The Duke of Wellington defeats Napoleon in 1812 – his brother, Joseph, is deposed yet Spain also instituted freedom of expression, abolished feudalism and made a constitution
Napoléon Abdicates!Napoléon Abdicates!e Allied forces occupied Paris on March 31,
1814.
e Napoléon abdicated on April 6 in favour of his son, but the Allies insisted on unconditional surrender.
e Napoléon abdicated again on April 11.
e Treaty of Fontainbleau exiles Napoléon to Elba with an annual income of 2,000,000 francs.
e The royalists took control and restored Louis XVIII to the throne. [Key: France escapes severe punishments]
e Allied forces occupied Paris on March 31, 1814.
e Napoléon abdicated on April 6 in favour of his son, but the Allies insisted on unconditional surrender.
e Napoléon abdicated again on April 11.
e Treaty of Fontainbleau exiles Napoléon to Elba with an annual income of 2,000,000 francs.
e The royalists took control and restored Louis XVIII to the throne. [Key: France escapes severe punishments]
Napoléon in Exile on ElbaNapoléon in Exile on Elba
Louis XVIII (r. 1814-1824)Louis XVIII (r. 1814-1824)
“The War of the 7th Coalition”
“The War of the 7th Coalition”
Britain, Russia. Prussia, Austria, Sweden, smaller
German states
France 1815: Napoleon’sNapoleon’s“100 Days”“100 Days”Napoleon’sNapoleon’s“100 Days”“100 Days”
e Napoléon escaped from Elba and landed in France on March 1, 1815 the beginning of his 100 Days
e Napoléon escaped from Elba and landed in France on March 1, 1815 the beginning of his 100 Days
The Congress of Vienna(September 1, 1814 – June 9, 1815)The Congress of Vienna(September 1, 1814 – June 9, 1815)
e Its job was to undo everything that Napoléon had done:
V Reduce France to its old boundaries her frontiers were pushed back to 1790 level.
V Restore as many of the old monarchies as possible that had lost their thrones during the Napoléonic era.
e Supported the resolution: There is always an alternative to conflict.
e Its job was to undo everything that Napoléon had done:
V Reduce France to its old boundaries her frontiers were pushed back to 1790 level.
V Restore as many of the old monarchies as possible that had lost their thrones during the Napoléonic era.
e Supported the resolution: There is always an alternative to conflict.
Key Players at Vienna
Key Players at Vienna
The “Host”Prince Klemens von Metternich (Aus.)
Foreign Minister, Viscount Castlereagh
(Br.)
Tsar Alexander I (Rus.)
King Frederick William III (Prus.)
Foreign Minister, Charles Maurice
de Tallyrand (Fr.)
Key Principles Established at Vienna
Key Principles Established at Vienna
V Balance of Power
V Legitimacy
V Compensation
V Balance of Power
V Legitimacy
V Compensation
e Coalition forces would occupy France for 3-5 years.
e France would have to pay an indemnity of 700,000,000 francs.
e Coalition forces would occupy France for 3-5 years.
e France would have to pay an indemnity of 700,000,000 francs.
Napoléon’s Defeat at Waterloo
(June 18, 1815)
Napoléon’s Defeat at Waterloo
(June 18, 1815)
Duke of Wellington Prus. General Blücher Duke of Wellington Prus. General Blücher
Napoléon on His
Way to HisFinal Exile
onSt. Helena
Napoléon on His
Way to HisFinal Exile
onSt. Helena
V France was deprived of all territory conquered by Napoléon.
V Russia was given most of Poland V A Germanic Confederation of 39 states
(including Prussia) was created from the previous 300, under Austrian rule.
V Austria was given back territory it had lost recently, plus more in Germany and Italy.
V Europe wanted a buffer zone so Holland and Belgium taken out of the Netherlands
Changes Made at Vienna Changes Made at Vienna
Changes Made at Vienna Changes Made at Vienna
V The neutrality of Switzerland was guaranteed
V Britain was given Cape Colony, South Africa, and various other colonies in Africa and Asia
V The slave trade was condemned (at British urging)
V Relative peace established until 1914
Napoléon’s TombNapoléon’s Tomb
What is What is NapoléoNapoléo
n’s n’s Legacy?Legacy?
What is What is NapoléoNapoléo
n’s n’s Legacy?Legacy?
THE BLACK NAPOLEON:TOUSSAINT L’OUVERTURE
HOW DID THE
FRENCHREVOLUTI
ONAFFECT
THE NEW
WORLD?
WHAT ARE THE COMPARISONS BETWEEN THE HAITIAN REVOLUTION AND THE FRENCH REVOLUTION?
SAINT DOMINGUE
• SUGAR AND SLAVE COLONY• 465 000 SLAVES; 30 000 WHITES, 28 000
FREE PERSONS OF COLOUR AND MULATTOS• GOVERNMENT OF SAINT DOMINGUE
DOMINATED BY THE FRENCH (WEALTHY WHITES)
• REFUSED TO GIVE REPRESENTATION TO ALL CITIZENS
• MEANWHILE…FRANCE PROHIBITS THE ISLAND FROM TRADING WITH ANY PARTNER
SOCIAL DIVISIONSWHITES• DIVIDED INTO TWO GROUPS
– SOME LOYAL TO FRANCE (PETITS BLANCS), OTHERS DISENCHANTED (THE PLANTERS)
• PLANTERS MAD BECAUSE FRANCE HAD ABOLISHED SLAVERY YET THEY DEPENDED ON SLAVES – LEANING TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE
• PETITS BLANCS NOT AS WEALTHY BUT STILL COMMITTED TO SLAVERY
THE FREE PERSONS OF COLOUR
• OWNED PLANTATIONS AND SLAVES
• DID NOT HAVE RIGHTS
• LEANED TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE
SLAVES• OUTNUMBERED THE
WHITES/FREE PERSONS OF COLOUR 10 TO 1
• NEVER FULLY QUIT FIGHTING
• ORGANIZED REVOLT LED BY TOUSSAINT L’OUVERTURE INFLUENCED BY THE DECLARATION OF RIGHTS OF MAN AND CITIZEN
INDEPENDENCE DAY (01/01/1804)
FIRST BLACK REPUBLIC• REVOLT LASTED 13 YEARS
• PERMANENT ABOLITION OF SLAVERY
• COUNTRY IN RUINS• SKEPTICAL WESTERN
WORLD • SLAVES INFLUENCED BY
FRENCH IDEALS• OLD RICHES DEPENDED
ON OLD SYSTEM
• WHAT TO DO?WHAT TO DO?
NAPOLEON’S REACTION
• INVASION OF HISPANIOLA
• L’OUVERTURE GOVERNOR FOR LIFE
• FRENCH ARMY INVADES
• SURRENDER AND RETURN TO SLAVERY (1804)
• CREOLIZATION IN EFFECT