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NNATURAL ATURAL HHERITAGE ERITAGE IINSTITUTENSTITUTEN H IN H I
FT1.08FT1.08The Global Potential The Global Potential
for Major Water System for Major Water System Reoptimization Reoptimization to Restore Downstream Ecosystems to Restore Downstream Ecosystems
and Livelihoodsand Livelihoods
NNATURAL ATURAL HHERITAGEERITAGE IINSTITUTENSTITUTE
N H IN H IExtent of Major Dams
• Today: 49,000 large dams, two thirds in developing countries.
• 1,700 large dams are under construction in other parts of the world, primarily China and India.
• Pay “more rigorous attention to…maintaining biodiversity, and protecting ecosystems in the design and implementation of water projects….The water supply needs of rivers, wetlands, and fisheries will be considered in decisions concerning the operation of reservoirs and the allocation of water.”
NNATURAL ATURAL HHERITAGEERITAGE IINSTITUTENSTITUTE
N H IN H IExtent & Location of Major Dams
ChinaRest of Asia
North AmericaWestern Europe
AfricaEastern EuropeSouth America
Central AmericaAustalasia
Number of Large Dams
NNATURAL ATURAL HHERITAGEERITAGE IINSTITUTENSTITUTEN H IN H I
Irrigation: Half the world’s large dams were built exclusively or primarily for irrigation.
NNATURAL ATURAL HHERITAGEERITAGE IINSTITUTENSTITUTE
N H IN H IHydropower: Hydropower currently provides 19% of the world’s total electricity supply and is used in over 150 countries.
NNATURAL ATURAL HHERITAGEERITAGE IINSTITUTENSTITUTE
N H IN H IFlood Control: Floods affected the lives of 65 million people per year, more than any other type of disaster, including war, drought and famine.
NNATURAL ATURAL HHERITAGEERITAGE IINSTITUTENSTITUTE
N H IN H IEnvironment: Today, dams must be reoptimized for other benefits: environmental performance and livelihoods.
NNATURAL ATURAL HHERITAGEERITAGE IINSTITUTENSTITUTE
N H IN H IIt’s Not Just a Matter of Water Volume….
This is the same volume!
NNATURAL ATURAL HHERITAGEERITAGE IINSTITUTENSTITUTE
N H IN H IImpact of Dam Operations on Floodplains
NNATURAL ATURAL HHERITAGEERITAGE IINSTITUTENSTITUTE
N H IN H IImpacts to Sediment Regime and Fluvial
Morphology
• Radically alters transport and deposition of silt in floodplains, river channels, deltas and coastlines
NNATURAL ATURAL HHERITAGEERITAGE IINSTITUTENSTITUTE
N H IN H IEnvironmental Flow Assessments Becoming More Widely Adopted
Environmental flow methodologies have been applied in 52 countries, including the following developing countries:
oLesothooMalioMauritaniaoMexicooMozambiqueoNamibiaoNigeria
oBraziloCambodiaoCameroonoChileoIndiaoIndonesiaoKenya
oPakistanoSenegaloSouth AfricaoTanzaniaoTurkeyoZambiaoZimbabwe
NNATURAL ATURAL HHERITAGEERITAGE IINSTITUTENSTITUTE
N H IN H I
Parameters:Magnitude, Duration, Frequency, Location,
Seasonality
Objectives:Instream ConditionsFloodplain Conditions
Water management techniques togenerate water when, where and in amounts desired.
Balancing the Restoration Flow Demand and Supply Equation
NNATURAL ATURAL HHERITAGEERITAGE IINSTITUTENSTITUTE
N H IN H IWhere Flow Restoration Provides
Greatest Benefits
Broad Alluvial Floodplains
Estuaries Deltas
Wetlands
NNATURAL ATURAL HHERITAGEERITAGE IINSTITUTENSTITUTE
N H IN H IThe Toolkit for Dam Reoperation
Irrigation dams:• Relocating points of diversion and return flow
• Integrating groundwater and surface storage (conjunctive water management)
• Aquifer recharge and recovery (groundwater banking)
• Reductions in physical losses from irrigation systems
• Water transfer arrangements
• Retiring waterlogged or salinized lands
NNATURAL ATURAL HHERITAGEERITAGE IINSTITUTENSTITUTE
N H IN H IThe Toolkit for Dam Reoperation
Hydroelectric dams:• Changing the role and function of the hydrodam in the mix of
generation facilities for the grid
• Substitution of daily peaking facilities
• Re-regulation reservoirs downstream of hydroelectric dams
• Pumped storage facilities to reduce the need to operate dams to follow electrical load curves
• Better coordination of cascades of dams to permit more flexible operation
NNATURAL ATURAL HHERITAGEERITAGE IINSTITUTENSTITUTE
N H IN H IThe Toolkit for Dam Reoperation
Flood Management:
• Floodplain accommodations of seasonal inundations
• Flood easements
• Flood routing and storage in retention basins
• Levee setbacks
NNATURAL ATURAL HHERITAGEERITAGE IINSTITUTENSTITUTE
N H IN H IRapid Assessment Tool for Selecting
Promising Dams
Dichotomous key
NNATURAL ATURAL HHERITAGEERITAGE IINSTITUTENSTITUTE
N H IN H IRapid Assessment Tool for Selecting
Promising Dams
Dichotomous key
NNATURAL ATURAL HHERITAGEERITAGE IINSTITUTENSTITUTE
N H IN H IProject Partners in China Component
• Ministry of Water Resources• Yellow River Conservancy Commission• Yangtze Water Resources Commission• Pearl River Commission • Three Gorges Project Corporation• Chinese Academy of Sciences • Tsinghua University• Global Water Partnership—China• Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research• Oriental Environmental Institute• World Wildlife Fund• Institute for Food Policy Research (IFPRI)• Shandong Province Department of Water Resources• Guanxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Department of Water Resources• Natural Heritage Institute
NNATURAL ATURAL HHERITAGEERITAGE IINSTITUTENSTITUTE
N H IN H I
XiaolangdiSanmenxia
Three Gorges
Danjiangkou
Eternal Spring City
LongtanLi Jiang
NNATURAL ATURAL HHERITAGEERITAGE IINSTITUTENSTITUTE
N H IN H I
Diama Diama DamDam
Faleme Faleme RiverRiver
Senegal River
Senegal River
Bafing
Bafing
River
River
BakoyeBakoye RiverRiver
ManantaliManantali DamDam
AkosomboAkosombo DamDam
Whi
te V
olta
Whi
te V
olta
Black Volta
Black Volta
Lake ChadLake ChadHadejiaHadejia--NguruNguruwetlandswetlands
TigaTiga DamDam
Challawa Challawa GorgeGorgeDamDam
Lake VoltaLake Volta
NNATURAL ATURAL HHERITAGEERITAGE IINSTITUTENSTITUTE
N H IN H IComposition of Partnership
• Dam owners and operators• River Basin Commissions• National regulatory and planning agencies• Governmental and university research
institutes• Local NGOs representing river basin
communities• International NGOs with high degree of
technical capacity• Water user interests
NNATURAL ATURAL HHERITAGEERITAGE IINSTITUTENSTITUTE
N H IN H IProducts and Results
• Toolkit of reoperation techniques• Rapid assessment tool• List of promising dam reoperation targets• Reoperation plans for selected dams• A reoptimization investment plan• Much improved sense of environmentally
compatible siting, design and operations of new dams
• Durable network of expertise and activism