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The Civil War:

1860-1865

TEXAS

AK

LA

MS AL GA

FL

SC

NCTN

VAMO KY

WVMD

DE

The House Collapses

I. Secession & Confederation in DixieA. Lincoln carries the North but is deeply hated in the

south (39% of popular vote)

B. Lincoln is announced as winner on Dec 13, 1860.

C. South Carolina secedes 7 days later.

D. Followed by MS, FL, AL, GA, LA, TX. VA, AK, NC, and TN join the Confederacy in 1861.

E. Rally to “states rights”

F. Declare the Confederate States of America (CSA) at Montgomery, AL

1. Jefferson Davis first president

2. Write a constitution protecting slavery, white supremacy, and “states rights.”

II. The ActorsA. The North: U.S.A. (the Union)

1. Advantages: a) On the battlefield: Larger army, better

equipmentb) At home: more industry, more money,

more transportation, more people: more than twice as much as South.

c) Reason for Fighting: Preserve the UnionB. The South: C.S.A. (The Confederacy)

1. Advantages:a) On the battlefield: Better generals, home

turf, defensive warb) At home: civilian supportc) Reason for Fighting: Preserve slavery,

white supremacy and their “way of life.”

III.Generals, Plans, & TheatersA.Generals: 1. After failures by George

McClellan, the Commanding General of the Union Army

was Ulysses S. Grant.- An unkempt, scruffy leader.- An expert in strategy.

2. The Commanding General ofthe Confederate Army was Robert E. Lee.- A Virginian gentleman elite.- An expert in tactics.

B. The Plans1. The North: the 3-part Anaconda plan- to

squeeze the south into surrender.a. Establish a Union naval blockade to

shut off southern ports.b. Establish Union control of the

Mississippi River, cutting the Confederacy in half.

c. Capture the Confederate capital at Richmond, Virginia.

2. The South: A defensive plan that could include an invasion of the North if the opportunity arose.

C. The Theaters of Combat

A. The Eastern Theater: from Pennsylvania down to Georgia.

B. The Western Theater: Along the Mississippi River and in Tennessee.

Bell Ringer

• What state was first to succeed from the Union?

• Who was the President of the Confederacy?

• List two advantage that the Union had over the Confederates.

11 22

3344

55 66 77

88

99

1010

1111

A.Florida

B.North Carolina

C.South Carolina

D.Georgia

E. Virginia

AB. Texas

AC. Tennessee

AD. Mississippi

AE. Alabama

BC. Arkansas

BD. Louisiana

Did someone say Map Quiz?!

Fort SumterFort Sumter• When was it?When was it?

April 12, 1861April 12, 1861• Where was it?Where was it?

Off the coast of Charleston, Off the coast of Charleston, South Carolina.South Carolina.

• Explain what Lincoln did to set off Explain what Lincoln did to set off the battle.the battle.Lincoln was faced with a dilemma; Lincoln was faced with a dilemma; If he responded to the southern If he responded to the southern threat of war, he would be threat of war, he would be responsible for starting the responsible for starting the fighting. He decided to send in food fighting. He decided to send in food for the Union soldiers who were for the Union soldiers who were camped out at the fort, forcing the camped out at the fort, forcing the Confederates to take the first shots Confederates to take the first shots because this meant the Union Army because this meant the Union Army would NOT be leaving the fortwould NOT be leaving the fort. .

•What was the end result What was the end result and impact of the battle?and impact of the battle?

The Confederates The Confederates attacked Fort Sumter, attacked Fort Sumter, attackng the fort until attackng the fort until Union Major Anderson Union Major Anderson surrendered. The South surrendered. The South had won. Lincoln began had won. Lincoln began to recruit volunteers for to recruit volunteers for the upcoming war.the upcoming war.

Bull RunBull Run• When was it? When was it?

July 21, 1860July 21, 1860• What does a picnic have to do with this What does a picnic have to do with this

battle?battle?

Thinking that the battle would quickly be Thinking that the battle would quickly be over, civilians brought food and over, civilians brought food and champagne to watch. They left in a panic champagne to watch. They left in a panic when southern troops forced union troops when southern troops forced union troops to retreat. to retreat.

• Who was Stonewall Jackson?Who was Stonewall Jackson?

He was a brilliant general on the He was a brilliant general on the Confederate side. He was an inspiration to Confederate side. He was an inspiration to Confederate troops who said he “stood Confederate troops who said he “stood like a stone wall.”`like a stone wall.”`

Ulysses S. Grant.

• Who won the battle?Who won the battle?The South won and northern troops The South won and northern troops retreated to the capital. Union retreated to the capital. Union troops were lucky that southern troops were lucky that southern troops were too tired to attack D.C.troops were too tired to attack D.C.

• Why did they win the battle?Why did they win the battle?There was disorganization and There was disorganization and confusion on both sides. Bull Run confusion on both sides. Bull Run was a wakeup for the North, who was a wakeup for the North, who saw that the war would be no saw that the war would be no picnic. George McClellan was picnic. George McClellan was appointed commander of the Union appointed commander of the Union Army.Army.

Shiloh March 1862

• What was General Grant’s nickname and why?

“Unconditional Surrender” Grant because when he captured two Confederate forts he said that no conditions except unconditional surrender would be accepted. He got what he wanted.

• What was the lesson that Grant learned from this battle?

Grant learned from Shiloh that he needed to set up good guards and patrols as well as entrench his troops. He recognized the importance of sending scouts, digging trenches and building fortifications.

• South of Grant’s position, who led the Union effort to capture New Orleans?

60 year old David Farragut

• How are these two men’s strategies linked?

Farragut and Grant were trying to take control of different parts of the Mississippi and cut the Confederacy in two (PART OF THE ANACONDA PLAN).

Antietam

1.Why was McClellan’s reputation weak going into the battle?

– McLellan had a reputation of being too careful. He insisted on having many more soldiers and said conditions were not good for an attack.

2. Whose Southern forces did McClellan go up against at Antietam (What General)?– Robert E. Lee

3. What is significant/important about this battle?

• McLellan found Lee’s battle plans wrapped around a bunch of cigars and acted aggressively against his troops. It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history- more than 26,000 casualties.

What did McClellan do to mess up even one more time?

• Instead of going after the confederate army and possibly ending the war, McLellan did nothing. The south retreated into Virginia.

What were the results of this screw-up (for him and for the course of the war)?

• McLellan was fired and the war continued

• The Emancipation Proclamation

1. When was it issued?– January 1, 1863

2. Why did Lincoln do it?– Because it would discourage Britain from supporting

the Confederacy. British abolitionists were against helping a slave holding nation.

3. What exactly did it do (and not do)?

– It did not immediately free any slaves because it only applied to areas under Confederate control. It had symbolic importance though because it made the war a more noble effort.

• What reactions did it create and what impacts did it have?

• Many in the north were thrilled including free blacks who could now join the Union army. Others were not so happy. Democrats said it would make the war longer by making the south more angry. Confederates were very angry at the proclamation. Davis called it “hateful”. Compromise was no longer possible- the south was more determined to fight.

Gettysburg

When was it?• July 1863Where was it?• Gettysburg, PAWho fought it?• Confederate soldiers led by AP Hill and

Union soldiers under John Buford started the fight and once the shooting started, reinforcements from both sides were sent in.

What were the major tactical moves?• Union soldiers defended Little Round Top Hill

and charged the Rebels with bayonets causing them to surrender. Lee continued fighting on the third day. Thinking they had stopped the Union army at one point, Longstreet ordered his men to attack the center on Union lines. The Union re-started shooting and continued to hold the high ground. Union soldiers did not hold a follow-up attack.

What was the impact of the battle of Gettysburg?• The South gave up any hope of attacking the

north and retreated to Virginia. There were more than 30% total casualties. The North was happy to have beaten General Lee. Lee was depressed and surrendered to Davis, though his resignation was not accepted.

A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O -

Lee's HeadquartersGettysburg TownLutheran Theological SeminaryMeade's HeadquartersCopse of TreesThe AngleBattlefield - Union ViewBattlefield - Confederate ViewConfederate LinePeach OrchardWheat FieldDevil's DenLittle Round TopCulp's HillCemetery Gatehouse

Vicksburg

When was it?

• Spring 1863

Where was it?

• Vicksburg, MI- one of the last Confederate strongholds on the Mississippi River.

Who led the Union army at Vicksburg?

• Grant

Union forces laid siege to Vicksburg. What is a siege?• A siege is an all out attack. Grant sent a steady barrage of

artillery on the city from the river and the land forcing residents into caves.

What did the victory at Vicksburg accomplish and complete?• It accomplished the goal of splitting the Confederacy in half.

The Union had complete control of the Mississippi.

• The Gettysburg Address

• Why did Lincoln make this speech?– It was supposed to be a speech dedicating a

cemetery in Gettysburg

• What ideas and beliefs about the United States did Lincoln express in this speech?– Lincoln said the United States “is” meaning that it

was a single nation, NOT a collection of states. He said that the war must preserve the union in order to honor the men that died.

Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created

equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so

dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a

portion of that field as a final resting-place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is

altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate, we cannot

consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here have

consecrated it far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for

us the living rather to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us--that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion--that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain,

that this nation under God shall have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people, by the

people, for the people shall not perish from the earth.

• Sherman’s MarchWho was Sherman?• Sherman was an old friend of Grant’s. Grant hired him to lead

the military division of the Mississippi in March 1864.

What is total war? • It means that they would not only fight the army, but the civilian

population as well. The civilians were providing food and supplies for the troops. The strength of their will also kept the war going.

From where, to where, and in what direction did he march?– He marched from Atlanta southeast through Georgia to the sea.

What was the purpose of the march?• His purpose was to make the civilian population sick of war. He

burned homes and most of the cities until he reached North Carolina where he started handing out food and other supplies.

• The Presidential Election of 1864

• Who ran?

• Lincoln and McLellan and Fremont ran against each other

• Who won

• Lincoln- 55% of the popular vote

• Why?

• Sherman took Atlanta, Farrugut closed a southern port at Mobile Bay in Alabama, and Fremont dropped out of the race.

• The Surrender• Why was there surrender?• Davis knew the South had lost. Grant and Sherman

were approaching Richmond so Davis ordered the capital to be set on fire. When Union troops got there, they started to put out flames.

•Where did it happen?

• Appomattox Court House in Virginia• When?• April 9, 1865• Who surrendered to whom?• Grant and Lee• What were the terms?• The terms were generous. Lee’s soldiers were paroled

and sent home with 3 days of food and their personal stuff. Officers could keep their guns.

• The Assassination of Lincoln

• When did it happen?

• April 14, 1865

• Who did it and why?

• John Wilkes Booth did it. He was a Southern and wanted revenge

• Where did it happen and under what circumstances? (Tell the story).

• It happened at the Ford Theater when Lincoln and his wife were watching a play.

• What was the fate of the assassin?

• He was found and killed by Union cavalry

How did the Emancipation Proclamation change the Civil War?

Take a sheet of paper from the stage and answer the following question in SILENCE:

THIS WEEK

• MONDAY:– COMPLETE PACKETS IN CLASS– HISTORY FAIR BRIEFINGS CONTINUE

• TUESDAY:– MAP QUIZ 1– BEGIN REVIEWING PACKETS

• WEDNESDAY:– CONTINUE REVIEW OF PACKETS– VIEW CIVIL WAR FILM EXCERPTS

THURSDAY:- COMPLETE REVIEW PACKET- MAP QUIZ 2

FRIDAY:

- REVIEW FOR TUESDAY’S TEST

Coming up…

• TODAY:– Finish Civil War Packet

• FRIDAY:– Review for test– Visit History Fair

• TUESDAY:– Test on Civil War.