N4/5 Practical Woodworking Skills

Machine tools:

Woodturning lathe face plate and between centre turning

Lathe tools: forked/butterfly centre, dead centre,

revolving centre, gouge, scraper, parting chisel and skew chisel

Parts of the lathe: bed, tailstock, tool rest, headstock

Preparing a blank for turning

Pedestal/pillar drill

Drill bits: twist, countersink rose, flat and Forstner

Mortise machine: setting depth, checking cutting

chisel/drill, positioning and securing work piece

Power tools:

• Drills • corded and cordless

• Sanders • orbital and belt

• Cordless screwdrivers

• Jig saw

Tool care and maintenance:

• reporting faults

• inspecting cables, tool holding and guards

• dust extraction

Safe working practice for operating the machines, tools and processes listed below and, where

indicated, the component parts:

The wood lathe is a machine used to create cylindrical objects in wood, i.e. wooden bowls, table legs, etc.

BETWEEN CENTRE TURNING

A piece of wood is secured between two points called the HEADSTOCK and the TAILSTOCK. The HEADSTOCK has a motor enclosed and is therefore the end which actually turns the wood.

FACE PLATE TURNING

Face plates are secured to the headstock of the lathe and are used to hold blank pieces of wood which can then be turned into wooden bowls.

Machine Tools

Headstock

The headstock is where the forked/butterfly centre sits. It is motorised and the fitted centre turns the blank.

Tailstock

The tailstock is where the dead centre or revolving centre sits. This supports the blank.

The tailstock can be adjusted. This is to;

Account for various lengths of wood.

Tighten the wood.

Remove the wood.

Bed

Headstock Tool rest Tailstock

1. Name the parts on the woodwork lathe shown above.

2. The tool rest can be adjusted before the wood lathe is switched on.

State three adjustments that can be made to the tool rest.

Tool Rest • The tool rest is used to support the tools while shaping

is being carried out.

• Many adjustments can be made to the tool rest:

• rotate or turn to angle

• height of the tool rest

• position along the lathe

• the distance from the blank

• remove toolpost (post holding tool rest)

Bed

• The bed supports the tool rest and allows it to be

moved.

Machine Tools

Forked/butterfly centre The drive fork is secured in the revolving spindle (headstock). The

fork is driven into the wood to be turned, the fork then turns the wood. A typical example is shown opposite.

Dead centre The tailstock remains stationary while the work rotates. This causes

friction and therefore the work piece has to be greased.

Dead centre needs lubricated or wood can burn.

Revolving centre The Revolving Centre has bearings encompassed within the body of

the tool. This allows the work piece to revolve without friction.

Revolving centre reduces friction and doesn’t burn wood.

1. The “centres” support the blank.

State a further function of the “centre” fitted in the headstock.

2. State the name of the centre that would be fitted in the headstock.

3. Other than supporting the blank, state a further function of the centre in the headstock.

4.. State the name of the centre that would be fitted in the tailstock.

5. State an advantage of using a revolving centre instead of a dead centre.

Machine Tools

Gouge

Used for turning the blank to cylinder or to rough out to shape.

Can also be used to cut curves

Scraper

Chisel to turn curves.

Parting chisel

Used for parting off.

Skew chisel

Used to give a good surface finish.

1. State the name of the tool used to turn the blank into a cylinder.

2. State the name of the chisel used to turn curves.

3. Describe the operation performed by the Gouge and the Parting chisel

4. Explain how each tool is used to help shape the shelf.

Machine Tools

1. Draw diagonals on the ends of the wooden blank

2. Centre punch both ends

3. Mark a circle on both ends

4. Saw diagonals

5. Plane edges

1. The first stage is to draw the diagonals on the ends of the wooden blank.

Describe the next four stages in the correct order. You may use sketches to support your answer.

2. State a reason why the blank is longer than the combined width of the four wheels.

REMEMBER: The blank must always be longer that the required length to allow

the damaged ends where it is held in the centres to be removed.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Machine Tools

When sanding on the lathe you must remove the tool rest and increase the speed.

This will give a far better surface finish as you will be able to hold the sand paper under the finished work piece and the increased speed will ensure that the model is sanded thoroughly.

1. The utensil was sanded before removal from the wood lathe.

State two adjustments that should be carried out before sanding.

2. State an adjustment that could be made to the woodwork lathe to improve the finish.

Machine Tools

There are many adjustments that can be made to the lathe are:

The speed of turning Slower when turning a large diameter, faster when sanding, requiring a smoother finish, the type of

wood and the type of tool being used..

The position of tool rest type of tool being used, material longer then tool rest, diameter of workpiece, removed for sanding

The height of the tool rest Adjusted to allow for optimum height to create a smooth cut.

The distance of tool rest from blank When a lot of material is removed the tool rest should be moved closer if a large gap is created.

The removal of the tool rest Removed when sanding and finishing

The position of tail stock to accommodate different lengths of material

The position of extraction system Moved to remove most amount of waste material and fine dust particles.

During the turning of the pots state

three adjustments that can be made to

the wood lathe.

It may be necessary to make different

adjustments to the wood lathe. State a

reason for adjusting:

The speed of the lathe

The position of the tool rest The position

of the tailstock

Machine Tools

The pillar drill (or pedestal drill) can either be bench mounted or floor mounted.

The chuck (part which holds the twist drill) can hold drills up to a 13mm diameter. The chuck key is used to tighten the chuck to secure the drill bit.

The adjustable table which holds the work piece can slide up or down and can be locked at a desirable height.

Safety Check

Before Drilling - ensure the drill is secure with the chuck key removed (where applicable), eye protection on, guard in position and work piece securely held.

1. State the name of this machine

2. State the use of the chuck key

Chuck Key

Machine Tools

Twist drill This type of drill can drill holes in wood, plastics and metals. Common sizes

are 1mm to 13mm.

Forstner bit This bit is used for drilling shallow, flat bottomed holes in wood.

The bit is guided by its rim and not by a centre point as with the flat bits.

Creates a flat hole and a clean cut.

Flat These bits are used in electrical drills for fast, accurate drilling in both soft

and hard woods

Countersink Rose Used to create space for a Countersunk screw which allows the screw head

to be flush with or below the surface of the wood

1. Two bits are shown. State the name of each bit shown.

2. State a reason why a forstner bit was preferred when boring the holes in the seat

3. State the name of a suitable bit which could easily be used to drill flat bottomed holes

Machine Tools

A mortise machine appears to drill a square hole in wood. The machine actually drills a round hole but because the drill bit is surrounded by a hollow square chisel, while the drill is creating the hole, the chisel is cutting the edges away from the hole leaving the mortise. (square hole)

The mortise machine has a depth stop which allows you to set the depth of cut.

Before using the mortise machine always check the cutting drill/chisel by testing the cut on a piece of scrap wood.

Positioning and securing work piece: always ensure that the workpiece is correctly positioned and is secured.

chisel

Drill bit

Machine Tools

1. The machine shown below was used during the manufacture of the stools.

State the name of this machine.

2. State the name of the machine used to accurately cut the rectangular slot.

Drills A corded drill is a tool fitted with a cutting tool attachment or driving tool

attachment, usually a drill bit or driver bit, used for boring holes in various materials or fastening various materials together with the use of fasteners. They are powered by 240V mains electricity.

A cordless drill is the same as a corded drill but they are powered by batteries usually up to 24V.

Sanders Orbital sanders are hand-held power tools for sanding in which the

sanding blade delivers a random-orbit action. That is, the angle of rotation of the head and disk is variable. Random-orbital sanders use sandpaper disks, and many include integrated dust collectors.

Hand held belt sanders are very similar to the upright belt sander but has the benefit of being portable.

Cordless Screwdriver

A cordless screwdriver is a power tool used to set or remove screws or other threaded fasteners. They have interchangeable tips that fit into a socket on the end of the shaft and are held in mechanically or magnetically.

Jigsaw

A jigsaw power tool that is made up of an electric motor and a reciprocating saw blade. A jigsaw with a bevel function on the sole plate allows cutting angles of typically up to 45 degrees relative to the normal vertical stroke for cutting mitre joints.

Jigsaws are commonly used to cut curves.

1. The circular work surface was cut out using a machine saw.

State the name of a suitable machine saw.

2. Name the power tool used to cut the curved shape of the decorative top piece.

Ensure that you always report any faults with machinery in the workshop.

Always ensure that you are using dust extraction when using machinery.

Before using any machinery check:

Cables

Tool holding

Guards

Dust Extraction

The machine shown below was used during the

manufacture of the stools.

State the name of this machine.