N5 sample paper history

Total marks — 60

SECTION 1 — SCOTTISH — 20 marks

Attempt ONE part.

SECTION 2 — BRITISH — 20 marks

Attempt ONE part.

SECTION 3 — EUROPEAN AND WORLD — 20 marks

Attempt ONE part.

Before attempting the questions you must check that your answer booklet is for the same subject and level as this question paper.

On the answer booklet, you must clearly identify the question number you are attempting.

Use blue or black ink.

Before leaving the examination room you must give your answer booklet to the Invigilator. If you do not, you may lose all the marks for this paper.

N5SQ23/N5/01 History

Date — Not applicable

Duration — 1 hour and 30 minutes

*SQ23N50101*

©

NationalQualicationsSPECIMEN ONLY

Page two

SECTION 1 — SCOTTISH

PARTS

A. The Wars of Independence, 1286–1328 Page 3

B. Mary Queen of Scots, and the Scottish Reformation, 1542–1587 Page 4

C. The Treaty of Union, 1689–1715 Page 5

D. Migration and Empire, 1830–1939 Page 6

E. The Era of the Great War, 1910–1928 Page 7

SECTION 2 — BRITISH

PARTS

A. The Creation of the Medieval Kingdoms, 1066–1406 Page 8

B. War of the Three Kingdoms, 1603–1651 Page 9

C. The Atlantic Slave Trade, 1770–1807 Page 10

D. Changing Britain, 1760–1900 Page 11

E. The Making of Modern Britain, 1880–1951 Page 12

SECTION 3 — EUROPEAN AND WORLD

PARTS

A. The Cross and the Crescent; the Crusades, 1071–1192 Page 13

B. “Tea and Freedom,”: the American Revolution, 1774–83 Page 14

C. USA 1850–1880 Page 15

D. Hitler and Nazi Germany, 1919–1939 Page 16

E. Red Flag: Lenin and the Russian Revolution, 1894–1921 Page 17

F. Mussolini and Fascist Italy, 1919–1939 Page 18

G. Free at Last? Civil Rights in the USA, 1918–1968 Page 19

H. Appeasement and the Road to War, 1918–1939 Page 20

I. World War II, 1939–1945 Page 21

J. The Cold War, 1945–1989 Page 22

MARKS

SECTION 1 — SCOTTISH — 20 marks

Attempt ONE part

Page three

Part A — The Wars of Independence, 1286–1328

Attempt the following questions using recalled knowledge and information from the sources where appropriate.

Source A is a letter written by Bishop Fraser of St Andrews to King Edward in October 1290.

Source A

A rumour has spread among the people that the Maid of Norway has died. The Bishop of Durham, Earl Warenne and I then heard that she has recovered from her sickness but that she is very weak. We have agreed to stay at Perth until we hear definite news about her. We have sent two knights to Orkney to find out exactly what has happened.

1. Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of the succession problem following the death of Alexander III.

(You may want to comment on who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say or what has been missed out.)

2. Describe the role played by William Wallace during the Wars of Independence.

3. Explain the reasons why Robert Bruce was able to take control of Scotland between 1306 and 1313.

Source B is about the Battle of Bannockburn.

Source B

Bruce’s careful preparations for battle were ruined when Edward II moved his army to attack from the east and not from the south. However, this gave the much larger English army no room to move because they were surrounded by marshes and streams. Bruce decided to take advantage of this mistake and to attack them. The English were so jammed together and so tangled up that their leaders struggled to organise any defence and they lost all confidence in Edward II for leading them into this trap.

4. How fully does Source B explain why the Scots were able to win the Battle of Bannockburn? (Use Source B and recall.)

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Page four

Part B — Mary Queen of Scots and the Reformation, 1542–1587


Source A is about why the Scots rebelled against Mary of Guise in 1559.

Source A

After Mary Queen of Scots married in 1558, her mother, Mary of Guise, continued to rule Scotland on behalf of her daughter who was in France. Guise took strong action against Protestants in Scotland, especially after Elizabeth became Queen of England in November of the same year. She made more use of French officials and used more French soldiers to control key strongholds in Scotland. She also demanded a new tax, but the Scottish nobles were determined not to allow that.

1. How fully does Source A explain why the Protestant Lords rebelled against Mary of Guise in 1559? (Use Source A and recall.)

Source B is Mary Queen of Scots’s order to pay ministers of the Church of Scotland, issued in 1566.

Source B

Because the ministers within Scotland have not been paid for this last year and because I determined that they should be paid in the future, I have, with the advice of my government officials, decided to allocate the sum of £10,000 for their payment. I have also ordered that this sum must be paid in full.

2. Evaluate the usefulness of Source B as evidence of Mary Queen of Scots’s support for the Church of Scotland in 1566.


3. Describe the effects the murder of Riccio had during the reign of Mary Queen of Scots.

4. Explain the reasons why Mary Queen of Scots was executed in 1587.

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Page five

Part C — The Treaty of Union, 1689–1715


1. Explain the reasons why relations between Scotland and England got worse between 1689 and 1707.

Source A is from a letter written in 1707 by a member of the Scottish government.

Source A

It is impossible to state exactly how much was given to the Duke of Atholl, the Marquis of Tweeddale and the Earls of Roxburghe, Marchmont and Cromartie without revealing exactly how much has been given to everybody else. So far, this has been kept a secret and revealing this information at present would cause embarrassment.

2. Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of why some Scots were persuaded to support the Act of Union.


Source B is about some of the arguments used in the debate over the Union.

Source B

There was very clear opposition to the Union in Scotland and some towns sent petitions against it to Edinburgh. There was a fear that Scotland would lose business to its more powerful neighbour. They would lose the ability to make their own decisions and would be throwing away all that their ancestors had fought so hard to protect. However, opponents of the Union in the Scottish Parliament were not well enough organised to take advantage of this popular opinion.

3. How fully does Source B explain the arguments used in the debate over the Union? (Use Source B and recall.)

4. Describe the main changes to Scotland as a result of the Treaty of Union.

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Page six

Part D — Migration and Empire, 1830–1939


Source A is about why many Irish immigrated to Scotland in the 1840s.

Source A

Among those who moved to Scotland, the largest group of immigrants came from Ireland. Irish immigration continued steadily until the 1840s. The Irish potato famine of the mid-1840s however led to a sharp increase in this immigration. It led to great poverty and some landlords evicted those who could not pay their rent. Transport costs were cheap, and wages in the west of Scotland continued to be higher than those in Ireland. However, by the end of the 19th century it was not just the Irish who were attracted to Scotland.

1. How fully does Source A explain why people moved to Scotland between 1830 and 1939? (Use Source A and recall.)

2. Describe the impact of the Empire on Scotland between 1830 and 1939.

Source B is from the Inverness Courier newspaper, dated 30 May 1838, explaining why poor Scots were able to emigrate in the 19th century.

Source B

The emigration agent was eagerly awaited by so many poor farmers. They arrived in Inverness promising riches in Australia. Early on the Monday, thousands of Highlanders were seen crowding around the Caledonian Hotel, where the agent was speaking. They were desperate to go and possess the limitless quantity of land in Australia. They could no longer make farming pay here in Scotland. Only the biggest farms could make enough money to support a family.

3. Evaluate the usefulness of Source B as evidence of why Scots emigrated from the Highlands between 1830 and 1939.


4. Explain the reasons why so many Scots were successful in the countries to which they emigrated.

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Page seven

Part E — The Era of the Great War, 1910–1928


1. Describe the use of new technology during the First World War.

Source A is from the memoirs of Lieutenant George Craik, who fought with the 12th Batallion Highland Light Infantry in 1915.

Source A

When we arrived at Loos the trenches were in not too bad a state. The problems for commanders were organising supplies and suitable living conditions. The other problem was the disposal of the many dead lying all about. This could only be done under cover of darkness. To venture into no man’s land in daylight was instant death.

2. Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of conditions in trenches for soldiers during the First World War.


Source B describes the activities of workers in Glasgow during the War.

Source B

The Government needed to control the factories to keep the soldiers supplied.However, the Clyde Workers’ Committee was formed to campaign against the Munitions Act, which forbade engineers from leaving the works where they were employed. On 25 March 1916, David Kirkwood and other members of the Clyde Workers’ Committee were arrested under the Defence of the Realm Act. The men were sentenced to be deported. The Committee’s journal, The Worker, was prosecuted for an article criticising the war. William Gallacher and John Muir, the editors, were both sent to prison.

3. How fully does Source B describe the effects of the war on Scottish industry? (Use Source B and recall.)

4. Explain the reasons why women gained the vote in 1919.

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SECTION 2 — BRITISH — 20 marks

Attempt ONE part

Page eight

Part A — The Creation of the Medieval Kingdoms, 1066–1406


Source A was written in the 12th century, by a French poet, about chivalry.

Source A

Many knights are failing to live by the Code of Chivalry. They steal money from churches and rob pilgrims of their possessions. They attack whoever they please and show disrespect to children and the elderly. They speak of honour and bravery when they practice neither. Even though knights have spent years training to be the perfect soldier and role model they often forget their vows.

1. Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of the behaviour of knights in the 12th century.


2. To what extent was the corruption in the legal system the most important problem facing Henry II?

3. Explain the reasons why abbeys and monasteries became more popular in medieval times.

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Page nine

Part B — War of the Three Kingdoms, 1603–1651


Source A is part of Parliament’s Petition of Right presented to the king in 1628.

Source A

(i) No man should be forced to make any gift, loan, donation, tax or similar charge to the Crown without the consent of Parliament.

(ii) No free man should be detained in prison without due cause shown.

(iii) Soldiers and sailors should not be housed upon private citizens without their agreement.

(iv) There should be no military law in times of peace.

1. Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of the poor relations between Crown and Parliament in the reign of King Charles I.


2. To what extent were challenges to royal authority in the 1630s a result of religious differences?

3. Explain the reasons why the Parliamentary forces were able to defeat the Royalist forces at Marston Moor.

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Page ten

Part C — The Atlantic Slave Trade, 1770–1807


Source A is from a travel memoir by Mungo Park in 1799.

Source A

There are slave factories near the coast. The African captives are usually secured by putting the right leg of one and the left leg of another into the same pair of fetters. By supporting the fetters with a string, they can just walk, though very slowly. Every four slaves are likewise fastened together by their necks with a strong rope or twisted thongs and at night extra fetters are put on their hands.

1. Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of the treatment of Africans when they were first captured.


2. Explain the reasons why resistance was difficult for slaves on the plantations.

3. To what extent was the success of the abolitionist campaigns due to the work of William Wilberforce?

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Page eleven

Part D — Changing Britain, 1760–1900


1. To what extent were improvements in public health by 1900 brought about by improved medical knowledge?

Source A is from the memoirs of a Scottish railway engineer who worked during the 1840s.

Source A

We had to build the line to Perth over Lord Seafield’s land. Lady Seafield very decidedly told us that she hated railways. “Cheap travel”, she said, “brought together such an objectionable variety of people.” Lord Seafield said the railway would frighten away the grouse from his moors. “Besides”, he went on, “what would become of the men who have for many years been employed to float timber down the River Spey to the sea. Would a railway replace them?”

2. Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of attitudes to the building of railways in 19th century Scotland.


3. Explain the reasons why more people gained the vote by 1867.

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Page twelve

Part E — The Making of Modern Britain, 1880–1951


Source A is from a letter describing conditions in London around 1890 by a campaigner for change.

Source A

In one cellar a sanitary inspector reports finding a father, mother, three children and four pigs! In another room a missionary found a man ill with smallpox, his wife just recovering from the birth of her eighth child, and the children running about half naked and covered with dirt. Despite efforts of local charities, elsewhere was a poor widow, her three children, and a child who had been dead 13 days.

1. Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of the effects of poverty in Britain around 1900.


2. To what extent were the Liberal Welfare Reforms 1906–14 due to concerns about the increasing popularity of the Labour Party?

3. Explain the reasons why the Labour Government introduced the Welfare State in 1945.

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Page thirteen

SECTION 3 — EUROPEAN AND WORLD — 20 marks

Attempt ONE part

Part A — The Cross and the Crescent: the Crusades, 1071–1192


Sources A and B describe what happened to Jewish communities during the First Crusade.

Source A

After only a few weeks of travelling, Peter the Hermit and his followers came upon a Jewish community in Germany. Many of the Crusaders were poor and hungry so they began stealing food and possessions from the Jews. As the Crusaders thought the Jews were the enemy of Christ, most believed they could treat them as they wished. Some forced the Jews to change religion and become Christian. Others, against the orders of Peter the Hermit, slaughtered the Jews.

Source B

A rumour spread among the Crusaders that whoever killed a Jew would have all their sins forgiven. Immediately Peter the Hermit’s army began attacking and killing Jewish men, women and children. Although some Jews tried to fight back they had few weapons and were easily defeated. In the riot that followed, houses were robbed and valuables stolen. Those Jews who survived the massacre were forced to give up their faith and become Christians.

1. Compare the views of Sources A and B about what happened to Jews during the First Crusade. (Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)

2. Describe the capture of Nicaea during the First Crusade.

3. Explain the reasons why the Crusaders were able to recapture Jerusalem in 1099.

Source C describes the role of Saladin during the Third Crusade.

Source C

Saladin was renowned for his knightly virtues which matched those of Richard the Lionheart. When Richard the Lionheart was sick with a fever, Saladin, knowing that he had few supplies, sent him a gift of the best fruits of the land. On another occasion, when Richard’s horse had been killed in battle, Saladin sent a fine Arabian horse as a present for his rival. For two years Saladin constantly fought Richard in almost daily combat in attempts to prevent the Crusaders capturing Jerusalem.

4. How fully does Source C describe the character of Saladin during the Third Crusade? (Use Source C and recall.)

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Page fourteen

Part B — “Tea and Freedom”: the American Revolution, 1774–83


1. Explain the reasons why many colonists were unhappy with British rule in 1774.

Source A is about the American forces which fought against the British army.

Source A

The Revolutionary War was waged by small armies. The American forces were often led by inefficient, even incompetent, commanders who fought muddled campaigns. The men gathering in Boston were enthusiastic but badly armed and lacking supplies. The American commander, George Washington, could rely on no more than 5,000 regular soldiers. Most men were part-time and served for only a few months. Britain’s professional army was larger but not large enough to subdue the Americans.

2. How fully does Source A describe the condition of the American army in 1777? (Use Source A and recall.)

Sources B and C are about the events of the Battle of Yorktown, 1781.

Source B

In 1781, Cornwallis moved into Virginia and began to build a base at Yorktown. By late summer, Cornwallis’s position at Yorktown was deteriorating fast. While American forces prevented him from moving inland, a large French fleet carrying 3,000 troops had sailed up from the West Indies to join the siege. The fate of Cornwallis was sealed when the French defeated the British fleet in Chesapeake Bay. On 19 October, Cornwallis surrendered his entire army of 7,000 men.

Source C

To launch his campaign in Virginia, Cornwallis’s army carried out raids, harassing the Americans wherever he could. In August 1781, Cornwallis set up camp at Yorktown but this turned out to be a poor position. American troops moved quickly to surround him and keep him there. The British could not help Cornwallis’s army to escape or bring in reinforcements.

3. Compare the views of Sources B and C about the events of the Battle of Yorktown. (Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)

4. Describe the events leading up to the British surrender at Saratoga in 1777.

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Page fifteen

Part C — USA 1850–1880


1. Describe the effects of westward expansion on American society.

Source A is about the arguments between slave and non-slave states.

Source A

The Compromise of 1850 was created by Henry Clay and others to deal with the balance between slave and free states. Another issue that further increased tensions was the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. This allowed continued expansion to the west. The real issue occurred in Kansas where pro-slavery people of Missouri began to pour into the state to help force it to be slave. The fight even erupted on the floor of the Senate when anti-slavery campaigner Charles Sumner was beat over the head by South Carolina’s Senator Preston Brooks.

2. How fully does Source A explain why the Civil War broke out?(Use Source A and recall.)

3. Explain the reasons why the North was able to defeat the South in the Civil War.

Sources B and C are about the treatment of black Americans during Reconstruction.

Source B

They said that I had committed a great wrong; I had kept a Sunday school which was forbidden. Many school houses were burned down. Hostility was shown to the school teachers like me who taught in schools for blacks. Two school board directors were warned to leave the Board and one of them did. They went at night and gave these warnings. I asked them while they were whipping me what I had done. They said I wanted to make these blacks equal to the white men; that this was a white man’s country.

Source C

The violence that the whites committed was directed not only at black people but anyone who furthered their cause. Teachers became key figures so they were frequently intimidated. These attacks usually took place at night: leaving behind a burning cross they beat, mutilated and murdered. Black Americans were reluctant to resist as they wanted to be seen as peaceful and law-abiding.

4. Compare the views of Sources B and C about the treatment of black Americans during Reconstruction. (Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)

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Page sixteen

Part D — Hitler and Nazi Germany, 1919–1939


1. Describe political problems faced by the Weimar Republic between 1919 and 1923.

Source A is about the hyper-inflation in Germany in 1923.

Source A

During 1923, hyper-inflation gripped Germany. On Friday afternoons, workers desperately rushed to the nearest store, where a queue had already formed. It was soul-destroying. When you arrived a pound of sugar cost two million marks but, by the time your turn came, you could only afford a half pound. In the chaos, people pushed prams loaded with money. Life became nightmarish. We were devastated as life savings became worthless.

2. How fully does Source A describe the effects of hyper-inflation?(Use Source A and recall.)

3. Explain the reasons why Hitler was able to become Chancellor in 1933.

Sources B and C are about the Night of the Long Knives.

Source B

Hitler’s courage in taking firm action has made him a hero in the eyes of many Germans. He has won approval and sympathy for the steps he took. People think his action is proof that he wants order and decency in Germany. Reports from different parts of the country are all agreed that people are expressing satisfaction that Hitler has acted against the serious threat posed by Rohm and the SA to Germany and her people.

Source C

On the morning of 30 June 1934, Rohm and other SA leaders were arrested and eventually shot. Hitler’s personal popularity soared as a result of the Night of the Long Knives. Most Germans disliked the corruption of the SA and welcomed the strong action against it. President Hindenburg’s telegram to Hitler read: “By your determined action and brave leadership, you have saved the German nation from serious danger.”

4. Compare the views of Sources B and C about the attitude of Germans to the Night of the Long Knives. (Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)

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Page seventeen

Part E — Red Flag: Lenin and the Russian Revolution, 1894–1921


1. Describe the hardships faced by industrial workers in Russia before 1914.

Source A is about the outbreak of the 1905 Revolution.

Source A

By 1905 there was a growing desire to overthrow the repressive government of Nicholas II. There was a great deal of poverty in the cities and the countryside. The revolutionary movement gained strength following Russia’s humiliating defeat by Japan. In January an uprising to remove the Tsar began. The non-Russian areas of the empire witnessed violent disturbances. Revolutionary groups became much more organised. They formed a soviet in St Petersburg. A soviet was a type of worker’s parliament.

2. How fully does Source A explain why there was a revolution in Russia in 1905?(Use Source A and recall.)

3. Explain the reasons why the Bolsheviks were able to seize power in October 1917.

Sources B and C describe Trotsky’s leadership in the Civil War.

Source B

For three years, Trotsky lived on his armoured train travelling to all areas of the front. He covered 65,000 miles during the course of the war, ensuring that the Red Army was well fed and properly armed. He was an inspirational leader and was dedicated to the cause. He made rousing speeches to the troops and raised morale among his men, even when other Bolshevik leaders were not convinced that they would defeat the Whites. Over five million men joined the Red Army of their own free will.

Source C

Trotsky was appointed Commissar for War in early 1919 and quickly established a reputation as a ruthless leader who used strict discipline and ruled by fear. He forced people to join the Red Army to raise the numbers of troops and introduced 50,000 former Tsarist officers to train the raw recruits. The death penalty was not only used for deserters. When 200 soldiers deserted at Svyazhsk, Trotsky arrived and ordered the execution of one in every ten men in the regiment as a warning to the rest.

4. Compare the views of Sources B and C about Trotsky’s leadership in the Civil War. (Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)

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Page eighteen

Part F — Mussolini and Fascist Italy, 1919–1939


Sources A and B are about why Mussolini was able to seize power in 1922.

Source A

The Fascist squads’ reputation for ruthless violence had put Mussolini in the position to threaten the government. This he did in what became known as the “March on Rome”. Though the government decided to send in the army to stop Mussolini, the king, Victor Emmanuel III, decided instead to give in to Mussolini’s demands and appointed him head of a new government.

Source B

The Socialists and Communists launched an anti-Fascist general strike but the people failed to support them. After the strike, Mussolini decided to seize the government. Mussolini and his followers marched for Rome. Before he resigned, the prime minister called out the army when the Fascists surrounded Rome. However, the pressure proved too much for the Italian king who refused to use the military to squash Mussolini’s “march”.

1. Compare the views of Sources A and B about why Mussolini was able to seize power in Italy in 1922. (Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)

Source C describes the cult of Il Duce in Fascist Italy.

Source C

The leadership cult in Fascist Italy started almost as soon as Mussolini came to power in 1922. By the end of 1925, his role as Duce of Fascism and Head of the Government had been secured by changes to the law. The nature of Mussolini’s leadership and, above all, the quality of his political judgement, has been hotly debated. Mussolini had undoubted charisma and political intelligence with which to maintain his power over Fascism and the Italian people. However, his main talents lay in the areas of acting and propaganda.

2. How fully does Source C describe the cult of Il Duce in Fascist Italy?(Use Source C and recall.)

3. Describe Fascist attempts to rebuild the Italian economy in the 1920s and 1930s.

4. Explain the reasons why there was so little opposition to Mussolini.

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Page nineteen

Part G — Free at Last? Civil Rights in the USA, 1918–1968


1. Describe the problems facing black Americans who moved north in the 1920s and 1930s.

Sources A and B describe the results of the Montgomery Bus Boycott.

Source A

Throughout the boycott a young black preacher inspired the black population of Montgomery. His name was Martin Luther King and this was to be his first step towards becoming the leading figure in the Civil Rights Movement. The boycott lasted over a year until eventually the courts decided that segregation on Montgomery’s buses was illegal. On its own, the bus boycott only had limited success. Montgomery remained a segregated town. There were still white-only theatres, pool rooms and restaurants.

Source B

The bus company’s services were boycotted by 99% of Montgomery’s African Americans for over a year. As a result of the protest, the US Supreme Court announced that Alabama’s bus segregation laws were illegal. However, most other facilities and services in Montgomery remained segregated for many years to come. As a result of the boycott, Martin Luther King became involved in the Civil Rights Movement. He went on to become an African American leader who was famous throughout the world.

2. Compare the views of Sources A and B about the results of the Montgomery Bus Boycott. (Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)

3. Explain the reasons why black Americans felt that progress towards civil rights had been made between 1945 and 1964.

Source C is about the opposition of Malcolm X to non-violent protest.

Source C

Malcolm X was mistreated in his youth and this gave him a different set of attitudes to Martin Luther King. Later, while in jail, he was influenced by the ideas of Elijah Muhammad who preached hatred of the white race. In his speeches he criticised non-violence. He believed that the support of non-violence was a sign that black people were still living in mental slavery. However, Malcolm X never undertook violent action himself and sometimes prevented it. Instead he often used violent language and threats to frighten the government into action.

4. How fully does Source C explain the views of Malcolm X on non-violent protest? (Use Source C and recall.)

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Page twenty

Part H — Appeasement and the Road to War, 1918–1939


1. Explain the reasons why Hitler wanted to re-arm Germany in the 1930s.

Source A is about Britain’s policy of Appeasement in the 1930s.

Source A

The Great Depression meant that money could not be found for re-armament and the government knew that the British people were totally opposed to war. Chamberlain had been Chancellor before becoming Prime Minister in 1937. He was in favour of personal, face-to-face talks among Europe’s leaders and believed he could negotiate directly with Hitler. The British government took the view that Communist Russia was the real threat to peace in the world.

2. How fully does Source A explain why Britain followed a policy of Appeasement up to 1937? (Use Source A and recall.)

Sources B and C describe the Anschluss between Germany and Austria in 1938.

Source B

It is clear that Anschluss is popular among the Austrian people who are, after all, German in language and culture. Keeping Germany and Austria apart had been one of the more spiteful terms of Versailles and this wrong is now made right. Therefore Europe is likely to benefit from a period of peace and prosperity as Germany moves into a brighter future.

Source C

Germany has taken over Austria. Any intelligent person can see that an even more powerful Germany is a threat to the peace and stability of Europe. The decision in 1919 to forbid Anschluss had been a very sensible one for limiting the war-like ambitions of Germany. We have permitted Hitler to brutally invade an independent country.

3. Compare the views of Sources B and C about the Anschluss between Germany and Austria in 1938. (Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)

4. Describe attempts by Britain and France to avoid war with Germany over the Czech Crisis.

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Page twenty-one

Part I — World War II, 1939–1945


1. Explain the reasons why the German army was able to defeat its enemies so quickly between 1939 and 1942.

Sources A and B are about the work of the French Resistance.

Source A

For two years the resistance movements of Europe had found it hard to make much of an impression on the might of the German military. However, they had been useful in gathering intelligence for the Allies. The devastating attacks of 1939 to 1941 had given little time for each country to prepare any kind of a secret army to undermine the invaders. German army commanders indicated that the resistance movements were a nuisance, but no more than this.

Source B

Over the course of the war, the French Resistance scored key victories against the German occupation forces. Resistance members organised themselves in secret to discover French collaborators, kill many ranking Nazi officials, and destroy trains, convoys, and ships used by the German army. These accomplishments carried a heavy price. The Gestapo occasionally carried out bloody revenge attacks on innocent civilians.

2. Compare the views of Sources A and B about the work of the French Resistance. (Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)

Source C is about the fall of Berlin.

Source C

Friday 20 April was Hitler’s 56th birthday. The Soviets sent him a birthday present in the form of an artillery barrage right into the heart of the city, while the Western Allies joined in with a massive air raid. The radio announced that Hitler had come out of his safe bomb-proof bunker to talk with the 14-16 year-old boys who had “volunteered” for the “honour” to be accepted into the SS and to die for their Führer in the defence of Berlin. What a cruel lie! These boys did not volunteer, but had no choice, because boys who were found hiding were hanged as traitors by the SS.

3. How fully does Source C describe events leading to the fall of Berlin? (Use Source C and recall.)

4. Describe the ways in which the Americans were able to defeat Japan in 1945.

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Page twenty-two

Part J — The Cold War, 1945–1989


Source A is about the Cuban Missile Crisis.

Source A

To the American government, placing missiles on Cuba was a war-like act by the Soviets. They believed that the Soviet Union intended to supply a large number of powerful nuclear weapons. The Soviet Union denied any war-like purpose. However, spy photographs proved the offensive purpose of the missiles which were pointed directly at major American cities. It was estimated that within a few minutes of them being fired, 80 million Americans would be dead.

1. How fully does Source A explain why the American government took action during the Cuban Missile Crisis? (Use Source A and recall.)

2. Explain the reasons why the East Germans built the Berlin Wall in 1961.

Sources B and C are about the tactics of the Vietcong.

Source B

The Vietcong, or “Charlie” as the Americans called them, were the locally born guerrilla fighters of South Vietnam. The Vietcong consisted of three groups: units of regular soldiers, provincial forces, and part-time guerrillas. The Vietcong generally avoided large-scale attacks on the enemy, but continually harassed their troops and installations. This limited the scale of their casualties to only a handful at a time. They travelled light, carrying basic weapons and few supplies.

Source C

Our first real battle was in open warfare at the Michelin Rubber Plantation. Thousands of Vietcong launched wave after wave of attacks on our camp. But they had all kinds of Chinese and Russian weapons, such as flamethrowers and rocket launchers. Eventually we counter-attacked and pushed them back. Fortunately, we only lost around seven guys. The Vietcong body count was reported to have been 800, but I thought it was more.

3. Compare the views of Sources B and C about the tactics used by the Vietcong. (Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)

4. Describe the steps taken to reduce tension between the USA and the USSR between 1968 and 1989.

6

5

4

5


[END OF SPECIMEN QUESTION PAPER]

N5

Marking Instructions

NationalQualicationsSPECIMEN ONLY

HistorySQ23/N5/01

©

The information in this publication may be reproduced to support SQA qualifications only on a non-commercial basis. If it is to be used for any other purpose, written permission must be obtained from SQA’s Marketing team on [email protected].

Where the publication includes materials from sources other than SQA (ie secondary copyright), this material should only be reproduced for the purposes of examination or assessment. If it needs to be reproduced for any other purpose it is the user’s responsibility to obtain the necessary copyright clearance.

These Marking Instructions have been provided to show how SQA would mark this Specimen Question Paper.

Page 2

Part One: General Marking Principles for National 5 History This information is provided to help you understand the general principles you must apply when marking candidate responses to questions in this Paper. These principles must be read in conjunction with the specific Marking Instructions for each question. The marking schemes are written to assist in determining the ‘minimal acceptable answer’ rather than listing every possible correct and incorrect answer. (a) Marks for each candidate response must always be assigned in line with these

general marking principles and the specific Marking Instructions for the relevant question

(b) Marking should always be positive, ie marks should be awarded for what is correct

and not deducted for errors or omissions.

(c) i. For credit to be given, points must relate to the question asked. Where candidates give points of knowledge without specifying the context, these should be rewarded unless it is clear that they do not refer to the context of the question.

eg Some soldiers on the western front suffered from trench foot as they were unable to keep their feet dry. (1 mark for knowledge, even though this does not specify that it relates to the Scottish soldiers)

ii. There are six types of question used in this question paper. Each assesses

a particular skill, namely:

A. Describe . . . B. Explain the reasons why . . . C. To what extent . . . D. Evaluate the usefulness of Source . . . E. Compare the views of Sources . . . F. How fully does Source . . .

iii. For each of the question types (in ii above), the following provides an overview of marking principles and an example of their application for each question type.

A Questions that ask candidates to Describe . . . (5 or 6 marks)

Candidates must make a number of relevant, factual points. These should be key points. The points do not need to be in any particular order. Candidates may provide a number of straightforward points or a smaller number of developed points, or a combination of these. Up to the total mark allocation for this question of 5 or 6 marks:

• 1 mark should be given for each accurate relevant point • a second mark should be given for any reason that is developed, as in the following

example

Question: Describe the Liberal Welfare Reforms introduced between 1906 and 1914.

The Liberals brought in a number of welfare reforms that were aimed at helping the poorest people in society (1 mark for knowledge). They were particularly trying to help children and the elderly (a second mark for development).

Page 3

B Questions that ask candidates to Explain the reasons why . . . (5 or 6 marks)

Candidates must make a number of points that make the issue plain or clear, for example by showing connections between factors or causal relationships between events or ideas. These should be key reasons and may include theoretical ideas. There is no need for any evaluation or prioritising of these reasons. Candidates may provide a number of straightforward reasons or a smaller number of developed reasons, or a combination of these. Up to the total mark allocation for this question of 5 or 6 marks:

• 1 mark should be given for each accurate relevant point • a second mark should be given for any reason that is developed, as in the following

example

Question: Explain the reasons why the Liberals introduced their social welfare reforms between1906 and 1914.

The Liberals introduced a variety of reforms in order to help the poorest in society as it had been shown that this group was suffering particular hardships. (1 mark for a reason) Booth had identified that over 35% of Londoners were living in poverty. (a second mark for development). C Questions that ask To what extent . . . (8 marks) Candidates must make a judgement about the extent to which different factors contributed to an event or development, or to its impact. They are required to provide a balanced account of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion based on the evidence presented. Up to 5 marks should be given for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors: with 1 mark given for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be given for relevant points of knowledge.

Up to 3 further marks should be given for presenting the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion, as follows:

• 1 mark for the answer being presented in a structured way, with knowledge being organised in support of different factors

• 1 mark for a valid judgement or overall conclusion • 1 mark for a reason being provided in support of the conclusion

Example: Some historians think the Liberals passed their welfare reforms to help the poorest people. The National Insurance Acts helped keep workers out of poverty. (1 mark for knowledge) The introduction of old age pensions meant that families didn’t have the burden of supporting the elderly. (1 mark for knowledge)

However, other historians think they were more concerned with fighting off the Labour Party. (1 mark for structure) Cutting the working day for miners was simply a way of buying their support. (1 mark for knowledge) The National Insurance Acts were targeted at working men who might be likely to support the Labour Party if they felt the Liberals didn’t listen. (1 mark for knowledge)

Page 4

Others believe it was about national efficiency. Churchill and Lloyd George argued that Britain needed its people to be fitter to be able to compete. (1 mark for knowledge) They were shocked by the state of the men who volunteered during the Boer War and wanted to solve this problem. (1 mark for knowledge)

Overall, the Liberals were more concerned about helping the poor. (1 mark for a conclusion) Most of their reforms were directed at helping the poor and it is clear from their speeches that this was what motivated them most. (1 mark for supporting a conclusion) D Questions that ask candidates to Evaluate the usefulness of a given source as

evidence of . . . (5 or 6 marks)

Candidates must evaluate the extent to which a source is useful by commenting on evidence such as the author, type of source, purpose, timing, content and omission. Up to the total mark allocation for this question of 5 or 6 marks:

• a maximum of 4 marks can be given for evaluative comments relating to author, type of source, purpose and timing

• a maximum of 2 marks may be given for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source

• a maximum of 2 marks may be given for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission

Example: Source A is useful as it was written in 1910 which was at the time when the Liberals were introducing their main reforms. (1 mark) It was written by the Prime Minister so it may be less useful as he has a personal interest in making the reforms sound successful. (1 mark) It says “these reforms will make the lives of the poor infinitely better” which shows evidence of bias and makes it less useful. (1 mark) On the other hand it also says that the National Insurance Act would benefit working men by giving them unemployment benefits which is accurate so makes the source more useful. (1 mark) But it is less useful as it fails to mention that women would not really be covered by this Act. (1 mark) E Questions that ask candidates to Compare the views of two given sources about . . .

(4 marks)

Candidates must interpret evidence and make direct comparisons between sources. Candidates are expected to compare content directly on a point-by-point basis. Up to the total mark allocation for this question of 4 marks: A simple comparison will indicate what points they agree or disagree about and should be given 1 mark. A developed comparison will be supported by specific references to each source and should be given 2 marks. Example: Sources A and B agree that King Charles I was an ineffective ruler. (1 mark for a simple comparison) The sources disagree about how far Charles I created his own problems. (1 mark for a simple comparison) Source A agrees with Source B where it says “the king failed to maintain control of parliament” and Source B says “King Charles provoked his own people to rebel”. (a second mark for a developed comparison)

Page 5

The sources disagree about how much Charles I’s problems were his own making, where Source A thinks Charles was a disaster as king, while Source B feels he was generally not bad but made some important mistakes. (2 marks for a developed comparison) F Questions that ask How fully does a given source explain/describe . . .

(5 or 6 marks) Candidates must make a judgement about the extent to which the source provides a full description/explanation of a given event or development.

Up to the total mark allocation for this question of 5 or 6 marks:

• candidates should be given up to 3 marks for their identification of points from the source that support their judgement; each point from the source needs to be interpreted rather than simply copied from the source

• candidates should be given up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement

• a maximum of 2 marks may be given for answers in which no judgement has been made Example: Source B explains the reasons why the Liberals introduced their reforms fairly well as it mentions their growing fear of the Labour party. (1 mark) It mentions specifically the Welsh MPs such as Lloyd George who might lose their seats. (1 mark) It also deals with the raising of working class expectations which the new Labour Party might bring. (1 mark) However, it fails to mention their genuine concern for the masses which motivated many MPs. (1 mark) The poor state of health among volunteers for the Boer War had shocked many of them into demanding changes. (1 mark) Others, such as Churchill, felt that poverty was holding back Britain’s competitiveness as a nation and must be changed. (1 mark)

Page

6

Part

Tw

o: M

arki

ng In

stru

ctio

ns f

or e

ach

ques

tion

Se

ctio

n 1,

Par

t A

Que

stio

n G

ener

al M

arki

ng In

stru

ctio

ns f

or t

his

type

of

ques

tion

M

ax

mar

kSp

ecif

ic M

arki

ng In

stru

ctio

ns f

or t

his

ques

tion

1

Can

dida

tes

mus

t ev

alua

te t

he e

xten

t to

w

hich

a s

ourc

e is

use

ful by

com

men

ting

on

evi

denc

e su

ch a

s th

e au

thor

, ty

pe o

f so

urce

, pu

rpos

e, t

imin

g, c

onte

nt a

nd

omis

sion

.

For

a m

ark

to b

e gi

ven,

the

can

dida

te

mus

t id

enti

fy a

n as

pect

of

the

sour

ce

and

mak

e a

com

men

t w

hich

sho

ws

how

th

is a

spec

t m

akes

the

sou

rce

mor

e or

le

ss u

sefu

l.

Up

to t

he t

otal

mar

k al

loca

tion

for

thi

s qu

esti

on:

• a

max

imum

of

4 m

arks

can

be

give

n fo

r ev

alua

tive

com

men

ts r

elat

ing

to

auth

or,

type

of

sour

ce,

purp

ose

and

tim

ing

• a

max

imum

of

2 m

arks

may

be

give

n fo

r ev

alua

tive

com

men

ts r

elat

ing

to

the

cont

ent

of t

he s

ourc

e •

a m

axim

um o

f 2

mar

ks m

ay b

e gi

ven

for

poin

ts o

f si

gnif

ican

t om

issi

on

5Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

5 m

ark

s.

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

a ju

dgem

ent

abou

t th

e us

eful

ness

of

the

sour

ce a

nd

supp

ort

this

by

mak

ing

eval

uati

ve c

omm

ents

on

iden

tifi

ed a

spec

ts o

f th

e so

urce

.

1 m

ark

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

for

each

rel

evan

t co

mm

ent

mad

e, u

p to

a m

axim

um o

f 5

mar

ks in

tot

al:

• a

max

imum

of

4 m

arks

can

be

give

n fo

r ev

alua

tive

com

men

ts r

elat

ing

to

the

auth

or,

type

of

sour

ce,

purp

ose

and

tim

ing

• a

max

imum

of

2 m

arks

may

be

give

n fo

r co

mm

ents

rel

atin

g to

the

co

nten

t of

the

sou

rce

• a

max

imum

of

2 m

arks

may

be

give

n fo

r co

mm

ents

rel

atin

g to

poi

nts

of

sign

ific

ant

omis

sion

Ex

ampl

es o

f as

pect

s of

the

sou

rce

and

rele

vant

com

men

ts:

Asp

ect

of t

he s

ourc

e Po

ssib

le c

omm

ent

Aut

hor:

Bish

op F

rase

r of

St

And

rew

s

Aut

hor

was

the

lea

ding

chu

rchm

an a

nd o

ne o

f th

e G

uard

ians

who

was

wel

l in

form

ed,

so s

ourc

e m

ay

be m

ore

usef

ul

Type

of

sour

ce:

A let

ter

A p

erso

nal co

mm

unic

atio

n so

may

be

less

gu

arde

d, s

o so

urce

may

be

mor

e us

eful

Pu

rpos

e:To

seek

Edw

ard’

s he

lp in

keep

ing

the

peac

e

Purp

ose

may

hav

e ca

used

the

wri

ter

to

exag

gera

te t

he p

robl

em,

so s

ourc

e m

ay b

e le

ss

usef

ul

Tim

ing:

O

ctob

er 1

290

Wri

tten

at

the

tim

e th

ere

was

fea

r th

at t

he

Gua

rdia

nshi

p m

ight

fal

l ap

art

so c

onte

nt m

ay

refl

ect

thes

e w

orri

es,

so s

ourc

e m

ay b

e le

ss u

sefu

l

Page

7

Cont

ent

Poss

ible

com

men

tRum

our

that

the

Mai

d of

Nor

way

has

di

ed

Less

use

ful as

it

is o

nly

pass

ing

on

rum

ours

But

that

she

is

very

wea

kLe

ss u

sefu

l as

it

cont

radi

cts

itse

lf

Agr

eed

to s

tay

at P

erth

unt

il w

e he

ar

defi

nite

new

s M

ore

usef

ul a

s it

ind

icat

es c

alm

ness

in

the

cri

sis

Po

ssib

le p

oint

s of

sig

nifi

cant

om

issi

on m

ay in

clud

e:

• G

uard

ians

in

char

ge

• Fa

ctio

nalism

am

ong

nobi

lity

•

Fear

s of

civ

il w

ar

• The

y lo

oked

to

Edw

ard

as a

res

pect

ed o

lder

mal

e re

lati

ve o

f th

e ro

yal

fam

ily

• Ed

war

d ha

d su

ffic

ient

pow

er t

o en

forc

e an

y de

cisi

on o

n th

e su

cces

sion

•

Any

oth

er v

alid

poi

nt t

hat

mee

ts t

he c

rite

ria

desc

ribe

d in

the

gen

eral

m

arki

ng in

stru

ctio

ns f

or t

his

kind

of

ques

tion

(se

e co

lum

n to

left

)

Page

8

2

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

a nu

mbe

r of

re

leva

nt,

fact

ual po

ints

. The

se s

houl

d be

key

poi

nts.

The

poi

nts

do n

ot n

eed

to

be in

any

part

icul

ar o

rder

. Can

dida

tes

may

pro

vide

a n

umbe

r of

st

raig

htfo

rwar

d po

ints

or

a sm

alle

r nu

mbe

r of

dev

elop

ed p

oint

s, o

r a

com

bina

tion

of

thes

e.

Up

to t

he t

otal

mar

k al

loca

tion

for

thi

s qu

esti

on:

• 1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch

accu

rate

rel

evan

t po

int

of

know

ledg

e •

a se

cond

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r an

y po

int

that

is

deve

lope

d

5Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

5 m

ark

s.

The

y m

ay t

ake

diff

eren

t pe

rspe

ctiv

es o

n th

e ev

ents

and

may

des

crib

e a

vari

ety

of

dif

fere

nt a

spec

ts o

f th

e ev

ents

.

1 m

ark

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

for

each

acc

urat

e re

leva

nt k

ey p

oint

of

know

ledg

e.

A s

econ

d m

ark

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

for

each

poi

nt t

hat

is d

evel

oped

, up

to

a m

axim

um o

f 5

mar

ks.

Can

dida

tes

may

ach

ieve

ful

l m

arks

by

prov

idin

g fi

ve

stra

ight

forw

ard

poin

ts,

by m

akin

g th

ree

deve

lope

d po

ints

, or

a c

ombi

nati

on

of t

hese

. Po

ssib

le p

oint

s of

kno

wle

dge

may

incl

ude:

•

Mur

dere

d Sh

erif

f of

Lan

ark

whi

ch m

ade

him

an

outl

aw a

nd f

orce

d hi

m int

o op

en r

ebel

lion

•

Att

ack

on O

rmsb

y sh

owed

ear

ly int

enti

ons

to u

nder

min

e th

e En

glis

h ad

min

istr

atio

n •

His

use

of

guer

illa

tac

tics

was

ver

y su

cces

sful

•

He

gath

ered

a s

mal

l fo

rce

as h

is f

ame

bega

n to

spr

ead

• W

orke

d w

ith

And

rew

Mor

ay t

o w

in t

he B

attl

e of

Sti

rlin

g Br

idge

•

He

serv

ed a

s G

uard

ian

and

trie

d to

est

ablish

tra

de w

ith

the

Low

Cou

ntri

es

• W

hen

he w

as d

efea

ted

at t

he B

attl

e of

Fal

kirk

he

resi

gned

the

Gua

rdia

nshi

p •

His

mis

sion

to

Euro

pe h

ad lit

tle

succ

ess

• H

is r

ole

ende

d w

hen

he w

as b

etra

yed

by h

is o

wn

peop

le

• A

ny o

ther

rel

evan

t fa

ctua

l key

poi

nt o

f kn

owle

dge

that

mee

ts t

he

crit

eria

des

crib

ed in

the

gen

eral

mar

king

inst

ruct

ions

for

thi

s ki

nd o

f qu

esti

on (

see

colu

mn

to le

ft)

3

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

a nu

mbe

r of

po

ints

tha

t m

ake

the

issu

e pl

ain

or

clea

r, f

or e

xam

ple

by s

how

ing

conn

ecti

ons

betw

een

fact

ors

or c

ausa

l re

lati

onsh

ips

betw

een

even

ts o

r id

eas.

The

se s

houl

d be

key

rea

sons

and

may

in

clud

e th

eore

tica

l id

eas.

The

re is

no

need

for

any

eva

luat

ion

or p

rior

itis

ing

of

thes

e re

ason

s.

5Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

5 m

ark

s.

Cand

idat

es m

ust

show

a c

ausa

l rel

atio

nshi

p be

twee

n ev

ents

.

Up

to a

max

imum

of

5 m

arks

in t

otal

, 1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch

accu

rate

, re

leva

nt r

easo

n, a

nd a

sec

ond

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r re

ason

s th

at a

re d

evel

oped

. Can

dida

tes

may

ach

ieve

ful

l m

arks

by

prov

idin

g fi

ve s

trai

ghtf

orw

ard

reas

ons,

thr

ee d

evel

oped

rea

sons

, or

a

com

bina

tion

of

thes

e.

Page

9

Can

dida

tes

may

pro

vide

a n

umbe

r of

st

raig

htfo

rwar

d re

ason

s, a

sm

alle

r nu

mbe

r of

dev

elop

ed r

easo

ns,

or a

co

mbi

nati

on o

f th

ese.

U

p to

the

tot

al m

ark

allo

cati

on f

or t

his

ques

tion

:

• 1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch

accu

rate

rel

evan

t po

int

•

a se

cond

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r an

y re

ason

tha

t is

dev

elop

ed

Poss

ible

rea

sons

may

incl

ude:

• The

Bru

ces

wer

e an

im

port

ant

nobl

e fa

mily

and

coul

d us

e th

eir

stat

us

• The

y ha

d a

lot

of a

llie

s in

Sco

tlan

d an

d so

cou

ld g

athe

r pl

enty

of

supp

ort

• M

urde

r of

Com

yn r

emov

ed o

ppos

itio

n le

ader

ship

and

wea

kene

d an

y Sc

otti

sh

oppo

siti

on

• D

eath

of

Edw

ard

I re

mov

ed t

hrea

t of

Eng

lish

opp

osit

ion

• Su

ppor

t of

the

Chu

rch

from

Wis

hart

and

Lam

bert

on p

rovi

ded

Bruc

e w

ith

legi

tim

acy

• Br

uce

was

abl

e to

use

his

bas

e in

Car

rick

as

a st

arti

ng p

oint

to

defe

at h

is

Scot

tish

ene

mie

s on

e by

one

•

Bruc

e w

as a

ble

to s

plit

Ros

s fr

om C

omyn

, en

abling

him

to

tack

le o

ne a

t a

tim

e •

Bruc

e de

stro

yed

cast

les

rath

er t

han

allo

w a

bas

e fo

r hi

s en

emie

s •

Edw

ard

II ga

ve lit

tle

help

to

his

nobl

es in

Scot

land

•

Any

oth

er v

alid

rea

son

that

mee

ts t

he c

rite

ria

desc

ribe

d in

the

gen

eral

m

arki

ng in

stru

ctio

ns f

or t

his

kind

of

ques

tion

(se

e co

lum

n to

left

) 4

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

a ju

dgem

ent

abou

t th

e ex

tent

to

whi

ch t

he s

ourc

e pr

ovid

es a

ful

l de

scri

ptio

n/ex

plan

atio

n of

a g

iven

eve

nt o

r de

velo

pmen

t.

Can

dida

tes

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

up t

o 3

mar

ks f

or t

heir

ide

ntif

icat

ion

of p

oint

s fr

om t

he s

ourc

e th

at s

uppo

rt t

heir

ju

dgem

ent.

Eac

h po

int

from

the

sou

rce

need

s to

be

inte

rpre

ted

rath

er t

han

sim

ply

copi

ed f

rom

the

sou

rce.

Can

dida

tes

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

up t

o 4

mar

ks f

or t

heir

ide

ntif

icat

ion

of p

oint

s of

sig

nifi

cant

om

issi

on,

base

d on

the

ir

own

know

ledg

e, t

hat

supp

ort

thei

r ju

dgem

ent.

A m

axim

um o

f 2

mar

ks m

ay b

e gi

ven

for

answ

ers

in w

hich

no

judg

emen

t ha

s be

en m

ade.

5Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

5 m

ark

s.

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

an o

vera

ll j

udge

men

t ab

out

how

ful

ly t

he s

ourc

e ex

plai

ns t

he e

vent

s. 1

mar

k m

ay b

e gi

ven

for

each

val

id p

oint

int

erpr

eted

fro

m

the

sour

ce o

r ea

ch v

alid

poi

nt o

f si

gnif

ican

t om

issi

on p

rovi

ded.

The

can

dida

te

can

achi

eve

up t

o 3

mar

ks f

or t

heir

int

erpr

etat

ion

of t

he p

arts

of

the

sour

ce

they

con

side

r ar

e re

leva

nt in

term

s of

the

pro

pose

d qu

esti

on w

here

the

re is

also

at

leas

t on

e po

int

of s

igni

fica

nt o

mis

sion

ide

ntif

ied

to im

ply

a ju

dgem

ent

has

been

mad

e ab

out

the

lim

itat

ions

of

the

sour

ce.

For

full m

arks

to

be g

iven

ea

ch p

oint

nee

ds t

o be

dis

cret

ely

men

tion

ed in

term

s of

the

que

stio

n.

A m

axim

um o

f 2

mar

ks m

ay b

e gi

ven

for

answ

ers

whi

ch r

efer

onl

y to

the

so

urce

. Po

ssib

le p

oint

s w

hich

may

be

iden

tifi

ed in

the

sou

rce

incl

ude:

•

Engl

ish

arm

y ha

d no

roo

m t

o m

ove

beca

use

they

wer

e su

rrou

nded

by

mar

shes

and

str

eam

s •

Bruc

e de

cide

d to

tak

e ad

vant

age

of t

his

mis

take

and

to

atta

ck t

hem

Page

10

• The

Eng

lish

wer

e so

jam

med

tog

ethe

r an

d so

tan

gled

up

that

the

ir lea

ders

st

rugg

led

to o

rgan

ise

any

defe

nce

• The

y lo

st a

ll c

onfi

denc

e in

Edw

ard

II

Poss

ible

poi

nts

of s

igni

fica

nt o

mis

sion

may

incl

ude:

•

Bruc

e or

gani

sed

Scot

s in

to s

chiltr

ons

whi

ch w

as a

n ef

fect

ive

defe

nsiv

e fo

rmat

ion

• Br

uce

chos

e th

e hi

gher

gro

und

whi

ch g

ave

a ph

ysic

al a

dvan

tage

•

Bruc

e pr

epar

ed t

he g

roun

d be

hind

him

to

prot

ect

from

a r

ear

atta

ck

• Br

uce

trai

ned

his

schi

ltro

ns t

o m

ove

whi

ch a

llow

ed t

hem

to

resp

ond

to

atta

cks

• D

eath

of

de B

ohun

dem

oral

ised

the

Eng

lish

•

The

Eng

lish

had

bee

n ar

guin

g am

ong

them

selv

es

• The

Eng

lish

wer

e ca

mpe

d on

bog

gy g

roun

d w

hich

res

tric

ted

thei

r m

ovem

ent

• The

Eng

lish

cav

alry

cou

ld n

ot c

harg

e du

e to

the

con

gest

ion

• The

Eng

lish

bow

men

wer

e de

feat

ed b

y th

e Sc

ots

•

Man

y En

glis

h w

ere

trap

ped

by t

he d

itch

es b

y th

e Pe

lstr

eam

and

Ban

nock

bu

rns

• A

ny o

ther

val

id p

oint

of

expl

anat

ion

that

mee

ts t

he c

rite

ria

desc

ribe

d in

th

e ge

nera

l mar

king

inst

ruct

ions

for

thi

s ki

nd o

f qu

esti

on (

see

colu

mn

to le

ft)

Page

11

Sect

ion

1, P

art

B

G

ener

al M

arki

ng In

stru

ctio

ns f

or t

his

type

of

ques

tion

M

ax

mar

kSp

ecif

ic M

arki

ng In

stru

ctio

ns f

or t

his

ques

tion

1

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

a ju

dgem

ent

abou

t th

e ex

tent

to

whi

ch t

he s

ourc

e pr

ovid

es a

ful

l de

scri

ptio

n/ e

xpla

nati

on

of a

giv

en e

vent

or

deve

lopm

ent.

Can

dida

tes

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

up t

o 3

mar

ks f

or t

heir

ide

ntif

icat

ion

of p

oint

s fr

om t

he s

ourc

e th

at s

uppo

rt t

heir

ju

dgem

ent.

Eac

h po

int

from

the

sou

rce

need

s to

be

inte

rpre

ted

rath

er t

han

sim

ply

copi

ed f

rom

the

sou

rce.

Can

dida

tes

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

up t

o 4

mar

ks f

or t

heir

ide

ntif

icat

ion

of p

oint

s of

sig

nifi

cant

om

issi

on,

base

d on

the

ir

own

know

ledg

e, t

hat

supp

ort

thei

r ju

dgem

ent.

A m

axim

um o

f 2

mar

ks m

ay b

e gi

ven

for

answ

ers

in w

hich

no

judg

emen

t ha

s be

en m

ade.

5Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

5 m

ark

s.

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

an o

vera

ll j

udge

men

t ab

out

how

ful

ly t

he s

ourc

e ex

plai

ns t

he e

vent

s. 1

mar

k m

ay b

e gi

ven

for

each

val

id p

oint

int

erpr

eted

fro

m

the

sour

ce o

r ea

ch v

alid

poi

nt o

f si

gnif

ican

t om

issi

on p

rovi

ded.

The

can

dida

te

can

achi

eve

up t

o 3

mar

ks f

or t

heir

int

erpr

etat

ion

of t

he p

arts

of

the

sour

ce

they

con

side

r ar

e re

leva

nt in

term

s of

the

pro

pose

d qu

esti

on w

here

the

re is

also

at

leas

t on

e po

int

of s

igni

fica

nt o

mis

sion

ide

ntif

ied

to im

ply

a ju

dgem

ent

has

been

mad

e ab

out

the

lim

itat

ions

of

the

sour

ce.

For

full m

arks

to

be g

iven

, ea

ch p

oint

nee

ds t

o be

dis

cret

ely

men

tion

ed in

term

s of

the

que

stio

n.

A m

axim

um o

f 2

mar

ks m

ay b

e gi

ven

for

answ

ers

whi

ch r

efer

onl

y to

the

so

urce

. Po

ssib

le p

oint

s w

hich

may

be

iden

tifi

ed in

the

sou

rce

incl

ude:

•

Gui

se t

ook

stro

ng a

ctio

n ag

ains

t Pr

otes

tant

s in

Sco

tlan

d •

Mad

e m

ore

use

of F

renc

h of

fici

als

• U

sed

mor

e Fr

ench

sol

dier

s to

con

trol

key

str

ongh

olds

in

Scot

land

•

She

dem

ande

d a

new

tax

Po

ssib

le p

oint

s of

sig

nifi

cant

om

issi

on m

ay in

clud

e:

• M

ary

Que

en o

f Sc

ots

bein

g Q

ueen

of

Fran

ce w

orri

ed t

he P

rote

stan

t Sc

otti

sh n

oble

s

• The

mar

riag

e tr

eaty

sai

d th

at S

cotl

and

was

to

beco

me

part

of

Fran

ce

• The

Pro

test

ants

wan

ted

to d

efen

d th

eir

religi

on a

gain

st M

ary

of G

uise

•

The

Pro

test

ants

wer

e en

cour

aged

by

Que

en E

liza

beth

•

The

Pro

test

ants

wer

e en

cour

aged

by

John

Kno

x •

Any

oth

er v

alid

poi

nt o

f ex

plan

atio

n th

at m

eets

the

cri

teri

a de

scri

bed

in t

he g

ener

al m

arki

ng in

stru

ctio

ns f

or t

his

kind

of

ques

tion

(se

e co

lum

n to

left

)

Page

12

2

Can

dida

tes

mus

t ev

alua

te t

he e

xten

t to

w

hich

a s

ourc

e is

use

ful by

com

men

ting

on

evi

denc

e su

ch a

s th

e au

thor

, ty

pe o

f so

urce

, pu

rpos

e, t

imin

g, c

onte

nt a

nd

omis

sion

.

For

a m

ark

to b

e gi

ven,

the

can

dida

te

mus

t id

enti

fy a

n as

pect

of

the

sour

ce

and

mak

e a

com

men

t w

hich

sho

ws

how

th

is a

spec

t m

akes

the

sou

rce

mor

e or

le

ss u

sefu

l.

Up

to t

he t

otal

mar

k al

loca

tion

for

thi

s qu

esti

on:

• a

max

imum

of

4 m

arks

can

be

give

n fo

r ev

alua

tive

com

men

ts r

elat

ing

to

auth

or,

type

of

sour

ce,

purp

ose

and

tim

ing

• a

max

imum

of

2 m

arks

may

be

give

n fo

r ev

alua

tive

com

men

ts r

elat

ing

to

the

cont

ent

of t

he s

ourc

e •

a m

axim

um o

f 2

mar

ks m

ay b

e gi

ven

for

poin

ts o

f si

gnif

ican

t om

issi

on

5Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

5 m

ark

s.

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

a ju

dgem

ent

abou

t th

e us

eful

ness

of

the

sour

ce a

nd

supp

ort

this

by

mak

ing

eval

uati

ve c

omm

ents

on

iden

tifi

ed a

spec

ts o

f th

e so

urce

.

1 m

ark

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

for

each

rel

evan

t co

mm

ent

mad

e, u

p to

a m

axim

um o

f 5

mar

ks in

tot

al:

•

a m

axim

um o

f 4

mar

ks c

an b

e gi

ven

for

eval

uati

ve c

omm

ents

rel

atin

g to

th

e au

thor

, ty

pe o

f so

urce

, pu

rpos

e an

d ti

min

g •

a m

axim

um o

f 2

mar

ks m

ay b

e gi

ven

for

com

men

ts r

elat

ing

to t

he

cont

ent

of t

he s

ourc

e •

a m

axim

um o

f 2

mar

ks m

ay b

e gi

ven

for

com

men

ts r

elat

ing

to p

oint

s of

si

gnif

ican

t om

issi

on

Exam

ples

of

aspe

cts

of t

he s

ourc

e an

d re

leva

nt c

omm

ents

: A

spec

t of

the

sou

rce

Poss

ible

com

men

tA

utho

r:

Mar

y Q

ueen

of

Scot

s A

youn

g qu

een

new

ly r

etur

ned

to S

cotl

and

Ty

pe o

f so

urce

:

Roy

al o

rder

s O

ffic

ial go

vern

men

t do

cum

ent

Purp

ose:

To

calm

the

chu

rchm

en b

y en

suri

ng p

aym

ent

to

min

iste

rs o

f th

e Chu

rch

of S

cotl

and

Ti

min

g:

1566

At

a ti

me

whe

n th

e Ref

orm

atio

n w

as v

ery

rece

nt

and

susp

icio

ns p

ersi

sted

ove

r he

r Cat

holic

ism

Page

13

Cont

ent

Poss

ible

com

men

t•

I det

erm

ined

tha

t th

ey

shou

ld b

e pa

id in

the

futu

re

Use

ful as

it

show

s M

ary’

s po

siti

ve s

uppo

rt

of t

he c

hurc

h

• W

ith

the

advi

ce o

f m

y go

vern

men

t of

fici

als

Less

use

ful as

it

may

im

ply

pres

sure

has

be

en b

roug

ht o

n M

ary

from

her

off

icia

ls

• D

ecid

ed t

o al

loca

te t

he s

um

of £

10,0

00 f

or t

heir

pa

ymen

t

Mor

e us

eful

as

it ind

icat

es t

he e

xten

t of

he

r su

ppor

t of

the

chu

rch

Po

ssib

le p

oint

s of

sig

nifi

cant

om

issi

on m

ay in

clud

e:

• M

ary

rem

aine

d a

Rom

an C

atho

lic

•

Mar

y w

ante

d su

ppor

t fr

om t

he c

hurc

h at

a d

iffi

cult

tim

e •

Any

oth

er v

alid

poi

nt t

hat

mee

ts t

he c

rite

ria

desc

ribe

d in

the

gen

eral

m

arki

ng in

stru

ctio

ns f

or t

his

kind

of

ques

tion

(se

e co

lum

n to

left

) 3

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

a nu

mbe

r of

re

leva

nt,

fact

ual po

ints

. The

se s

houl

d be

key

poi

nts.

The

poi

nts

do n

ot n

eed

to

be in

any

part

icul

ar o

rder

. Can

dida

tes

may

pro

vide

a n

umbe

r of

st

raig

htfo

rwar

d po

ints

or

a sm

alle

r nu

mbe

r of

dev

elop

ed p

oint

s, o

r a

com

bina

tion

of

thes

e.

Up

to t

he t

otal

mar

k al

loca

tion

for

thi

s qu

esti

on:

• 1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch

accu

rate

rel

evan

t po

int

of

know

ledg

e •

a se

cond

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r an

y po

int

that

is

deve

lope

d

5Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

5 m

ark

s.

The

y m

ay t

ake

diff

eren

t pe

rspe

ctiv

es o

n th

e ev

ents

and

may

des

crib

e a

vari

ety

of d

iffe

rent

asp

ects

of

the

even

ts.

1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch a

ccur

ate

rele

vant

key

poi

nt o

f kn

owle

dge.

A s

econ

d m

ark

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

for

each

poi

nt t

hat

is

deve

lope

d, u

p to

a m

axim

um o

f 5

mar

ks.

Can

dida

tes

may

ach

ieve

ful

l m

arks

by

prov

idin

g fi

ve s

trai

ghtf

orw

ard

poin

ts,

by m

akin

g th

ree

deve

lope

d po

ints

, or

a c

ombi

nati

on o

f th

ese.

Po

ssib

le p

oint

s of

kno

wle

dge

may

incl

ude:

•

Estr

ange

men

t of

Mar

y an

d D

arnl

ey

• D

istr

ust

of M

ary

for

the

Scot

tish

lor

ds

• M

ary

turn

ed t

o Bo

thw

ell

• Con

spir

ator

s be

gged

Mar

y fo

r fo

rgiv

enes

s •

Dar

nley

not

tru

sted

by

eith

er M

ary

or t

he c

onsp

irat

ors

• D

arnl

ey m

oved

to

Gla

sgow

•

Any

oth

er r

elev

ant

fact

ual k

ey p

oint

of

know

ledg

e th

at m

eets

the

cr

iter

ia d

escr

ibed

in t

he g

ener

al m

arki

ng in

stru

ctio

ns f

or t

his

kind

of

ques

tion

(se

e co

lum

n to

left

)

Page

14

4

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

a nu

mbe

r of

po

ints

tha

t m

ake

the

issu

e pl

ain

or

clea

r, f

or e

xam

ple

by s

how

ing

conn

ecti

ons

betw

een

fact

ors

or c

ausa

l re

lati

onsh

ips

betw

een

even

ts o

r id

eas.

The

se s

houl

d be

key

rea

sons

and

may

in

clud

e th

eore

tica

l id

eas.

The

re is

no

need

for

any

eva

luat

ion

or p

rior

itis

ing

of

thes

e re

ason

s.

Can

dida

tes

may

pro

vide

a n

umbe

r of

st

raig

htfo

rwar

d re

ason

s, a

sm

alle

r nu

mbe

r of

dev

elop

ed r

easo

ns,

or a

co

mbi

nati

on o

f th

ese.

U

p to

the

tot

al m

ark

allo

cati

on f

or t

his

ques

tion

:

• 1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch

accu

rate

rel

evan

t po

int

•

a se

cond

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r an

y re

ason

tha

t is

dev

elop

ed

5Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

5 m

ark

s.

Cand

idat

es m

ust

show

a c

ausa

l rel

atio

nshi

p be

twee

n ev

ents

.

Up

to a

max

imum

of

5 m

arks

in t

otal

, 1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch

accu

rate

, re

leva

nt r

easo

n, a

nd a

sec

ond

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r re

ason

s th

at a

re d

evel

oped

. Can

dida

tes

may

ach

ieve

ful

l m

arks

by

prov

idin

g fi

ve s

trai

ghtf

orw

ard

reas

ons,

thr

ee d

evel

oped

rea

sons

, or

a

com

bina

tion

of

thes

e.

Poss

ible

rea

sons

may

incl

ude:

•

1580

: th

e Po

pe’s

pol

icy

of e

ncou

ragi

ng p

lots

aga

inst

Eliza

beth

mad

e En

glis

h Pr

otes

tant

s th

ink

Mar

y w

as a

men

ace,

esp

ecia

lly

sinc

e he

r so

n an

d he

ir w

as a

Pro

test

ant

•

1585

: af

ter

seve

ral pl

ots,

the

Eng

lish

gov

ernm

ent

pass

ed a

law

sta

ting

th

at M

ary

wou

ld b

e ex

ecut

ed if

she

was

act

ivel

y in

volv

ed in

any

plot

ag

ains

t El

izab

eth

•

1585

: M

ary

was

mov

ed t

o Cha

rtle

y w

here

Eng

lish

spi

es d

isco

vere

d ho

w

lett

ers

wer

e sm

uggl

ed

• 15

86:

Babi

ngto

n co

ntac

ted

Mar

y to

inf

orm

her

of

his

plan

s to

kill

Eliz

abet

h an

d he

lp M

ary

to e

scap

e

• El

izab

eth

hesi

tate

d to

exe

cute

her

cou

sin,

the

dea

th w

arra

nt w

as

conc

eale

d am

ongs

t a

pile

of

lett

ers

and

Eliz

abet

h si

gned

the

m a

ll

• A

ny o

ther

val

id r

easo

n th

at m

eets

the

cri

teri

a de

scri

bed

in t

he

gene

ral m

arki

ng in

stru

ctio

ns f

or t

his

kind

of

ques

tion

(se

e co

lum

n to

le

ft)

Page

15

Sect

ion

1, P

art

C Q

uest

ion

Gen

eral

Mar

king

Inst

ruct

ions

for

thi

s ty

pe o

f qu

esti

on

Max

m

ark

Spec

ific

Mar

king

Inst

ruct

ions

for

thi

s qu

esti

on

1

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

a nu

mbe

r of

po

ints

tha

t m

ake

the

issu

e pl

ain

or

clea

r, f

or e

xam

ple

by s

how

ing

conn

ecti

ons

betw

een

fact

ors

or c

ausa

l re

lati

onsh

ips

betw

een

even

ts o

r id

eas.

The

se s

houl

d be

key

rea

sons

and

may

in

clud

e th

eore

tica

l id

eas.

The

re is

no

need

for

any

eva

luat

ion

or p

rior

itis

ing

of

thes

e re

ason

s.

Can

dida

tes

may

pro

vide

a n

umbe

r of

st

raig

htfo

rwar

d re

ason

s, a

sm

alle

r nu

mbe

r of

dev

elop

ed r

easo

ns,

or a

co

mbi

nati

on o

f th

ese.

U

p to

the

tot

al m

ark

allo

cati

on f

or t

his

ques

tion

:

• 1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch

accu

rate

rel

evan

t po

int

•

a se

cond

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r an

y re

ason

tha

t is

dev

elop

ed

5Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

5 m

ark

s.

Cand

idat

es m

ust

show

a c

ausa

l rel

atio

nshi

p be

twee

n ev

ents

.

Up

to a

max

imum

of

5 m

arks

in t

otal

,1 m

ark

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

for

each

ac

cura

te,

rele

vant

rea

son,

and

a s

econ

d m

ark

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

for

reas

ons

that

are

dev

elop

ed.

Can

dida

tes

may

ach

ieve

ful

l m

arks

by

prov

idin

g fi

ve s

trai

ghtf

orw

ard

reas

ons,

thr

ee d

evel

oped

rea

sons

, or

a

com

bina

tion

of

thes

e.

Poss

ible

rea

sons

may

incl

ude:

•

Scot

s w

ere

excl

uded

fro

m t

radi

ng w

ith

Engl

and’

s co

loni

es

• The

war

s be

twee

n En

glan

d an

d Fr

ance

had

red

uced

Sco

ttis

h tr

ade

wit

h Fr

ance

•

Scot

land

nev

er g

aine

d fr

om p

eace

tre

atie

s at

the

end

of

thes

e w

ars

•

Failur

e of

the

Dar

ien

Sche

me

left

Sco

tlan

d ne

ar t

o ba

nkru

ptcy

; m

any

blam

ed E

ngla

nd f

or t

he f

ailu

re o

f th

e sc

hem

e •

Que

en A

nne

foun

d it

dif

ficu

lt t

o go

vern

Sco

tlan

d fr

om W

estm

inst

er;

Scot

s ac

cuse

d Q

ueen

Ann

e of

pol

icie

s w

hich

wer

e da

mag

ing

to S

cotl

and

• The

Wor

cest

er A

ffai

r tu

rned

ord

inar

y Sc

ots

agai

nst

wha

t th

ey r

egar

ded

as E

nglish

pir

ates

• En

glan

d fe

ared

a F

renc

h th

reat

in

the

futu

re if

the

disc

onte

nted

Sco

ts

ever

wan

ted

to r

eviv

e th

e Aul

d Allia

nce

• A

ny o

ther

val

id r

easo

n th

at m

eets

the

cri

teri

a de

scri

bed

in t

he

gene

ral m

arki

ng in

stru

ctio

ns f

or t

his

kind

of

ques

tion

(se

e co

lum

n to

le

ft)

Page

16

2

Can

dida

tes

mus

t ev

alua

te t

he e

xten

t to

w

hich

a s

ourc

e is

use

ful by

com

men

ting

on

evi

denc

e su

ch a

s th

e au

thor

, ty

pe o

f so

urce

, pu

rpos

e, t

imin

g, c

onte

nt a

nd

omis

sion

.

For

a m

ark

to b

e gi

ven,

the

can

dida

te

mus

t id

enti

fy a

n as

pect

of

the

sour

ce

and

mak

e a

com

men

t w

hich

sho

ws

how

th

is a

spec

t m

akes

the

sou

rce

mor

e or

le

ss u

sefu

l.

Up

to t

he t

otal

mar

k al

loca

tion

for

thi

s qu

esti

on:

• a

max

imum

of

4 m

arks

can

be

give

n fo

r ev

alua

tive

com

men

ts r

elat

ing

to

auth

or,

type

of

sour

ce,

purp

ose

and

tim

ing

• a

max

imum

of

2 m

arks

may

be

give

n fo

r ev

alua

tive

com

men

ts r

elat

ing

to

the

cont

ent

of t

he s

ourc

e •

a m

axim

um o

f 2

mar

ks m

ay b

e gi

ven

for

poin

ts o

f si

gnif

ican

t om

issi

on

5Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

5 m

ark

s.

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

a ju

dgem

ent

abou

t th

e us

eful

ness

of

the

sour

ce a

nd

supp

ort

this

by

mak

ing

eval

uati

ve c

omm

ents

on

iden

tifi

ed a

spec

ts o

f th

e so

urce

.

1 m

ark

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

for

each

rel

evan

t co

mm

ent

mad

e, u

p to

a m

axim

um o

f 5

mar

ks in

tot

al:

•

a m

axim

um o

f 4

mar

ks c

an b

e gi

ven

for

eval

uati

ve c

omm

ents

rel

atin

g to

th

e au

thor

, ty

pe o

f so

urce

, pu

rpos

e an

d ti

min

g •

a m

axim

um o

f 2

mar

ks m

ay b

e gi

ven

for

com

men

ts r

elat

ing

to t

he

cont

ent

of t

he s

ourc

e •

a m

axim

um o

f 2

mar

ks m

ay b

e gi

ven

for

com

men

ts r

elat

ing

to p

oint

s of

si

gnif

ican

t om

issi

on

Exam

ples

of

aspe

cts

of t

he s

ourc

e an

d re

leva

nt c

omm

ents

: A

spec

t of

the

sou

rce

Poss

ible

com

men

tA

utho

r:

A m

embe

r of

the

Sco

ttis

h go

vern

men

t

Invo

lved

in

the

nego

tiat

ions

Type

of

sour

ce:

A let

ter

A p

erso

nal co

mm

unic

atio

n so

may

be

less

gu

arde

d, s

o so

urce

may

be

mor

e us

eful

Purp

ose:

To

enco

urag

e se

crec

y an

d av

oid

emba

rras

smen

t

Purp

ose

may

hav

e ca

used

the

wri

ter

to

exag

gera

te t

he p

robl

em,

so s

ourc

e m

ay b

e le

ss

usef

ul

Tim

ing:

17

07

At

the

tim

e w

hen

ther

e w

as a

fir

m t

reat

y ne

goti

ated

Page

17

Cont

ent

Poss

ible

com

men

t•

Impo

ssib

le t

o st

ate

exac

tly

how

m

uch

was

giv

en

Less

use

ful as

it

is v

ague

on

the

deta

ils

• Thi

sha

s be

en k

ept

a se

cret

M

ore

usef

ul a

s it

is

hone

st a

bout

its

re

fusa

l to

div

ulge

inf

orm

atio

n

• Rev

ealing

thi

s in

form

atio

n at

pr

esen

t w

ould

cau

se

emba

rras

smen

t

Mor

e us

eful

as

it e

xpla

ins

the

reas

ons

for

not

divu

lgin

g in

form

atio

n

Po

ssib

le p

oint

s of

sig

nifi

cant

om

issi

on m

ay in

clud

e:

• O

ther

for

ms

of b

ribe

ry w

ere

used

eg

titl

es,

jobs

•

Peop

le k

ept

chan

ging

sid

es

• Sc

otti

sh P

arliam

ent

was

not

wel

l or

gani

sed

(eg

Squa

dron

e Vol

ante

)

• O

pini

on w

as s

harp

ly d

ivid

ed

• M

any

peop

le r

ecog

nise

d op

port

unit

ies

whi

ch t

he T

reat

y m

ight

pro

vide

•

Any

oth

er v

alid

poi

nt t

hat

mee

ts t

he c

rite

ria

desc

ribe

d in

the

gen

eral

m

arki

ng in

stru

ctio

ns f

or t

his

kind

of

ques

tion

(se

e co

lum

n to

left

) 3

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

a ju

dgem

ent

abou

t th

e ex

tent

to

whi

ch t

he s

ourc

e pr

ovid

es a

ful

l de

scri

ptio

n/ e

xpla

nati

on

of a

giv

en e

vent

or

deve

lopm

ent.

Can

dida

tes

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

up t

o 3

mar

ks f

or t

heir

ide

ntif

icat

ion

of p

oint

s fr

om t

he s

ourc

e th

at s

uppo

rt t

heir

ju

dgem

ent.

Eac

h po

int

from

the

sou

rce

need

s to

be

inte

rpre

ted

rath

er t

han

sim

ply

copi

ed f

rom

the

sou

rce.

Can

dida

tes

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

up t

o 4

mar

ks f

or t

heir

ide

ntif

icat

ion

of p

oint

s of

sig

nifi

cant

om

issi

on,

base

d on

the

ir

own

know

ledg

e, t

hat

supp

ort

thei

r ju

dgem

ent.

5Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

5 m

ark

s.

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

an o

vera

ll j

udge

men

t ab

out

how

ful

ly t

he s

ourc

e ex

plai

ns t

he e

vent

s. 1

mar

k m

ay b

e gi

ven

for

each

val

id p

oint

int

erpr

eted

fro

m

the

sour

ce,

or e

ach

valid

poin

t of

sig

nifi

cant

om

issi

on p

rovi

ded.

The

can

dida

te

can

achi

eve

up t

o 3

mar

ks f

or t

heir

int

erpr

etat

ion

of t

he p

arts

of

the

sour

ce

they

con

side

r ar

e re

leva

nt in

term

s of

the

pro

pose

d qu

esti

on w

here

the

re is

also

at

leas

t on

e po

int

of s

igni

fica

nt o

mis

sion

ide

ntif

ied

to im

ply

a ju

dgem

ent

has

been

mad

e ab

out

the

lim

itat

ions

of

the

sour

ce.

For

full m

arks

to

be g

iven

, ea

ch p

oint

nee

ds t

o be

dis

cret

ely

men

tion

ed in

term

s of

the

que

stio

n.

A m

axim

um o

f 2

mar

ks m

ay b

e gi

ven

for

answ

ers

whi

ch r

efer

onl

y to

the

so

urce

.

Page

18

A m

axim

um o

f 2

mar

ks m

ay b

e gi

ven

for

answ

ers

in w

hich

no

judg

emen

t ha

s be

en m

ade.

Poss

ible

poi

nts

whi

ch m

ay b

e id

enti

fied

in t

he s

ourc

e in

clud

e:•

The

re w

as c

lear

opp

osit

ion

amon

g th

e to

wns

in

Scot

land

•

Fear

tha

t Sc

otla

nd w

ould

los

e bu

sine

ss

• The

y w

ould

los

e th

e ab

ilit

y to

mak

e th

eir

own

deci

sion

s •

The

y w

ould

be

thro

win

g aw

ay a

ll t

hat

thei

r an

cest

ors

had

foug

ht t

o pr

otec

t Po

ssib

le p

oint

s of

sig

nifi

cant

om

issi

on m

ay in

clud

e:

• The

gov

ernm

ent

thre

aten

ed S

cott

ish

trad

e if

the

Uni

on w

as n

ot p

asse

d

• The

gov

ernm

ent

offe

red

titl

es t

o pe

ople

who

sup

port

ed t

he U

nion

•

The

gov

ernm

ent

offe

red

jobs

to

peop

le w

ho s

uppo

rted

the

Uni

on

• The

y m

ade

thei

r of

fici

als

supp

ort

the

Uni

on o

r th

ey w

ould

not

be

paid

•

The

y ha

d so

ldie

rs in

nort

hern

Eng

land

and

Uls

ter

read

y to

go

to S

cotl

and

•

The

Equ

ival

ent

mad

e m

oney

ava

ilab

le t

o Sc

otla

nd.

• A

ny o

ther

val

id p

oint

of

expl

anat

ion

that

mee

ts t

he c

rite

ria

desc

ribe

d in

the

gen

eral

mar

king

inst

ruct

ions

for

thi

s ki

nd o

f qu

esti

on (

see

colu

mn

to le

ft)

4

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

a nu

mbe

r of

re

leva

nt,

fact

ual po

ints

. The

se s

houl

d be

key

poi

nts.

The

poi

nts

do n

ot n

eed

to

be in

any

part

icul

ar o

rder

. Can

dida

tes

may

pro

vide

a n

umbe

r of

st

raig

htfo

rwar

d po

ints

or

a sm

alle

r nu

mbe

r of

dev

elop

ed p

oint

s, o

r a

com

bina

tion

of

thes

e.

Up

to t

he t

otal

mar

k al

loca

tion

for

thi

s qu

esti

on:

• 1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch

accu

rate

rel

evan

t po

int

of

know

ledg

e

5Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

5 m

ark

s.

The

y m

ay t

ake

diff

eren

t pe

rspe

ctiv

es o

n th

e ev

ents

and

may

des

crib

e a

vari

ety

of d

iffe

rent

asp

ects

of

the

even

ts.

1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch a

ccur

ate

rele

vant

key

poi

nt o

f kn

owle

dge.

A s

econ

d m

ark

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

for

each

poi

nt t

hat

is

deve

lope

d, u

p to

a m

axim

um o

f 5

mar

ks.

Can

dida

tes

may

ach

ieve

ful

l m

arks

by

prov

idin

g fi

ve s

trai

ghtf

orw

ard

poin

ts,

by m

akin

g th

ree

deve

lope

d po

ints

, or

a c

ombi

nati

on o

f th

ese.

Po

ssib

le p

oint

s of

kno

wle

dge

may

incl

ude:

•

The

Pou

nd S

terl

ing

repl

aced

the

Pou

nd S

cots

and

coi

ns c

hang

ed

• En

glis

h w

eigh

ts a

nd m

easu

res

repl

aced

Sco

ttis

h on

es

• A U

nion

fla

g re

plac

ed t

he S

cott

ish

flag

•

New

tax

es a

pplied

in

Scot

land

(M

alt

Tax

) •

Cus

tom

s an

d Ex

cise

men

app

eare

d in

Sco

tlan

d •

Scot

tish

Par

liam

ent

and

Scot

tish

nob

les

mov

ed t

o Lo

ndon

Page

19

• a

seco

nd m

ark

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

for

any

poin

t th

at is

deve

lope

d •

Scot

s La

w w

as a

ffec

ted

by a

ppea

ls t

o th

e H

ouse

of

Lord

s•

The

Pat

rona

ge A

ct (

1712

) af

fect

ed t

he K

irk

• Sc

ots

wer

e be

ginn

ing

to t

rade

fre

ely

wit

h En

glis

h co

loni

es

• M

oney

and

job

s w

ere

goin

g to

Eng

land

/Sco

ttis

h m

anuf

actu

rers

wer

e ru

ined

•

Any

oth

er r

elev

ant

fact

ual k

ey p

oint

of

know

ledg

e th

at m

eets

the

cr

iter

ia d

escr

ibed

in t

he g

ener

al m

arki

ng in

stru

ctio

ns f

or t

his

kind

of

ques

tion

(se

e co

lum

n to

left

)

Page

20

Sect

ion

1, P

art

D

Que

stio

n G

ener

al M

arki

ng In

stru

ctio

ns f

or t

his

type

of

ques

tion

M

ax

mar

kSp

ecif

ic M

arki

ng In

stru

ctio

ns f

or t

his

ques

tion

1

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

a ju

dgem

ent

abou

t th

e ex

tent

to

whi

ch t

he s

ourc

e pr

ovid

es a

ful

l de

scri

ptio

n/ex

plan

atio

n of

a g

iven

eve

nt o

r de

velo

pmen

t.

Can

dida

tes

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

up t

o 3

mar

ks f

or t

heir

ide

ntif

icat

ion

of p

oint

s fr

om t

he s

ourc

e th

at s

uppo

rt t

heir

ju

dgem

ent.

Eac

h po

int

from

the

sou

rce

need

s to

be

inte

rpre

ted

rath

er t

han

sim

ply

copi

ed f

rom

the

sou

rce.

Can

dida

tes

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

up t

o 4

mar

ks f

or t

heir

ide

ntif

icat

ion

of p

oint

s of

sig

nifi

cant

om

issi

on,

base

d on

the

ir

own

know

ledg

e, t

hat

supp

ort

thei

r ju

dgem

ent.

A m

axim

um o

f 2

mar

ks m

ay b

e gi

ven

for

answ

ers

in w

hich

no

judg

emen

t ha

s be

en m

ade.

5Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

5 m

ark

s.

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

an o

vera

ll j

udge

men

t ab

out

how

ful

ly t

he s

ourc

e ex

plai

ns t

he e

vent

s. 1

mar

k m

ay b

e gi

ven

for

each

val

id p

oint

int

erpr

eted

fro

m

the

sour

ce o

r ea

ch v

alid

poi

nt o

f si

gnif

ican

t om

issi

on p

rovi

ded.

The

can

dida

te

can

achi

eve

up t

o 3

mar

ks f

or t

heir

int

erpr

etat

ion

of t

he p

arts

of

the

sour

ce

they

con

side

r ar

e re

leva

nt in

term

s of

the

pro

pose

d qu

esti

on w

here

the

re is

also

at

leas

t on

e po

int

of s

igni

fica

nt o

mis

sion

ide

ntif

ied

to im

ply

a ju

dgem

ent

has

been

mad

e ab

out

the

lim

itat

ions

of

the

sour

ce.

For

full m

arks

to

be g

iven

, ea

ch p

oint

nee

ds t

o be

dis

cret

ely

men

tion

ed in

term

s of

the

que

stio

n.

A m

axim

um o

f 2

mar

ks m

ay b

e gi

ven

for

answ

ers

whi

ch r

efer

onl

y to

the

so

urce

. Po

ssib

le p

oint

s w

hich

may

be

iden

tifi

ed in

the

sou

rce

incl

ude:

•

The

Iris

h po

tato

fam

ine

of t

he m

id-1

840s

led

to

a sh

arp

incr

ease

in

this

im

mig

rati

on

• So

me

land

lord

s ev

icte

d th

ose

who

cou

ld n

ot p

ay t

heir

ren

t

• Tra

nspo

rt c

osts

wer

e ch

eap

•

Wag

es in

the

wes

t of

Sco

tlan

d co

ntin

ued

to b

e hi

gher

tha

n th

ose

in

Irel

and

Poss

ible

poi

nts

of s

igni

fica

nt o

mis

sion

may

incl

ude:

•

The

y al

read

y ha

d fa

mily

in S

cotl

and

• Sc

otla

nd w

as c

lose

to

Irel

and

so a

sho

rt v

oyag

e •

Cot

ton

mills

•

Build

ing

railw

ays

• Se

ason

al lab

our

• Be

tter

hou

sing

con

diti

ons

than

Irel

and

• Je

ws

and

Ital

ians

esc

apin

g po

vert

y or

per

secu

tion

Page

21

• A

ny o

ther

val

id p

oint

of

expl

anat

ion

that

mee

ts t

he c

rite

ria

desc

ribe

d in

the

gen

eral

mar

king

inst

ruct

ions

for

thi

s ki

nd o

f qu

esti

on (

see

colu

mn

to le

ft)

2

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

a nu

mbe

r of

re

leva

nt,

fact

ual po

ints

. The

se s

houl

d be

key

poi

nts.

The

poi

nts

do n

ot n

eed

to

be in

any

part

icul

ar o

rder

.

Can

dida

tes

may

pro

vide

a n

umbe

r of

st

raig

htfo

rwar

d po

ints

or

a sm

alle

r nu

mbe

r of

dev

elop

ed p

oint

s, o

r a

com

bina

tion

of

thes

e.

Up

to t

he t

otal

mar

k al

loca

tion

for

thi

s qu

esti

on:

• 1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch

accu

rate

rel

evan

t po

int

of

know

ledg

e •

a se

cond

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r an

y po

int

that

is

deve

lope

d

5Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

5 m

ark

s.

The

y m

ay t

ake

diff

eren

t pe

rspe

ctiv

es o

n th

e ev

ents

and

may

des

crib

e a

vari

ety

of d

iffe

rent

asp

ects

of

the

even

ts.

1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch a

ccur

ate

rele

vant

key

poi

nt o

f kn

owle

dge.

A s

econ

d m

ark

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

for

each

poi

nt t

hat

is

deve

lope

d, u

p to

a m

axim

um o

f 5

mar

ks.

Can

dida

tes

may

ach

ieve

ful

l m

arks

by

prov

idin

g fi

ve s

trai

ghtf

orw

ard

poin

ts,

by m

akin

g th

ree

deve

lope

d po

ints

or

a co

mbi

nati

on o

f th

ese.

Po

ssib

le p

oint

s of

kno

wle

dge

may

incl

ude:

•

It b

roug

ht n

ew ide

as a

nd r

elig

ions

•

It w

as r

efle

cted

in

arch

itec

ture

•

Larg

e nu

mbe

rs o

f po

orer

Jew

s ar

rive

d be

twee

n 18

80 a

nd 1

914.

By

191

9 ov

er 9

,000

liv

ed in

Gla

sgow

alo

ne.

Mos

t live

d in

the

Gor

bals

and

m

aint

aine

d se

para

te ide

ntit

y, e

g sp

oke

Yidd

ish,

the

Jew

ish

lang

uage

•

Jew

ish

imm

igra

nts

tend

ed t

o w

ork

in p

arti

cula

r jo

bs s

uch

as p

eddl

ing

and

haw

king

(se

llin

g do

or t

o do

or)

• Sw

eate

d la

bour

was

ass

ocia

ted

wit

h im

mig

rant

s an

d Je

ws

in p

arti

cula

r:

tailo

ring

and

cig

aret

te-m

akin

g •

It e

ncou

rage

d im

mig

rati

on f

rom

oth

er c

omm

unit

ies

such

as

Ital

ians

and

Li

thua

nian

s •

It p

rovi

ded

raw

mat

eria

ls f

or f

acto

ries

, su

ch a

s co

tton

•

It p

rovi

ded

jobs

for

Sco

ts a

broa

d an

d en

cour

aged

inn

ovat

ion

• Rol

e of

Em

pire

as

a m

arke

t fo

r Sc

otti

sh g

oods

and

em

igra

nts

• Em

pire

hel

ped

the

expo

rt-o

rien

tate

d Sc

otti

sh e

cono

my

to d

evel

op,

at

leas

t up

unt

il 1

914,

esp

ecia

lly

in p

rodu

ctio

n of

shi

ppin

g, loc

omot

ives

, et

c •

Empi

re a

s a

sour

ce o

f co

mpe

titi

on t

o Sc

otti

sh e

cono

my:

far

m p

rodu

ce

from

Aus

tral

ia,

Jute

mill de

velo

pmen

t in

Indi

a, e

tc

• A

ny o

ther

rel

evan

t fa

ctua

l key

poi

nt o

f kn

owle

dge

that

mee

ts t

he

crit

eria

des

crib

ed in

the

gen

eral

mar

king

inst

ruct

ions

for

thi

s ki

nd o

f qu

esti

on (

see

colu

mn

to le

ft)

Page

22

3

Can

dida

tes

mus

t ev

alua

te t

he e

xten

t to

w

hich

a s

ourc

e is

use

ful by

com

men

ting

on

evi

denc

e su

ch a

s th

e au

thor

, ty

pe o

f so

urce

, pu

rpos

e, t

imin

g, c

onte

nt a

nd

omis

sion

.

For

a m

ark

to b

e gi

ven,

the

can

dida

te

mus

t id

enti

fy a

n as

pect

of

the

sour

ce

and

mak

e a

com

men

t w

hich

sho

ws

how

th

is a

spec

t m

akes

the

sou

rce

mor

e or

le

ss u

sefu

l.

Up

to t

he t

otal

mar

k al

loca

tion

for

thi

s qu

esti

on:

• a

max

imum

of

4 m

arks

can

be

give

n fo

r ev

alua

tive

com

men

ts r

elat

ing

to

auth

or,

type

of

sour

ce,

purp

ose

and

tim

ing

• a

max

imum

of

2 m

arks

may

be

give

n fo

r ev

alua

tive

com

men

ts r

elat

ing

to

the

cont

ent

of t

he s

ourc

e •

a m

axim

um o

f 2

mar

ks m

ay b

e gi

ven

for

poin

ts o

f si

gnif

ican

t om

issi

on

5Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

5 m

ark

s.

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

a ju

dgem

ent

abou

t th

e us

eful

ness

of

the

sour

ce a

nd

supp

ort

this

by

mak

ing

eval

uati

ve c

omm

ents

on

iden

tifi

ed a

spec

ts o

f th

e so

urce

.

One

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch r

elev

ant

com

men

t m

ade,

up

to a

max

imum

of

5 m

arks

in t

otal

: •

a m

axim

um o

f 4

mar

ks c

an b

e gi

ven

for

eval

uati

ve c

omm

ents

re

lati

ng t

o th

e au

thor

, ty

pe o

f so

urce

, pu

rpos

e an

d ti

min

g •

a m

axim

um o

f 2

mar

ks m

ay b

e gi

ven

for

com

men

ts r

elat

ing

to

the

cont

ent

of t

he s

ourc

e •

a m

axim

um o

f 2

mar

ks m

ay b

e gi

ven

for

com

men

ts r

elat

ing

to

poin

ts o

f si

gnif

ican

t om

issi

on.

Ex

ampl

es o

f as

pect

s of

the

sou

rce

and

rele

vant

com

men

ts:

Asp

ect

of t

he s

ourc

e Po

ssib

le c

omm

ent

Aut

hor:

N

ewsp

aper

rep

orte

r

Eyew

itne

ss t

o th

ese

even

ts w

ho w

as w

ell

info

rmed

, so

sou

rce

may

be

mor

e us

eful

Type

of

sour

ce:

New

spap

er

To

info

rm t

he p

ublic

but

are

ofte

n bi

ased

Purp

ose:

To

expl

ain

the

attr

acti

on o

f Aus

tral

ia t

o m

any

farm

ers

Purp

ose

may

hav

e ca

used

the

wri

ter

to

exag

gera

te t

he p

robl

em,

so s

ourc

e m

ay b

e le

ss u

sefu

l Ti

min

g:

30 M

ay 1

838

W

hen

peop

le w

ere

just

beg

inni

ng t

o m

ove

away

fro

m t

he H

ighl

ands

Cont

ent

Poss

ible

com

men

t•

Age

nts

prom

ised

ric

hes

in A

ustr

alia

• The

y ca

n’t

mak

e fa

rmin

g pa

y in

Sc

otla

nd

Use

ful as

it

prov

ides

a b

alan

ced

view

of

why

som

e Sc

ots

left

for

Aus

tral

ia

• H

ighl

ande

rs c

row

ded

to s

ee t

hem

Le

ss u

sefu

l as

it

may

be

exag

gera

ted

Page

23

• The

y w

ere

desp

erat

e to

pos

sess

the

lim

itle

ss q

uant

ity

of lan

d in

Aus

tral

iaM

ore

usef

ul a

s it

is

accu

rate

abo

ut

the

man

y Sc

ots

who

mov

ed t

o Aus

tral

ia f

rom

the

Hig

hlan

ds

Po

ssib

le p

oint

s of

sig

nifi

cant

om

issi

on m

ay in

clud

e:

• M

oney

and

let

ters

sen

t ho

me

enco

urag

ed p

eopl

e to

go

• Can

ada

had

grea

t op

port

unit

ies

for

farm

ing

• Age

nts

pers

uade

d pe

ople

by

enth

usia

sm a

nd p

ictu

res

•

Pove

rty

in S

cotl

and

enco

urag

ed e

mig

rati

on

• So

me

coun

trie

s pa

id f

ares

•

Adv

erti

sem

ents

per

suad

ed p

eopl

e of

ben

efit

s •

Land

owne

rs e

ncou

rage

d te

nant

s to

em

igra

te t

o ga

in g

reat

er p

rofi

t fr

om

shee

p

• The

fai

lure

of

the

pota

to c

rop

•

Kelp

-mak

ing

was

no

long

er p

rofi

tabl

e

• A

ny o

ther

val

id p

oint

tha

t m

eets

the

cri

teri

a de

scri

bed

in t

he g

ener

al

mar

king

inst

ruct

ions

for

thi

s ki

nd o

f qu

esti

on (

see

colu

mn

to le

ft)

4

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

a nu

mbe

r of

po

ints

tha

t m

ake

the

issu

e pl

ain

or

clea

r, f

or e

xam

ple

by s

how

ing

conn

ecti

ons

betw

een

fact

ors

or c

ausa

l re

lati

onsh

ips

betw

een

even

ts o

r id

eas.

The

se s

houl

d be

key

rea

sons

and

may

in

clud

e th

eore

tica

l id

eas.

The

re is

no

need

for

any

eva

luat

ion

or p

rior

itis

ing

of

thes

e re

ason

s.

Can

dida

tes

may

pro

vide

a n

umbe

r of

st

raig

htfo

rwar

d re

ason

s, a

sm

alle

r nu

mbe

r of

dev

elop

ed r

easo

ns,

or a

co

mbi

nati

on o

f th

ese.

5Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

5 m

ark

s.

Cand

idat

es m

ust

show

a c

ausa

l rel

atio

nshi

p be

twee

n ev

ents

.

Up

to a

max

imum

of

5 m

arks

in t

otal

, 1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch

accu

rate

, re

leva

nt r

easo

n, a

nd a

sec

ond

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r re

ason

s th

at

are

deve

lope

d. C

andi

date

s m

ay a

chie

ve f

ull m

arks

by

prov

idin

g fi

ve

stra

ight

forw

ard

reas

ons,

thr

ee d

evel

oped

rea

sons

, or

a c

ombi

nati

on o

f th

ese.

Po

ssib

le r

easo

ns m

ay in

clud

e:

• Sc

ots

brou

ght

farm

ing

skills

to

Can

ada

• Sc

ots

deve

lope

d sh

eep

farm

ing

in A

ustr

alia

•

Tra

desm

en s

uch

as s

tone

mas

ons

help

ed t

he b

uild

ing

indu

stry

in

the

USA

•

The

y de

velo

ped

busi

ness

es,

bank

s an

d tr

adin

g co

mpa

nies

Page

24

Up

to t

he t

otal

mar

k al

loca

tion

for

thi

s qu

esti

on:

• 1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch

accu

rate

rel

evan

t po

int

• a

seco

nd m

ark

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

for

any

reas

on t

hat

is d

evel

oped

• Ex

ampl

es o

f co

ntri

buti

ons

to e

cono

my

and

othe

r as

pect

s su

ch a

s And

rew

Car

negi

e (s

teel

); D

onal

d M

acka

y (B

osto

n sh

ipya

rds)

; Ala

n Pi

nker

ton

(det

ecti

ve a

genc

y);

John

Mui

r (n

atio

nal pa

rks)

; ex

ampl

es s

uch

as p

aper

-m

akin

g in

New

Zea

land

; H

udso

n Ba

y Com

pany

•

Scot

s es

tabl

ishe

d ed

ucat

ion

syst

em,

eg C

anad

a •

Scot

s br

ough

t a

trad

itio

n of

har

d w

ork

• Sc

ots

wer

e su

cces

sful

in

the

gove

rnm

ent

of In

dia

• The

y fo

rmed

tig

ht-k

nit

com

mun

itie

s to

sup

port

eac

h ot

her

• A

ny o

ther

val

id r

easo

n th

at m

eets

the

cri

teri

a de

scri

bed

in t

he

gene

ral m

arki

ng in

stru

ctio

ns f

or t

his

kind

of

ques

tion

(se

e co

lum

n to

le

ft)

Page

25

Sect

ion

1, P

art

E Q

uest

ion

Gen

eral

Mar

king

Inst

ruct

ions

for

thi

s ty

pe o

f qu

esti

on

Max

m

ark

Spec

ific

Mar

king

Inst

ruct

ions

for

thi

s qu

esti

on

1

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

a nu

mbe

r of

re

leva

nt,

fact

ual po

ints

. The

se s

houl

d be

key

poi

nts.

The

poi

nts

do n

ot n

eed

to

be in

any

part

icul

ar o

rder

. Can

dida

tes

may

pro

vide

a n

umbe

r

of s

trai

ghtf

orw

ard

poin

ts o

r a

smal

ler

num

ber

of d

evel

oped

po

ints

, or

a c

ombi

nati

on o

f th

ese.

U

p to

the

tot

al m

ark

allo

cati

on f

or t

his

ques

tion

:

• 1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch

accu

rate

rel

evan

t po

int

of

know

ledg

e •

a se

cond

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r an

y po

int

that

is

deve

lope

d

5Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

5 m

ark

s.

The

y m

ay t

ake

diff

eren

t pe

rspe

ctiv

es o

n th

e ev

ents

and

may

des

crib

e a

vari

ety

of d

iffe

rent

asp

ects

of

the

even

ts.

1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch a

ccur

ate

rele

vant

key

poi

nt o

f kn

owle

dge.

A

sec

ond

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch p

oint

tha

t is

dev

elop

ed,

up t

o a

max

imum

of

5 m

arks

. Can

dida

tes

may

ach

ieve

ful

l m

arks

by

prov

idin

g fi

ve

stra

ight

forw

ard

poin

ts,

by m

akin

g th

ree

deve

lope

d po

ints

or

a co

mbi

nati

on o

f th

ese.

Po

ssib

le p

oint

s of

kno

wle

dge

may

incl

ude:

•

Chl

orin

e ga

s te

mpo

rari

ly inc

apac

itat

ed t

he e

nem

y •

Mus

tard

gas

and

pho

sgen

e ga

s w

ere

mor

e po

tent

•

How

ever

, ga

s m

asks

mad

e it

les

s ef

fect

ive

• Tan

ks s

prea

d fe

ar a

mon

g th

e en

emy

and

prov

ided

cov

er f

or a

dvan

cing

so

ldie

rs

• H

owev

er,

they

bro

ke d

own

and

had

lim

ited

str

ateg

ic v

alue

•

Mac

hine

gun

s co

uld

kill lar

ge n

umbe

rs

• Bu

t th

ey o

ften

jam

med

•

Air

craf

t co

uld

spot

ene

my

troo

p po

siti

ons

• A

ny o

ther

rel

evan

t fa

ctua

l key

poi

nt o

f kn

owle

dge

that

mee

ts t

he

crit

eria

des

crib

ed in

the

gen

eral

mar

king

inst

ruct

ions

for

thi

s ki

nd o

f qu

esti

on (

see

colu

mn

to le

ft)

Page

26

2

Can

dida

tes

mus

t ev

alua

te t

he e

xten

t to

w

hich

a s

ourc

e is

use

ful by

com

men

ting

on

evi

denc

e su

ch a

s th

e au

thor

, ty

pe o

f so

urce

, pu

rpos

e, t

imin

g, c

onte

nt a

nd

omis

sion

.

For

a m

ark

to b

e gi

ven,

the

can

dida

te

mus

t id

enti

fy a

n as

pect

of

the

sour

ce

and

mak

e a

com

men

t w

hich

sho

ws

a ho

w t

his

aspe

ct m

akes

the

sou

rce

mor

e or

les

s us

eful

. U

p to

the

tot

al m

ark

allo

cati

on f

or t

his

ques

tion

:

• a

max

imum

of

4 m

arks

can

be

give

n fo

r ev

alua

tive

com

men

ts r

elat

ing

to

auth

or,

type

of

sour

ce,

purp

ose

and

tim

ing

• a

max

imum

of

2 m

arks

may

be

give

n fo

r ev

alua

tive

com

men

ts r

elat

ing

to

the

cont

ent

of t

he s

ourc

e •

a m

axim

um o

f 2

mar

ks m

ay b

e gi

ven

for

poin

ts o

f si

gnif

ican

t om

issi

on

5Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

5 m

ark

s.

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

a ju

dgem

ent

abou

t th

e us

eful

ness

of

the

sour

ce a

nd

supp

ort

this

by

mak

ing

eval

uati

ve c

omm

ents

on

iden

tifi

ed a

spec

ts o

f th

e so

urce

.

1 m

ark

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

for

each

rel

evan

t co

mm

ent

mad

e, u

p to

a m

axim

um o

f 5

mar

ks in

tot

al:

•

a m

axim

um o

f 4

mar

ks c

an b

e gi

ven

for

eval

uati

ve c

omm

ents

rel

atin

g to

th

e au

thor

, ty

pe o

f so

urce

, pu

rpos

e an

d ti

min

g •

a m

axim

um o

f 2

mar

ks m

ay b

e gi

ven

for

com

men

ts r

elat

ing

to t

he

cont

ent

of t

he s

ourc

e •

a m

axim

um o

f 2

mar

ks m

ay b

e gi

ven

for

com

men

ts r

elat

ing

to p

oint

s of

si

gnif

ican

t om

issi

on

Exam

ples

of

aspe

cts

of t

he s

ourc

e an

d re

leva

nt c

omm

ents

: A

spec

t of

the

sou

rce

Poss

ible

com

men

tA

utho

r:

Lieu

tena

nt G

eorg

e Cra

ik

Eyew

itne

ss t

o th

e ev

ents

but

was

an

offi

cer

so

has

a pa

rtic

ular

per

spec

tive

Type

of

sour

ce:

M

emoi

rs

Pe

rson

al r

ecol

lect

ions

, bu

t w

ell af

ter

the

even

ts

Purp

ose:

To

expl

ain

the

exte

nt o

f th

e pr

oble

ms

face

d by

of

fice

rs a

t Lo

os

Purp

ose

may

hav

e ca

used

the

wri

ter

to

exag

gera

te t

he p

robl

em,

so s

ourc

e m

ay b

e le

ss

usef

ul

Tim

ing:

19

15

At

a po

int

whe

n th

e w

ar h

ad r

each

ed s

tale

mat

e

Page

27

Cont

ent

Poss

ible

com

men

t

• The

tre

nche

s w

ere

in n

ot t

oo b

ad

a st

ate

Use

ful as

it

is n

ot e

xagg

erat

ed

• O

ne p

robl

em f

or c

omm

ande

rs w

as

orga

nisi

ng s

uppl

ies

and

suit

able

livi

ng c

ondi

tion

s

Use

ful as

it

desc

ribe

s a

typi

cal

situ

atio

n fo

r of

fice

rs

• To

vent

ure

out

into

no

man

’s lan

d in

day

ligh

t w

as ins

tant

dea

th

Less

use

ful as

it

show

s a

degr

ee o

f ex

agge

rati

on

Po

ssib

le p

oint

s of

sig

nifi

cant

om

issi

on m

ay in

clud

e:

• W

et a

nd m

uddy

•

Tre

nch

foot

and

oth

er d

isea

ses

• U

se o

f ti

nned

foo

d •

Chl

orin

e ta

blet

s to

pur

ify

thei

r w

ater

•

Snip

ers

• Sh

ell sh

ock

• A

ny o

ther

val

id p

oint

tha

t m

eets

the

cri

teri

a de

scri

bed

in t

he g

ener

al

mar

king

inst

ruct

ions

for

thi

s ki

nd o

f qu

esti

on (

see

colu

mn

to le

ft)

3

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

a ju

dgem

ent

abou

t th

e ex

tent

to

whi

ch t

he s

ourc

e pr

ovid

es a

ful

l de

scri

ptio

n/ e

xpla

nati

on

of a

giv

en e

vent

or

deve

lopm

ent.

Can

dida

tes

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

up t

o 3

mar

ks f

or t

heir

ide

ntif

icat

ion

of p

oint

s fr

om t

he s

ourc

e th

at s

uppo

rt t

heir

ju

dgem

ent.

Eac

h po

int

from

the

sou

rce

need

s to

be

inte

rpre

ted

rath

er t

han

sim

ply

copi

ed f

rom

the

sou

rce.

5Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

5 m

ark

s.

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

an o

vera

ll j

udge

men

t ab

out

how

ful

ly t

he s

ourc

e ex

plai

ns t

he e

vent

s. 1

mar

k m

ay b

e gi

ven

for

each

val

id p

oint

int

erpr

eted

fro

m

the

sour

ce o

r ea

ch v

alid

poi

nt o

f si

gnif

ican

t om

issi

on p

rovi

ded.

The

can

dida

te

can

achi

eve

up t

o 3

mar

ks f

or t

heir

int

erpr

etat

ion

of t

he p

arts

of

the

sour

ce

they

con

side

r ar

e re

leva

nt in

term

s of

the

pro

pose

d qu

esti

on w

here

the

re is

also

at

leas

t on

e po

int

of s

igni

fica

nt o

mis

sion

ide

ntif

ied

to im

ply

a ju

dgem

ent

has

been

mad

e ab

out

the

lim

itat

ions

of

the

sour

ce.

For

full m

arks

to

be g

iven

, ea

ch p

oint

nee

ds t

o be

dis

cret

ely

men

tion

ed in

term

s of

the

que

stio

n.

A m

axim

um o

f 2

mar

ks m

ay b

e gi

ven

for

answ

ers

whi

ch r

efer

onl

y to

the

so

urce

.

Page

28

Can

dida

tes

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

up t

o 4

mar

ks f

or t

heir

ide

ntif

icat

ion

of p

oint

s of

sig

nifi

cant

om

issi

on,

base

d on

the

ir

own

know

ledg

e, t

hat

supp

ort

thei

r ju

dgem

ent.

A m

axim

um o

f 2

mar

ks m

ay b

e gi

ven

for

answ

ers

in w

hich

no

judg

emen

t ha

s be

en m

ade.

Poss

ible

poi

nts

whi

ch m

ay b

e id

enti

fied

in t

he s

ourc

e in

clud

e:•

Gov

ernm

ent

need

ed t

o co

ntro

l th

e fa

ctor

ies

• Cly

de W

orke

rs' C

omm

itte

e w

as f

orm

ed t

o ca

mpa

ign

agai

nst

the

Mun

itio

ns A

ct

• En

gine

ers

wer

e fo

rbid

den

from

lea

ving

the

wor

ks w

here

the

y w

ere

empl

oyed

•

The

edi

tors

wer

e se

nt t

o pr

ison

for

cri

tici

sing

the

war

Po

ssib

le p

oint

s of

sig

nifi

cant

om

issi

on m

ay in

clud

e:

• U

nres

t on

Red

Cly

desi

de b

etw

een

1915

and

191

9 by

ski

lled

eng

inee

rs

who

wen

t on

str

ike

for

mor

e pa

y: “

tupp

ence

an

hour

” •

Ang

er o

ver

impo

rtat

ion

of E

nglis

h an

d Am

eric

an w

orke

rs,

paid

mor

e th

an

Scot

s w

orke

rs

• Cly

de W

orke

rs C

omm

itte

e se

t up

to

prot

ect

mun

itio

ns w

orke

rs f

rom

co

mpu

lsor

y lo

ng h

ours

at

low

rat

es o

f pa

y un

der

Mun

itio

ns A

ct

• St

rike

at

Bear

dmor

e’s

Stee

l W

orks

ove

r “d

ilut

ion”

by

unsk

ille

d la

bour

•

Cly

de W

orke

rs’

Com

mit

tee

orga

nise

d st

rike

dem

andi

ng 4

0-ho

ur w

eek

• In

dust

ries

cha

nged

ove

r to

war

pro

duct

ion

• W

omen

use

d to

rep

lace

men

in

sem

i-sk

ille

d w

ork

• It

pro

vide

d a

tem

pora

ry r

epri

eve

for

som

e in

dust

ries

whi

ch w

ere

in

decl

ine

• It

int

erru

pted

sup

plie

s of

raw

mat

eria

ls

• A

ny o

ther

val

id p

oint

of

expl

anat

ion

that

mee

ts t

he c

rite

ria

desc

ribe

d in

the

gen

eral

mar

king

inst

ruct

ions

for

thi

s ki

nd o

f qu

esti

on (

see

colu

mn

to le

ft)

4

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

a nu

mbe

r of

po

ints

tha

t m

ake

the

issu

e pl

ain

or

clea

r, f

or e

xam

ple

by s

how

ing

conn

ecti

ons

betw

een

fact

ors

or c

ausa

l re

lati

onsh

ips

betw

een

even

ts o

r id

eas.

The

se s

houl

d be

key

rea

sons

and

may

in

clud

e th

eore

tica

l id

eas.

The

re is

no

need

for

any

eva

luat

ion

or p

rior

itis

ing

of

thes

e re

ason

s.

Can

dida

tes

may

pro

vide

a n

umbe

r of

5Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

5 m

ark

s.

Cand

idat

es m

ust

show

a c

ausa

l rel

atio

nshi

p be

twee

n ev

ents

.

Up

to a

max

imum

of

5 m

arks

in t

otal

, 1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch

accu

rate

, re

leva

nt r

easo

n, a

nd a

sec

ond

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r re

ason

s th

at

are

deve

lope

d. C

andi

date

s m

ay a

chie

ve f

ull m

arks

by

prov

idin

g fi

ve

stra

ight

forw

ard

reas

ons,

thr

ee d

evel

oped

rea

sons

, or

a c

ombi

nati

on o

f th

ese.

Page

29

stra

ight

forw

ard

reas

ons,

a s

mal

ler

num

ber

of d

evel

oped

rea

sons

, or

a

com

bina

tion

of

thes

e.

Up

to t

he t

otal

mar

k al

loca

tion

for

thi

s qu

esti

on:

• 1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch

accu

rate

rel

evan

t po

int

•

a se

cond

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r an

y re

ason

tha

t is

dev

elop

ed

Poss

ible

rea

sons

may

incl

ude:

• Su

ffra

gist

cam

paig

ns h

ad g

radu

ally

gai

ned

mom

entu

m b

efor

e th

e W

ar

• The

y ga

ined

sup

port

fro

m a

cros

s th

e so

cial

spe

ctru

m a

nd inc

lude

d m

en a

s w

ell as

wom

en

• The

y ha

d ga

ined

vot

ing

righ

ts in

loca

l el

ecti

ons

• The

re w

as a

gra

dual

wid

enin

g of

the

fra

nchi

se a

nd a

sen

se t

hat

it w

as o

nly

a m

atte

r of

tim

e •

Suff

rage

tte

cam

paig

ns k

ept

the

issu

e in

the

pub

lic

eye

• H

owev

er,

they

alien

ated

as

man

y pe

ople

as

they

att

ract

ed

• The

ir c

essa

tion

dur

ing

the

war

was

wel

com

ed

• W

omen

’s w

ork

duri

ng t

he w

ar w

as r

ecog

nise

d as

sig

nifi

cant

•

Cha

nges

in

wor

k le

d to

eco

nom

ic a

nd s

ocia

l ch

ange

s fo

r w

omen

•

Any

oth

er v

alid

rea

son

that

mee

ts t

he c

rite

ria

desc

ribe

d in

the

gen

eral

m

arki

ng in

stru

ctio

ns f

or t

his

kind

of

ques

tion

(se

e co

lum

n to

left

)

Page

30

Sect

ion

2, P

art

A

Que

stio

n G

ener

al M

arki

ng In

stru

ctio

ns f

or t

his

type

of

ques

tion

M

ax

mar

kSp

ecif

ic M

arki

ng In

stru

ctio

ns f

or t

his

ques

tion

1

Can

dida

tes

mus

t ev

alua

te t

he e

xten

t to

w

hich

a s

ourc

e is

use

ful by

com

men

ting

on

evi

denc

e su

ch a

s th

e au

thor

, ty

pe o

f so

urce

, pu

rpos

e, t

imin

g, c

onte

nt a

nd

omis

sion

.

For

a m

ark

to b

e gi

ven,

the

can

dida

te

mus

t id

enti

fy a

n as

pect

of

the

sour

ce

and

mak

e a

com

men

t w

hich

sho

ws

how

th

is a

spec

t m

akes

the

sou

rce

mor

e or

le

ss u

sefu

l.

Up

to t

he t

otal

mar

k al

loca

tion

for

thi

s qu

esti

on:

• a

max

imum

of

4 m

arks

can

be

give

n fo

r ev

alua

tive

com

men

ts r

elat

ing

to

auth

or,

type

of

sour

ce,

purp

ose

and

tim

ing

• a

max

imum

of

2 m

arks

may

be

give

n fo

r ev

alua

tive

com

men

ts r

elat

ing

to

the

cont

ent

of t

he s

ourc

e •

a m

axim

um o

f 2

mar

ks m

ay b

e gi

ven

for

poin

ts o

f si

gnif

ican

t om

issi

on

6Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

6m

ark

s.

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

a ju

dgem

ent

abou

t th

e us

eful

ness

of

the

sour

ce a

nd

supp

ort

this

by

mak

ing

eval

uati

ve c

omm

ents

on

iden

tifi

ed a

spec

ts o

f th

e so

urce

.

1 m

ark

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

for

each

rel

evan

t co

mm

ent

mad

e, u

p to

a m

axim

um o

f 6

mar

ks in

tot

al:

• a

max

imum

of

4 m

arks

can

be

give

n fo

r ev

alua

tive

com

men

ts r

elat

ing

to

the

auth

or,

type

of

sour

ce,

purp

ose

and

tim

ing

• a

max

imum

of

2 m

arks

may

be

give

n fo

r co

mm

ents

rel

atin

g to

the

co

nten

t of

the

sou

rce

• a

max

imum

of

2 m

arks

may

be

give

n fo

r co

mm

ents

rel

atin

g to

poi

nts

of

sign

ific

ant

omis

sion

Ex

ampl

es o

f as

pect

s of

the

sou

rce

and

rele

vant

com

men

ts:

Asp

ect

of t

he s

ourc

e Po

ssib

le c

omm

ent

Aut

hor:

Fr

ench

U

sefu

l as

it

com

es f

rom

the

hom

e of

chi

valr

y

Type

of

sour

ce:

Po

etry

Le

ss u

sefu

l as

it

repr

esen

ts a

rom

anti

c vi

ew

rath

er t

han

fact

ual

Purp

ose:

To

enco

urag

e kn

ight

s to

re

mai

n tr

ue t

o th

e id

eals

of

chi

valr

y

Purp

ose

may

hav

e ca

used

the

wri

ter

to

exag

gera

te t

he p

robl

em in

orde

r to

sho

ck t

hem

in

to b

ehav

ing,

so

sour

ce m

ay b

e le

ss u

sefu

l

Tim

ing:

12

th c

entu

ry

Use

ful as

it

was

wri

tten

at

the

heig

ht o

f th

e ag

e of

chi

valr

y

Page

31

Cont

ent

Poss

ible

com

men

t•

Man

y kn

ight

s ar

e fa

ilin

g to

liv

e by

th

e Cod

e of

Chi

valr

y

Less

use

ful as

it

is v

ague

on

the

exte

nt o

f th

e pr

oble

m

• The

y st

eal m

oney

fro

m c

hurc

hes

and

rob

pilg

rim

s of

the

ir

poss

essi

ons

Less

use

ful as

it

exag

gera

tes

the

prob

lem

• Sp

ent

year

s tr

aini

ng t

o be

the

pe

rfec

t so

ldie

r M

ore

usef

ul a

s it

is

accu

rate

abo

ut

wha

t it

too

k to

bec

ome

a kn

ight

Po

ssib

le p

oint

s of

sig

nifi

cant

om

issi

on m

ay in

clud

e:

• Sh

owed

mer

cy t

o th

eir

enem

ies

• Tre

ated

wom

en w

ith

resp

ect

• Fu

lfille

d Chr

isti

an d

uty

• W

ent

on C

rusa

de t

o th

e H

oly

Land

s •

Prot

ecte

d th

e vu

lner

able

•

Serv

ed t

heir

feu

dal ov

erlo

rds

• Se

rved

as

mer

cena

ries

•

Mad

e th

eir

way

in

the

wor

ld t

hrou

gh t

ourn

amen

ts

• Se

rved

as

sher

iffs

and

cro

wn

offi

cial

s •

Any

oth

er v

alid

poi

nt t

hat

mee

ts t

he c

rite

ria

desc

ribe

d in

the

gen

eral

m

arki

ng in

stru

ctio

ns f

or t

his

kind

of

ques

tion

(se

e co

lum

n to

left

)

2

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

a ju

dgem

ent

abou

t th

e ex

tent

to

whi

ch d

iffe

rent

fa

ctor

s co

ntri

bute

d to

an

even

t or

de

velo

pmen

t, o

r to

its

im

pact

.

The

y ar

e re

quir

ed t

o pr

ovid

e a

bala

nced

ac

coun

t of

the

inf

luen

ce o

f di

ffer

ent

fact

ors

and

com

e to

a r

easo

ned

conc

lusi

on b

ased

on

the

evid

ence

pr

esen

ted.

8Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

8 m

ark

s.

Can

dida

tes

mus

t us

e kn

owle

dge

to p

rese

nt a

bal

ance

d as

sess

men

t of

the

in

flue

nce

of d

iffe

rent

pos

sibl

e fa

ctor

s an

d co

me

to a

rea

sone

d co

nclu

sion

.

Up

to 5

mar

ks a

re a

lloc

ated

for

rel

evan

t po

ints

of

know

ledg

e us

ed t

o ad

dres

s th

e qu

esti

on.

1 m

ark

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

for

each

rel

evan

t, f

actu

al k

ey p

oint

of

know

ledg

e us

ed t

o su

ppor

t a

fact

or.

If o

nly

one

fact

or is

pre

sent

ed,

a m

axim

um o

f 3

mar

ks s

houl

d be

giv

en f

or r

elev

ant

poin

ts o

f kn

owle

dge.

Page

32

Up

to t

he t

otal

mar

k al

loca

tion

for

thi

s qu

esti

on:

• up

to

5 m

arks

can

be

give

n fo

r re

leva

nt,

fact

ual,

key

poi

nts

of

know

ledg

e us

ed t

o su

ppor

t fa

ctor

s,

wit

h 1

mar

k gi

ven

for

each

poi

nt.

If

only

one

fac

tor

is p

rese

nted

, a

max

imum

of

3 m

arks

sho

uld

be

give

n fo

r re

leva

nt p

oint

s of

kn

owle

dge

•

a fu

rthe

r 3

mar

ks c

an b

e gi

ven

for

prov

idin

g th

e an

swer

in

a st

ruct

ured

w

ay a

nd c

omin

g to

a r

easo

ned

conc

lusi

on

Poss

ible

fac

tors

may

in

clud

e:

Rele

vant

, fa

ctua

l, k

ey p

oint

s of

kno

wle

dge

to

supp

ort

this

fac

tor

may

incl

ude:

Baro

ns h

ad b

ecom

e to

o po

wer

ful du

ring

the

civ

il

war

• Cas

tles

had

bee

n bu

ilt

wit

hout

per

mis

sion

•

Baro

ns h

ad inc

reas

ed t

heir

pow

er/k

ing’

s au

thor

ity

had

been

red

uced

•

Baro

ns h

ad p

riva

te a

rmie

s/hi

red

mer

cena

ries

•

Baro

ns w

ere

stea

ling

lan

d fr

om t

heir

w

eake

r ne

ighb

ours

and

inc

reas

ing

thei

r po

wer

Cor

rupt

ion

in t

he leg

al

syst

em

• Sh

erif

fs d

ecid

ed t

he law

s in

the

ir o

wn

area

s

• Sh

erif

fs w

ere

corr

upt/

coul

d no

t be

tru

sted

•

Baro

ns w

ere

keep

ing

the

fine

s co

llec

ted

from

cri

min

als,

ins

tead

of

givi

ng t

hem

to

the

king

Hen

ry r

uled

too

muc

h to

be

abl

e to

con

trol

it

all

effe

ctiv

ely

• H

enry

rul

ed f

rom

the

Pyr

enee

s to

the

Sc

otti

sh b

orde

r

Any

oth

er v

alid

fac

tor

U

p to

3 m

arks

sho

uld

be g

iven

for

pre

sent

ing

the

answ

er in

a s

truc

ture

d w

ay,

lead

ing

to a

con

clus

ion

whi

ch a

ddre

sses

the

que

stio

n, a

s fo

llow

s:

1 m

ark

for

the

answ

er b

eing

pre

sent

ed in

a st

ruct

ured

way

, w

ith

know

ledg

e be

ing

orga

nise

d in

sup

port

of

diff

eren

t fa

ctor

s

1 m

ark

give

n fo

r a

valid

judg

emen

t or

ove

rall c

oncl

usio

n

1 m

ark

give

n fo

r a

reas

on b

eing

pro

vide

d in

sup

port

of

the

conc

lusi

on

Page

33

3

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

a nu

mbe

r of

po

ints

tha

t m

ake

the

issu

e pl

ain

or

clea

r, f

or e

xam

ple

by s

how

ing

conn

ecti

ons

betw

een

fact

ors

or c

ausa

l re

lati

onsh

ips

betw

een

even

ts o

r id

eas.

The

se s

houl

d be

key

rea

sons

and

may

in

clud

e th

eore

tica

l id

eas.

The

re is

no

need

for

any

eva

luat

ion

or p

rior

itis

ing

of

thes

e re

ason

s.

Can

dida

tes

may

pro

vide

a n

umbe

r of

st

raig

htfo

rwar

d re

ason

s, a

sm

alle

r nu

mbe

r of

dev

elop

ed r

easo

ns,

or a

co

mbi

nati

on o

f th

ese.

U

p to

the

tot

al m

ark

allo

cati

on f

or t

his

ques

tion

:

• 1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch

accu

rate

rel

evan

t po

int

•

a se

cond

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r an

y re

ason

tha

t is

dev

elop

ed

6Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

6m

ark

s.

Cand

idat

es m

ust

show

a c

ausa

l rel

atio

nshi

p be

twee

n ev

ents

.

Up

to a

max

imum

of

6 m

arks

in t

otal

, 1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch

accu

rate

, re

leva

nt r

easo

n, a

nd a

sec

ond

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r re

ason

s th

at a

re d

evel

oped

. Can

dida

tes

may

ach

ieve

ful

l m

arks

by

prov

idin

g fi

ve s

trai

ghtf

orw

ard

reas

ons,

thr

ee d

evel

oped

rea

sons

, or

a

com

bina

tion

of

thes

e.

Poss

ible

rea

sons

may

incl

ude:

•

Spon

sors

hip

of k

ings

suc

h as

Dav

id I e

ncou

rage

d ne

w o

rder

s to

set

up

in

Scot

land

•

New

ord

ers

wer

e hi

ghly

reg

arde

d an

d so

fou

nd a

ste

ady

flow

of

novi

ces

• The

Chu

rch

beca

me

the

mos

t im

port

ant

land

hold

er a

nd c

ould

use

its

w

ealt

h to

exp

and

• The

Chu

rch

was

eco

nom

ical

ly im

port

ant

and

coul

d us

e it

s ec

onom

ic

posi

tion

to

expa

nd

• It

had

cul

tura

l an

d tr

adin

g link

s w

ith

Euro

pe a

nd a

ttra

cted

peo

ple

from

al

l ov

er E

urop

e •

It h

elpe

d th

e po

or a

nd t

his

enco

urag

ed n

ew n

ovic

es

• It

pro

vide

d re

ligio

us s

ervi

ces

whi

ch r

aise

d it

s st

atus

in

soci

ety

• A

ny o

ther

val

id r

easo

n th

at m

eets

the

cri

teri

a de

scri

bed

in t

he

gene

ral m

arki

ng in

stru

ctio

ns f

or t

his

kind

of

ques

tion

(se

e co

lum

n to

le

ft)

Page

34

Sect

ion

2, P

art

B Q

uest

ion

Gen

eral

Mar

king

Inst

ruct

ions

for

thi

s ty

pe o

f qu

esti

on

Max

m

ark

Spec

ific

Mar

king

Inst

ruct

ions

for

thi

s qu

esti

on

1

Can

dida

tes

mus

t ev

alua

te t

he e

xten

t to

w

hich

a s

ourc

e is

use

ful by

com

men

ting

on

evi

denc

e su

ch a

s th

e au

thor

, ty

pe o

f so

urce

, pu

rpos

e, t

imin

g, c

onte

nt a

nd

omis

sion

.

For

a m

ark

to b

e gi

ven,

the

can

dida

te

mus

t id

enti

fy a

n as

pect

of

the

sour

ce

and

mak

e a

com

men

t w

hich

sho

ws

how

th

is a

spec

t m

akes

the

sou

rce

mor

e or

le

ss u

sefu

l.

Up

to t

he t

otal

mar

k al

loca

tion

for

thi

s qu

esti

on:

• a

max

imum

of

4 m

arks

can

be

give

n fo

r ev

alua

tive

com

men

ts r

elat

ing

to

auth

or,

type

of

sour

ce,

purp

ose

and

tim

ing

• a

max

imum

of

2 m

arks

may

be

give

n fo

r ev

alua

tive

com

men

ts r

elat

ing

to

the

cont

ent

of t

he s

ourc

e •

a m

axim

um o

f 2

mar

ks m

ay b

e gi

ven

for

poin

ts o

f si

gnif

ican

t om

issi

on

6Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

6m

ark

s.

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

a ju

dgem

ent

abou

t th

e us

eful

ness

of

the

sour

ce a

nd

supp

ort

this

by

mak

ing

eval

uati

ve c

omm

ents

on

iden

tifi

ed a

spec

ts o

f th

e so

urce

.

1 m

ark

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

for

each

rel

evan

t co

mm

ent

mad

e, u

p to

a m

axim

um o

f 6

mar

ks in

tot

al:

• a

max

imum

of

4 m

arks

can

be

give

n fo

r ev

alua

tive

com

men

ts r

elat

ing

to

the

auth

or,

type

of

sour

ce,

purp

ose

and

tim

ing

• a

max

imum

of

2 m

arks

may

be

give

n fo

r co

mm

ents

rel

atin

g to

the

co

nten

t of

the

sou

rce

• a

max

imum

of

2 m

arks

may

be

give

n fo

r co

mm

ents

rel

atin

g to

poi

nts

of

sign

ific

ant

omis

sion

. Ex

ampl

es o

f as

pect

s of

the

sou

rce

and

rele

vant

com

men

ts:

Asp

ect

of t

he s

ourc

e Po

ssib

le c

omm

ent

Aut

hor:

Pa

rlia

men

tari

ans

Less

use

ful as

it

show

s on

ly o

ne s

ide

of t

he

argu

men

t

Type

of

sour

ce:

Pe

titi

on

Use

ful as

it

is c

aref

ully

wri

tten

to

expl

ain

thei

r co

mpl

aint

s bu

t le

ss u

sefu

l as

it

stat

es a

n ex

trem

e ca

se

Purp

ose:

To

forc

e th

e ki

ng t

o ac

cept

the

ir r

ight

s

Less

use

ful as

it

will

cle

arly

be

bias

ed t

owar

ds

thei

r vi

ews

Tim

ing:

16

28

At

a ti

me

whe

n Cha

rles

I w

as loo

king

to

rais

e ta

xes

for

war

s in

Fra

nce

Page

35

Cont

ent

Poss

ible

com

men

tN

o m

an s

houl

d be

for

ced

to m

ake

any

gift

, lo

an,

dona

tion

, ta

x or

si

milar

cha

rge

to t

he C

row

n w

itho

ut

cons

ent

of P

arliam

ent

Less

use

ful as

it

is r

eally

only

try

ing

to c

laim

Par

liam

ent’

s ri

ghts

rat

her

than

pro

tect

peo

ple

No

free

man

sho

uld

be d

etai

ned

in

pris

on w

itho

ut d

ue c

ause

sho

wn

Less

use

ful as

thi

s is

not

som

ethi

ng

whi

ch a

ffec

ted

man

y pe

ople

Sold

iers

and

sai

lors

sho

uld

not

be

hous

ed u

pon

priv

ate

citi

zens

wit

hout

th

eir

agre

emen

t

Mor

e us

eful

as

it ind

icat

es a

spe

cifi

c co

mpl

aint

whi

ch w

e kn

ow t

o ha

ve

been

the

cas

e

Poss

ible

poi

nts

of s

igni

fica

nt o

mis

sion

may

incl

ude:

•

Cha

rles

I ha

d tr

ied

to r

emov

e op

posi

tion

fro

m P

arlia

men

t by

app

oint

ing

oppo

nent

s as

she

riff

s in

stea

d •

Cha

rles

I us

ed t

he C

hurc

h of

Eng

land

to

supp

ort

his

posi

tion

•

Duk

e of

Buc

king

ham

was

bec

omin

g in

crea

sing

ly u

npop

ular

•

Cha

rles

I w

ante

d to

rai

se t

axes

for

for

eign

war

s •

Rel

igio

us g

roun

ds o

f di

sput

e be

twee

n Cro

wn

and

Parl

iam

ent

•

Any

oth

er v

alid

poi

nt t

hat

mee

ts t

he c

rite

ria

desc

ribe

d in

the

gen

eral

m

arki

ng in

stru

ctio

ns f

or t

his

kind

of

ques

tion

(se

e co

lum

n to

left

)

2

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

a ju

dgem

ent

abou

t th

e ex

tent

to

whi

ch d

iffe

rent

fa

ctor

s co

ntri

bute

d to

an

even

t or

de

velo

pmen

t, o

r to

its

im

pact

. The

y ar

e re

quir

ed t

o pr

ovid

e a

bala

nced

acc

ount

of

the

inf

luen

ce o

f di

ffer

ent

fact

ors

and

com

e to

a r

easo

ned

conc

lusi

on b

ased

on

the

evid

ence

pre

sent

ed.

8Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

8 m

ark

s.

Can

dida

tes

mus

t us

e kn

owle

dge

to p

rese

nt a

bal

ance

d as

sess

men

t of

the

in

flue

nce

of d

iffe

rent

pos

sibl

e fa

ctor

s an

d co

me

to a

rea

sone

d co

nclu

sion

.

Up

to 5

mar

ks a

re a

lloc

ated

for

rel

evan

t po

ints

of

know

ledg

e us

ed t

o ad

dres

s th

e qu

esti

on.

1 m

ark

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

for

each

rel

evan

t, f

actu

al k

ey p

oint

of

know

ledg

e us

ed t

o su

ppor

t a

fact

or.

If o

nly

one

fact

or is

pre

sent

ed,

a m

axim

um o

f 3

mar

ks s

houl

d be

giv

en f

or r

elev

ant

poin

ts o

f kn

owle

dge.

Page

36

U

p to

the

tot

al m

ark

allo

cati

on f

or t

his

ques

tion

:

• up

to

5 m

arks

can

be

give

n fo

r re

leva

nt,

fact

ual,

key

poi

nts

of

know

ledg

e us

ed t

o su

ppor

t fa

ctor

s,

wit

h 1

mar

k gi

ven

for

each

poi

nt.

If

only

one

fac

tor

is p

rese

nted

, a

max

imum

of

3 m

arks

sho

uld

be

give

n fo

r re

leva

nt p

oint

s of

kn

owle

dge.

• a

furt

her

3 m

arks

can

be

give

n fo

r pr

ovid

ing

the

answ

er in

a st

ruct

ured

w

ay a

nd c

omin

g to

a r

easo

ned

conc

lusi

on.

Poss

ible

fac

tors

may

in

clud

e:

Rele

vant

, fa

ctua

l, k

ey p

oint

s of

kno

wle

dge

to

supp

ort

this

fac

tor

may

incl

ude:

Rel

igio

us d

iffe

renc

es

• Cor

onat

ion

serv

ice

empl

oyed

Ang

lica

n fo

rms

•

Cle

rgy

in S

cotl

and

wer

e to

ld t

o w

ear

Ang

lican

su

rplice

s

• Pr

esby

teri

es w

ere

thre

aten

ed w

ith

diss

olut

ion

•

Cha

rles

att

empt

ed t

o fo

rce

a re

vise

d ve

rsio

n of

th

e Pr

ayer

Boo

k on

Sco

tlan

d

• Bi

shop

s w

ere

to b

e in

trod

uced

int

o th

e Sc

otti

sh

Chu

rch

•

Ang

er o

ver

the

Pray

er B

ook

led

to S

t G

iles

Rio

t •

The

Nat

iona

l Cov

enan

t 16

38 r

ejec

ted

the

cano

ns

Res

entm

ent

agai

nst

Cha

rles

• Sc

ots

rese

nted

Cha

rles

bec

ause

he

was

an

abse

ntee

kin

g/vi

site

d Sc

otla

nd o

nly

once

•

King

sen

t an

arm

y to

the

bor

ders

of

Scot

land

/Bis

hops

War

s be

gan

Res

entm

ent

over

ec

onom

ic s

itua

tion

• Sc

otla

nd w

as a

poo

r co

untr

y/m

any

thou

ght

Cha

rles

did

not

car

e •

He

trie

d to

rai

se t

axes

fro

m t

he S

cots

Any

oth

er v

alid

in

terp

reta

tion

Up

to 3

mar

ks s

houl

d be

giv

en f

or p

rese

ntin

g th

e an

swer

in a

str

uctu

red

way

, le

adin

g to

a c

oncl

usio

n w

hich

add

ress

es t

he q

uest

ion,

as

follo

ws:

1 m

ark

for

the

answ

er b

eing

pre

sent

ed in

a st

ruct

ured

way

, w

ith

know

ledg

e be

ing

orga

nise

d in

sup

port

of

diff

eren

t fa

ctor

s.

1 m

ark

give

n fo

r a

valid

judg

emen

t or

ove

rall c

oncl

usio

n.

1 m

ark

give

n fo

r a

reas

on b

eing

pro

vide

d in

sup

port

of

the

conc

lusi

on.

Page

37

3

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

a nu

mbe

r of

po

ints

tha

t m

ake

the

issu

e pl

ain

or

clea

r, f

or e

xam

ple

by s

how

ing

conn

ecti

ons

betw

een

fact

ors

or c

ausa

l re

lati

onsh

ips

betw

een

even

ts o

r id

eas.

The

se s

houl

d be

key

rea

sons

and

may

in

clud

e th

eore

tica

l id

eas.

The

re is

no

need

for

any

eva

luat

ion

or p

rior

itis

ing

of

thes

e re

ason

s.

Can

dida

tes

may

pro

vide

a n

umbe

r of

st

raig

htfo

rwar

d re

ason

s, a

sm

alle

r nu

mbe

r of

dev

elop

ed r

easo

ns,

or a

co

mbi

nati

on o

f th

ese.

U

p to

the

tot

al m

ark

allo

cati

on f

or t

his

ques

tion

:

• 1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch

accu

rate

rel

evan

t po

int

• a

seco

nd m

ark

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

for

any

reas

on t

hat

is d

evel

oped

6Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

6m

ark

s.

Cand

idat

es m

ust

show

a c

ausa

l rel

atio

nshi

p be

twee

n ev

ents

.

Up

to a

max

imum

of

6 m

arks

in t

otal

, 1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch

accu

rate

, re

leva

nt r

easo

n, a

nd a

sec

ond

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r re

ason

s th

at a

re d

evel

oped

. Can

dida

tes

may

ach

ieve

ful

l m

arks

by

prov

idin

g fi

ve s

trai

ghtf

orw

ard

reas

ons,

thr

ee d

evel

oped

rea

sons

, or

a

com

bina

tion

of

thes

e.

Poss

ible

rea

sons

may

incl

ude:

•

The

Mar

ques

s of

New

cast

le w

as f

orce

d to

fal

l ba

ck o

n th

e fo

rtif

ied

city

of

Yor

k w

here

he

was

bes

iege

d by

Par

liam

enta

ry a

rmie

s un

der

Sir

Tho

mas

Fai

rfax

. H

owev

er,

Fair

fax

brok

e of

f th

e si

ege

and

mar

ched

his

m

en s

outh

to

prev

ent

Rup

ert

from

rea

chin

g th

e ap

proa

ches

to

York

but

Rup

ert

surp

rise

d th

e Pa

rlia

men

tary

gen

eral

s by

mar

chin

g ar

ound

the

ir

posi

tion

and

rea

chin

g th

e ci

ty a

nyw

ay

• Rup

ert

now

ord

ered

his

tir

ed m

en o

ut f

rom

Yor

k to

sur

pris

e th

e en

emy

but

by t

he t

ime

the

arm

ies

wer

e in

pos

itio

n it

was

lat

e in

the

day

, an

d Rup

ert,

con

vinc

ed t

hat

his

foe

wou

ld n

ot a

ttac

k un

til th

e m

orni

ng,

left

th

e fi

eld

in s

earc

h of

his

sup

per

•

Lord

New

cast

le r

etir

ed t

o hi

s co

ach

for

a qu

iet

smok

e an

d w

as

unpr

epar

ed

• The

Par

liam

enta

ry a

rmy

surp

rise

d th

e Roy

alis

ts b

y an

att

ack

whi

ch m

ust

have

beg

un j

ust

as d

usk

was

fal

ling

at

7pm

•

The

Roy

alis

t ca

valr

y un

der

Rup

ert

was

una

ble

to r

esis

t th

e Pa

rlia

men

tary

for

ces

• The

Par

liam

enta

ry inf

antr

y w

ere

the

key

to t

he v

icto

ry

• A

ny o

ther

val

id r

easo

n th

at m

eets

the

cri

teri

a de

scri

bed

in t

he

gene

ral m

arki

ng in

stru

ctio

ns f

or t

his

kind

of

ques

tion

(se

e co

lum

n to

le

ft)

Page

38

Sect

ion

2, P

art

C Q

uest

ion

Gen

eral

Mar

king

Inst

ruct

ions

for

thi

s ty

pe o

f qu

esti

on

Max

m

ark

Spec

ific

Mar

king

Inst

ruct

ions

for

thi

s qu

esti

on

1

Can

dida

tes

mus

t ev

alua

te t

he e

xten

t to

w

hich

a s

ourc

e is

use

ful by

com

men

ting

on

evi

denc

e su

ch a

s th

e au

thor

, ty

pe o

f so

urce

, pu

rpos

e, t

imin

g, c

onte

nt a

nd

omis

sion

.

For

a m

ark

to b

e gi

ven,

the

can

dida

te

mus

t id

enti

fy a

n as

pect

of

the

sour

ce

and

mak

e a

com

men

t w

hich

sho

ws

how

th

is a

spec

t m

akes

the

sou

rce

mor

e or

le

ss u

sefu

l.

Up

to t

he t

otal

mar

k al

loca

tion

for

thi

s qu

esti

on:

• a

max

imum

of

4 m

arks

can

be

give

n fo

r ev

alua

tive

com

men

ts r

elat

ing

to

auth

or,

type

of

sour

ce,

purp

ose

and

tim

ing

• a

max

imum

of

2 m

arks

may

be

give

n fo

r ev

alua

tive

com

men

ts r

elat

ing

to

the

cont

ent

of t

he s

ourc

e •

a m

axim

um o

f 2

mar

ks m

ay b

e gi

ven

for

poin

ts o

f si

gnif

ican

t om

issi

on

6Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

6m

ark

s.

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

a ju

dgem

ent

abou

t th

e us

eful

ness

of

the

sour

ce a

nd

supp

ort

this

by

mak

ing

eval

uati

ve c

omm

ents

on

iden

tifi

ed a

spec

ts o

f th

e so

urce

.

One

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch r

elev

ant

com

men

t m

ade,

up

to a

max

imum

of

6 m

arks

in t

otal

:

• a

max

imum

of

4 m

arks

can

be

give

n fo

r ev

alua

tive

com

men

ts

rela

ting

to

the

auth

or,

type

of

sour

ce,

purp

ose

and

tim

ing

• a

max

imum

of

2 m

arks

may

be

give

n fo

r co

mm

ents

rel

atin

g to

th

e co

nten

t of

the

sou

rce

• a

max

imum

of

2 m

arks

may

be

give

n fo

r co

mm

ents

rel

atin

g to

po

ints

of

sign

ific

ant

omis

sion

Ex

ampl

es o

f as

pect

s of

the

sou

rce

and

rele

vant

com

men

ts:

Asp

ect

of t

he s

ourc

e Po

ssib

le c

omm

ent

Aut

hor:

M

ungo

Par

k

Use

ful as

he

was

a B

riti

sh e

xplo

rer

in A

fric

a an

d w

as w

ell in

form

ed

Type

of

sour

ce:

A t

rave

l m

emoi

r U

sefu

l as

he

was

an

eyew

itne

ss b

ut les

s us

eful

as

it

was

wri

tten

aft

er t

he e

vent

s

Purp

ose:

To

desc

ribe

the

tre

atm

ent

of

slav

es in

Afr

ica

Purp

ose

may

hav

e ca

used

the

wri

ter

to

exag

gera

te t

he p

robl

em,

so s

ourc

e m

ay b

e le

ss u

sefu

l

Tim

ing:

17

99

At

the

heig

ht o

f Br

itis

h in

volv

emen

t in

the

sl

ave

trad

e

Page

39

Cont

ent

Poss

ible

com

men

tThe

Afr

ican

cap

tive

s ar

e us

ually

secu

red

by p

utti

ng t

he r

ight

leg

of

one

and

the

left

leg

of

anot

her

into

th

e sa

me

pair

of

fett

ers

Use

ful as

it

give

s go

od d

etai

ls o

n ho

w

the

slav

es w

ere

trea

ted

By s

uppo

rtin

g th

e fe

tter

s w

ith

a st

ring

, th

ey c

an j

ust

wal

k, t

houg

h ve

ry s

low

ly

Use

ful as

it

is a

ccur

ate

in its

de

scri

ptio

n

Ever

y fo

ur s

lave

s ar

e like

wis

e fa

sten

ed t

oget

her

by t

heir

nec

ks w

ith

a st

rong

rop

e or

tw

iste

d th

ongs

Use

ful as

it

give

s on

ly f

actu

al d

etai

ls

wit

hout

bia

s or

exa

gger

atio

n

Po

ssib

le p

oint

s of

sig

nifi

cant

om

issi

on m

ay in

clud

e:

• So

me

wer

e be

aten

wit

h w

hips

to

mak

e th

em w

alk

• The

y so

rted

out

the

one

s w

ho w

ould

be

stro

ng e

noug

h to

be

usef

ul

• A

ny o

ther

val

id p

oint

tha

t m

eets

the

cri

teri

a de

scri

bed

in t

he g

ener

al

mar

king

inst

ruct

ions

for

thi

s ki

nd o

f qu

esti

on (

see

colu

mn

to le

ft)

2

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

a nu

mbe

r of

po

ints

tha

t m

ake

the

issu

e pl

ain

or

clea

r, f

or e

xam

ple

by s

how

ing

conn

ecti

ons

betw

een

fact

ors

or c

ausa

l re

lati

onsh

ips

betw

een

even

ts o

r id

eas.

The

se s

houl

d be

key

rea

sons

and

may

in

clud

e th

eore

tica

l id

eas.

The

re is

no

need

for

any

eva

luat

ion

or p

rior

itis

ing

of

thes

e re

ason

s.

Can

dida

tes

may

pro

vide

a n

umbe

r of

st

raig

htfo

rwar

d re

ason

s, a

sm

alle

r nu

mbe

r of

dev

elop

ed r

easo

ns,

or a

co

mbi

nati

on o

f th

ese.

U

p to

the

tot

al m

ark

allo

cati

on f

or t

his

6Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

6m

ark

s.

Cand

idat

es m

ust

show

a c

ausa

l rel

atio

nshi

p be

twee

n ev

ents

.

Up

to a

max

imum

of

6 m

arks

in t

otal

, 1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch

accu

rate

, re

leva

nt r

easo

n, a

nd a

sec

ond

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r re

ason

s th

at a

re d

evel

oped

. Can

dida

tes

may

ach

ieve

ful

l m

arks

by

prov

idin

g fi

ve s

trai

ghtf

orw

ard

reas

ons,

thr

ee d

evel

oped

rea

sons

, or

a

com

bina

tion

of

thes

e.

Poss

ible

rea

sons

may

incl

ude:

•

Slav

es w

ere

cont

rolled

by

stri

ct law

s or

cod

es

• Sl

ave

risi

ngs

lack

ed e

ffec

tive

lea

ders

hip

•

Slav

e re

sist

ance

was

cru

shed

by

the

bett

er a

rmed

and

org

anis

ed w

hite

s

• Pl

anta

tion

ow

ners

oft

en u

sed

blac

k ov

erse

ers

to h

elp

them

mai

ntai

n co

ntro

l

• Pu

nish

men

ts f

or e

scap

ing

wer

e ve

ry s

ever

e an

d ac

ted

as a

det

erre

nt

Page

40

ques

tion

:

• 1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch

accu

rate

rel

evan

t po

int

•

a se

cond

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r an

y re

ason

tha

t is

dev

elop

ed

• Sl

aves

liv

ed in

fear

of

bein

g so

ld o

ff/s

epar

ated

fro

m t

heir

fam

ilie

s if

th

ey b

roke

the

rul

es

• Sl

aves

had

lit

tle

or n

o ed

ucat

ion

and

coul

d be

bra

inw

ashe

d in

to

acce

ptin

g pl

anta

tion

lif

e

• M

any

isla

nds

wer

e sm

all an

d it

was

dif

ficu

lt f

or s

lave

s to

eva

de c

aptu

re

• A

ny o

ther

val

id r

easo

n th

at m

eets

the

cri

teri

a de

scri

bed

in t

he

gene

ral m

arki

ng in

stru

ctio

ns f

or t

his

kind

of

ques

tion

(se

e co

lum

n to

le

ft)

3

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

a ju

dgem

ent

abou

t th

e ex

tent

to

whi

ch d

iffe

rent

fa

ctor

s co

ntri

bute

d to

an

even

t or

de

velo

pmen

t, o

r to

its

im

pact

. The

y ar

e re

quir

ed t

o pr

ovid

e a

bala

nced

acc

ount

of

the

inf

luen

ce o

f di

ffer

ent

fact

ors

and

com

e to

a r

easo

ned

conc

lusi

on b

ased

on

the

evid

ence

pre

sent

ed.

Up

to t

he t

otal

mar

k al

loca

tion

for

thi

s qu

esti

on:

• up

to

5 m

arks

can

be

give

n fo

r re

leva

nt,

fact

ual,

key

poi

nts

of

know

ledg

e us

ed t

o su

ppor

t fa

ctor

s,

wit

h 1

mar

k gi

ven

for

each

poi

nt.

If

only

one

fac

tor

is p

rese

nted

, a

max

imum

of

3 m

arks

sho

uld

be

give

n fo

r re

leva

nt p

oint

s of

kn

owle

dge

•

a fu

rthe

r 3

mar

ks c

an b

e gi

ven

for

prov

idin

g th

e an

swer

in

a st

ruct

ured

w

ay a

nd c

omin

g to

a r

easo

ned

conc

lusi

on

8Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

8 m

ark

s.

Can

dida

tes

mus

t us

e kn

owle

dge

to p

rese

nt a

bal

ance

d as

sess

men

t of

the

in

flue

nce

of d

iffe

rent

pos

sibl

e fa

ctor

s an

d co

me

to a

rea

sone

d co

nclu

sion

. U

p to

5 m

arks

are

alloc

ated

for

rel

evan

t po

ints

of

know

ledg

e us

ed t

o ad

dres

s th

e qu

esti

on.

1 m

ark

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

for

each

rel

evan

t, f

actu

al k

ey p

oint

of

know

ledg

e us

ed t

o su

ppor

t a

fact

or.

If o

nly

one

fact

or is

pre

sent

ed,

a m

axim

um o

f 3

mar

ks s

houl

d be

giv

en f

or r

elev

ant

poin

ts o

f kn

owle

dge.

Po

ssib

le f

acto

rs

may

incl

ude:

Re

leva

nt,

fact

ual,

key

poi

nts

of k

now

ledg

e to

sup

port

th

is f

acto

r m

ay in

clud

e:

Rol

e of

W

ilbe

rfor

ce

• W

ilbe

rfor

ce m

otiv

ated

by

his

Chr

isti

an p

rinc

iple

s•

He

was

rel

ucta

nt a

t fi

rst

to p

ursu

e th

e m

atte

r in

Pa

rlia

men

t •

Use

d hi

s in

flue

nce

over

Pit

t to

sup

port

the

cam

paig

n •

How

ever

, on

ce h

e be

cam

e co

nvin

ced,

he

led

the

Parl

iam

enta

ry c

ampa

ign

for

abol

itio

n

Oth

er

cam

paig

ners

co

ntri

bute

d to

o

• Q

uake

rs’

anti

-sla

very

com

mit

tees

had

beg

unth

e ca

mpa

igns

•

Con

trib

utio

n of

ant

i-sl

aver

y ca

mpa

igne

rs,

eg T

hom

as

Cla

rkso

n •

Firs

t-ha

nd a

ccou

nts

from

for

mer

sla

ves

such

as

Equi

ano

infl

uenc

ed p

eopl

e •

Infl

uenc

e of

rel

igio

us g

roup

s/th

e ch

urch

es

• N

atio

nal an

ti-s

lave

ry c

ampa

igns

inv

olvi

ng m

eeti

ngs,

pe

titi

ons,

lea

flet

s Cha

ngin

g •

Peop

le h

ad b

egun

to

thin

k of

Afr

ican

s as

fel

low

hum

an

Page

41

atti

tude

sbe

ings

/reg

arde

d tr

ade

as u

nacc

epta

ble

• G

row

ing

supp

ort

in P

arliam

ent

for

abol

itio

n/tr

ade

wit

h th

e W

est

Indi

es w

as b

ecom

ing

less

im

port

ant

to B

rita

in

• M

any

mer

chan

ts s

uppo

rted

fre

e tr

ade

• Sl

aver

y be

gan

to b

e re

gard

ed a

s an

ine

ffic

ient

way

to

prod

uce

good

s Any

oth

er v

alid

fa

ctor

Up

to 3

mar

ks s

houl

d be

giv

en f

or p

rese

ntin

g th

e an

swer

in a

str

uctu

red

way

, le

adin

g to

a c

oncl

usio

n w

hich

add

ress

es t

he q

uest

ion,

as

follo

ws:

1 m

ark

for

the

answ

er b

eing

pre

sent

ed in

a st

ruct

ured

way

, w

ith

know

ledg

e be

ing

orga

nise

d in

sup

port

of

diff

eren

t fa

ctor

s.

1 m

ark

give

n fo

r a

valid

judg

emen

t or

ove

rall c

oncl

usio

n.

1 m

ark

give

n fo

r a

reas

on b

eing

pro

vide

d in

sup

port

of

the

conc

lusi

on.

Page

42

Sect

ion

2, P

art

D

Que

stio

n G

ener

al M

arki

ng In

stru

ctio

ns f

or t

his

type

of

ques

tion

M

ax

mar

kSp

ecif

ic M

arki

ng In

stru

ctio

ns f

or t

his

ques

tion

1

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

a ju

dgem

ent

abou

t th

e ex

tent

to

whi

ch d

iffe

rent

fa

ctor

s co

ntri

bute

d to

an

even

t or

de

velo

pmen

t, o

r to

its

im

pact

. The

y ar

e re

quir

ed t

o pr

ovid

e a

bala

nced

acc

ount

of

the

inf

luen

ce o

f di

ffer

ent

fact

ors

and

com

e to

a r

easo

ned

conc

lusi

on b

ased

on

the

evid

ence

pre

sent

ed.

Up

to t

he t

otal

mar

k al

loca

tion

for

thi

s qu

esti

on:

• up

to

5 m

arks

can

be

give

n fo

r re

leva

nt,

fact

ual,

key

poi

nts

of

know

ledg

e us

ed t

o su

ppor

t fa

ctor

s,

wit

h 1

mar

k gi

ven

for

each

poi

nt.

If

only

one

fac

tor

is p

rese

nted

, a

max

imum

of

3 m

arks

sho

uld

be

give

n fo

r re

leva

nt p

oint

s of

kn

owle

dge

•

a fu

rthe

r 3

mar

ks c

an b

e gi

ven

for

prov

idin

g th

e an

swer

in

a st

ruct

ured

w

ay a

nd c

omin

g to

a r

easo

ned

conc

lusi

on

8Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

8 m

ark

s.

Can

dida

tes

mus

t us

e kn

owle

dge

to p

rese

nt a

bal

ance

d as

sess

men

t of

the

in

flue

nce

of d

iffe

rent

pos

sibl

e fa

ctor

s an

d co

me

to a

rea

sone

d co

nclu

sion

.

Up

to 5

mar

ks a

re a

lloc

ated

for

rel

evan

t po

ints

of

know

ledg

e us

ed t

o ad

dres

s th

e qu

esti

on.

1 m

ark

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

for

each

rel

evan

t, f

actu

al k

ey p

oint

of

know

ledg

e us

ed t

o su

ppor

t a

fact

or.

If o

nly

one

fact

or is

pre

sent

ed,

a m

axim

um o

f 3

mar

ks s

houl

d be

giv

en f

or r

elev

ant

poin

ts o

f kn

owle

dge.

Poss

ible

fac

tors

may

in

clud

e:

Rele

vant

, fa

ctua

l, k

ey p

oint

s of

kno

wle

dge

to

supp

ort

this

fac

tor

may

incl

ude:

Impr

oved

med

ical

kn

owle

dge

• Abl

e to

cur

e m

ore

dise

ases

• Vac

cina

tion

s pr

even

ted

dise

ase

• Su

rger

y im

prov

ed a

nd s

aved

liv

es

• Ana

esth

etic

s •

Ant

isep

tics

•

Bett

er c

are

for

mot

hers

and

bab

ies

Bett

er liv

ing

cond

itio

ns

• Im

prov

emen

ts in

hous

ing

• Sa

nita

tion

•

Bett

er d

iet

• Im

prov

ed w

orki

ng c

ondi

tion

s

Cle

an w

ater

sup

ply

• Rem

oved

the

cau

se o

f di

seas

es s

uch

as c

hole

ra

and

typh

oid

Any

oth

er v

alid

fac

tor

Page

43

U

p to

3m

arks

sho

uld

be g

iven

for

pre

sent

ing

the

answ

er in

a s

truc

ture

d w

ay,

lead

ing

to a

con

clus

ion

whi

ch a

ddre

sses

the

que

stio

n, a

s fo

llow

s:

1 m

ark

for

the

answ

er b

eing

pre

sent

ed in

a st

ruct

ured

way

, w

ith

know

ledg

e be

ing

orga

nise

d in

sup

port

of

diff

eren

t fa

ctor

s.

1 m

ark

give

n fo

r a

valid

judg

emen

t or

ove

rall c

oncl

usio

n.

1 m

ark

give

n fo

r a

reas

on b

eing

pro

vide

d in

sup

port

of

the

conc

lusi

on.

2

Can

dida

tes

mus

t ev

alua

te t

he e

xten

t to

w

hich

a s

ourc

e is

use

ful by

com

men

ting

on

evi

denc

e su

ch a

s th

e au

thor

, ty

pe o

f so

urce

, pu

rpos

e, t

imin

g, c

onte

nt a

nd

omis

sion

.

For

a m

ark

to b

e gi

ven,

the

can

dida

te

mus

t id

enti

fy a

n as

pect

of

the

sour

ce

and

mak

e a

com

men

t w

hich

sho

ws

how

th

is a

spec

t m

akes

the

sou

rce

mor

e or

le

ss u

sefu

l.

Up

to t

he t

otal

mar

k al

loca

tion

for

thi

s qu

esti

on:

• a

max

imum

of

4 m

arks

can

be

give

n fo

r ev

alua

tive

com

men

ts r

elat

ing

to

auth

or,

type

of

sour

ce,

purp

ose

and

tim

ing

•

a m

axim

um o

f 2

mar

ks m

ay b

e gi

ven

for

eval

uati

ve c

omm

ents

rel

atin

g to

th

e co

nten

t of

the

sou

rce

•

a m

axim

um o

f 2

mar

ks m

ay b

e gi

ven

for

poin

ts o

f si

gnif

ican

t om

issi

on

6Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

6m

ark

s.

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

a ju

dgem

ent

abou

t th

e us

eful

ness

of

the

sour

ce a

nd

supp

ort

this

by

mak

ing

eval

uati

ve c

omm

ents

on

iden

tifi

ed a

spec

ts o

f th

e so

urce

.

One

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch r

elev

ant

com

men

t m

ade,

up

to a

max

imum

of

6 m

arks

in t

otal

:

• a

max

imum

of

4 m

arks

can

be

give

n fo

r ev

alua

tive

com

men

ts

rela

ting

to

the

auth

or,

type

of

sour

ce,

purp

ose

and

tim

ing

• a

max

imum

of

2 m

arks

may

be

give

n fo

r co

mm

ents

rel

atin

g to

th

e co

nten

t of

the

sou

rce

• a

max

imum

of

2 m

arks

may

be

give

n fo

r co

mm

ents

rel

atin

g to

po

ints

of

sign

ific

ant

omis

sion

Ex

ampl

es o

f as

pect

s of

the

sou

rce

and

rele

vant

com

men

ts:

Asp

ect

of t

he s

ourc

e Po

ssib

le c

omm

ent

Aut

hor:

Rai

lway

eng

inee

r

Use

ful as

it

was

wri

tten

by

an e

yew

itne

ss t

o th

e ev

ents

Type

of

sour

ce:

W

ritt

en r

ecol

lect

ions

Use

ful as

it

was

bas

ed o

n pe

rson

al e

xper

ienc

e bu

t w

ritt

en lat

er s

o le

ss u

sefu

l as

the

y m

ay h

ave

forg

otte

n th

ings

Page

44

Purp

ose:

To

expl

ain

why

som

e la

ndow

ners

res

iste

d th

e ra

ilway

s

Purp

ose

may

hav

e ca

used

the

wri

ter

to

exag

gera

te t

he p

robl

em,

so s

ourc

e m

ay b

e le

ss

usef

ul

Tim

ing:

18

40s

Use

ful as

it

was

pro

duce

d at

the

beg

inni

ng o

f th

e ra

ilway

exp

ansi

on

Cont

ent

Poss

ible

com

men

t•

Lady

Sea

fiel

d ve

ry d

ecid

edly

tol

d us

th

at s

he h

ated

rai

lway

s Le

ss u

sefu

l as

it

is o

nly

the

view

s of

the

ver

y w

ealt

hy

• “C

heap

tra

vel br

ough

t to

geth

er s

uch

an o

bjec

tion

able

var

iety

of

peop

le”

Less

use

ful as

it

exag

gera

tes

thes

e vi

ews

• The

rai

lway

wou

ld f

righ

ten

away

the

gr

ouse

fro

m h

is m

oors

•

Wha

t w

ould

bec

ome

of t

he m

en w

ho

floa

t ti

mbe

r do

wn

the

Spey

?

Mor

e us

eful

as

it p

rovi

des

deta

ils

of t

heir

spe

cifi

c co

ncer

ns

Po

ssib

le p

oint

s of

sig

nifi

cant

om

issi

on m

ay in

clud

e:

• Be

nefi

ts o

f tr

avel

•

Live

fur

ther

fro

m w

ork

• Sp

end

tim

e in

the

cou

ntry

side

•

Hol

iday

s •

Fear

of

acci

dent

s •

Spre

ad o

f cr

ime

• Fe

ar o

f im

pact

on

farm

ing

• A

ny o

ther

val

id p

oint

tha

t m

eets

the

cri

teri

a de

scri

bed

in t

he g

ener

al

mar

king

inst

ruct

ions

for

thi

s ki

nd o

f qu

esti

on (

see

colu

mn

to le

ft)

Page

45

3

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

a nu

mbe

r of

po

ints

tha

t m

ake

the

issu

e pl

ain

or

clea

r, f

or e

xam

ple

by s

how

ing

conn

ecti

ons

betw

een

fact

ors

or c

ausa

l re

lati

onsh

ips

betw

een

even

ts o

r id

eas.

The

se s

houl

d be

key

rea

sons

and

may

in

clud

e th

eore

tica

l id

eas.

The

re is

no

need

for

any

eva

luat

ion

or p

rior

itis

ing

of

thes

e re

ason

s.

Can

dida

tes

may

pro

vide

a n

umbe

r of

st

raig

htfo

rwar

d re

ason

s, a

sm

alle

r nu

mbe

r of

dev

elop

ed r

easo

ns,

or a

co

mbi

nati

on o

f th

ese.

U

p to

the

tot

al m

ark

allo

cati

on f

or t

his

ques

tion

:

• 1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch

accu

rate

rel

evan

t po

int

• a

seco

nd m

ark

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

for

any

reas

on t

hat

is d

evel

oped

6Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

6 m

ark

s.

Cand

idat

es m

ust

show

a c

ausa

l rel

atio

nshi

p be

twee

n ev

ents

.

Up

to a

max

imum

of

6 m

arks

in t

otal

, 1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch

accu

rate

, re

leva

nt r

easo

n, a

nd a

sec

ond

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r re

ason

s th

at a

re d

evel

oped

. Can

dida

tes

may

ach

ieve

ful

l m

arks

by

prov

idin

g fi

ve s

trai

ghtf

orw

ard

reas

ons,

thr

ee d

evel

oped

rea

sons

, or

a

com

bina

tion

of

thes

e.

Poss

ible

rea

sons

may

incl

ude:

•

Politi

cal pr

otes

ts c

reat

ed p

ress

ure

for

chan

ge

• Fe

ar o

f re

volu

tion

for

ced

Parl

iam

ent

to lis

ten

• N

eed

to inc

lude

mid

dle

clas

ses

in g

over

nmen

t be

caus

e th

ey w

ere

key

to

gene

rati

ng w

ealt

h •

Bett

er e

duca

tion

in

tow

ns m

ade

it m

ore

reas

onab

le t

o ex

tend

the

fr

anch

ise

• Sp

read

of

radi

cal id

eas

and

mor

al a

rgum

ents

; eq

uality

bec

ame

mor

e of

an

iss

ue

• Po

liti

cal be

nefi

ts a

t W

estm

inst

er f

or p

arti

es;

they

saw

pot

enti

al v

oter

s •

Popu

lati

on g

row

th in

the

tow

ns m

ade

them

mor

e po

liti

cally

sens

itiv

e •

Hyd

e Pa

rk r

iots

put

mor

e pr

essu

re o

n th

e go

vern

men

t •

Cha

rtis

t m

ovem

ent

prov

ided

org

anis

ed p

olit

ical

pre

ssur

e fo

r ch

ange

•

Any

oth

er v

alid

rea

son

that

mee

ts t

he c

rite

ria

desc

ribe

d in

the

ge

nera

l mar

king

inst

ruct

ions

for

thi

s ki

nd o

f qu

esti

on (

see

colu

mn

to

left

)

Page

46

Sect

ion

2, P

art

E Q

uest

ion

Gen

eral

Mar

king

Inst

ruct

ions

for

thi

s ty

pe o

f qu

esti

on

Max

m

ark

Spec

ific

Mar

king

Inst

ruct

ions

for

thi

s qu

esti

on

1

Can

dida

tes

mus

t ev

alua

te t

he e

xten

t to

w

hich

a s

ourc

e is

use

ful by

com

men

ting

on

evi

denc

e su

ch a

s th

e au

thor

, ty

pe o

f so

urce

, pu

rpos

e, t

imin

g, c

onte

nt a

nd

omis

sion

.

For

a m

ark

to b

e gi

ven,

the

can

dida

te

mus

t id

enti

fy a

n as

pect

of

the

sour

ce

and

mak

e a

com

men

t w

hich

sho

ws

how

th

is a

spec

t m

akes

the

sou

rce

mor

e or

le

ss u

sefu

l.

Up

to t

he t

otal

mar

k al

loca

tion

for

thi

s qu

esti

on:

• a

max

imum

of

4 m

arks

can

be

give

n fo

r ev

alua

tive

com

men

ts r

elat

ing

to

auth

or,

type

of

sour

ce,

purp

ose

and

tim

ing

• a

max

imum

of

2 m

arks

may

be

give

n fo

r ev

alua

tive

com

men

ts r

elat

ing

to

the

cont

ent

of t

he s

ourc

e •

a m

axim

um o

f 2

mar

ks m

ay b

e gi

ven

for

poin

ts o

f si

gnif

ican

t om

issi

on

6Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

6m

ark

s.

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

a ju

dgem

ent

abou

t th

e us

eful

ness

of

the

sour

ce a

nd

supp

ort

this

by

mak

ing

eval

uati

ve c

omm

ents

on

iden

tifi

ed a

spec

ts o

f th

e so

urce

.

1 m

ark

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

for

each

rel

evan

t co

mm

ent

mad

e, u

p to

a m

axim

um o

f 6

mar

ks in

tot

al:

•

a m

axim

um o

f 4

mar

ks c

an b

e gi

ven

for

eval

uati

ve c

omm

ents

re

lati

ng t

o th

e au

thor

, ty

pe o

f so

urce

, pu

rpos

e an

d ti

min

g •

a m

axim

um o

f 2

mar

ks m

ay b

e gi

ven

for

com

men

ts r

elat

ing

to

the

cont

ent

of t

he s

ourc

e •

a m

axim

um o

f 2

mar

ks m

ay b

e gi

ven

for

com

men

ts r

elat

ing

to

poin

ts o

f si

gnif

ican

t om

issi

on

Exam

ples

of

aspe

cts

of t

he s

ourc

e an

d re

leva

nt c

omm

ents

: A

spec

t of

the

sou

rce

Poss

ible

com

men

t

Aut

hor:

Cam

paig

ner

for

chan

ge

Use

ful as

it

was

an

eyew

itne

ss b

ut les

s us

eful

as

it h

as a

cle

ar b

ias

Type

of

sour

ce:

A let

ter

A p

erso

nal co

mm

unic

atio

n so

may

be

less

gu

arde

d, s

o so

urce

may

be

mor

e us

eful

Pu

rpos

e:

To

desc

ribe

the

ext

ent

of

the

pove

rty

in L

ondo

n

Purp

ose

may

hav

e ca

used

the

wri

ter

to

exag

gera

te t

he p

robl

em,

so s

ourc

e m

ay b

e le

ss

usef

ul

Tim

ing:

18

90

Whe

n po

vert

y in

Lon

don

was

at

its

wor

st

Page

47

Cont

ent

Poss

ible

com

men

tIn

one

cel

lar

a sa

nita

ry ins

pect

or

repo

rts

find

ing

a fa

ther

, m

othe

r,

thre

e ch

ildr

en a

nd f

our

pigs

U

sefu

l as

it

is v

ery

deta

iled

In a

noth

er r

oom

a m

issi

onar

y fo

und

a m

an ill w

ith

smal

lpox

Use

ful as

it

refl

ects

wha

t w

e kn

ow

to h

ave

been

fai

rly

typi

cal

cond

itio

ns in

poor

er a

reas

Chi

ldre

n ru

nnin

g ab

out

half

-nak

ed

and

cove

red

wit

h di

rt

Less

use

ful as

it

exag

gera

tes

for

effe

ct

Po

ssib

le p

oint

s of

sig

nifi

cant

om

issi

on m

ay in

clud

e:

• La

ck o

f cl

ean

wat

er in

som

e to

wns

•

Poor

sew

erag

e pr

ovis

ion

• O

verc

row

ding

due

to

larg

e fa

milie

s •

Poor

qua

lity

of h

ousi

ng

• So

cial

im

pact

inc

lude

d al

coho

l is

sues

and

ris

e of

tem

pera

nce

mov

emen

ts

• La

ck o

f so

cial

mob

ility

•

Any

oth

er v

alid

poi

nt t

hat

mee

ts t

he c

rite

ria

desc

ribe

d in

the

gen

eral

m

arki

ng in

stru

ctio

ns f

or t

his

kind

of

ques

tion

(se

e co

lum

n to

left

)

2

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

a ju

dgem

ent

abou

t th

e ex

tent

to

whi

ch d

iffe

rent

fa

ctor

s co

ntri

bute

d to

an

even

t or

de

velo

pmen

t, o

r to

its

im

pact

. The

y ar

e re

quir

ed t

o pr

ovid

e a

bala

nced

acc

ount

of

the

inf

luen

ce o

f di

ffer

ent

fact

ors

and

com

e to

a r

easo

ned

conc

lusi

on b

ased

on

the

evid

ence

pre

sent

ed.

Up

to t

he t

otal

mar

k al

loca

tion

for

thi

s qu

esti

on:

• up

to

5 m

arks

can

be

give

n fo

r re

leva

nt,

fact

ual,

key

poi

nts

of

know

ledg

e us

ed t

o su

ppor

t fa

ctor

s,

8Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

8 m

ark

s.

Can

dida

tes

mus

t us

e kn

owle

dge

to p

rese

nt a

bal

ance

d as

sess

men

t of

the

in

flue

nce

of d

iffe

rent

pos

sibl

e fa

ctor

s an

d co

me

to a

rea

sone

d co

nclu

sion

.

Up

to 5

mar

ks a

re a

lloc

ated

for

rel

evan

t po

ints

of

know

ledg

e us

ed t

o ad

dres

s th

e qu

esti

on.

1 m

ark

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

for

each

rel

evan

t, f

actu

al k

ey p

oint

of

know

ledg

e us

ed t

o su

ppor

t a

fact

or.

If o

nly

one

fact

or is

pre

sent

ed,

a m

axim

um o

f 3

mar

ks s

houl

d be

giv

en f

or r

elev

ant

poin

ts o

f kn

owle

dge.

Page

48

wit

h 1

mar

k gi

ven

for

each

poi

nt.

If

only

one

fac

tor

is p

rese

nted

, a

max

imum

of

3 m

arks

sho

uld

be

give

n fo

r re

leva

nt p

oint

s of

kn

owle

dge

•

a fu

rthe

r 3

mar

ks c

an b

e gi

ven

for

prov

idin

g th

e an

swer

in

a st

ruct

ured

w

ay a

nd c

omin

g to

a r

easo

ned

conc

lusi

on

Poss

ible

fac

tors

may

in

clud

e:

Rele

vant

, fa

ctua

l, k

ey p

oint

s of

kno

wle

dge

to

supp

ort

this

fac

tor

may

incl

ude:

Incr

easi

ng p

opul

arit

y of

the

Lab

our

part

y

• Tra

de U

nion

s di

d no

t fe

el L

iber

als

and

Con

serv

ativ

es d

id e

noug

h fo

r th

e po

or

• The

new

Lab

our

Part

y st

ood

for

prac

tica

l re

form

s to

tac

kle

pove

rty

• Li

bera

ls t

houg

ht o

f w

ays

to h

elp

the

poor

be

caus

e th

ey t

houg

ht t

hey

wou

ld los

e vo

tes

to

Labo

ur

Con

cern

for

the

poo

r

• So

cial

ists

fel

t a

high

lev

el o

f po

vert

y w

as w

rong

•

Rep

orts

of

Boot

h an

d Row

ntre

e sh

owed

the

sc

ale

of p

over

ty

• M

any

Libe

ral M

Ps r

epre

sent

ed p

oore

r co

nsti

tuen

cies

Nat

iona

l ef

fici

ency

• W

orri

es a

bout

eff

ect

of p

over

ty o

n th

e de

fenc

e of

the

cou

ntry

•

Con

cern

tha

t in

dust

rial

out

put

was

bei

ng h

eld

back

bec

ause

of

pove

rty

• Cou

ntri

es s

uch

as G

erm

any

show

ed p

over

ty

coul

d be

tac

kled

, eg

pen

sion

s •

Rec

ruit

men

t du

ring

the

Boe

r W

ar led

to

fear

s ov

er d

efen

ce d

ue t

o fi

tnes

s of

man

y m

en

Any

oth

er v

alid

fa

ctor

Up

to 3

mar

ks s

houl

d be

giv

en f

or p

rese

ntin

g th

e an

swer

in a

str

uctu

red

way

, le

adin

g to

a c

oncl

usio

n w

hich

add

ress

es t

he q

uest

ion,

as

follo

ws:

1 m

ark

for

the

answ

er b

eing

pre

sent

ed in

a st

ruct

ured

way

, w

ith

know

ledg

e be

ing

orga

nise

d in

sup

port

of

diff

eren

t fa

ctor

s.

1 m

ark

give

n fo

r a

valid

judg

emen

t or

ove

rall c

oncl

usio

n.

1 m

ark

give

n fo

r a

reas

on b

eing

pro

vide

d in

sup

port

of

the

conc

lusi

on.

Page

49

3

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

a nu

mbe

r of

po

ints

tha

t m

ake

the

issu

e pl

ain

or

clea

r, f

or e

xam

ple

by s

how

ing

conn

ecti

ons

betw

een

fact

ors

or c

ausa

l re

lati

onsh

ips

betw

een

even

ts o

r id

eas.

The

se s

houl

d be

key

rea

sons

and

may

in

clud

e th

eore

tica

l id

eas.

The

re is

no

need

for

any

eva

luat

ion

or p

rior

itis

ing

of

thes

e re

ason

s.

Can

dida

tes

may

pro

vide

a n

umbe

r of

st

raig

htfo

rwar

d re

ason

s, a

sm

alle

r nu

mbe

r of

dev

elop

ed r

easo

ns,

or a

co

mbi

nati

on o

f th

ese.

U

p to

the

tot

al m

ark

allo

cati

on f

or t

his

ques

tion

:

• 1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch

accu

rate

rel

evan

t po

int

• a

seco

nd m

ark

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

for

any

reas

on t

hat

is d

evel

oped

6Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

6m

ark

s.

Cand

idat

es m

ust

show

a c

ausa

l rel

atio

nshi

p be

twee

n ev

ents

.

Up

to a

max

imum

of

6 m

arks

in t

otal

, 1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch

accu

rate

, re

leva

nt r

easo

n, a

nd a

sec

ond

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r re

ason

s th

at a

re d

evel

oped

. Can

dida

tes

may

ach

ieve

ful

l m

arks

by

prov

idin

g fi

ve s

trai

ghtf

orw

ard

reas

ons,

thr

ee d

evel

oped

rea

sons

, or

a

com

bina

tion

of

thes

e.

Poss

ible

rea

sons

may

incl

ude:

•

Beve

ridg

e Rep

ort

show

ed t

he t

rue

natu

re o

f po

vert

y an

d ha

d w

ides

prea

d su

ppor

t •

Gov

ernm

ent

ensu

red

ever

yone

had

a f

air

shar

e du

ring

the

war

and

pe

ople

wan

ted

this

to

cont

inue

•

Min

istr

y of

Foo

d en

sure

d na

tion

’s h

ealt

h an

d sa

fe f

ood

supp

ly

• The

pub

lic

expe

cted

the

Gov

ernm

ent

to d

o m

ore

for

them

sin

ce t

his

had

wor

ked

wel

l du

ring

the

war

•

Rec

ogni

tion

of

scal

e of

pov

erty

bec

ause

of

evac

uati

on b

roug

ht m

ore

supp

ort

for

chan

ge

• Bo

mbi

ng d

estr

oyed

lar

ge a

mou

nts

of h

ousi

ng a

nd c

reat

ed a

n ob

viou

s ne

ed f

or int

erve

ntio

n •

Labo

ur P

arty

’s s

ocia

list

ide

olog

y sa

id t

here

sho

uld

be r

edis

trib

utio

n of

w

ealt

h •

Any

oth

er v

alid

rea

son

that

mee

ts t

he c

rite

ria

desc

ribe

d in

the

ge

nera

l mar

king

inst

ruct

ions

for

thi

s ki

nd o

f qu

esti

on (

see

colu

mn

to

left

)

Page

50

Sect

ion

3, P

art

A

Que

stio

n G

ener

al M

arki

ng In

stru

ctio

ns f

or t

his

type

of

ques

tion

M

ax

mar

kSp

ecif

ic M

arki

ng In

stru

ctio

ns f

or t

his

ques

tion

1

Can

dida

tes

mus

t in

terp

ret

evid

ence

and

m

ake

dire

ct c

ompa

riso

ns b

etw

een

sour

ces.

Can

dida

tes

are

expe

cted

to

com

pare

con

tent

dir

ectl

y on

a p

oint

-by-

poin

t ba

sis.

The

y m

ay c

ompa

re t

he

deta

ils

in t

he s

ourc

es a

nd/o

r co

mpa

re

the

view

poin

ts o

vera

ll.

Up

to t

he t

otal

mar

k al

loca

tion

for

thi

s qu

esti

on:

• 1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch

sim

ple

poin

t of

com

pari

son

•

a se

cond

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n to

ea

ch d

evel

oped

poi

nt o

f co

mpa

riso

n Can

dida

tes

may

ach

ieve

ful

l m

arks

by

mak

ing

four

sim

ple

com

pari

sons

, tw

o de

velo

ped

com

pari

sons

, or

by

a co

mbi

nati

on o

f th

ese.

4Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

4 m

ark

s.

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

dire

ct c

ompa

riso

ns o

f th

e tw

o so

urce

s, e

ithe

r ov

eral

l or

in

det

ail.

A s

impl

e co

mpa

riso

n w

ill in

dica

te w

hat

poin

ts o

f de

tail o

r ov

eral

l vi

ewpo

int

they

agr

ee o

r di

sagr

ee a

bout

and

sho

uld

be g

iven

1 m

ark.

A d

evel

oped

com

pari

son

of t

he p

oint

s of

det

ail or

ove

rall v

iew

poin

t sh

ould

be

give

n 2

mar

ks.

Can

dida

tes

may

ach

ieve

ful

l m

arks

by

mak

ing

four

sim

ple

com

pari

sons

, tw

o de

velo

ped

com

pari

sons

or

by a

com

bina

tion

of

thes

e.

Poss

ible

poi

nts

of c

ompa

riso

n m

ay in

clud

e:

Sour

ce A

Sour

ce B

Ove

rall:

Sour

ces

agre

e ab

out

the

trea

tmen

t of

Je

ws

Cru

sade

rs’

brut

al t

reat

men

t of

the

Je

ws

Cru

sade

rs w

ere

ruth

less

kill

ers

Man

y of

the

Cru

sade

rs w

ere

poor

and

hu

ngry

so

they

beg

an s

teal

ing

food

an

d po

sses

sion

s fr

om t

he J

ews

Hou

ses

wer

e ro

bbed

and

val

uabl

es

stol

en

Som

e fo

rced

the

Jew

s to

cha

nge

relig

ion

and

beco

me

Chr

isti

an

Tho

se J

ews

who

sur

vive

d th

e m

assa

cre

wer

e fo

rced

to

give

up

thei

r fa

ith

and

beco

me

Chr

isti

ans

Oth

ers,

aga

inst

the

ord

ers

of P

eter

th

e H

erm

it,

slau

ghte

red

the

Jew

s

Imm

edia

tely

Pet

er t

he H

erm

it’s

arm

y be

gan

atta

ckin

g an

d ki

llin

g Je

wis

h m

en,

wom

en a

nd c

hild

ren

Page

51

2

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

a nu

mbe

r of

re

leva

nt,

fact

ual po

ints

. The

se s

houl

d be

key

poi

nts.

The

poi

nts

do n

ot n

eed

to

be in

any

part

icul

ar o

rder

.

Can

dida

tes

may

pro

vide

a n

umbe

r of

st

raig

htfo

rwar

d po

ints

or

a sm

alle

r nu

mbe

r of

dev

elop

ed p

oint

s, o

r a

com

bina

tion

of

thes

e.

Up

to t

he t

otal

mar

k al

loca

tion

for

thi

s qu

esti

on:

• 1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch

accu

rate

rel

evan

t po

int

of

know

ledg

e •

a se

cond

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r an

y po

int

that

is

deve

lope

d

5Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

5 m

ark

s.

The

y m

ay t

ake

diff

eren

t pe

rspe

ctiv

es o

n th

e ev

ents

and

may

des

crib

e a

vari

ety

of d

iffe

rent

asp

ects

of

the

even

ts.

1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch a

ccur

ate

rele

vant

key

poi

nt o

f kn

owle

dge.

A s

econ

d m

ark

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

for

each

poi

nt t

hat

is

deve

lope

d, u

p to

a m

axim

um o

f 5

mar

ks.

Can

dida

tes

may

ach

ieve

ful

l m

arks

by

prov

idin

g fi

ve s

trai

ghtf

orw

ard

poin

ts,

by m

akin

g th

ree

deve

lope

d po

ints

or

a co

mbi

nati

on o

f th

ese.

Po

ssib

le p

oint

s of

kno

wle

dge

may

incl

ude:

•

The

Cru

sade

rs f

aile

d to

sta

rve

the

Mus

lim

s in

side

Nic

aea

into

su

rren

deri

ng

• The

gov

erno

r of

Nic

aea,

Kili

j Ars

lan,

was

aw

ay f

ight

ing

his

Mus

lim

neig

hbou

rs;

he d

id n

ot r

etur

n to

pro

tect

the

cit

y •

The

Cru

sade

rs a

sked

Em

pero

r Ale

xius

for

boa

ts t

o bl

ocka

de t

he c

ity

• Cit

y w

as s

urro

unde

d an

d th

e M

uslim

s in

side

had

the

ir s

uppl

ies

cut

off

• Em

pero

r Ale

xius

agr

eed

to let

the

Mus

lim

s go

fre

e in

ret

urn

for

the

city

•

Wit

hout

the

kno

wle

dge

of t

he C

rusa

ders

, th

e ci

ty w

as r

etur

ned

to

Empe

ror

Ale

xius

in

the

mid

dle

of t

he n

ight

•

The

Cru

sade

rs w

ere

deni

ed t

heir

plu

nder

of

the

city

•

The

rel

atio

nshi

p be

twee

n Em

pero

r Ale

xius

and

the

Cru

sade

rs w

as

dam

aged

•

Any

oth

er r

elev

ant

fact

ual k

ey p

oint

of

know

ledg

e th

at m

eets

the

cr

iter

ia d

escr

ibed

in t

he g

ener

al m

arki

ng in

stru

ctio

ns f

or t

his

kind

of

que

stio

n (s

ee c

olum

n to

left

)

3

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

a nu

mbe

r of

po

ints

tha

t m

ake

the

issu

e pl

ain

or

clea

r, f

or e

xam

ple

by s

how

ing

conn

ecti

ons

betw

een

fact

ors

or c

ausa

l re

lati

onsh

ips

betw

een

even

ts o

r id

eas.

The

se s

houl

d be

key

rea

sons

and

may

in

clud

e th

eore

tica

l id

eas.

The

re is

no

need

for

any

eva

luat

ion

or p

rior

itis

ing

of

thes

e re

ason

s.

5Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

5 m

ark

s.

Cand

idat

es m

ust

show

a c

ausa

l rel

atio

nshi

p be

twee

n ev

ents

.

Up

to a

max

imum

of

5 m

arks

in t

otal

, 1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch

accu

rate

, re

leva

nt r

easo

n, a

nd a

sec

ond

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r re

ason

s th

at a

re d

evel

oped

. Can

dida

tes

may

ach

ieve

ful

l m

arks

by

prov

idin

g fi

ve s

trai

ghtf

orw

ard

reas

ons,

thr

ee d

evel

oped

rea

sons

, or

a

com

bina

tion

of

thes

e.

Page

52

Can

dida

tes

may

pro

vide

a n

umbe

r of

st

raig

htfo

rwar

d re

ason

s, a

sm

alle

r nu

mbe

r of

dev

elop

ed r

easo

ns,

or a

co

mbi

nati

on o

f th

ese.

U

p to

the

tot

al m

ark

allo

cati

on f

or t

his

ques

tion

:

• 1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch

accu

rate

rel

evan

t po

int

•

a se

cond

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r an

y re

ason

tha

t is

dev

elop

ed

Poss

ible

rea

sons

may

incl

ude:

• Cru

sade

rs u

sed

batt

erin

g ra

ms

to w

eake

n th

e ci

ty’s

def

ence

s

• Cru

sade

rs u

sed

sieg

e to

wer

s to

clim

b th

e ci

ty’s

wal

ls

• G

odfr

ey p

rovi

ded

stro

ng lea

ders

hip

in b

attl

e •

A C

rusa

der

killed

the

gua

rds

and

let

the

othe

r Cru

sade

rs in

•

The

Cru

sade

rs k

ille

d ev

eryo

ne ins

ide

the

city

: m

en,

wom

en a

nd c

hild

ren

•

Any

oth

er v

alid

rea

son

that

mee

ts t

he c

rite

ria

desc

ribe

d in

the

ge

nera

l mar

king

inst

ruct

ions

for

thi

s ki

nd o

f qu

esti

on (

see

colu

mn

to

left

)

4

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

a ju

dgem

ent

abou

t th

e ex

tent

to

whi

ch t

he s

ourc

e pr

ovid

es a

ful

l de

scri

ptio

n/ex

plan

atio

n of

a g

iven

eve

nt o

r de

velo

pmen

t.

Can

dida

tes

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

up t

o 3

mar

ks f

or t

heir

ide

ntif

icat

ion

of p

oint

s fr

om t

he s

ourc

e th

at s

uppo

rt t

heir

ju

dgem

ent.

Eac

h po

int

from

the

sou

rce

need

s to

be

inte

rpre

ted

rath

er t

han

sim

ply

copi

ed f

rom

the

sou

rce.

Can

dida

tes

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

up t

o 4

mar

ks f

or t

heir

ide

ntif

icat

ion

of p

oint

s of

sig

nifi

cant

om

issi

on,

base

d on

the

ir

own

know

ledg

e, t

hat

supp

ort

thei

r ju

dgem

ent.

A m

axim

um o

f 2

mar

ks m

ay b

e gi

ven

for

answ

ers

in w

hich

no

judg

emen

t ha

s be

en m

ade.

6Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

6m

ark

s.

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

an o

vera

ll j

udge

men

t ab

out

how

ful

ly t

he s

ourc

e ex

plai

ns t

he e

vent

s. 1

mar

k m

ay b

e gi

ven

for

each

val

id p

oint

int

erpr

eted

fro

m

the

sour

ce o

r ea

ch v

alid

poi

nt o

f si

gnif

ican

t om

issi

on p

rovi

ded.

The

can

dida

te

can

achi

eve

up t

o 3

mar

ks f

or t

heir

int

erpr

etat

ion

of t

he p

arts

of

the

sour

ce

they

con

side

r ar

e re

leva

nt in

term

s of

the

pro

pose

d qu

esti

on w

here

the

re is

also

at

leas

t on

e po

int

of s

igni

fica

nt o

mis

sion

ide

ntif

ied

to im

ply

a ju

dgem

ent

has

been

mad

e ab

out

the

lim

itat

ions

of

the

sour

ce.

For

full m

arks

to

be g

iven

, ea

ch p

oint

nee

ds t

o be

dis

cret

ely

men

tion

ed in

term

s of

the

que

stio

n.

A m

axim

um o

f 2

mar

ks m

ay b

e gi

ven

for

answ

ers

whi

ch r

efer

onl

y to

the

so

urce

. Po

ssib

le p

oint

s w

hich

may

be

iden

tifi

ed in

the

sou

rce

incl

ude:

•

Sala

din

was

ren

owne

d fo

r hi

s kn

ight

ly v

irtu

es

• Sa

ladi

n, k

now

ing

that

he

was

poo

rly

supp

lied

wit

h de

lica

cies

, se

nt h

im a

gi

ft o

f th

e ch

oice

st f

ruit

s of

the

lan

d •

Sala

din

sent

a f

ine

Ara

bian

ste

ed a

s a

pres

ent

for

his

riva

l

• In

volv

ed in

alm

ost

daily

com

bat

Page

53

Poss

ible

poi

nts

of s

igni

fica

nt o

mis

sion

may

incl

ude:

• H

e un

ited

and

led

the

Mus

lim

wor

ld

• In

118

7, h

e re

capt

ured

Jer

usal

em f

or t

he M

uslim

s af

ter

defe

atin

g th

e Ki

ng o

f Je

rusa

lem

at

the

Batt

le o

f H

atti

n •

Whe

n hi

s so

ldie

rs e

nter

ed t

he c

ity

of J

erus

alem

, th

ey w

ere

not

allo

wed

to

kill ci

vilian

s, r

ob p

eopl

e or

dam

age

the

city

•

At

Acr

e, S

alad

in a

gree

d to

pay

a r

anso

m f

or t

he p

eopl

e bu

t so

meh

ow

ther

e w

as a

bre

akdo

wn

in t

he p

roce

ss o

f pa

ymen

t an

d Ric

hard

ord

ered

th

eir

exec

utio

n •

Sala

din

lost

at

the

Batt

le o

f Ars

ur in

Sept

embe

r 11

91

• Sa

ladi

n ag

reed

a t

ruce

for

pilgr

ims

from

the

wes

t to

be

allo

wed

to

visi

t Je

rusa

lem

wit

hout

bei

ng t

roub

led

by t

he M

uslim

s •

Sala

din

was

a g

ood

nego

tiat

or -

he

refu

sed

the

Cru

sade

rs’

requ

est

to

keep

Asc

alon

•

He

was

res

pect

ed b

y ot

her

Mus

lim

lea

ders

•

He

neve

r w

ent

back

on

a pr

omis

e •

Any

oth

er v

alid

poi

nt o

f ex

plan

atio

n th

at m

eets

the

cri

teri

a de

scri

bed

in t

he g

ener

al m

arki

ng in

stru

ctio

ns f

or t

his

kind

of

ques

tion

(se

e co

lum

n to

left

)

Page

54

Sect

ion

3, P

art

B Q

uest

ion

Gen

eral

Mar

king

Inst

ruct

ions

for

thi

s ty

pe o

f qu

esti

on

Max

m

ark

Spec

ific

Mar

king

Inst

ruct

ions

for

thi

s qu

esti

on

1

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

a nu

mbe

r of

po

ints

tha

t m

ake

the

issu

e pl

ain

or

clea

r, f

or e

xam

ple

by s

how

ing

conn

ecti

ons

betw

een

fact

ors

or c

ausa

l re

lati

onsh

ips

betw

een

even

ts o

r id

eas.

The

se s

houl

d be

key

rea

sons

and

may

in

clud

e th

eore

tica

l id

eas.

The

re is

no

need

for

any

eva

luat

ion

or p

rior

itis

ing

of

thes

e re

ason

s.

Can

dida

tes

may

pro

vide

a n

umbe

r of

st

raig

htfo

rwar

d re

ason

s, a

sm

alle

r nu

mbe

r of

dev

elop

ed r

easo

ns,

or a

co

mbi

nati

on o

f th

ese.

U

p to

the

tot

al m

ark

allo

cati

on f

or t

his

ques

tion

:

• 1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch

accu

rate

rel

evan

t po

int

•

a se

cond

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r an

y re

ason

tha

t is

dev

elop

ed

5Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

5 m

ark

s.

Cand

idat

es m

ust

show

a c

ausa

l rel

atio

nshi

p be

twee

n ev

ents

.

Up

to a

max

imum

of

5 m

arks

in t

otal

, 1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r

each

acc

urat

e, r

elev

ant

reas

on,

and

a se

cond

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r re

ason

s th

at a

re d

evel

oped

. Can

dida

tes

may

ach

ieve

ful

l m

arks

by

prov

idin

g fi

ve s

trai

ghtf

orw

ard

reas

ons,

thr

ee d

evel

oped

rea

sons

, or

a

com

bina

tion

of

thes

e.

Poss

ible

rea

sons

may

incl

ude:

•

Brit

ain

had

insi

sted

on

keep

ing

troo

ps in

Am

eric

a af

ter

the

Fren

ch w

ar

• The

Bri

tish

had

wan

ted

the

Am

eric

ans

to p

ay f

or t

heir

ow

n de

fenc

e/th

e Q

uart

erin

g Act

mea

nt t

hey

had

to b

ille

t Br

itis

h so

ldie

rs

• G

renv

ille

had

int

rodu

ced

mea

sure

s af

ter

the

war

to

rais

e re

venu

e,

eg t

he S

ugar

Act

and

the

Sta

mp

Dut

y Act

whi

ch w

ere

rese

nted

•

Brit

ain

was

tax

ing

the

colo

nist

s w

itho

ut g

ivin

g th

em r

epre

sent

atio

n

• The

Bri

tish

had

att

empt

ed t

o pr

even

t th

e Am

eric

ans

mov

ing

wes

t

• G

eorg

e III

was

a t

yran

t, r

ulin

g fr

om 3

,000

mile

s aw

ay,

who

did

not

un

ders

tand

the

col

onis

ts

• A

ny o

ther

val

id r

easo

n th

at m

eets

the

cri

teri

a de

scri

bed

in t

he

gene

ral m

arki

ng in

stru

ctio

ns f

or t

his

kind

of

ques

tion

(se

e co

lum

n to

le

ft)

2

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

a ju

dgem

ent

abou

t th

e ex

tent

to

whi

ch t

he s

ourc

e pr

ovid

es a

ful

l de

scri

ptio

n/ e

xpla

nati

on

of a

giv

en e

vent

or

deve

lopm

ent.

6Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

6m

ark

s.

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

an o

vera

ll j

udge

men

t ab

out

how

ful

ly t

he s

ourc

e ex

plai

ns t

he e

vent

s. 1

mar

k m

ay b

e gi

ven

for

each

val

id p

oint

int

erpr

eted

fro

m

the

sour

ce o

r ea

ch v

alid

poi

nt o

f si

gnif

ican

t om

issi

on p

rovi

ded.

The

can

dida

te

Page

55

Can

dida

tes

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

up t

o 3

mar

ks f

or t

heir

ide

ntif

icat

ion

of p

oint

s fr

om t

he s

ourc

e th

at s

uppo

rt t

heir

ju

dgem

ent.

Eac

h po

int

from

the

sou

rce

need

s to

be

inte

rpre

ted

rath

er t

han

sim

ply

copi

ed f

rom

the

sou

rce.

Can

dida

tes

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

up t

o 4

mar

ks f

or t

heir

ide

ntif

icat

ion

of p

oint

s of

sig

nifi

cant

om

issi

on,

base

d on

the

ir

own

know

ledg

e, t

hat

supp

ort

thei

r ju

dgem

ent.

A m

axim

um o

f 2

mar

ks m

ay b

e gi

ven

for

answ

ers

in w

hich

no

judg

emen

t ha

s be

en m

ade.

can

achi

eve

up t

o 3

mar

ksfo

r th

eir

inte

rpre

tati

on o

f th

e pa

rts

of t

he s

ourc

e th

ey c

onsi

der

are

rele

vant

in

term

s of

the

pro

pose

d qu

esti

on w

here

the

re is

also

at

leas

t on

e po

int

of s

igni

fica

nt o

mis

sion

ide

ntif

ied

to im

ply

a ju

dgem

ent

has

been

mad

e ab

out

the

lim

itat

ions

of

the

sour

ce.

For

full m

arks

to

be g

iven

, ea

ch p

oint

nee

ds t

o be

dis

cret

ely

men

tion

ed in

term

s of

the

que

stio

n.

A m

axim

um o

f 2

mar

ks m

ay b

e gi

ven

for

answ

ers

whi

ch r

efer

onl

y to

the

so

urce

. Po

ssib

le p

oint

s w

hich

may

be

iden

tifi

ed in

the

sou

rce

incl

ude:

•

The

Rev

olut

iona

ry W

ar w

as w

aged

by

smal

l ar

mie

s •

Led

by ine

ffic

ient

, ev

en inc

ompe

tent

, co

mm

ande

rs w

ho f

ough

t m

uddl

ed

cam

paig

ns

• The

men

gat

heri

ng in

Bost

on w

ere

enth

usia

stic

but

bad

ly a

rmed

and

la

ckin

g su

pplies

•

Mos

t m

en w

ere

part

-tim

e an

d se

rved

for

onl

y a

few

mon

ths

Poss

ible

poi

nts

of s

igni

fica

nt o

mis

sion

may

incl

ude:

•

The

y w

ere

badl

y ar

med

and

lac

ked

supp

lies

. •

Man

y Am

eric

an o

ffic

ers

lack

ed t

rain

ing

in t

he d

iffe

rent

typ

es o

f w

arfa

re

• W

ere

shor

t of

art

ille

ry a

nd c

aval

ry;

man

y di

d no

t ha

ve a

uni

form

•

Any

oth

er v

alid

poi

nt o

f ex

plan

atio

n th

at m

eets

the

cri

teri

a de

scri

bed

in t

he g

ener

al m

arki

ng in

stru

ctio

ns f

or t

his

kind

of

ques

tion

(se

e co

lum

n to

left

)

3

Can

dida

tes

mus

t in

terp

ret

evid

ence

and

m

ake

dire

ct c

ompa

riso

ns b

etw

een

sour

ces.

Can

dida

tes

are

expe

cted

to

com

pare

con

tent

dir

ectl

y on

a p

oint

-by-

poin

t ba

sis.

The

y m

ay c

ompa

re t

he

deta

ils

in t

he s

ourc

es a

nd/o

r co

mpa

re

the

view

poin

ts o

vera

ll.

Up

to t

he t

otal

mar

k al

loca

tion

for

thi

s

4Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

4 m

ark

s.

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

dire

ct c

ompa

riso

ns o

f th

e tw

o so

urce

s, e

ithe

r ov

eral

l or

in

det

ail.

A s

impl

e co

mpa

riso

n w

ill in

dica

te w

hat

poin

ts o

f de

tail o

r ov

eral

l vi

ewpo

int

they

agr

ee o

r di

sagr

ee a

bout

and

sho

uld

be g

iven

1 m

ark.

A d

evel

oped

com

pari

son

of t

he p

oint

s of

det

ail or

ove

rall v

iew

poin

t sh

ould

be

give

n 2

mar

ks.

Can

dida

tes

may

ach

ieve

ful

l m

arks

by

mak

ing

four

sim

ple

com

pari

sons

, tw

o de

velo

ped

com

pari

sons

, or

by

a co

mbi

nati

on o

f th

ese.

Po

ssib

le p

oint

s of

com

pari

son

may

incl

ude:

Page

56

ques

tion

:

• 1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch

sim

ple

poin

t of

com

pari

son

•

a se

cond

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n to

ea

ch d

evel

oped

poi

nt o

f co

mpa

riso

n

Can

dida

tes

may

ach

ieve

ful

l m

arks

by

mak

ing

four

sim

ple

com

pari

sons

, tw

o de

velo

ped

com

pari

sons

, or

by

a co

mbi

nati

on o

f th

ese.

Sour

ce B

Sour

ce C

Ove

rall:

Agr

ee t

hat

the

Brit

ish

defe

at

was

the

ir o

wn

faul

t Cor

nwal

lis

was

def

eate

d by

a

com

bina

tion

of

diff

icul

t ci

rcum

stan

ces

Cor

nwal

lis

mad

e so

me

basi

c er

rors

Cor

nwal

lis

mov

ed int

o Vir

gini

a an

d be

gan

to b

uild

a b

ase

at Y

orkt

own

Cor

nwal

lis

set

up c

amp

at Y

orkt

own

In 1

781,

by

late

sum

mer

, Cor

nwal

lis’

s po

siti

on a

t Yo

rkto

wn

was

de

teri

orat

ing

fast

In A

ugus

t 17

81,

but

this

tur

ned

out

to b

e a

poor

pos

itio

n

Am

eric

an f

orce

s pr

even

ted

him

fro

m

mov

ing

inla

nd

Am

eric

an t

roop

s m

oved

qui

ckly

to

surr

ound

him

and

kee

p hi

m t

here

4

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

a nu

mbe

r of

re

leva

nt,

fact

ual po

ints

. The

se s

houl

d be

key

poi

nts.

The

poi

nts

do n

ot n

eed

to

be in

any

part

icul

ar o

rder

.

Can

dida

tes

may

pro

vide

a n

umbe

r of

st

raig

htfo

rwar

d po

ints

or

a sm

alle

r nu

mbe

r of

dev

elop

ed p

oint

s, o

r a

com

bina

tion

of

thes

e.

Up

to t

he t

otal

mar

k al

loca

tion

for

thi

s

5Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

5 m

ark

s.

The

y m

ay t

ake

diff

eren

t pe

rspe

ctiv

es o

n th

e ev

ents

and

may

des

crib

e a

vari

ety

of d

iffe

rent

asp

ects

of

the

even

ts.

O

ne m

ark

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

for

each

acc

urat

e re

leva

nt k

ey p

oint

of

know

ledg

e. A

sec

ond

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch p

oint

tha

t is

de

velo

ped,

up

to a

max

imum

of

5 m

arks

. Can

dida

tes

may

ach

ieve

ful

l m

arks

by

prov

idin

g fi

ve s

trai

ghtf

orw

ard

poin

ts,

by m

akin

g th

ree

deve

lope

d po

ints

or

a co

mbi

nati

on o

f th

ese.

Po

ssib

le p

oint

s of

kno

wle

dge

may

incl

ude:

Page

57

ques

tion

:

• 1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch

accu

rate

rel

evan

t po

int

of

know

ledg

e •

a se

cond

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r an

y po

int

that

is

deve

lope

d

• Cap

ture

of

1,00

0 Br

itis

h on

26

Dec

embe

r 17

76 a

t Tre

nton

• G

ener

al H

owe

send

s Cor

nwal

lis

wit

h 5,

000

men

to

take

rev

enge

•

Cor

nwal

lis

post

pone

s at

tack

and

allow

s W

ashi

ngto

n’s

arm

y to

esc

ape

• Po

or lea

ders

hip/

tact

ics

of B

riti

sh f

orce

s du

ring

177

7 •

Lack

of

com

mun

icat

ion

betw

een

the

Brit

ish

arm

ies

• O

verc

onfi

denc

e of

Gen

eral

Bur

goyn

e •

Nat

ive

Am

eric

ans

dese

rt t

he B

riti

sh

• D

efea

t of

Bur

goyn

e’s

forc

es a

t Sa

rato

ga

• Su

rren

der

of 6

,000

men

and

30

cann

on

• A

ny o

ther

rel

evan

t fa

ctua

l key

poi

nt o

f kn

owle

dge

that

mee

ts t

he

crit

eria

des

crib

ed in

the

gen

eral

mar

king

inst

ruct

ions

for

thi

s ki

nd o

f qu

esti

on (

see

colu

mn

to le

ft)

Page

58

Sect

ion

3, P

art

C Q

uest

ion

Gen

eral

Mar

king

Inst

ruct

ions

for

thi

s ty

pe o

f qu

esti

on

Max

m

ark

Spec

ific

Mar

king

Inst

ruct

ions

for

thi

s qu

esti

on

1

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

a nu

mbe

r of

re

leva

nt,

fact

ual po

ints

. The

se s

houl

d be

key

poi

nts.

The

poi

nts

do n

ot n

eed

to

be in

any

part

icul

ar o

rder

. Can

dida

tes

may

pro

vide

a n

umbe

r of

st

raig

htfo

rwar

d po

ints

or

a sm

alle

r nu

mbe

r of

dev

elop

ed p

oint

s, o

r a

com

bina

tion

of

thes

e.

Up

to t

he t

otal

mar

k al

loca

tion

for

thi

s qu

esti

on:

• 1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch

accu

rate

rel

evan

t po

int

of

know

ledg

e

• a

seco

nd m

ark

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

for

any

poin

t th

at is

deve

lope

d

5Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

5 m

ark

s.

The

y m

ay t

ake

diff

eren

t pe

rspe

ctiv

es o

n th

e ev

ents

and

may

des

crib

e a

vari

ety

of d

iffe

rent

asp

ects

of

the

even

ts.

1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch a

ccur

ate

rele

vant

key

poi

nt o

f kn

owle

dge.

A s

econ

d m

ark

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

for

each

poi

nt t

hat

is

deve

lope

d, u

p to

a m

axim

um o

f 5

mar

ks.

Can

dida

tes

may

ach

ieve

ful

l m

arks

by

prov

idin

g fi

ve s

trai

ghtf

orw

ard

poin

ts,

by m

akin

g th

ree

deve

lope

d po

ints

, or

a c

ombi

nati

on o

f th

ese.

Po

ssib

le p

oint

s of

kno

wle

dge

may

incl

ude:

•

Nat

ive

Am

eric

ans

wan

ted

free

dom

to

roam

/hun

t; w

hite

Am

eric

ans

wan

ted

to f

arm

•

Tre

aty

wit

h th

e N

ativ

e Am

eric

ans

brok

en:

felt

bet

raye

d du

e to

bro

ken

prom

ises

•

Gra

nts

to e

ncou

rage

gol

d pr

ospe

ctin

g al

arm

ed N

ativ

e Am

eric

ans

(Col

orad

o &

Mon

tana

in

1858

/the

Bla

ck H

ills

in

1874

) •

Sacr

ed lan

d ha

d to

be

prot

ecte

d by

the

Nat

ive

Am

eric

ans

• M

any

whi

te A

mer

ican

s fa

vour

ed s

etti

ng u

p re

serv

atio

ns b

ut N

ativ

e Am

eric

ans

obje

cted

to

rese

rvat

ion

life

•

Hun

ting

gro

unds

dis

turb

ed b

y se

ttle

rs a

nd m

iner

s cr

ossi

ng N

ativ

e Am

eric

an t

erri

tory

on

the

way

to

Cal

ifor

nia

and

Ore

gon

• Is

sue

of b

uffa

lo b

roug

ht f

urth

er c

onfl

ict

•

Dev

elop

men

t of

the

rai

lway

s •

Cla

sh o

f cu

ltur

es:

man

y w

hite

Am

eric

ans

saw

Nat

ive

Am

eric

ans

as

sava

ges/

infe

rior

•

Dec

line

in

Nat

ive

Am

eric

an p

opul

atio

n: s

ome

Nat

ive

Am

eric

an t

ribe

s

wer

e w

iped

out

•

Whi

te/N

ativ

e Am

eric

an t

ensi

on led

to

atro

citi

es/m

assa

cres

/war

s, e

g Ba

ttle

of

Litt

le B

ig H

orn

Page

59

• A

ny o

ther

rel

evan

t fa

ctua

l key

poi

nt o

f kn

owle

dge

that

mee

ts t

he

crit

eria

des

crib

ed in

the

gen

eral

mar

king

inst

ruct

ions

for

thi

s ki

nd o

f qu

esti

on (

see

colu

mn

to le

ft)

2

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

a ju

dgem

ent

abou

t th

e ex

tent

to

whi

ch t

he s

ourc

e pr

ovid

es a

ful

l de

scri

ptio

n/ex

plan

atio

n of

a g

iven

eve

nt o

r de

velo

pmen

t.

Can

dida

tes

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

up t

o 3

mar

ks f

or t

heir

ide

ntif

icat

ion

of p

oint

s fr

om t

he s

ourc

e th

at s

uppo

rt t

heir

ju

dgem

ent.

Eac

h po

int

from

the

sou

rce

need

s to

be

inte

rpre

ted

rath

er t

han

sim

ply

copi

ed f

rom

the

sou

rce.

Can

dida

tes

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

up t

o 4

mar

ks f

or t

heir

ide

ntif

icat

ion

of p

oint

s of

sig

nifi

cant

om

issi

on,

base

d on

the

ir

own

know

ledg

e, t

hat

supp

ort

thei

r ju

dgem

ent.

A m

axim

um o

f 2

mar

ks m

ay b

e gi

ven

for

answ

ers

in w

hich

no

judg

emen

t ha

s be

en m

ade.

6Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

6m

ark

s.

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

an o

vera

ll j

udge

men

t ab

out

how

ful

ly t

he s

ourc

e ex

plai

ns t

he e

vent

s. 1

mar

k m

ay b

e gi

ven

for

each

val

id p

oint

int

erpr

eted

fro

m

the

sour

ce o

r ea

ch v

alid

poi

nt o

f si

gnif

ican

t om

issi

on p

rovi

ded.

The

can

dida

te

can

achi

eve

up t

o 3

mar

ks f

or t

heir

int

erpr

etat

ion

of t

he p

arts

of

the

sour

ce

they

con

side

r ar

e re

leva

nt in

term

s of

the

pro

pose

d qu

esti

on w

here

the

re is

also

at

leas

t on

e po

int

of s

igni

fica

nt o

mis

sion

ide

ntif

ied

to im

ply

a ju

dgem

ent

has

been

mad

e ab

out

the

lim

itat

ions

of

the

sour

ce.

For

full m

arks

to

be g

iven

, ea

ch p

oint

nee

ds t

o be

dis

cret

ely

men

tion

ed in

term

s of

the

que

stio

n.

A m

axim

um o

f 2

mar

ks m

ay b

e gi

ven

for

answ

ers

whi

ch r

efer

onl

y to

the

so

urce

. Po

ssib

le p

oint

s w

hich

may

be

iden

tifi

ed in

the

sou

rce

incl

ude:

•

The

Com

prom

ise

of 1

850

was

cre

ated

by

Hen

ry C

lay

and

othe

rs t

o de

al

wit

h th

e ba

lanc

e be

twee

n sl

ave

and

free

sta

tes

• The

Kan

sas-

Neb

rask

a Act

of

1854

•

The

rea

l is

sue

occu

rred

in

Kans

as w

here

pro

-sla

very

peo

ple

of M

isso

uri

bega

n to

pou

r in

to t

he s

tate

to

help

for

ce it

to b

e sl

ave

• The

fig

ht e

ven

erup

ted

on t

he f

loor

of

the

Sena

te w

hen

anti

-sla

very

ca

mpa

igne

r Cha

rles

Sum

ner

was

bea

t ov

er t

he h

ead

by S

outh

Car

olin

a's

Sena

tor,

Pre

ston

Bro

oks

Po

ssib

le p

oint

s of

sig

nifi

cant

om

issi

on m

ay in

clud

e:

• N

orth

-Sou

th D

ivid

e: N

orth

ern

stat

es o

ppos

ed t

o sl

aver

y/So

uthe

rn s

tate

s in

fa

vour

of

slav

ery

• So

uth

saw

sla

very

as

cent

ral to

its

way

of

life

/jus

tifi

ed u

se o

f sl

aves

•

Slav

ery

perc

eive

d as

a m

oral

goo

d/ne

cess

ary

evil b

y So

uthe

rner

s •

Hor

ror

of s

lave

lif

e (U

ncle

Tom

’s C

abin

) in

tens

ifie

d se

ctio

nal fe

elin

g •

Nor

ther

n an

ti-s

lave

ry p

ropa

gand

a in

flam

ed S

outh

Page

60

• So

uth

was

ala

rmed

by

elec

tion

of

Linc

oln

who

wan

ted

to h

alt

spre

ad o

f sl

aver

y •

Back

grou

nd t

o sl

aver

y is

sues

pla

yed

a pa

rt in

divi

ding

the

nat

ion

(Fug

itiv

e St

ate

Law

s, D

red

Scot

t ca

se,

[185

7],

John

Bro

wn’

s Rai

d [1

859]

)

• Fa

nati

cal le

ader

s on

eit

her

side

who

wer

e un

willing

to

com

prom

ise

•

Sout

h fe

arfu

l of

mod

erni

sati

on a

nd m

ovem

ent

of p

eopl

e to

the

Nor

th

• The

Con

fede

rate

att

ack

on F

ort

Sum

ter

forc

ed L

inco

ln’s

han

d •

Any

oth

er v

alid

rea

son

that

mee

ts t

he c

rite

ria

desc

ribe

d in

the

gen

eral

m

arki

ng in

stru

ctio

ns f

or t

his

kind

of

ques

tion

(se

e co

lum

n to

left

)

3

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

a nu

mbe

r of

po

ints

tha

t m

ake

the

issu

e pl

ain

or

clea

r, f

or e

xam

ple

by s

how

ing

conn

ecti

ons

betw

een

fact

ors

or c

ausa

l re

lati

onsh

ips

betw

een

even

ts o

r id

eas.

The

se s

houl

d be

key

rea

sons

and

may

in

clud

e th

eore

tica

l id

eas.

The

re is

no

need

for

any

eva

luat

ion

or p

rior

itis

ing

of

thes

e re

ason

s.

Can

dida

tes

may

pro

vide

a n

umbe

r of

st

raig

htfo

rwar

d re

ason

s, a

sm

alle

r nu

mbe

r of

dev

elop

ed r

easo

ns,

or a

co

mbi

nati

on o

f th

ese.

U

p to

the

tot

al m

ark

allo

cati

on f

or t

his

ques

tion

: •

1 m

ark

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

for

each

ac

cura

te r

elev

ant

poin

t

• a

seco

nd m

ark

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

for

any

reas

on t

hat

is d

evel

oped

5Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

5 m

ark

s.

Cand

idat

es m

ust

show

a c

ausa

l rel

atio

nshi

p be

twee

n ev

ents

.

Up

to a

max

imum

of

5 m

arks

in t

otal

, 1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch

accu

rate

, re

leva

nt r

easo

n, a

nd a

sec

ond

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r re

ason

s th

at a

re d

evel

oped

. Can

dida

tes

may

ach

ieve

ful

l m

arks

by

prov

idin

g fi

ve s

trai

ghtf

orw

ard

reas

ons,

thr

ee d

evel

oped

rea

sons

, or

a

com

bina

tion

of

thes

e.

Poss

ible

rea

sons

may

incl

ude:

•

The

Nor

th h

ad a

lar

ger

and

supe

rior

num

ber

of f

orce

s an

d so

ldie

rs

• The

y w

ere

bett

er e

quip

ped

• The

y ha

d m

ore

econ

omic

lev

erag

e to

mai

ntai

n th

eir

forc

es

• M

oral

cau

se s

purr

ed t

hem

on

• Rol

e of

Gen

eral

Gra

nt w

as s

igni

fica

nt in

prov

idin

g be

tter

str

ateg

y •

Politi

cal le

ader

ship

of

Linc

oln

kept

a f

ocus

on

win

ning

the

war

•

Sout

h w

as d

isor

gani

sed:

inf

ight

ing

amon

g So

uthe

rn s

tate

s •

Any

oth

er v

alid

rea

son

that

mee

ts t

he c

rite

ria

desc

ribe

d in

the

ge

nera

l mar

king

inst

ruct

ions

for

thi

s ki

nd o

f qu

esti

on (

see

colu

mn

to

left

)

Page

61

4

Can

dida

tes

mus

t in

terp

ret

evid

ence

and

m

ake

dire

ct c

ompa

riso

ns b

etw

een

sour

ces.

Can

dida

tes

are

expe

cted

to

com

pare

con

tent

dir

ectl

y on

a p

oint

-by-

poin

t ba

sis.

The

y m

ay c

ompa

re t

he

deta

ils

in t

he s

ourc

es a

nd/o

r co

mpa

re

the

view

poin

ts o

vera

ll.

Up

to t

he t

otal

mar

k al

loca

tion

for

thi

s qu

esti

on:

• 1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch

sim

ple

poin

t of

com

pari

son

•

a se

cond

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n to

ea

ch d

evel

oped

poi

nt o

f co

mpa

riso

n Can

dida

tes

may

ach

ieve

ful

l m

arks

by

mak

ing

four

sim

ple

com

pari

sons

, tw

o de

velo

ped

com

pari

sons

, or

by

a co

mbi

nati

on o

f th

ese.

4Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

4 m

ark

s.

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

dire

ct c

ompa

riso

ns o

f th

e tw

o so

urce

s, e

ithe

r ov

eral

l or

in

det

ail.

A s

impl

e co

mpa

riso

n w

ill in

dica

te w

hat

poin

ts o

f de

tail o

r ov

eral

l vi

ewpo

int

they

agr

ee o

r di

sagr

ee a

bout

and

sho

uld

be g

iven

1 m

ark.

A d

evel

oped

com

pari

son

of t

he p

oint

s of

det

ail or

ove

rall v

iew

poin

t sh

ould

be

give

n 2

mar

ks.

Can

dida

tes

may

ach

ieve

ful

l m

arks

by

mak

ing

four

sim

ple

com

pari

sons

, tw

o de

velo

ped

com

pari

sons

, or

by

a co

mbi

nati

on o

f th

ese.

Po

ssib

le p

oint

s of

com

pari

son

may

incl

ude:

So

urce

BSo

urce

CO

vera

ll:Agr

ee a

bout

the

bru

tality

by

whi

tes

and

lack

of

resi

stan

ce b

y bl

acks

Fa

ilur

e to

res

ist

due

to n

ot

unde

rsta

ndin

g w

hy t

his

was

hap

peni

ng

Rel

ucta

nt t

o re

sist

as

they

wan

ted

to b

e se

en a

s la

w-a

bidi

ng

Hos

tility

was

sho

wn

to t

he s

choo

l te

ache

rs lik

e m

e w

ho t

augh

t in

sch

ools

fo

r bl

acks

Tea

cher

s be

cam

e ke

y fi

gure

s so

th

ey w

ere

freq

uent

ly int

imid

ated

The

y w

ent

at n

ight

and

gav

e th

ese

war

ning

s The

se a

ttac

ks u

sual

ly t

ook

plac

e at

ni

ght

The

y w

ere

whi

ppin

g m

e M

utilat

ed a

nd m

urde

red

Page

62

Sect

ion

3, P

art

D

Que

stio

n G

ener

al M

arki

ng In

stru

ctio

ns f

or t

his

type

of

ques

tion

M

ax

mar

kSp

ecif

ic M

arki

ng In

stru

ctio

ns f

or t

his

ques

tion

1

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

a nu

mbe

r of

re

leva

nt,

fact

ual po

ints

. The

se s

houl

d be

key

poi

nts.

The

poi

nts

do n

ot n

eed

to

be in

any

part

icul

ar o

rder

. Can

dida

tes

may

pro

vide

a n

umbe

r of

st

raig

htfo

rwar

d po

ints

or

a sm

alle

r nu

mbe

r of

dev

elop

ed p

oint

s, o

r a

com

bina

tion

of

thes

e.

Up

to t

he t

otal

mar

k al

loca

tion

for

thi

s qu

esti

on:

• 1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch

accu

rate

rel

evan

t po

int

of

know

ledg

e •

a se

cond

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r an

y po

int

that

is

deve

lope

d

5Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

5 m

ark

s.

The

y m

ay t

ake

diff

eren

t pe

rspe

ctiv

es o

n th

e ev

ents

and

may

des

crib

e a

vari

ety

of d

iffe

rent

asp

ects

of

the

even

ts.

1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch a

ccur

ate

rele

vant

key

poi

nt o

f kn

owle

dge.

A s

econ

d m

ark

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

for

each

poi

nt t

hat

is

deve

lope

d, u

p to

a m

axim

um o

f 5

mar

ks.

Can

dida

tes

may

ach

ieve

ful

l m

arks

by

prov

idin

g fi

ve s

trai

ghtf

orw

ard

poin

ts,

by m

akin

g th

ree

deve

lope

d po

ints

, or

a c

ombi

nati

on o

f th

ese.

Po

ssib

le p

oint

s of

kno

wle

dge

may

incl

ude:

•

Spar

taci

st R

evol

t •

Politi

cal as

sass

inat

ions

•

Kapp

Put

sch

• Con

stit

utio

nal di

sagr

eem

ents

•

Stab

in

the

Back

myt

h •

Rea

ctio

ns t

o Ver

saille

s •

Any

oth

er r

elev

ant

fact

ual k

ey p

oint

of

know

ledg

e th

at m

eets

the

cr

iter

ia d

escr

ibed

in t

he g

ener

al m

arki

ng in

stru

ctio

ns f

or t

his

kind

of

ques

tion

(se

e co

lum

n to

left

)

2

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

a ju

dgem

ent

abou

t th

e ex

tent

to

whi

ch t

he s

ourc

e pr

ovid

es a

ful

l de

scri

ptio

n/ e

xpla

nati

on

of a

giv

en e

vent

or

deve

lopm

ent.

Can

dida

tes

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

up t

o 3

mar

ks f

or t

heir

ide

ntif

icat

ion

of p

oint

s fr

om t

he s

ourc

e th

at s

uppo

rt t

heir

6Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

6m

ark

s.

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

an o

vera

ll j

udge

men

t ab

out

how

ful

ly t

he s

ourc

e ex

plai

ns t

he e

vent

s. 1

mar

k m

ay b

e gi

ven

for

each

val

id p

oint

int

erpr

eted

fro

m

the

sour

ce o

r ea

ch v

alid

poi

nt o

f si

gnif

ican

t om

issi

on p

rovi

ded.

The

can

dida

te

can

achi

eve

up t

o 3

mar

ks f

or t

heir

int

erpr

etat

ion

of t

he p

arts

of

the

sour

ce

they

con

side

r ar

e re

leva

nt in

term

s of

the

pro

pose

d qu

esti

on w

here

the

re is

also

at

leas

t on

e po

int

of s

igni

fica

nt o

mis

sion

ide

ntif

ied

to im

ply

a ju

dgem

ent

Page

63

judg

emen

t. E

ach

poin

t fr

om t

he s

ourc

e ne

eds

to b

e in

terp

rete

d ra

ther

tha

n si

mpl

y co

pied

fro

m t

he s

ourc

e.

Can

dida

tes

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

up t

o 4

mar

ks f

or t

heir

ide

ntif

icat

ion

of p

oint

s of

sig

nifi

cant

om

issi

on,

base

d on

the

ir

own

know

ledg

e, t

hat

supp

ort

thei

r ju

dgem

ent.

A m

axim

um o

f 2

mar

ks m

ay b

e gi

ven

for

answ

ers

in w

hich

no

judg

emen

t ha

s be

en m

ade.

has

been

mad

e ab

out

the

lim

itat

ions

of

the

sour

ce.

For

full m

arks

to

be g

iven

, ea

ch p

oint

nee

ds t

o be

dis

cret

ely

men

tion

ed in

term

s of

the

que

stio

n.

A m

axim

um o

f 2

mar

ks m

ay b

e gi

ven

for

answ

ers

whi

ch r

efer

onl

y to

the

so

urce

. Po

ssib

le p

oint

s w

hich

may

be

iden

tifi

ed in

the

sou

rce

incl

ude:

•

On

Frid

ay a

fter

noon

s, w

orke

rs d

espe

rate

ly r

ushe

d to

the

nea

rest

sto

re,

whe

re a

que

ue h

ad a

lrea

dy f

orm

ed

• W

hen

you

arri

ved

a po

und

of s

ugar

cos

t tw

o m

illion

mar

ks b

ut,

by t

he

tim

e yo

ur t

urn

cam

e, y

ou c

ould

onl

y af

ford

a h

alf

poun

d •

In t

he c

haos

, pe

ople

pus

hed

pram

s lo

aded

wit

h m

oney

•

We

wer

e de

vast

ated

as

life

sav

ings

bec

ame

wor

thle

ss

Po

ssib

le p

oint

s of

sig

nifi

cant

om

issi

on m

ay in

clud

e:

• It

wip

ed o

ut p

ensi

ons

• It

cau

sed

a de

gree

of

psyc

holo

gica

l tr

aum

a in

the

nat

ion

• Ba

rter

ing

beca

me

com

mon

•

Peop

le p

refe

rred

dol

lars

as

a m

ore

stab

le c

urre

ncy

•

Deb

ts w

ere

wip

ed o

ut

• So

me

busi

ness

men

suc

h as

Sti

nnes

ben

efit

ed

• Bu

sine

sses

wen

t bu

st d

ue t

o la

ck o

f in

vest

men

t •

Incr

ease

d po

liti

cal ex

trem

ism

•

Mun

ich

Puts

ch

• A

ny o

ther

val

id p

oint

of

expl

anat

ion

that

mee

ts t

he c

rite

ria

desc

ribe

d in

the

gen

eral

mar

king

inst

ruct

ions

for

thi

s ki

nd o

f qu

esti

on (

see

colu

mn

to le

ft)

3

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

a nu

mbe

r of

po

ints

tha

t m

ake

the

issu

e pl

ain

or

clea

r, f

or e

xam

ple

by s

how

ing

conn

ecti

ons

betw

een

fact

ors

or c

ausa

l re

lati

onsh

ips

betw

een

even

ts o

r id

eas.

The

se s

houl

d be

key

rea

sons

and

may

5Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

5 m

ark

s.

Cand

idat

es m

ust

show

a c

ausa

l rel

atio

nshi

p be

twee

n ev

ents

.

Up

to a

max

imum

of

5 m

arks

in t

otal

, 1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch

accu

rate

, re

leva

nt r

easo

n, a

nd a

sec

ond

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r

Page

64

incl

ude

theo

reti

cal id

eas.

The

re is

no

need

for

any

eva

luat

ion

or p

rior

itis

ing

of

thes

e re

ason

s.

Can

dida

tes

may

pro

vide

a n

umbe

r of

st

raig

htfo

rwar

d re

ason

s, a

sm

alle

r nu

mbe

r of

dev

elop

ed r

easo

ns,

or a

co

mbi

nati

on o

f th

ese.

U

p to

the

tot

al m

ark

allo

cati

on f

or t

his

ques

tion

:

• 1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch

accu

rate

rel

evan

t po

int

•

a se

cond

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r an

y re

ason

tha

t is

dev

elop

ed

reas

ons

that

are

dev

elop

ed.

Can

dida

tes

may

ach

ieve

ful

l m

arks

by

prov

idin

g fi

ve s

trai

ghtf

orw

ard

reas

ons,

thr

ee d

evel

oped

rea

sons

, or

a

com

bina

tion

of

thes

e.

Poss

ible

rea

sons

may

incl

ude:

•

Wei

mar

bla

med

for

los

ing

Wor

ld W

ar O

ne/S

tab

in t

he B

ack

• Pr

opor

tion

al r

epre

sent

atio

n pr

oduc

ed w

eak

gove

rnm

ents

•

The

gov

ernm

ents

sho

wed

ina

bility

to

curb

ext

rem

ism

in

politi

cs

• Coa

liti

on g

over

nmen

ts lac

ked

auth

orit

y/se

emed

una

ble

to s

olve

pr

oble

ms

faci

ng G

erm

any

• W

eim

ar w

as b

lam

ed f

or e

cono

mic

har

dshi

ps:

Hyp

er-i

nfla

tion

/Dep

ress

ion

• Sq

uabb

ling

am

ong

politi

cian

s le

d to

peo

ple

losi

ng r

espe

ct f

or/f

aith

in

them

•

Hit

ler

prom

ised

str

ong,

dec

isiv

e le

ader

ship

•

Naz

i us

e of

pro

paga

nda,

eg

held

lar

ge p

ublic

mee

ting

s/pa

rade

s w

hich

ex

cite

d m

any

• U

se o

f in

tim

idat

ion/

viol

ence

whi

ch a

ttra

cted

man

y/in

tim

idat

ed o

ther

s •

Naz

i pr

ogra

mm

e: a

nti-

Ver

saille

s, a

nti-

Com

mun

ist,

ant

i-Je

ws

had

a gr

eat

deal

of

supp

ort

amon

g or

dina

ry G

erm

ans

• H

itle

r’s

prom

ises

: eg

pro

visi

on o

f jo

bs,

reun

ite

all G

erm

ans,

re-

milit

aris

atio

n •

The

use

of

politi

cal ta

ctic

s, e

g re

fusa

l to

joi

n co

alit

ion

gove

rnm

ents

al

low

ed H

itle

r to

out

flan

k hi

s op

pone

nts

• Su

cces

s in

ele

ctio

ns b

roug

ht g

reat

er p

ublici

ty/l

egit

imac

y/fi

nanc

ial

back

ing

• N

azis

gai

ned

wid

espr

ead

supp

ort

as t

hey

seem

ed t

o of

fer

som

ethi

ng t

o m

ost

grou

ps/c

lass

es in

Ger

man

y •

Any

oth

er v

alid

rea

son

that

mee

ts t

he c

rite

ria

desc

ribe

d in

the

ge

nera

l mar

king

inst

ruct

ions

for

thi

s ki

nd o

f qu

esti

on (

see

colu

mn

to

left

) 4

Can

dida

tes

mus

t in

terp

ret

evid

ence

and

m

ake

dire

ct c

ompa

riso

ns b

etw

een

sour

ces.

Can

dida

tes

are

expe

cted

to

com

pare

con

tent

dir

ectl

y on

a p

oint

by

poin

t ba

sis.

The

y m

ay c

ompa

re t

he

4Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

4 m

ark

s.

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

dire

ct c

ompa

riso

ns o

f th

e tw

o so

urce

s, e

ithe

r ov

eral

l or

in

det

ail.

A s

impl

e co

mpa

riso

n w

ill in

dica

te w

hat

poin

ts o

f de

tail o

r ov

eral

l vi

ewpo

int

they

agr

ee o

r di

sagr

ee a

bout

and

sho

uld

be g

iven

1 m

ark.

Page

65

deta

ils

in t

he s

ourc

es a

nd/o

r co

mpa

re

the

view

poin

ts o

vera

ll.

Up

to t

he t

otal

mar

k al

loca

tion

for

thi

s qu

esti

on:

• 1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch

sim

ple

poin

t of

com

pari

son

•

a se

cond

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n to

ea

ch d

evel

oped

poi

nt o

f co

mpa

riso

n

Can

dida

tes

may

ach

ieve

ful

l m

arks

by

mak

ing

four

sim

ple

com

pari

sons

, tw

o de

velo

ped

com

pari

sons

, or

by

a co

mbi

nati

on o

f th

ese.

A d

evel

oped

com

pari

son

of t

he p

oint

s of

det

ail or

ove

rall v

iew

poin

t sh

ould

be

give

n 2

mar

ks.

Can

dida

tes

may

ach

ieve

ful

l m

arks

by

mak

ing

four

sim

ple

com

pari

sons

, tw

o de

velo

ped

com

pari

sons

or

by a

com

bina

tion

of

thes

e.

Poss

ible

poi

nts

of c

ompa

riso

n m

ay in

clud

e:

Sour

ce B

Sour

ce C

Ove

rall:

Sour

ces

agre

e th

at H

itle

r ha

d pr

otec

ted

Ger

man

y fr

om a

se

riou

s th

reat

H

itle

r sa

ved

Ger

man

y fr

om t

he

para

milit

ary

thre

at

Hit

ler

save

d G

erm

any

Hit

ler’

s co

urag

e in

tak

ing

firm

ac

tion

has

mad

e hi

m a

her

o H

itle

r’s

pers

onal

pop

ular

ity

soar

ed

Sati

sfac

tion

tha

t H

itle

r ha

s ac

ted

W

elco

med

the

str

ong

acti

on a

gain

st it

Seri

ous

thre

at p

osed

by

Roh

m a

nd

the

SA t

o G

erm

any

and

her

peop

le

You

have

sav

ed t

he G

erm

an n

atio

n fr

om s

erio

us d

ange

r

Page

66

Sect

ion

3, P

art

E Q

uest

ion

Gen

eral

Mar

king

Inst

ruct

ions

for

thi

s ty

pe o

f qu

esti

on

Max

m

ark

Spec

ific

Mar

king

Inst

ruct

ions

for

thi

s qu

esti

on

1

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

a nu

mbe

r of

re

leva

nt,

fact

ual po

ints

. The

se s

houl

d be

key

poi

nts.

The

poi

nts

do n

ot n

eed

to

be in

any

part

icul

ar o

rder

. Can

dida

tes

may

pro

vide

a n

umbe

r of

st

raig

htfo

rwar

d po

ints

or

a sm

alle

r nu

mbe

r of

dev

elop

ed p

oint

s, o

r a

com

bina

tion

of

thes

e.

Up

to t

he t

otal

mar

k al

loca

tion

for

thi

s qu

esti

on:

• 1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch

accu

rate

rel

evan

t po

int

of

know

ledg

e

• a

seco

nd m

ark

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

for

any

poin

t th

at is

deve

lope

d

5Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

5 m

ark

s.

The

y m

ay t

ake

diff

eren

t pe

rspe

ctiv

es o

n th

e ev

ents

and

may

des

crib

e a

vari

ety

of d

iffe

rent

asp

ects

of

the

even

ts.

1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch a

ccur

ate

rele

vant

key

poi

nt o

f kn

owle

dge.

A s

econ

d m

ark

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

for

each

poi

nt t

hat

is

deve

lope

d, u

p to

a m

axim

um o

f 5

mar

ks.

Can

dida

tes

may

ach

ieve

ful

l m

arks

by

prov

idin

g fi

ve s

trai

ghtf

orw

ard

poin

ts,

by m

akin

g th

ree

deve

lope

d po

ints

or

a co

mbi

nati

on o

f th

ese.

Po

ssib

le p

oint

s of

kno

wle

dge

may

incl

ude:

•

Wag

es w

ere

low

and

wor

king

con

diti

ons

wer

e po

or

• W

orki

ng h

ours

wer

e ve

ry lon

g/12

-hou

r sh

ifts

•

Hig

h nu

mbe

r of

dea

ths

from

acc

iden

ts a

nd w

ork-

rela

ted

heal

th

prob

lem

s/po

or d

iet

•

Poor

liv

ing

cond

itio

ns/s

hare

d ro

oms

in t

enem

ent

bloc

ks/b

arra

ck-s

tyle

bu

ildi

ngs

next

to

fact

orie

s

• N

o pr

ivac

y or

pri

vate

spa

ce/s

hare

d be

ds o

ccup

ied

in s

hift

s/cu

rtai

ns in

plac

e of

wal

ls

• U

nder

sur

veill

ance

by

Okh

rana

/pol

ice

spie

s in

filt

rate

d th

e un

ions

•

The

peo

ple

did

not

have

ful

l vo

ting

rig

hts

•

Stri

kes/

prot

ests

oft

en p

ut d

own

by p

olic

e or

gov

ernm

ent

troo

ps,

eg

Bloo

dy S

unda

y, L

ena

Gol

dfie

lds

•

Food

sho

rtag

es

• A

ny o

ther

rel

evan

t fa

ctua

l key

poi

nt o

f kn

owle

dge

that

mee

ts t

he

crit

eria

des

crib

ed in

the

gen

eral

mar

king

inst

ruct

ions

for

thi

s ki

nd o

f qu

esti

on (

see

colu

mn

to le

ft)

Page

67

2

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

a ju

dgem

ent

abou

t th

e ex

tent

to

whi

ch t

he s

ourc

e pr

ovid

es a

ful

l de

scri

ptio

n/ex

plan

atio

n of

a g

iven

eve

nt o

r de

velo

pmen

t.

Can

dida

tes

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

up t

o 3

mar

ks f

or t

heir

ide

ntif

icat

ion

of p

oint

s fr

om t

he s

ourc

e th

at s

uppo

rt t

heir

ju

dgem

ent.

Eac

h po

int

from

the

sou

rce

need

s to

be

inte

rpre

ted

rath

er t

han

sim

ply

copi

ed f

rom

the

sou

rce.

Can

dida

tes

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

up t

o 4

mar

ks f

or t

heir

ide

ntif

icat

ion

of p

oint

s of

sig

nifi

cant

om

issi

on,

base

d on

the

ir

own

know

ledg

e, t

hat

supp

ort

thei

r ju

dgem

ent.

A m

axim

um o

f 2

mar

ks m

ay b

e gi

ven

for

answ

ers

in w

hich

no

judg

emen

t ha

s be

en m

ade.

6Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

6m

ark

s.

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

an o

vera

ll j

udge

men

t ab

out

how

ful

ly t

he s

ourc

e ex

plai

ns t

he e

vent

s. 1

mar

k m

ay b

e gi

ven

for

each

val

id p

oint

int

erpr

eted

fro

m

the

sour

ce o

r ea

ch v

alid

poi

nt o

f si

gnif

ican

t om

issi

on p

rovi

ded.

The

can

dida

te

can

achi

eve

up t

o 3

mar

ks f

or t

heir

int

erpr

etat

ion

of t

he p

arts

of

the

sour

ce

they

con

side

r ar

e re

leva

nt in

term

s of

the

pro

pose

d qu

esti

on w

here

the

re is

also

at

leas

t on

e po

int

of s

igni

fica

nt o

mis

sion

ide

ntif

ied

to im

ply

a ju

dgem

ent

has

been

mad

e ab

out

the

lim

itat

ions

of

the

sour

ce.

For

full m

arks

to

be g

iven

, ea

ch p

oint

nee

ds t

o be

dis

cret

ely

men

tion

ed in

term

s of

the

que

stio

n.

A m

axim

um o

f 2

mar

ks m

ay b

e gi

ven

for

answ

ers

whi

ch r

efer

onl

y to

the

so

urce

. Po

ssib

le p

oint

s w

hich

may

be

iden

tifi

ed in

the

sou

rce

incl

ude:

•

By 1

905

ther

e w

as a

gro

win

g de

sire

to

over

thro

w t

he r

epre

ssiv

e go

vern

men

t of

Nic

hola

s II

• The

re w

as a

gre

at d

eal of

pov

erty

in

the

citi

es a

nd t

he c

ount

rysi

de

• The

rev

olut

iona

ry m

ovem

ent

gain

ed s

tren

gth

follow

ing

Rus

sia’

s hu

milia

ting

de

feat

by

Japa

n

• Rev

olut

iona

ry g

roup

s be

cam

e m

uch

mor

e or

gani

sed

Po

ssib

le p

oint

s of

sig

nifi

cant

om

issi

on m

ay in

clud

e:

• Im

pact

of

Bloo

dy S

unda

y w

hich

ang

ered

peo

ple

• Sh

orta

ges

of f

ood

and

fuel

mad

e pe

ople

des

pera

te

• H

igh

unem

ploy

men

t ca

used

dis

tres

s •

Dis

cont

ent

in t

he a

rmed

for

ces

was

inc

reas

ing.

•

Any

oth

er v

alid

poi

nt o

f ex

plan

atio

n th

at m

eets

the

cri

teri

a de

scri

bed

in

the

gene

ral m

arki

ng in

stru

ctio

ns f

or t

his

kind

of

ques

tion

(se

e co

lum

n to

le

ft)

Page

68

3

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

a nu

mbe

r of

po

ints

tha

t m

ake

the

issu

e pl

ain

or

clea

r, f

or e

xam

ple

by s

how

ing

conn

ecti

ons

betw

een

fact

ors

or c

ausa

l re

lati

onsh

ips

betw

een

even

ts o

r id

eas.

The

se s

houl

d be

key

rea

sons

and

may

in

clud

e th

eore

tica

l id

eas.

The

re is

no

need

for

any

eva

luat

ion

or p

rior

itis

ing

of

thes

e re

ason

s.

Can

dida

tes

may

pro

vide

a n

umbe

r of

st

raig

htfo

rwar

d re

ason

s, a

sm

alle

r nu

mbe

r of

dev

elop

ed r

easo

ns,

or a

co

mbi

nati

on o

f th

ese.

U

p to

the

tot

al m

ark

allo

cati

on f

or t

his

ques

tion

:

• 1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch

accu

rate

rel

evan

t po

int

•

a se

cond

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r an

y re

ason

tha

t is

dev

elop

ed

5Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

5 m

ark

s.

Cand

idat

es m

ust

show

a c

ausa

l rel

atio

nshi

p be

twee

n ev

ents

.

Up

to a

max

imum

of

5 m

arks

in t

otal

, 1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch

accu

rate

, re

leva

nt r

easo

n, a

nd a

sec

ond

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r re

ason

s th

at a

re d

evel

oped

. Can

dida

tes

may

ach

ieve

ful

l m

arks

by

prov

idin

g fi

ve s

trai

ghtf

orw

ard

reas

ons,

thr

ee d

evel

oped

rea

sons

, or

a

com

bina

tion

of

thes

e.

Poss

ible

rea

sons

may

incl

ude:

•

The

Pro

visi

onal

Gov

ernm

ent

lack

ed leg

itim

ate

auth

orit

y to

rul

e Rus

sia

• It

had

tak

en t

oo lon

g to

org

anis

e de

moc

rati

c el

ecti

ons

• It

had

nee

ded

othe

rs’

help

to

defe

at t

he K

orni

lov

Cou

p •

It f

aile

d to

sol

ve k

ey p

robl

ems:

foo

d sh

orta

ges/

risi

ng p

rice

s/un

empl

oym

ent

• The

Pro

visi

onal

Gov

ernm

ent

lost

pop

ular

ity

as it

cont

inue

d th

e w

ar a

nd

failu

re t

o de

liver

ref

orm

s in

lan

d ow

ners

hip

and

wor

king

con

diti

ons

• Ke

rens

ky a

nd t

he P

rovi

sion

al G

over

nmen

t w

ere

seen

as

wea

k/w

ere

take

n by

su

rpri

se a

t Bo

lshe

vik

grow

th

• BU

T th

e fa

ilur

e of

the

Jul

y D

ays

stre

ngth

ened

the

Pro

visi

onal

Gov

ernm

ent

• Bo

lshe

vik

prop

agan

da w

as s

ucce

ssfu

l in

put

ting

ove

r it

s po

lici

es

• The

y pr

omis

ed a

n en

d to

war

, gi

ve lan

d to

the

pea

sant

s, f

ood

to t

he w

orke

rs

and

an e

nd t

o ru

le b

y th

e ri

ch

• Le

nin

and

the

Bols

hevi

ks a

ppea

led

by b

eing

str

ong

and

orga

nise

d •

The

Bol

shev

iks

had

wea

pons

(no

t ha

nded

bac

k) a

fter

the

Kor

nilo

v re

volt

•

The

Bol

shev

iks

had

grea

t su

ppor

t fr

om t

he ind

ustr

ial w

orke

rs in

Petr

ogra

d/M

osco

w a

nd g

aine

d co

ntro

l of

the

loc

al S

ovie

ts

• The

Bol

shev

iks

had

som

e m

ilit

ary

supp

ort

to b

e ab

le t

o se

ize

key

poin

ts in

Petr

ogra

d •

Ret

urn

of B

olsh

evik

exi

les/

pris

oner

s in

crea

sed

revo

luti

onar

y fe

rvou

r •

Any

oth

er v

alid

rea

son

that

mee

ts t

he c

rite

ria

desc

ribe

d in

the

gen

eral

m

arki

ng in

stru

ctio

ns f

or t

his

kind

of

ques

tion

(se

e co

lum

n to

left

)

Page

69

4

Can

dida

tes

mus

t in

terp

ret

evid

ence

and

m

ake

dire

ct c

ompa

riso

ns b

etw

een

sour

ces.

Can

dida

tes

are

expe

cted

to

com

pare

con

tent

dir

ectl

y on

a p

oint

by

poin

t ba

sis.

The

y m

ay c

ompa

re t

he

deta

ils

in t

he s

ourc

es a

nd/o

r co

mpa

re

the

view

poin

ts o

vera

ll.

Up

to t

he t

otal

mar

k al

loca

tion

for

thi

s qu

esti

on:

• 1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch

sim

ple

poin

t of

com

pari

son

•

a se

cond

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n to

ea

ch d

evel

oped

poi

nt o

f co

mpa

riso

n Can

dida

tes

may

ach

ieve

ful

l m

arks

by

mak

ing

four

sim

ple

com

pari

sons

, tw

o de

velo

ped

com

pari

sons

, or

by

a co

mbi

nati

on o

f th

ese.

4Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

4 m

ark

s.

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

dire

ct c

ompa

riso

ns o

f th

e tw

o so

urce

s, e

ithe

r ov

eral

l or

in

det

ail.

A s

impl

e co

mpa

riso

n w

ill in

dica

te w

hat

poin

ts o

f de

tail o

r ov

eral

l vi

ewpo

int

they

agr

ee o

r di

sagr

ee a

bout

and

sho

uld

be g

iven

1 m

ark.

A

deve

lope

d co

mpa

riso

n of

the

poi

nts

of d

etai

l or

ove

rall v

iew

poin

t sh

ould

be

give

n 2

mar

ks.

Can

dida

tes

may

ach

ieve

ful

l m

arks

by

mak

ing

four

sim

ple

com

pari

sons

, tw

o de

velo

ped

com

pari

sons

, or

by

a co

mbi

nati

on o

f th

ese.

Po

ssib

le p

oint

s of

com

pari

son

may

incl

ude:

So

urce

BSo

urce

CO

vera

ll:So

urce

s di

sagr

ee a

bout

the

na

ture

of

Tro

tsky

’s lea

ders

hip.

Tro

tsky

was

a g

reat

lea

der

Tro

tsky

was

rut

hles

s

He

was

an

insp

irat

iona

l le

ader

A r

uthl

ess

lead

er w

ho u

sed

stri

ct

disc

iplin

e

He

mad

e ro

usin

g sp

eech

es t

o th

e tr

oops

an

d ra

ised

mor

ale

Whe

n 20

0 so

ldie

rs d

eser

ted

at

Svya

zhsk

, Tro

tsky

arr

ived

and

or

dere

d th

e ex

ecut

ion

of o

ne in

ever

y te

n m

en in

the

regi

men

t, a

s a

war

ning

to

the

rest

Ove

r fi

ve m

illion

men

joi

ned

the

Red

Arm

y of

the

ir o

wn

free

will

He

forc

ed p

eopl

e to

joi

n th

e Red

Arm

y to

rai

se t

he n

umbe

r of

tr

oops

Page

70

Sect

ion

3, P

art

F Q

uest

ion

Gen

eral

Mar

king

Inst

ruct

ions

for

thi

s ty

pe o

f qu

esti

on

Max

m

ark

Spec

ific

Mar

king

Inst

ruct

ions

for

thi

s qu

esti

on

1

Can

dida

tes

mus

t in

terp

ret

evid

ence

and

m

ake

dire

ct c

ompa

riso

ns b

etw

een

sour

ces.

Can

dida

tes

are

expe

cted

to

com

pare

con

tent

dir

ectl

y on

a p

oint

by

poin

t ba

sis.

The

y m

ay c

ompa

re t

he

deta

ils

in t

he s

ourc

es a

nd/o

r co

mpa

re

the

view

poin

ts o

vera

ll.

Up

to t

he t

otal

mar

k al

loca

tion

for

thi

s qu

esti

on:

• 1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch

sim

ple

poin

t of

com

pari

son

•

a se

cond

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n to

ea

ch d

evel

oped

poi

nt o

f co

mpa

riso

n Can

dida

tes

may

ach

ieve

ful

l m

arks

by

mak

ing

four

sim

ple

com

pari

sons

, tw

o de

velo

ped

com

pari

sons

, or

by

a co

mbi

nati

on o

f th

ese.

4Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

4 m

ark

s.

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

dire

ct c

ompa

riso

ns o

f th

e tw

o so

urce

s, e

ithe

r ov

eral

l or

in

det

ail.

A s

impl

e co

mpa

riso

n w

ill in

dica

te w

hat

poin

ts o

f de

tail o

r ov

eral

l vi

ewpo

int

they

agr

ee o

r di

sagr

ee a

bout

and

sho

uld

be g

iven

1 m

ark.

A d

evel

oped

com

pari

son

of t

he p

oint

s of

det

ail or

ove

rall v

iew

poin

t sh

ould

be

give

n 2

mar

ks.

Can

dida

tes

may

ach

ieve

ful

l m

arks

by

mak

ing

four

sim

ple

com

pari

sons

, tw

o de

velo

ped

com

pari

sons

, or

by

a co

mbi

nati

on o

f th

ese.

Po

ssib

le p

oint

s of

com

pari

son

may

incl

ude:

So

urce

ASo

urce

BO

vera

ll:Agr

ee a

bout

the

lac

k of

res

olve

in

the

fac

e of

the

Fas

cist

thr

eat

Mus

solini

’s t

hrea

ts o

f fo

rce

wer

e de

cisi

ve in

his

vict

ory

Lack

of

a re

solu

te o

ppos

itio

n al

low

ed M

usso

lini to

suc

ceed

Put

Mus

solini

in

the

posi

tion

to

thre

aten

th

e go

vern

men

t M

usso

lini

and

his

fol

low

ers

mar

ched

for

Rom

e

The

gov

ernm

ent

deci

ded

to s

end

in t

he

arm

y to

sto

p M

usso

lini

The

pri

me

min

iste

r ca

lled

out

the

ar

my

whe

n th

e Fa

scis

ts

surr

ound

ed R

ome

Vic

tor

Emm

anue

l III

dec

ided

ins

tead

to

give

in

to M

usso

lini's

dem

ands

and

ap

poin

ted

him

hea

d of

a n

ew

gove

rnm

ent

The

Ital

ian

king

ref

used

to

use

the

mili

tary

to

squa

sh M

usso

lini’

s “m

arch

”.

Page

71

2

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

a ju

dgem

ent

abou

t th

e ex

tent

to

whi

ch t

he s

ourc

e pr

ovid

es a

ful

l de

scri

ptio

n/ex

plan

atio

n of

a g

iven

eve

nt o

r de

velo

pmen

t.

Can

dida

tes

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

up t

o 3

mar

ks f

or t

heir

ide

ntif

icat

ion

of p

oint

s fr

om t

he s

ourc

e th

at s

uppo

rt t

heir

ju

dgem

ent.

Eac

h po

int

from

the

sou

rce

need

s to

be

inte

rpre

ted

rath

er t

han

sim

ply

copi

ed f

rom

the

sou

rce.

Can

dida

tes

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

up t

o 4

mar

ks f

or t

heir

ide

ntif

icat

ion

of p

oint

s of

sig

nifi

cant

om

issi

on,

base

d on

the

ir

own

know

ledg

e, t

hat

supp

ort

thei

r ju

dgem

ent.

A m

axim

um o

f 2

mar

ks m

ay b

e gi

ven

for

answ

ers

in w

hich

no

judg

emen

t ha

s be

en m

ade.

6Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

6m

ark

s.

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

an o

vera

ll j

udge

men

t ab

out

how

ful

ly t

he s

ourc

e ex

plai

ns t

he e

vent

s. 1

mar

k m

ay b

e gi

ven

for

each

val

id p

oint

int

erpr

eted

fro

m

the

sour

ce o

r ea

ch v

alid

poi

nt o

f si

gnif

ican

t om

issi

on p

rovi

ded.

The

can

dida

te

can

achi

eve

up t

o 3

mar

ks f

or t

heir

int

erpr

etat

ion

of t

he p

arts

of

the

sour

ce

they

con

side

r ar

e re

leva

nt in

term

s of

the

pro

pose

d qu

esti

on w

here

the

re is

also

at

leas

t on

e po

int

of s

igni

fica

nt o

mis

sion

ide

ntif

ied

to im

ply

a ju

dgem

ent

has

been

mad

e ab

out

the

lim

itat

ions

of

the

sour

ce.

For

full m

arks

to

be g

iven

, ea

ch p

oint

nee

ds t

o be

dis

cret

ely

men

tion

ed in

term

s of

the

que

stio

n.

A m

axim

um o

f 2

mar

ks m

ay b

e gi

ven

for

answ

ers

whi

ch r

efer

onl

y to

the

so

urce

. Po

ssib

le p

oint

s w

hich

may

be

iden

tifi

ed in

the

sou

rce

incl

ude:

•

The

lea

ders

hip

cult

sta

rted

alm

ost

as s

oon

as M

usso

lini

cam

e to

pow

er

• H

is r

ole

as D

uce

of F

asci

sm a

nd H

ead

of t

he G

over

nmen

t ha

d be

en s

ecur

ed

by c

hang

es t

o th

e la

w

• M

usso

lini

had

und

oubt

ed c

hari

sma

and

politi

cal in

tellig

ence

•

His

mai

n ta

lent

s la

y ch

iefl

y in

the

are

as o

f ac

ting

and

pro

paga

nda

Po

ssib

le p

oint

s of

sig

nifi

cant

om

issi

on m

ay in

clud

e:

• M

usso

lini

ins

titu

ted

a ne

w c

alen

dar

wit

h Ye

ar 1

beg

inni

ng w

ith

1922

•

He

esta

blis

hed

“hol

y da

ys”

such

as

23 M

arch

, to

rem

ind

Ital

ians

of

the

adve

nt o

f Fa

scis

m

• H

e in

clud

ed 2

1 Apr

il,

the

birt

h of

the

cit

y of

Rom

e, t

o em

phas

ise

his

inte

ntio

n to

rec

reat

e th

e gr

eatn

ess

of t

he R

oman

Em

pire

•

Shri

nes

to F

asci

st m

arty

rs w

ith

eter

nal fl

ames

wer

e co

nstr

ucte

d an

d ea

ch

Fasc

ist

part

y he

adqu

arte

rs h

ad t

o ha

ve a

mem

oria

l ch

apel

•

In M

ilan

, a

Scho

ol o

f M

ysti

cal Fa

scis

m w

as f

ound

ed in

1930

. M

usso

lini

use

d sl

ogan

s su

ch a

s “B

elie

ve,

Obe

y, F

ight

” an

d “M

usso

lini

is

Alw

ays

Rig

ht”

•

New

spap

ers

wer

e fo

rbid

den

to m

enti

on a

ny s

igns

of

illn

ess

and

even

his

bi

rthd

ays

wer

e to

be

igno

red

as t

his

wou

ld r

evea

l hi

s ag

e •

His

im

peri

alis

t w

ar in

Ethi

opia

and

his

int

erve

ntio

n in

the

Spa

nish

Civ

il W

ar

wer

e ha

iled

as g

lori

ous

crus

ades

on

beha

lf o

f ci

vilis

atio

n an

d re

ligio

n

Page

72

• A

ny o

ther

val

id p

oint

of

expl

anat

ion

that

mee

ts t

he c

rite

ria

desc

ribe

d in

th

e ge

nera

l mar

king

inst

ruct

ions

for

thi

s ki

nd o

f qu

esti

on (

see

colu

mn

to

left

)

3

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

a nu

mbe

r of

re

leva

nt,

fact

ual po

ints

. The

se s

houl

d be

key

poi

nts.

The

poi

nts

do n

ot n

eed

to

be in

any

part

icul

ar o

rder

. Can

dida

tes

may

pro

vide

a n

umbe

r of

st

raig

htfo

rwar

d po

ints

or

a sm

alle

r nu

mbe

r of

dev

elop

ed p

oint

s, o

r a

com

bina

tion

of

thes

e.

Up

to t

he t

otal

mar

k al

loca

tion

for

thi

s qu

esti

on:

• 1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch

accu

rate

rel

evan

t po

int

of

know

ledg

e

• a

seco

nd m

ark

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

for

any

poin

t th

at is

deve

lope

d

5Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

5 m

ark

s.

The

y m

ay t

ake

diff

eren

t pe

rspe

ctiv

es o

n th

e ev

ents

and

may

des

crib

e a

vari

ety

of d

iffe

rent

asp

ects

of

the

even

ts.

1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch a

ccur

ate

rele

vant

key

poi

nt o

f kn

owle

dge.

A s

econ

d m

ark

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

for

each

poi

nt t

hat

is

deve

lope

d, u

p to

a m

axim

um o

f 5

mar

ks.

Can

dida

tes

may

ach

ieve

ful

l m

arks

by

prov

idin

g fi

ve s

trai

ghtf

orw

ard

poin

ts,

by m

akin

g th

ree

deve

lope

d po

ints

or

a co

mbi

nati

on o

f th

ese.

Po

ssib

le p

oint

s of

kno

wle

dge

may

incl

ude:

•

He

set

Ital

y ta

rget

s as

he

had

wit

h hi

s Ba

ttle

for

Bir

ths

• The

Bat

tle

for

Land

: th

is “

batt

le”

was

to

clea

r m

arsh

land

and

mak

e it

us

able

for

far

min

g an

d ot

her

purp

oses

, eg

roa

ds b

uilt

on

them

to

impr

ove

Ital

y's

infr

astr

uctu

re

• The

se s

chem

es w

ere

labo

ur int

ensi

ve a

nd e

mpl

oyed

a lot

of

peop

le s

o th

ey

serv

ed a

pur

pose

in

this

are

a •

The

Bat

tle

of t

he L

ira:

Mus

solini

inf

late

d th

e va

lue

of t

he lir

a m

akin

g ex

port

s m

ore

expe

nsiv

e •

Thi

s cr

eate

d un

empl

oym

ent

at h

ome

as m

any

indu

stri

es c

ould

not

sel

l th

eir

good

s •

But,

Ital

y go

t th

roug

h th

e D

epre

ssio

n in

the

193

0s b

ette

r th

an E

urop

e’s

indu

stri

al p

ower

hous

es s

impl

y be

caus

e sh

e w

as a

n ag

ricu

ltur

al n

atio

n •

The

Bat

tle

for

Gra

in:

Mus

solini

wan

ted

to m

ake

Ital

y ec

onom

ical

ly s

tron

ger

and

near

eno

ugh

self

-suf

fici

ent

by g

row

ing

mor

e gr

ain

• H

owev

er,

this

was

at

the

expe

nse

of f

ruit

and

veg

etab

les

•

Ital

ian

grai

n be

cam

e ex

pens

ive

at h

ome

and

the

pric

e of

bre

ad r

ose,

whi

ch

hit

the

poor

the

wor

st

• A

ny o

ther

rel

evan

t fa

ctua

l key

poi

nt o

f kn

owle

dge

that

mee

ts t

he

crit

eria

des

crib

ed in

the

gen

eral

mar

king

inst

ruct

ions

for

thi

s ki

nd o

f qu

esti

on (

see

colu

mn

to le

ft)

Page

73

4

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

a nu

mbe

r of

po

ints

tha

t m

ake

the

issu

e pl

ain

or

clea

r, f

or e

xam

ple

by s

how

ing

conn

ecti

ons

betw

een

fact

ors

or c

ausa

l re

lati

onsh

ips

betw

een

even

ts o

r id

eas.

The

se s

houl

d be

key

rea

sons

and

may

in

clud

e th

eore

tica

l id

eas.

The

re is

no

need

for

any

eva

luat

ion

or p

rior

itis

ing

of

thes

e re

ason

s.

Can

dida

tes

may

pro

vide

a n

umbe

r of

st

raig

htfo

rwar

d re

ason

s, a

sm

alle

r nu

mbe

r of

dev

elop

ed r

easo

ns,

or a

co

mbi

nati

on o

f th

ese.

U

p to

the

tot

al m

ark

allo

cati

on f

or t

his

ques

tion

:

• 1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch

accu

rate

rel

evan

t po

int

•

a se

cond

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r an

y re

ason

tha

t is

dev

elop

ed

5Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

5 m

ark

s.

Cand

idat

es m

ust

show

a c

ausa

l rel

atio

nshi

p be

twee

n ev

ents

.

Up

to a

max

imum

of

5 m

arks

in t

otal

, 1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch

accu

rate

, re

leva

nt r

easo

n, a

nd a

sec

ond

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r re

ason

s th

at a

re d

evel

oped

. Can

dida

tes

may

ach

ieve

ful

l m

arks

by

prov

idin

g fi

ve s

trai

ghtf

orw

ard

reas

ons,

thr

ee d

evel

oped

rea

sons

, or

a

com

bina

tion

of

thes

e.

Poss

ible

rea

sons

may

incl

ude:

•

He

boug

ht o

ff k

ey g

roup

s: t

he w

orke

rs w

ere

prom

ised

an

eigh

t-ho

ur d

ay

whi

le a

n en

quir

y in

to t

he p

rofi

ts m

ade

by t

he ind

ustr

ialist

s du

ring

Wor

ld

War

One

was

dro

pped

•

The

ric

h be

nefi

ted

from

a r

educ

tion

in

deat

h du

ties

: no

w,

unde

r M

usso

lini

, m

ore

of w

hat

som

eone

had

ear

ned

duri

ng t

heir

lif

etim

e w

ent

to t

heir

fam

ily

and

not

the

gove

rnm

ent

•

To

get

supp

ort

from

the

Rom

an C

atho

lic

Chu

rch,

rel

igio

us e

duca

tion

was

m

ade

com

puls

ory

in a

ll e

lem

enta

ry s

choo

ls

• H

e al

so s

ough

t th

e su

ppor

t of

the

Chu

rch

by e

nter

ing

into

the

Lat

eran

Tre

aty

• H

e in

trod

uced

a F

asci

st G

rand

Cou

ncil w

hich

wou

ld d

ecid

e po

licy

for

Ital

y w

itho

ut c

onsu

ltin

g th

e no

n-Fa

scis

ts in

the

gove

rnm

ent

firs

t •

Acc

usat

ions

tha

t pe

ople

wer

e in

tim

idat

ed int

o vo

ting

for

the

Fas

cist

s or

tha

t Fa

scis

ts t

ook

ballot

pap

ers

from

tho

se w

ho m

ay h

ave

vote

d ag

ains

t M

usso

lini

•

In N

ovem

ber

1926

, al

l ri

val po

liti

cal pa

rtie

s an

d op

posi

tion

new

spap

ers

wer

e ba

nned

in

Ital

y •

In 1

927,

a s

ecre

t po

lice

for

ce w

as s

et u

p ca

lled

the

OVRA

• The

dea

th p

enal

ty w

as r

eint

rodu

ced

for

“ser

ious

pol

itic

al o

ffen

ces”

•

Any

oth

er v

alid

rea

son

that

mee

ts t

he c

rite

ria

desc

ribe

d in

the

gen

eral

m

arki

ng in

stru

ctio

ns f

or t

his

kind

of

ques

tion

(se

e co

lum

n to

left

)

Page

74

Sect

ion

3, P

art

G

Que

stio

n G

ener

al M

arki

ng In

stru

ctio

ns f

or t

his

type

of

ques

tion

M

ax

mar

kSp

ecif

ic M

arki

ng In

stru

ctio

ns f

or t

his

ques

tion

1

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

a nu

mbe

r of

re

leva

nt,

fact

ual po

ints

. The

se s

houl

d be

key

poi

nts.

The

poi

nts

do n

ot n

eed

to

be in

any

part

icul

ar o

rder

. Can

dida

tes

may

pro

vide

a n

umbe

r of

st

raig

htfo

rwar

d po

ints

or

a sm

alle

r nu

mbe

r of

dev

elop

ed p

oint

s, o

r a

com

bina

tion

of

thes

e.

Up

to t

he t

otal

mar

k al

loca

tion

for

thi

s qu

esti

on:

• 1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch

accu

rate

rel

evan

t po

int

of

know

ledg

e •

a se

cond

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r an

y po

int

that

is

deve

lope

d

5Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

5 m

ark

s.

The

y m

ay t

ake

diff

eren

t pe

rspe

ctiv

es o

n th

e ev

ents

and

may

des

crib

e a

vari

ety

of d

iffe

rent

asp

ects

of

the

even

ts.

1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch a

ccur

ate

rele

vant

key

poi

nt o

f kn

owle

dge.

A s

econ

d m

ark

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

for

each

poi

nt t

hat

is

deve

lope

d, u

p to

a m

axim

um o

f 5

mar

ks.

Can

dida

tes

may

ach

ieve

ful

l m

arks

by

prov

idin

g fi

ve s

trai

ghtf

orw

ard

poin

ts,

by m

akin

g th

ree

deve

lope

d po

ints

, or

a c

ombi

nati

on o

f th

ese.

Po

ssib

le p

oint

s of

kno

wle

dge

may

incl

ude:

•

Skin

col

our

iden

tifi

ed t

hem

as

“dif

fere

nt”

and

mar

ked

them

out

for

di

scri

min

atio

n •

Whi

tes

felt

the

y w

ere

supe

rior

to

blac

k m

igra

nts

• Bl

acks

wer

e se

en a

s un

educ

ated

and

uns

killed

and

so

wer

e ab

le t

o ge

t on

ly p

oorl

y-pa

id j

obs

• W

hite

uns

killed

wor

kers

saw

the

m a

s a

thre

at t

o th

eir

jobs

•

The

re w

as c

ompe

titi

on f

or j

obs

wit

h im

mig

rant

s to

USA

•

The

re w

ere

riot

s be

twee

n bl

acks

and

whi

tes

in t

he N

orth

•

The

y w

ere

sepa

rate

d in

to g

hett

o co

mm

unit

ies

in N

orth

ern

citi

es

• H

ousi

ng c

ondi

tion

s w

ere

very

poo

r •

Any

oth

er r

elev

ant

fact

ual k

ey p

oint

of

know

ledg

e th

at m

eets

the

cr

iter

ia d

escr

ibed

in t

he g

ener

al m

arki

ng in

stru

ctio

ns f

or t

his

kind

of

ques

tion

(se

e co

lum

n to

left

)

Page

75

2

Can

dida

tes

mus

t in

terp

ret

evid

ence

and

m

ake

dire

ct c

ompa

riso

ns b

etw

een

sour

ces.

Can

dida

tes

are

expe

cted

to

com

pare

con

tent

dir

ectl

y on

a p

oint

by

poin

t ba

sis.

The

y m

ay c

ompa

re t

he

deta

ils

in t

he s

ourc

es a

nd/o

r co

mpa

re

the

view

poin

ts o

vera

ll.

Up

to t

he t

otal

mar

k al

loca

tion

for

thi

s qu

esti

on:

• 1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch

sim

ple

poin

t of

com

pari

son

•

a se

cond

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n to

ea

ch d

evel

oped

poi

nt o

f co

mpa

riso

n Can

dida

tes

may

ach

ieve

ful

l m

arks

by

mak

ing

four

sim

ple

com

pari

sons

, tw

o de

velo

ped

com

pari

sons

, or

by

a co

mbi

nati

on o

f th

ese.

4Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

4 m

ark

s.

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

dire

ct c

ompa

riso

ns o

f th

e tw

o so

urce

s, e

ithe

r ov

eral

l or

in

det

ail.

A s

impl

e co

mpa

riso

n w

ill in

dica

te w

hat

poin

ts o

f de

tail o

r ov

eral

l vi

ewpo

int

they

agr

ee o

r di

sagr

ee a

bout

and

sho

uld

be g

iven

1 m

ark.

A d

evel

oped

com

pari

son

of t

he p

oint

s of

det

ail or

ove

rall v

iew

poin

t sh

ould

be

give

n 2

mar

ks.

Can

dida

tes

may

ach

ieve

ful

l m

arks

by

mak

ing

four

sim

ple

com

pari

sons

, tw

o de

velo

ped

com

pari

sons

, or

by

a co

mbi

nati

on o

f th

ese.

Po

ssib

le p

oint

s of

com

pari

son

may

incl

ude:

So

urce

ASo

urce

BO

vera

ll:So

urce

s ag

ree

abou

t th

e lim

ited

na

ture

of

the

succ

ess

of t

he b

oyco

tt

Bus

boyc

ott

had

lim

ited

suc

cess

on

its

own

Bus

boyc

ott

had

lim

ited

suc

cess

bu

t lo

nger

-ter

m s

ucce

ss w

as les

s

His

nam

e w

as M

arti

n Lu

ther

Kin

g an

d th

is

was

to

be h

is f

irst

ste

p to

war

ds b

ecom

ing

the

lead

ing

figu

re in

the

Civ

il R

ight

s M

ovem

ent

Mar

tin

Luth

er K

ing

beca

me

invo

lved

in

the

Civ

il R

ight

s M

ovem

ent.

He

wen

t on

to

beco

me

an A

fric

an A

mer

ican

le

ader

who

was

fam

ous

thro

ugho

ut t

he w

orld

The

cou

rts

deci

ded

that

seg

rega

tion

on

Mon

tgom

ery’

s bu

ses

was

illeg

al

The

US

Supr

eme

Cou

rt a

nnou

nced

th

at A

laba

ma’

s bu

s se

greg

atio

n la

ws

wer

e ille

gal

The

re w

ere

still w

hite

-onl

y th

eatr

es,

pool

ro

oms

and

rest

aura

nts

Mos

t ot

her

faci

liti

es a

nd s

ervi

ces

in M

ontg

omer

y re

mai

ned

segr

egat

ed f

or m

any

year

s to

co

me

3

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

a nu

mbe

r of

po

ints

tha

t m

ake

the

issu

e pl

ain

or

clea

r, f

or e

xam

ple

by s

how

ing

conn

ecti

ons

betw

een

fact

ors

or c

ausa

l

5Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

5 m

ark

s.

Cand

idat

es m

ust

show

a c

ausa

l rel

atio

nshi

p be

twee

n ev

ents

.

Page

76

rela

tion

ship

s be

twee

n ev

ents

or

idea

s.

The

se s

houl

d be

key

rea

sons

and

may

in

clud

e th

eore

tica

l id

eas.

The

re is

no

need

for

any

eva

luat

ion

or p

rior

itis

ing

of

thes

e re

ason

s.

Can

dida

tes

may

pro

vide

a n

umbe

r of

st

raig

htfo

rwar

d re

ason

s, a

sm

alle

r nu

mbe

r of

dev

elop

ed r

easo

ns,

or a

co

mbi

nati

on o

f th

ese.

U

p to

the

tot

al m

ark

allo

cati

on f

or t

his

ques

tion

:

• 1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch

accu

rate

rel

evan

t po

int

•

a se

cond

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r an

y re

ason

tha

t is

dev

elop

ed

Up

to a

max

imum

of

5 m

arks

in t

otal

, 1

mar

ksh

ould

be

give

nfo

r ea

ch

accu

rate

, re

leva

nt r

easo

n, a

nd a

sec

ond

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r re

ason

s th

at a

re d

evel

oped

. Can

dida

tes

may

ach

ieve

ful

l m

arks

by

prov

idin

g fi

ve s

trai

ghtf

orw

ard

reas

ons,

thr

ee d

evel

oped

rea

sons

, or

a

com

bina

tion

of

thes

e.

Poss

ible

rea

sons

may

incl

ude:

•

NAACP

was

the

mov

ing

forc

e be

hind

Sup

rem

e Cou

rt d

ecis

ions

•

The

Sup

rem

e Cou

rt d

ecla

red

segr

egat

ed s

choo

ls u

ncon

stit

utio

nal

• Bl

ack

pres

sure

for

ced

Eise

nhow

er t

o pr

opos

e a

Civ

il Rig

hts

Act

•

Civ

il R

ight

s M

ovem

ent

was

gai

ning

her

oes

such

as

Ros

a Pa

rks

• M

ass

acti

on s

uch

as M

ontg

omer

y Bu

s Bo

ycot

t w

as s

ucce

ssfu

l •

Prot

est

at L

ittl

e Roc

k sa

w b

lack

stu

dent

s ad

mit

ted

to a

whi

te s

choo

l •

Det

ails

of

Brow

n v

Top

eka

Boar

d of

Edu

cati

on d

ecis

ion

• Ris

e of

new

civ

il r

ight

s’ lea

ders

suc

h as

Mar

tin

Luth

er K

ing

and

SCLC

•

Civ

il R

ight

s Act

•

Any

oth

er v

alid

rea

son

that

mee

ts t

he c

rite

ria

desc

ribe

d in

the

ge

nera

l mar

king

inst

ruct

ions

for

thi

s ki

nd o

f qu

esti

on (

see

colu

mn

to

left

) 4

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

a ju

dgem

ent

abou

t th

e ex

tent

to

whi

ch t

he s

ourc

e pr

ovid

es a

ful

l de

scri

ptio

n/ e

xpla

nati

on

of a

giv

en e

vent

or

deve

lopm

ent.

Can

dida

tes

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

up t

o 3

mar

ks f

or t

heir

ide

ntif

icat

ion

of p

oint

s fr

om t

he s

ourc

e th

at s

uppo

rt t

heir

ju

dgem

ent.

Eac

h po

int

from

the

sou

rce

need

s to

be

inte

rpre

ted

rath

er t

han

sim

ply

copi

ed f

rom

the

sou

rce.

Can

dida

tes

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

up t

o 4

mar

ks f

or t

heir

ide

ntif

icat

ion

of p

oint

s of

sig

nifi

cant

om

issi

on,

base

d on

the

ir

own

know

ledg

e, t

hat

supp

ort

thei

r ju

dgem

ent.

6Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

6m

ark

s.

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

an o

vera

ll j

udge

men

t ab

out

how

ful

ly t

he s

ourc

e ex

plai

ns t

he e

vent

s. O

ne m

ark

may

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch v

alid

poi

nt int

erpr

eted

fr

om t

he s

ourc

e or

eac

h va

lid

poin

t of

sig

nifi

cant

om

issi

on p

rovi

ded.

The

ca

ndid

ate

can

achi

eve

up t

o 3

mar

ks f

or t

heir

int

erpr

etat

ion

of t

he p

arts

of

the

sour

ce t

hey

cons

ider

are

rel

evan

t in

ter

ms

of t

he p

ropo

sed

ques

tion

whe

re

ther

e is

als

o at

lea

st o

ne p

oint

of

sign

ific

ant

omis

sion

ide

ntif

ied

to im

ply

a ju

dgem

ent

has

been

mad

e ab

out

the

lim

itat

ions

of

the

sour

ce.

Fo

r fu

ll m

arks

to

be g

iven

, ea

ch p

oint

nee

ds t

o be

dis

cret

ely

men

tion

ed in

term

s of

the

que

stio

n.

A m

axim

um o

f 2

mar

ks m

ay b

e gi

ven

for

answ

ers

whi

ch r

efer

onl

y to

the

so

urce

.

Page

77

A m

axim

um o

f 2

mar

ks m

ay b

e gi

ven

for

answ

ers

in w

hich

no

judg

emen

t ha

s be

en m

ade.

Poss

ible

poi

nts

whi

ch m

ay b

e id

enti

fied

in t

he s

ourc

e in

clud

e:•

Mal

colm

X w

as m

istr

eate

d in

his

you

th a

nd t

his

gave

him

a d

iffe

rent

set

of

atti

tude

s to

Mar

tin

Luth

er K

ing

• W

hile

in

jail,

he w

as inf

luen

ced

by t

he ide

as o

f El

ijah

Muh

amm

ad w

ho

prea

ched

hat

red

of t

he w

hite

rac

e •

He

believ

ed t

hat

the

supp

ort

of n

on-v

iole

nce

was

a s

ign

that

bla

ck p

eopl

e w

ere

still livi

ng in

men

tal sl

aver

y •

He

ofte

n us

ed v

iole

nt lan

guag

e an

d th

reat

s to

fri

ghte

n th

e go

vern

men

t in

to

acti

on

Poss

ible

poi

nts

of s

igni

fica

nt o

mis

sion

may

incl

ude:

•

Mal

colm

X c

laim

ed t

hat

even

whi

tes

who

app

eare

d fr

iend

ly w

ere

“wol

ves

in

shee

p’s

clot

hing

” •

He

believ

ed t

hat

non-

viol

ence

dep

rive

d bl

ack

peop

le o

f th

eir

righ

t to

sel

f-de

fenc

e

• H

e cl

aim

ed t

hat

peac

eful

pro

test

gai

ned

litt

le f

or m

ost

blac

k pe

ople

•

He

didn

’t t

hink

non

-vio

lent

cam

paig

ns t

ackl

ed t

he p

robl

ems

for

blac

ks in

Nor

ther

n ci

ties

. •

Any

oth

er v

alid

poi

nt o

f ex

plan

atio

n th

at m

eets

the

cri

teri

a de

scri

bed

in

the

gene

ral m

arki

ng in

stru

ctio

ns f

or t

his

kind

of

ques

tion

(se

e co

lum

n to

le

ft)

Page

78

Sect

ion

3, P

art

H

Que

stio

n G

ener

al M

arki

ng In

stru

ctio

ns f

or t

his

type

of

ques

tion

M

ax

mar

kSp

ecif

ic M

arki

ng In

stru

ctio

ns f

or t

his

ques

tion

1

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

a nu

mbe

r of

po

ints

tha

t m

ake

the

issu

e pl

ain

or

clea

r, f

or e

xam

ple

by s

how

ing

conn

ecti

ons

betw

een

fact

ors

or c

ausa

l re

lati

onsh

ips

betw

een

even

ts o

r id

eas.

The

se s

houl

d be

key

rea

sons

and

may

in

clud

e th

eore

tica

l id

eas.

The

re is

no

need

for

any

eva

luat

ion

or p

rior

itis

ing

of

thes

e re

ason

s.

Can

dida

tes

may

pro

vide

a n

umbe

r of

st

raig

htfo

rwar

d re

ason

s, a

sm

alle

r nu

mbe

r of

dev

elop

ed r

easo

ns,

or a

co

mbi

nati

on o

f th

ese.

U

p to

the

tot

al m

ark

allo

cati

on f

or t

his

ques

tion

:

• 1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch

accu

rate

rel

evan

t po

int

• a

seco

nd m

ark

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

for

any

reas

on t

hat

is d

evel

oped

5Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

5 m

ark

s.

Cand

idat

es m

ust

show

a c

ausa

l rel

atio

nshi

p be

twee

n ev

ents

.

Up

to a

max

imum

of

5 m

arks

in t

otal

, 1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch

accu

rate

, re

leva

nt r

easo

n, a

nd a

sec

ond

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r re

ason

s th

at a

re d

evel

oped

. Can

dida

tes

may

ach

ieve

ful

l m

arks

by

prov

idin

g fi

ve s

trai

ghtf

orw

ard

reas

ons,

thr

ee d

evel

oped

rea

sons

, or

a

com

bina

tion

of

thes

e.

Poss

ible

rea

sons

may

incl

ude:

•

A s

tron

g G

erm

any

wou

ld r

esto

re b

alan

ce o

f po

wer

•

To

defe

nd E

urop

e fr

om t

he t

hrea

t fr

om t

he e

ast

• Fr

ance

had

bui

lt t

he M

agin

ot L

ine

whi

ch w

as s

een

as a

n ag

gres

sive

act

•

Com

mun

ism

/Rus

sia

was

a t

hrea

t to

Ger

man

y/Eu

rope

: G

erm

any

was

the

fi

rst

line

of

resi

stan

ce a

nd h

ad t

o be

str

ong

• An

arm

y w

ould

be

to u

nite

all G

erm

ans/

crea

te G

reat

er G

erm

any/

gain

Le

bens

raum

•

An

arm

y w

ould

be

nece

ssar

y to

reg

ain

terr

itor

y lo

st a

t Ver

saille

s

• Res

tori

ng G

erm

any’

s m

ilit

ary

stre

ngth

wou

ld g

ain

popu

lari

ty a

nd

econ

omic

gro

wth

for

Ger

man

y •

Any

oth

er v

alid

rea

son

that

mee

ts t

he c

rite

ria

desc

ribe

d in

the

ge

nera

l mar

king

inst

ruct

ions

for

thi

s ki

nd o

f qu

esti

on (

see

colu

mn

to

left

)

Page

79

2

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

a ju

dgem

ent

abou

t th

e ex

tent

to

whi

ch t

he s

ourc

e pr

ovid

es a

ful

l de

scri

ptio

n/ex

plan

atio

n of

a g

iven

eve

nt o

r de

velo

pmen

t.

Can

dida

tes

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

up t

o 3

mar

ks f

or t

heir

ide

ntif

icat

ion

of p

oint

s fr

om t

he s

ourc

e th

at s

uppo

rt t

heir

ju

dgem

ent.

Eac

h po

int

from

the

sou

rce

need

s to

be

inte

rpre

ted

rath

er t

han

sim

ply

copi

ed f

rom

the

sou

rce.

Can

dida

tes

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

up t

o 4

mar

ks f

or t

heir

ide

ntif

icat

ion

of p

oint

s of

sig

nifi

cant

om

issi

on,

base

d on

the

ir

own

know

ledg

e, t

hat

supp

ort

thei

r ju

dgem

ent.

A

max

imum

of

2 m

arks

may

be

give

n fo

r an

swer

s in

whi

ch n

o ju

dgem

ent

has

been

mad

e.

6Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

6m

ark

s.

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

an o

vera

ll j

udge

men

t ab

out

how

ful

ly t

he s

ourc

e ex

plai

ns t

he e

vent

s. 1

mar

k m

ay b

e gi

ven

for

each

val

id p

oint

int

erpr

eted

fro

m

the

sour

ce o

r ea

ch v

alid

poi

nt o

f si

gnif

ican

t om

issi

on p

rovi

ded.

The

can

dida

te

can

achi

eve

up t

o 3

mar

ks f

or t

heir

int

erpr

etat

ion

of t

he p

arts

of

the

sour

ce

they

con

side

r ar

e re

leva

nt in

term

s of

the

pro

pose

d qu

esti

on w

here

the

re is

also

at

leas

t on

e po

int

of s

igni

fica

nt o

mis

sion

ide

ntif

ied

to im

ply

a ju

dgem

ent

has

been

mad

e ab

out

the

lim

itat

ions

of

the

sour

ce.

For

full m

arks

to

be g

iven

, ea

ch p

oint

nee

ds t

o be

dis

cret

ely

men

tion

ed in

term

s of

the

que

stio

n.

A m

axim

um o

f 2

mar

ks m

ay b

e gi

ven

for

answ

ers

whi

ch r

efer

onl

y to

the

so

urce

. Po

ssib

le p

oint

s w

hich

may

be

iden

tifi

ed in

the

sou

rce

incl

ude:

•

The

Gre

at D

epre

ssio

n m

eant

tha

t m

oney

cou

ld n

ot b

e fo

und

for

re-

arm

amen

t •

The

gov

ernm

ent

knew

tha

t th

e Br

itis

h pe

ople

wer

e to

tally

oppo

sed

to w

ar

• Cha

mbe

rlai

n be

liev

ed h

e co

uld

nego

tiat

e di

rect

ly w

ith

Hit

ler

• Com

mun

ist

Rus

sia

was

the

rea

l th

reat

to

peac

e in

the

wor

ld

Poss

ible

poi

nts

of s

igni

fica

nt o

mis

sion

may

incl

ude:

•

Brit

ish

opin

ion

felt

tha

t th

e Tre

aty

of V

ersa

ille

s ha

d be

en t

oo h

arsh

•

The

re w

as t

he f

ear

of b

ombi

ng f

rom

the

air

•

Chi

efs

of S

taff

war

ned

the

gove

rnm

ent

that

Bri

tish

for

ces

wer

e un

prep

ared

•

Brit

ain

had

no r

elia

ble

allies

: Em

pire

unw

illing

, Fr

ance

was

not

tru

sted

and

U

SA w

as iso

lati

onis

t •

Any

oth

er v

alid

poi

nt o

f ex

plan

atio

n th

at m

eets

the

cri

teri

a de

scri

bed

in

the

gene

ral m

arki

ng in

stru

ctio

ns f

or t

his

kind

of

ques

tion

(se

e co

lum

n to

le

ft)

Page

80

3

Can

dida

tes

mus

t in

terp

ret

evid

ence

and

m

ake

dire

ct c

ompa

riso

ns b

etw

een

sour

ces.

Can

dida

tes

are

expe

cted

to

com

pare

con

tent

dir

ectl

y on

a p

oint

-by-

poin

t ba

sis.

The

y m

ay c

ompa

re t

he

deta

ils

in t

he s

ourc

es a

nd/o

r co

mpa

re

the

view

poin

ts o

vera

ll.

Up

to t

he t

otal

mar

k al

loca

tion

for

thi

s qu

esti

on:

• 1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch

sim

ple

poin

t of

com

pari

son

•

a se

cond

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n to

ea

ch d

evel

oped

poi

nt o

f co

mpa

riso

n Can

dida

tes

may

ach

ieve

ful

l m

arks

by

mak

ing

four

sim

ple

com

pari

sons

, tw

o de

velo

ped

com

pari

sons

, or

by

a co

mbi

nati

on o

f th

ese.

4Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

4 m

ark

s.

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

dire

ct c

ompa

riso

ns o

f th

e tw

o so

urce

s, e

ithe

r ov

eral

l or

in

det

ail.

A s

impl

e co

mpa

riso

n w

ill in

dica

te w

hat

poin

ts o

f de

tail o

r ov

eral

l vi

ewpo

int

they

agr

ee o

r di

sagr

ee a

bout

and

sho

uld

be g

iven

1 m

ark.

A d

evel

oped

com

pari

son

of t

he p

oint

s of

det

ail or

ove

rall v

iew

poin

t sh

ould

be

give

n 2

mar

ks.

Can

dida

tes

may

ach

ieve

ful

l m

arks

by

mak

ing

four

sim

ple

com

pari

sons

, tw

o de

velo

ped

com

pari

sons

, or

by

a co

mbi

nati

on o

f th

ese.

Po

ssib

le p

oint

s of

com

pari

son

may

incl

ude:

So

urce

BSo

urce

CO

vera

ll:So

urce

s di

sagr

ee a

bout

the

way

th

e Ans

chlu

ss w

as v

iew

ed.

Ans

chlu

ss w

as w

elco

med

by

the

Aus

tria

ns

and

wou

ld b

enef

it E

urop

e as

a w

hole

Ans

chlu

ss w

as a

war

-lik

e ac

t w

hich

th

reat

ened

the

res

t of

Eur

ope

It is

clea

r th

at A

nsch

luss

is

popu

lar

amon

g th

e Aus

tria

n pe

ople

who

are

, af

ter

all,

Ger

man

in

lang

uage

and

cul

ture

We

have

per

mit

ted

Hit

ler

to

brut

ally

inv

ade

an ind

epen

dent

co

untr

y

Keep

ing

Ger

man

y an

d Aus

tria

apa

rt h

ad

been

one

of

the

mor

e sp

itef

ul t

erm

s of

Ver

saill

es a

nd t

his

wro

ng is

now

mad

e ri

ght

The

dec

isio

n in

191

9 to

for

bid

Ans

chlu

ss h

ad b

een

a ve

ry s

ensi

ble

one

for

lim

itin

g th

e w

ar-l

ike

ambi

tion

s of

Ger

man

y

Euro

pe is

like

ly t

o be

nefi

t fr

om a

per

iod

of p

eace

and

pro

sper

ity

as G

erm

any

mov

es int

o a

brig

hter

fut

ure

Any

int

ellige

nt p

erso

n ca

n se

e th

at

an e

ven

mor

e po

wer

ful

Ger

man

y is

a

thre

at t

o th

e pe

ace

and

stab

ilit

y of

Eur

ope

Page

81

4

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

a nu

mbe

r of

re

leva

nt,

fact

ual po

ints

. The

se s

houl

d be

key

poi

nts.

The

poi

nts

do n

ot n

eed

to

be in

any

part

icul

ar o

rder

. Can

dida

tes

may

pro

vide

a n

umbe

r of

st

raig

htfo

rwar

d po

ints

or

a sm

alle

r nu

mbe

r of

dev

elop

ed p

oint

s, o

r a

com

bina

tion

of

thes

e.

Up

to t

he t

otal

mar

k al

loca

tion

for

thi

s qu

esti

on:

• 1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch

accu

rate

rel

evan

t po

int

of

know

ledg

e

• a

seco

nd m

ark

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

for

any

poin

t th

at is

deve

lope

d

5Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

5 m

ark

s.

The

y m

ay t

ake

diff

eren

t pe

rspe

ctiv

es o

n th

e ev

ents

and

may

des

crib

e a

vari

ety

of d

iffe

rent

asp

ects

of

the

even

ts.

1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch a

ccur

ate

rele

vant

key

poi

nt o

f kn

owle

dge.

A s

econ

d m

ark

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

for

each

poi

nt t

hat

is

deve

lope

d, u

p to

a m

axim

um o

f 5

mar

ks.

Can

dida

tes

may

ach

ieve

ful

l m

arks

by

prov

idin

g fi

ve s

trai

ghtf

orw

ard

poin

ts,

by m

akin

g th

ree

deve

lope

d po

ints

, or

a c

ombi

nati

on o

f th

ese.

Po

ssib

le p

oint

s of

kno

wle

dge

may

incl

ude:

•

Brit

ain

and

Fran

ce w

arne

d G

erm

any

off:

the

“M

ay C

risi

s”

• Run

cim

an m

issi

on f

aile

d to

per

suad

e Cze

chos

lova

kia

to s

urre

nder

Su

dete

nlan

d to

Ger

man

y

• H

itle

r an

d Cha

mbe

rlai

n m

et a

fter

a f

urth

er t

hrea

t to

att

ack

Cze

chos

lova

kia

•

Agr

eem

ent

was

rea

ched

, bu

t w

ar b

ecam

e like

ly a

fter

dem

ands

at

seco

nd m

eeti

ng:

“Bla

ck W

edne

sday

”

• Thi

rd m

eeti

ng:

UK,

Fra

nce,

Ger

man

y an

d It

aly

at M

unic

h

• Cze

chos

lova

kia

was

pre

ssur

ised

int

o ce

ding

Sud

eten

land

to

Ger

man

y •

Any

oth

er r

elev

ant

fact

ual k

ey p

oint

of

know

ledg

e th

at m

eets

the

cr

iter

ia d

escr

ibed

in t

he g

ener

al m

arki

ng in

stru

ctio

ns f

or t

his

kind

of

ques

tion

(se

e co

lum

n to

left

)

Page

82

Sect

ion

3, P

art

I Q

uest

ion

Gen

eral

Mar

king

Inst

ruct

ions

for

thi

s ty

pe o

f qu

esti

on

Max

m

ark

Spec

ific

Mar

king

Inst

ruct

ions

for

thi

s qu

esti

on

1

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

a nu

mbe

r of

po

ints

tha

t m

ake

the

issu

e pl

ain

or

clea

r, f

or e

xam

ple

by s

how

ing

conn

ecti

ons

betw

een

fact

ors

or c

ausa

l re

lati

onsh

ips

betw

een

even

ts o

r id

eas.

The

se s

houl

d be

key

rea

sons

and

may

in

clud

e th

eore

tica

l id

eas.

The

re is

no

need

for

any

eva

luat

ion

or p

rior

itis

ing

of

thes

e re

ason

s.

Can

dida

tes

may

pro

vide

a n

umbe

r of

st

raig

htfo

rwar

d re

ason

s, a

sm

alle

r nu

mbe

r of

dev

elop

ed r

easo

ns,

or a

co

mbi

nati

on o

f th

ese.

U

p to

the

tot

al m

ark

allo

cati

on f

or t

his

ques

tion

:

• 1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch

accu

rate

rel

evan

t po

int

•

a se

cond

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r an

y re

ason

tha

t is

dev

elop

ed

5Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

5 m

ark

s.

Cand

idat

es m

ust

show

a c

ausa

l rel

atio

nshi

p be

twee

n ev

ents

.

Up

to a

max

imum

of

5 m

arks

in t

otal

, 1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch

accu

rate

, re

leva

nt r

easo

n, a

nd a

sec

ond

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r re

ason

s th

at a

re d

evel

oped

. Can

dida

tes

may

ach

ieve

ful

l m

arks

by

prov

idin

g fi

ve s

trai

ghtf

orw

ard

reas

ons,

thr

ee d

evel

oped

rea

sons

, or

a

com

bina

tion

of

thes

e.

Poss

ible

rea

sons

may

incl

ude:

•

Hit

ler

had

give

n hi

s fu

ll b

acki

ng t

o G

uder

ian’

s ta

ctic

s

• In

Bri

tain

and

Fra

nce,

the

cav

alry

reg

imen

ts r

uled

sup

rem

e an

d th

ey w

ere

adam

ant

that

tan

ks w

ould

not

get

any

inf

luen

ce in

thei

r ar

mie

s

• The

Hig

h Com

man

ds o

f bo

th c

ount

ries

wer

e do

min

ated

by

thes

e ol

d tr

adit

iona

l ca

valr

y re

gim

ents

and

the

ir p

olit

ical

pul

l w

as g

reat

•

In 1

940,

Bri

tain

and

Fra

nce

still

had

a W

orld

War

One

men

tality

and

di

dn’t

rec

ogni

se t

he p

oten

tial

of

the

new

wea

pons

•

Wha

t ta

nks

they

had

wer

e po

or c

ompa

red

to t

he G

erm

an P

anze

rs

• Br

itis

h an

d Fr

ench

tac

tics

wer

e ou

tdat

ed

• Fr

ance

hid

beh

ind

the

Mag

inot

Lin

e •

Effe

ctiv

e us

e of

Blitz

krie

g ta

ctic

s in

the

ear

ly s

tage

s •

Stal

in r

efus

ed t

o en

gage

wit

h th

e G

erm

ans

unti

l St

alin

grad

•

Any

oth

er v

alid

rea

son

that

mee

ts t

he c

rite

ria

desc

ribe

d in

the

gen

eral

m

arki

ng in

stru

ctio

ns f

or t

his

kind

of

ques

tion

(se

e co

lum

n to

left

)

Page

83

2

Can

dida

tes

mus

t in

terp

ret

evid

ence

and

m

ake

dire

ct c

ompa

riso

ns b

etw

een

sour

ces.

Can

dida

tes

are

expe

cted

to

com

pare

con

tent

dir

ectl

y on

a p

oint

-by-

poin

t ba

sis.

The

y m

ay c

ompa

re t

he

deta

ils

in t

he s

ourc

es a

nd/o

r co

mpa

re

the

view

poin

ts o

vera

ll.

Up

to t

he t

otal

mar

k al

loca

tion

for

thi

s qu

esti

on:

• 1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch

sim

ple

poin

t of

com

pari

son

• a

seco

nd m

ark

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

to

each

dev

elop

ed p

oint

of

com

pari

son

Can

dida

tes

may

ach

ieve

ful

l m

arks

by

mak

ing

four

sim

ple

com

pari

sons

, tw

o de

velo

ped

com

pari

sons

, or

by

a co

mbi

nati

on o

f th

ese.

4Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

4 m

ark

s.

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

dire

ct c

ompa

riso

ns o

f th

e tw

o so

urce

s, e

ithe

r ov

eral

l or

in

det

ail.

A s

impl

e co

mpa

riso

n w

ill in

dica

te w

hat

poin

ts o

f de

tail o

r ov

eral

l vi

ewpo

int

they

agr

ee o

r di

sagr

ee a

bout

and

sho

uld

be g

iven

1 m

ark.

A d

evel

oped

com

pari

son

of t

he p

oint

s of

det

ail or

ove

rall v

iew

poin

t sh

ould

be

give

n 2

mar

ks.

Can

dida

tes

may

ach

ieve

ful

l m

arks

by

mak

ing

four

sim

ple

com

pari

sons

, tw

o de

velo

ped

com

pari

sons

, or

by

a co

mbi

nati

on o

f th

ese.

Po

ssib

le p

oint

s of

com

pari

son

may

incl

ude:

So

urce

BSo

urce

CO

vera

ll:So

urce

s di

sagr

ee a

bout

the

ef

fect

iven

ess

of t

he R

esis

tanc

e m

ovem

ents

Res

ista

nce

mov

emen

ts w

ere

too

wea

k to

mak

e m

uch

of a

n im

pact

Res

ista

nce

mov

emen

ts w

ere

wel

l or

gani

sed

and

mad

e a

big

impa

ct

The

res

ista

nce

mov

emen

ts o

f Eu

rope

ha

d fo

und

it h

ard

to m

ake

muc

h of

an

impr

essi

on o

n th

e m

ight

of

the

Ger

man

mili

tary

The

Fre

nch

Res

ista

nce

scor

ed k

ey

vict

orie

s ag

ains

t th

e G

erm

an

occu

pati

on f

orce

s

Ger

man

arm

y co

mm

ande

rs ind

icat

ed

that

the

res

ista

nce

mov

emen

ts w

ere

an irr

itan

t bu

t no

mor

e th

an t

his

Res

ista

nce

mem

bers

dis

cove

red

Fren

ch c

olla

bora

tors

, ki

lled

man

y ra

nkin

g N

azi of

fici

als,

and

des

troy

ed

trai

ns,

conv

oys,

and

shi

ps u

sed

by t

he

Ger

man

arm

y

The

dev

asta

ting

att

acks

of

1939

to

1941

had

giv

en lit

tle

tim

e fo

r ea

ch

coun

try

to p

repa

re a

sec

ret

arm

y to

un

derm

ine

the

inva

ders

Res

ista

nce

mem

bers

org

anis

ed

them

selv

es in

secr

et

Page

84

3

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

a ju

dgem

ent

abou

t th

e ex

tent

to

whi

ch t

he s

ourc

e pr

ovid

es a

ful

l de

scri

ptio

n/ex

plan

atio

n of

a g

iven

eve

nt o

r de

velo

pmen

t.

Can

dida

tes

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

up t

o 3

mar

ks f

or t

heir

ide

ntif

icat

ion

of p

oint

s fr

om t

he s

ourc

e th

at s

uppo

rt t

heir

ju

dgem

ent.

Eac

h po

int

from

the

sou

rce

need

s to

be

inte

rpre

ted

rath

er t

han

sim

ply

copi

ed f

rom

the

sou

rce.

Can

dida

tes

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

up t

o 4

mar

ks f

or t

heir

ide

ntif

icat

ion

of p

oint

s of

sig

nifi

cant

om

issi

on,

base

d on

the

ir

own

know

ledg

e, t

hat

supp

ort

thei

r ju

dgem

ent.

A m

axim

um o

f 2

mar

ks m

ay b

e gi

ven

for

answ

ers

in w

hich

no

judg

emen

t ha

s be

en m

ade.

6Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

6m

ark

s.

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

an o

vera

ll j

udge

men

t ab

out

how

ful

ly t

he s

ourc

e ex

plai

ns t

he e

vent

s. 1

mar

k m

ay b

e gi

ven

for

each

val

id p

oint

int

erpr

eted

fro

m

the

sour

ce,

or e

ach

valid

poin

t of

sig

nifi

cant

om

issi

on p

rovi

ded.

The

can

dida

te

can

achi

eve

up t

o 3

mar

ks f

or t

heir

int

erpr

etat

ion

of t

he p

arts

of

the

sour

ce

they

con

side

r ar

e re

leva

nt in

term

s of

the

pro

pose

d qu

esti

on w

here

the

re is

also

at

leas

t on

e po

int

of s

igni

fica

nt o

mis

sion

ide

ntif

ied

to im

ply

a ju

dgem

ent

has

been

mad

e ab

out

the

lim

itat

ions

of

the

sour

ce.

For

full m

arks

to

be g

iven

, ea

ch p

oint

nee

ds t

o be

dis

cret

ely

men

tion

ed in

term

s of

the

que

stio

n.

A m

axim

um o

f 2

mar

ks m

ay b

e gi

ven

for

answ

ers

whi

ch r

efer

onl

y to

the

so

urce

. Po

ssib

le p

oint

s w

hich

may

be

iden

tifi

ed in

the

sou

rce

incl

ude:

•

The

Sov

iets

sen

t hi

m a

bir

thda

y pr

esen

t in

the

for

m o

f an

art

ille

ry

barr

age

righ

t in

to t

he h

eart

of

the

city

•

The

Wes

tern

Allie

s jo

ined

in

wit

h a

mas

sive

air

rai

d •

14-1

6 ye

ar-o

ld b

oys

who

had

“vo

lunt

eere

d” f

or t

he “

hono

ur”

to b

e ac

cept

ed int

o th

e SS

and

to

die

for

thei

r Fü

hrer

in

the

defe

nce

of B

erlin

• Bo

ys w

ho w

ere

foun

d hi

ding

wer

e ha

nged

as

trai

tors

by

the

SS

Po

ssib

le p

oint

s of

sig

nifi

cant

om

issi

on m

ay in

clud

e:

• Rus

sian

s ad

vanc

ed w

estw

ard

as m

uch

as 4

0 ki

lom

etre

s a

day

thro

ugh

East

Pru

ssia

, Lo

wer

Sile

sia,

Eas

t Po

mer

ania

, an

d U

pper

Sile

sia

• The

fir

st d

efen

sive

pre

para

tion

s at

the

out

skir

ts o

f Be

rlin

wer

e m

ade

on

20 M

arch

, w

hen

the

new

ly a

ppoi

nted

com

man

der

of A

rmy

Gro

up V

istu

la,

Gen

eral

Got

thar

d H

einr

ici,

cor

rect

ly a

ntic

ipat

ed t

hat

the

mai

n So

viet

th

rust

wou

ld b

e m

ade

over

the

Ode

r Riv

er

• Be

fore

the

mai

n ba

ttle

in

Berl

in c

omm

ence

d, t

he S

ovie

ts m

anag

ed t

o en

circ

le t

he c

ity

as a

res

ult

of t

heir

suc

cess

in

the

batt

les

of t

he S

eelo

w

Hei

ghts

and

Hal

be

• M

arsh

al Iv

an K

onev

's 1s

t U

krai

nian

Fro

nt h

ad p

ushe

d in

the

nor

th t

hrou

gh

the

last

for

mat

ions

of

Arm

y G

roup

Cen

tre

Page

85

• The

Ger

man

def

ence

s co

nsis

ted

of s

ever

al d

eple

ted,

bad

ly e

quip

ped,

an

d di

sorg

anis

ed W

ehrm

acht

and

Waf

fen-

SS d

ivis

ions

, w

hich

inc

lude

d m

any

SS f

orei

gn v

olun

teer

s, a

s w

ell

as m

any

Vol

ksst

urm

and

Hit

ler

Yout

h m

embe

rs

• W

ithi

n th

e ne

xt f

ew d

ays,

the

Sov

iets

rap

idly

adv

ance

d th

roug

h th

e ci

ty

and

reac

hed

the

city

cen

tre

whe

re c

lose

com

bat

rage

d •

Befo

re t

he b

attl

e w

as o

ver,

Hit

ler

and

a nu

mbe

r of

his

fol

low

ers

com

mit

ted

suic

ide

• The

cit

y's

defe

nder

s fi

nally

surr

ende

red

on 2

May

•

How

ever

, fi

ghti

ng c

onti

nued

to

the

nort

h-w

est,

wes

t an

d so

uth-

wes

t of

th

e ci

ty u

ntil t

he e

nd o

f th

e w

ar in

Euro

pe o

n 8

May

•

Ger

man

uni

ts f

ough

t w

estw

ard

so t

hat

they

cou

ld s

urre

nder

to

the

Wes

tern

Allie

s ra

ther

tha

n to

the

Sov

iets

•

Any

oth

er v

alid

poi

nt o

f ex

plan

atio

n th

at m

eets

the

cri

teri

a de

scri

bed

in t

he g

ener

al m

arki

ng in

stru

ctio

ns f

or t

his

kind

of

ques

tion

(se

e co

lum

n to

left

)

4

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

a nu

mbe

r of

re

leva

nt,

fact

ual po

ints

. The

se s

houl

d be

key

poi

nts.

The

poi

nts

do n

ot n

eed

to

be in

any

part

icul

ar o

rder

. Can

dida

tes

may

pro

vide

a n

umbe

r of

st

raig

htfo

rwar

d po

ints

or

a sm

alle

r nu

mbe

r of

dev

elop

ed p

oint

s, o

r a

com

bina

tion

of

thes

e.

Up

to t

he t

otal

mar

k al

loca

tion

for

thi

s qu

esti

on:

• 1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch

accu

rate

rel

evan

t po

int

of

know

ledg

e

• a

seco

nd m

ark

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

for

any

poin

t th

at is

deve

lope

d

5Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

5 m

ark

s.

The

y m

ay t

ake

diff

eren

t pe

rspe

ctiv

es o

n th

e ev

ents

and

may

des

crib

e a

vari

ety

of d

iffe

rent

asp

ects

of

the

even

ts.

1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch a

ccur

ate

rele

vant

key

poi

nt o

f kn

owle

dge.

A s

econ

d m

ark

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

for

each

poi

nt t

hat

is

deve

lope

d, u

p to

a m

axim

um o

f 5

mar

ks.

Can

dida

tes

may

ach

ieve

ful

l m

arks

by

prov

idin

g fi

ve s

trai

ghtf

orw

ard

poin

ts,

by m

akin

g th

ree

deve

lope

d po

ints

or

a co

mbi

nati

on o

f th

ese.

Po

ssib

le p

oint

s of

kno

wle

dge

may

incl

ude:

•

The

Impe

rial

Jap

anes

e Arm

y w

as loc

ked

in w

ar w

ith

Chi

na a

nd c

ould

not

be

spa

red

to d

efen

d th

e ho

me

isla

nds

• Ja

pan

had

so f

ew f

ight

er a

ircr

aft

and

trai

ned

pilo

ts lef

t, t

hey

deci

ded

not

to r

isk

such

pre

ciou

s as

sets

and

did

not

try

to

inte

rcep

t ei

ther

at

omic

bom

bing

rai

ds b

ecau

se t

hey

wer

e su

ch s

mal

l fo

rmat

ions

•

The

US

ship

yard

s an

d fa

ctor

ies

wer

e ev

ery

bit

as p

rodu

ctiv

e as

Ya

mam

oto

had

fear

ed

Page

86

• The

Am

eric

ans

prog

ress

ed m

etho

dica

lly

from

isl

and

to isl

and

• By

Aug

ust

1945

, 67

Jap

anes

e ci

ties

had

bee

n de

stro

yed

by c

onve

ntio

nal

TN

T a

nd inc

endi

ary

bom

bs a

nd s

ome

two

million

Jap

anes

e ci

vilian

s ha

d be

en k

ille

d by

the

ter

ror

bom

bing

•

Cur

tis

LeM

ay c

ompl

aine

d th

at h

e ha

d no

wor

thw

hile

tar

gets

aga

inst

w

hich

to

task

his

bom

bers

. The

Jap

anes

e fl

eet

was

gon

e, w

ith

wha

t sh

ips

that

rem

aine

d de

com

mis

sion

ed a

nd r

usti

ng a

t an

chor

•

The

em

barg

o w

as s

tarv

ing

the

hom

e is

land

s to

dea

th

• Ja

pane

se ind

ustr

y co

llap

sed

for

wan

t of

raw

mat

eria

ls

• Aft

er t

he f

all of

Sai

pan

(and

the

con

sequ

ent

fall o

f th

e Toj

o Cab

inet

),

the

Japa

nese

pea

ce m

ovem

ent

grew

exp

onen

tial

ly a

nd m

ore

and

mor

e pe

ace

over

ture

s w

ere

sent

to

Was

hing

ton

by w

ay o

f Sw

eden

, Sw

itze

rlan

d, M

osco

w a

nd e

lsew

here

•

Tw

o at

omic

bom

bs w

ere

drop

ped

on H

iros

him

a an

d N

agas

aki w

hich

sh

ocke

d th

e Ja

pane

se

• H

owev

er,

Dou

glas

Mac

Art

hur,

Dw

ight

Eis

enho

wer

, Che

ster

Nim

itz

and

Chi

ef o

f St

aff

Leah

y (t

o na

me

but

a fe

w)

reco

mm

ende

d ag

ains

t us

ing

the

bom

bs b

ecau

se t

hey

wer

e un

nece

ssar

y to

end

the

war

and

wou

ld n

ot

save

liv

es

• A

ny o

ther

rel

evan

t fa

ctua

l key

poi

nt o

f kn

owle

dge

that

mee

ts t

he

crit

eria

des

crib

ed in

the

gen

eral

mar

king

inst

ruct

ions

for

thi

s ki

nd o

f qu

esti

on (

see

colu

mn

to le

ft)

Page

87

Sect

ion

3, P

art

J

Que

stio

n G

ener

al M

arki

ng In

stru

ctio

ns f

or t

his

type

of

ques

tion

M

ax

mar

kSp

ecif

ic M

arki

ng In

stru

ctio

ns f

or t

his

ques

tion

1

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

a ju

dgem

ent

abou

t th

e ex

tent

to

whi

ch t

he s

ourc

e pr

ovid

es a

ful

l de

scri

ptio

n/ex

plan

atio

n of

a g

iven

eve

nt o

r de

velo

pmen

t.

Can

dida

tes

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

up t

o 3

mar

ks f

or t

heir

ide

ntif

icat

ion

of p

oint

s fr

om t

he s

ourc

e th

at s

uppo

rt t

heir

ju

dgem

ent.

Eac

h po

int

from

the

sou

rce

need

s to

be

inte

rpre

ted

rath

er t

han

sim

ply

copi

ed f

rom

the

sou

rce.

Can

dida

tes

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

up t

o 4

mar

ks f

or t

heir

ide

ntif

icat

ion

of p

oint

s of

sig

nifi

cant

om

issi

on,

base

d on

the

ir

own

know

ledg

e, t

hat

supp

ort

thei

r ju

dgem

ent.

A m

axim

um o

f 2

mar

ks m

ay b

e gi

ven

for

answ

ers

in w

hich

no

judg

emen

t ha

s be

en m

ade.

6Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

6 m

ark

s.

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

an o

vera

ll j

udge

men

t ab

out

how

ful

ly t

he s

ourc

e ex

plai

ns t

he e

vent

s. 1

mar

k m

ay b

e gi

ven

for

each

val

id p

oint

int

erpr

eted

fro

m

the

sour

ce,

or e

ach

valid

poin

t of

sig

nifi

cant

om

issi

on p

rovi

ded.

The

can

dida

te

can

achi

eve

up t

o 3

mar

ks f

or t

heir

int

erpr

etat

ion

of t

he p

arts

of

the

sour

ce

they

con

side

r ar

e re

leva

nt in

term

s of

the

pro

pose

d qu

esti

on w

here

the

re is

also

at

leas

t on

e po

int

of s

igni

fica

nt o

mis

sion

ide

ntif

ied

to im

ply

a ju

dgem

ent

has

been

mad

e ab

out

the

lim

itat

ions

of

the

sour

ce.

For

full m

arks

to

be g

iven

, ea

ch p

oint

nee

ds t

o be

dis

cret

ely

men

tion

ed in

term

s of

the

que

stio

n.

A m

axim

um o

f 2

mar

ks m

ay b

e gi

ven

for

answ

ers

whi

ch r

efer

onl

y to

the

so

urce

. Po

ssib

le p

oint

s w

hich

may

be

iden

tifi

ed in

the

sou

rce

incl

ude:

•

To

the

Am

eric

an g

over

nmen

t, p

laci

ng m

issi

les

on C

uba

was

a w

ar-l

ike

act

by

the

Sovi

ets

• The

y be

liev

ed t

hat

the

Sovi

et U

nion

int

ende

d to

sup

ply

a la

rge

num

ber

of

pow

erfu

l nu

clea

r w

eapo

ns

• Sp

y ph

otog

raph

s pr

oved

the

off

ensi

ve p

urpo

se o

f th

e m

issi

les

whi

ch w

ere

poin

ted

dire

ctly

at

maj

or A

mer

ican

cit

ies

• It

was

est

imat

ed t

hat

wit

hin

a fe

w m

inut

es o

f th

em b

eing

fir

ed,

80 m

illion

Am

eric

ans

wou

ld b

e de

ad

Po

ssib

le p

oint

s of

sig

nifi

cant

om

issi

on m

ay in

clud

e:

• Am

eric

a re

fuse

d to

tra

de w

ith

Cub

a af

ter

Bati

sta’

s fa

ll

• The

Am

eric

an g

over

nmen

t ba

cked

a r

ebel

lion

aga

inst

Cas

tro:

“Ba

y of

Pig

s”

• The

Bay

of

Pigs

wor

sene

d th

e si

tuat

ion

and

push

ed C

uba

clos

er t

o th

e U

SSR

• Kh

rush

chev

com

plai

ned

abou

t Am

eric

an m

issi

le b

ases

in

Tur

key

•

Kenn

edy

decl

ared

a n

aval

blo

ckad

e of

Cub

a

• Am

eric

ans

prep

ared

for

a h

ead-

on c

lash

•

USS

R t

ried

to

set

up m

issi

le b

ases

in

Cub

a

Page

88

• Kh

rush

chev

bac

ked

dow

n•

Any

oth

er v

alid

poi

nt o

f ex

plan

atio

n th

at m

eets

the

cri

teri

a de

scri

bed

in

the

gene

ral m

arki

ng in

stru

ctio

ns f

or t

his

kind

of

ques

tion

(se

e co

lum

n to

le

ft)

2

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

a nu

mbe

r of

po

ints

tha

t m

ake

the

issu

e pl

ain

or

clea

r, f

or e

xam

ple

by s

how

ing

conn

ecti

ons

betw

een

fact

ors

or c

ausa

l re

lati

onsh

ips

betw

een

even

ts o

r id

eas.

The

se s

houl

d be

key

rea

sons

and

may

in

clud

e th

eore

tica

l id

eas.

The

re is

no

need

for

any

eva

luat

ion

or p

rior

itis

ing

of

thes

e re

ason

s.

Can

dida

tes

may

pro

vide

a n

umbe

r of

st

raig

htfo

rwar

d re

ason

s, a

sm

alle

r nu

mbe

r of

dev

elop

ed r

easo

ns,

or a

co

mbi

nati

on o

f th

ese.

U

p to

the

tot

al m

ark

allo

cati

on f

or t

his

ques

tion

:

• 1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch

accu

rate

rel

evan

t po

int

•

a se

cond

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r an

y re

ason

tha

t is

dev

elop

ed

5Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

5 m

ark

s.

Cand

idat

es m

ust

show

a c

ausa

l rel

atio

nshi

p be

twee

n ev

ents

.

Up

to a

max

imum

of

5 m

arks

in t

otal

, 1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch

accu

rate

, re

leva

nt r

easo

n, a

nd a

sec

ond

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r re

ason

s th

at a

re d

evel

oped

. Can

dida

tes

may

ach

ieve

ful

l m

arks

by

prov

idin

g fi

ve s

trai

ghtf

orw

ard

reas

ons,

thr

ee d

evel

oped

rea

sons

, or

a

com

bina

tion

of

thes

e.

Poss

ible

rea

sons

may

incl

ude:

•

Rec

ord

num

bers

of

East

Ger

man

s w

ere

esca

ping

to

the

Wes

t •

Tho

se w

ho lef

t Ea

st B

erlin

wer

e yo

ung

and

wel

l ed

ucat

ed

• Age

nts

wer

e us

ing

Wes

t Be

rlin

as

a ce

ntre

of

oper

atio

ns a

gain

st E

ast

Ger

man

y an

d th

e So

viet

Uni

on

• W

est

Berl

in w

as a

shi

ning

exa

mpl

e of

cap

ital

ism

in

the

mid

dle

of

com

mun

ist

East

Ger

man

y an

d ha

d to

be

isol

ated

•

Futu

re o

f Be

rlin

had

bee

n in

dis

pute

sin

ce t

he e

nd o

f W

orld

War

II

• Kh

rush

chev

nee

ded

a fo

reig

n po

licy

suc

cess

to

dive

rt a

tten

tion

fro

m

dom

esti

c pr

oble

ms

• A

ny o

ther

val

id r

easo

n th

at m

eets

the

cri

teri

a de

scri

bed

in t

he

gene

ral m

arki

ng in

stru

ctio

ns f

or t

his

kind

of

ques

tion

(se

e co

lum

n to

le

ft)

Page

89

3

Can

dida

tes

mus

t in

terp

ret

evid

ence

and

m

ake

dire

ct c

ompa

riso

ns b

etw

een

sour

ces.

Can

dida

tes

are

expe

cted

to

com

pare

con

tent

dir

ectl

y on

a p

oint

by

poin

t ba

sis.

The

y m

ay c

ompa

re t

he

deta

ils

in t

he s

ourc

es a

nd/o

r co

mpa

re

the

view

poin

ts o

vera

ll.

Up

to t

he t

otal

mar

k al

loca

tion

for

thi

s qu

esti

on:

• 1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch

sim

ple

poin

t of

com

pari

son

• a

seco

nd m

ark

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

to

each

dev

elop

ed p

oint

of

com

pari

son

Can

dida

tes

may

ach

ieve

ful

l m

arks

by

mak

ing

four

sim

ple

com

pari

sons

, tw

o de

velo

ped

com

pari

sons

, or

by

a co

mbi

nati

on o

f th

ese.

4Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

4 m

ark

s.

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

dire

ct c

ompa

riso

ns o

f th

e tw

o so

urce

s, e

ithe

r ov

eral

l or

in

det

ail.

A s

impl

e co

mpa

riso

n w

ill in

dica

te w

hat

poin

ts o

f de

tail o

r ov

eral

l vi

ewpo

int

they

agr

ee o

r di

sagr

ee a

bout

and

sho

uld

be g

iven

1 m

ark.

A

deve

lope

d co

mpa

riso

n of

the

poi

nts

of d

etai

l or

ove

rall v

iew

poin

t sh

ould

be

give

n 2

mar

ks.

Can

dida

tes

may

ach

ieve

ful

l m

arks

by

mak

ing

four

sim

ple

com

pari

sons

, tw

o de

velo

ped

com

pari

sons

, or

by

a co

mbi

nati

on o

f th

ese.

Po

ssib

le p

oint

s of

com

pari

son

may

incl

ude:

Sour

ce B

Sour

ce C

Ove

rall:

Sour

ces

disa

gree

abo

ut t

he

tact

ics

used

by

the

Vie

tcon

g The

Vie

tcon

g us

ed g

ueri

lla

tact

ics

The

Vie

tcon

g en

gage

d th

e Am

eric

ans

in o

pen

war

fare

The

Vie

tcon

g ge

nera

lly

avoi

ded

larg

e-sc

ale

atta

cks

on t

he e

nem

y bu

t co

ntin

ually

hara

ssed

the

ir t

roop

s an

d in

stal

lati

ons

Tho

usan

ds o

f Vie

tcon

g la

unch

ed

wav

e af

ter

wav

e of

att

acks

on

our

cam

p

Thi

s lim

ited

the

sca

le o

f th

eir

casu

alti

es

to o

nly

a ha

ndfu

l at

a t

ime

The

Vie

tcon

g bo

dy c

ount

was

re

port

ed t

o ha

ve b

een

800,

but

I th

ough

t it

was

mor

e

The

y tr

avel

led

ligh

t, c

arry

ing

basi

c w

eapo

ns a

nd f

ew s

uppl

ies

The

y ha

d al

l ki

nds

of C

hine

se a

nd

Rus

sian

wea

pons

, su

ch a

s fl

amet

hrow

ers

and

rock

et

laun

cher

s

Page

90

4

Can

dida

tes

mus

t m

ake

a nu

mbe

r of

re

leva

nt,

fact

ual po

ints

. The

se s

houl

d be

key

poi

nts.

The

poi

nts

do n

ot n

eed

to

be in

any

part

icul

ar o

rder

. Can

dida

tes

may

pro

vide

a n

umbe

r of

st

raig

htfo

rwar

d po

ints

or

a sm

alle

r nu

mbe

r of

dev

elop

ed p

oint

s, o

r a

com

bina

tion

of

thes

e.

Up

to t

he t

otal

mar

k al

loca

tion

for

thi

s qu

esti

on:

• 1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch

accu

rate

rel

evan

t po

int

of

know

ledg

e •

a se

cond

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r an

y po

int

that

is

deve

lope

d

5Can

dida

tes

can

be c

redi

ted

in a

num

ber

of w

ays

up t

o a m

axi

mum

of

5 m

ark

s.

The

y m

ay t

ake

diff

eren

t pe

rspe

ctiv

es o

n th

e ev

ents

and

may

des

crib

e a

vari

ety

of d

iffe

rent

asp

ects

of

the

even

ts.

1

mar

k sh

ould

be

give

n fo

r ea

ch a

ccur

ate

rele

vant

key

poi

nt o

f kn

owle

dge.

A s

econ

d m

ark

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

for

each

poi

nt t

hat

is

deve

lope

d, u

p to

a m

axim

um o

f 5

mar

ks.

Can

dida

tes

may

ach

ieve

ful

l m

arks

by

prov

idin

g fi

ve s

trai

ghtf

orw

ard

poin

ts,

by m

akin

g th

ree

deve

lope

d po

ints

, or

a c

ombi

nati

on o

f th

ese.

Po

ssib

le p

oint

s of

kno

wle

dge

may

incl

ude:

•

Non

-pro

life

rati

on t

reat

y w

as s

igne

d in

196

8 •

SALT

tal

ks a

gree

d to

lim

it t

esti

ng o

f nu

clea

r w

eapo

ns

• U

SA b

egin

s to

sel

l th

e U

SSR w

heat

in

1970

s •

The

end

of

the

Vie

tnam

War

eas

ed t

ensi

on

• U

SA a

nd U

SSR s

igne

d H

elsi

nki ag

reem

ent

in 1

975

• Cha

ngin

g pe

rson

alit

ies

amon

g th

e le

ader

ship

of

the

USA

and

USS

R

• Jo

int

spac

e m

issi

on b

etw

een

USA

and

USS

R in

1975

•

Rol

e of

Gor

bach

ev

• A

ny o

ther

rel

evan

t fa

ctua

l key

poi

nt o

f kn

owle

dge

that

mee

ts t

he

crit

eria

des

crib

ed in

the

gen

eral

mar

king

inst

ruct

ions

for

thi

s ki

nd o

f qu

esti

on (

see

colu

mn

to le

ft)

[EN

D O

F SP

ECIM

EN M

ARK

ING

INST

RUCT

ION

S]

Documents

N5 sample paper history