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RESEARCH MEMORANDUM

PREPARATION OF 50 PERCENT BORON-HYDROCARBON SLURRIES

USING COMBINATIONS OF GLYCEROL SORBITAN LAURATE

WITH VARIOUS THICKENERS

By Irving A. Goodman and Virginia 0. Fenn

Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory Cleveland, Ohio

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CLASSIF NT

This material contains Information affect lonal Defense of the United States within the meaning

of the espionage laws, Title 18, U.S.C., S and 794, the transmission or revelation of which In any manner to an unauthorized person is pro law.

NATIONAL AD SORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS

WASHINGTON July 25, 1955

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https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930090329 2018-05-04T07:11:47+00:00Z

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NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS

RESEARCH MEMORANDUM

PREPARATION OF 50 PERCENT BORON-HYDROCARBON SLURRIES USING COMBINATIONS

OF GLYCEROL SORBITAN LAURPJTE WITH VARIOUS THICKENERS

By Irving A. Goodman and Virginia 0. Fenn

SUMMARY

Fluid slurries, containing 50 percent by weight of boron powder (1-micron average particle size) in JP-5 fuel, were prepared with the aid of small concentrations of glycerol sorbitan laurate (G-672) as a wetting or fluidizing agent. Seven commercial products were tested for their ability to thicken or stabilize the slurries containing glycerol sorbitan laurate.

The commercial thickening products tested were aluminum octoate, acetylene black, silica aerogel, a fine synthetic silica, a hydrated magnesium aluminum silicate, phenolic resin Microballoons, and dimethyl-dioctadecyl ammonium bentonite.

Brookfield apparent viscosity data were plotted against slurry age for varying concentrations of the two additive components of the slurry. The various additive formulations were evaluated on the basis of their effect on the viscosity, settling characteristics, and general physical appearance of the slurries.

The aluminum octoate - glycerol sorbitan laurate combination was studied in the greatest detail. Fluid, rather stable slurries could be prepared with this pair of additives, and minimum viscosities were ob-tained at glycerol sorbitan laurate concentrations of 0.7 to 0.9 percent with aluminum octoate concentrations of 0.3 to 0.4 percent.

The other six thickeners were tested in an exploratory way. All, with the possible exception of the fine silica and the phenolic resin Microballoons, could be used to produce slurries with satisfactory vis-cosity, stability, and physical appearance. None, however, appeared to show any distinct advantage over aluminum octoate in this respect.

INTRODUCTION

Elemental boron is of interest as a fuel for long-range ram-jet ap-plication because of its relatively high heating value, both on a weight

2 CO AL NACA RM E55E17

and volume basis. A stable, fluid, concentrated suspension of the very finely divided powder in jet fuel offers promise as a convenient physical form for utilizing boron as a ram-jet fuel.

Small and full-scale tests of the performance of boron slurry fuels in rain-jet burners have been reported. (refs. 1 to 5). Reference 6 de-scribed a boron slurry formulation containing two additives, glycerol sorbitan laurate, a wetting agent (hereinafter to be designated by its trade name, G-672) and aluminum octoate, a thickening agent. Since vis-cosity data sometimes showed substantial changes for small increments of additive concentration, a more detailed study of these effects over a range of concentrations was undertaken.

As part of a continuing effort to improve the physical properties of a boron slurry, other additives were sought as possible substitutes for aluminum octoate. The other six commercial products selected for study included acetylene black, a silica aerogel (Santocel c), a fine synthetic silica (PL-171), a hydrated magnesium aluminum silicate (Per-magel), phenolic resin Microballoons, and dimethyldioctadecyl ammonium bentonite '(Bentone-34).

The quantitative data presented herein have been restricted to ap-parent viscosities as determined on the Brookfield viscometer. Although such data may appear very erratic at times, they nevertheless do indicate gross trends. When accompanied by qualitative descriptions of the gen-eral appearance of the slurry and its stability or resistance to settling, the viscosity data may be used to screen the most promising formulations for further study. Until a better understanding of the rheology or flow characteristics of such systems is acquired, this type of data provides the main basis of comparison among the many slurry formulations studied. This report may be considered to supplement the Information in refer-ence 6.

EXPERIMENTAL

Materials

Boron, hydrocarbon, aluminum octoate, and G-672. - Among the mate-rials used in this investigation, the boron, hydrocarbon, aluminum octo-ate, and G-672 were supplied from the same sources described in refer-ence 6.

Wherever possible, a single drum of boron powder was used to complete the study of a given additive in order that trends might be definitely established. Analyses of samples from the five drums used in the inves-tigation show average particle diameters (based on Sub-Sieve Sizer read-ings) of about 1 micron, moisture content (based on weight loss after

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NACA RM E55E17 C 3

2-hr heating at 1050 C) of zero to 0.8 percent, a free boron content of about 90 percent, and a water extract acidity (see ref. 6) of p11 5.3 to 5.9.

The hydrocarbon was a MIL-F-7914 (AER), grade JP-5 fuel, which, prior to use, had been percolated through a column packed with activated alumina.

Other additives. - The additives used are all very specific commer-cial products and were not modified or altered prior to use. The com-mercial designation and a brief description of each product, as provided by the supplier, is included. Typical physical properties, taken from descriptive literature, are listed in table I for those additives not previously described.

The acetylene black is a 99.5 percent pure carbon black made by the thermal decomposition of acetylene and supplied by Shawinigan Chem-icals, Ltd.

Two types of finely divided silica were tested. One was a silica aerogel produced by the Monsanto Chemical Co. and marketed as Santocel C. It is described as an extremely porous, light, chemically inert ma-terial. The other was a synthetic experimental product supplied by the du Pont Chemical Co. and designated as PL-171. This material is de-scribed as consisting of "ultimate spherical particles" having pronounced hydrophobic, organophilic properties derived from a surface coating.

The hydrated magnesium aluminum silicate was a product marketed as Permagel by the Attapulgus Minerals and Chemical Corp. It is described as a highly colloidal, purified form of the mineral attapulgite. The particles are said to be small and needle-like with a 1ngth-to-diameter ratio of about 60.

The phenolic resin Microballoons are supplied by the Standard Oil Co. (Ohio). The product consists of small spherical hollow particles made from a phenolic resin and containing nitrogen sealed in at about atmospheric pressure.

The material chemically designated as dimethyldioctadecyl ammonium bentonite is better known by its trade name Bentone-34. It is produced by the National Lead Co. The product results from a cation exchange re-action between the appropriate quaternary ammonium salt and bentonite or its clay mineral component, montmorillonite. Under proper conditions, it has the property of gelling many organic liquid systems.

Slurry Preparation

The boron concentration was held at 50 percent by weight for all slurries studied in this investigation.

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The method of preparation of slurries containing G-672 and aluminum octoate as additives was identical to that described in reference 6. Essentially the same procedure was also followed in the preparation of slurries containing the phenolic resin Microballoons in place of aluminum octoate.

A slight modification in the procedure was made for the other thick-eners studied. For each of these, mixtures of boron, G-672, and JP-5 fuel were prepared in sufficient quantity to make up the number of sam-ples needed. For example, 2000 grams of a mixture would be prepared containing 50 percent boron, 1 percent G-672, and 49 percent by weight of JP-5 fuel. This mixture would then be divided up into 400-gram batches and the desired concentration of thickener added to each. For a 0.5 percent thickener concentration, for example, 2 grams would be added. The resulting very slight deviation from the exact concentrations report-ed could not significantly affect the gross trends which were of prime interest.

All the additives were simply stirred in with the aid of a high-speed mixing unit. No special techniques were used in the application of any particular additive, since a comparison of the relative merit of the additives was desirable on the basis of a standard method of slurry preparation.

Measurement of Slurry Viscosities

All the viscosity data reported were obtained on the Brookfield ro-tational viscometer, previously described in reference 7, according to the procedure described in references 7 and 8. The procedure may be summarized as follows:

Viscosities were determined on all samples at 30° C (86 0 F). In general, the number 3 spindle was used at 12 rpm for slurries with ap-parent viscosities of less than 10,000 centipoises, while the number 4 spindle at 6 rpm was used for slurries of higher viscosity. Each sample, prior to viscosity measurement, was thoroughly stirred with a spatula until it appeared homogeneous. An arbitrarily chosen 30-second interval of spindle rotation was adoted as standard, and no spindle guard was used.

Usually, viscosity determinations were made within 1 or 2 hours after slurry preparation, then about every other day for 2 weeks, and finally about weekly thereafter until the sample was discarded. The sam-ple was discarded when, in the operator's judgment, the settled portion of the slurry became so hard and difficult to redisperse that further data would be of little value. In all the figures showing viscosity-age histories, the symbol /7 signifies the age at which the slurry was discarded.

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NACA RM E55E17 C 5

The physical appearance of the slurry was qualitatively noted prior to and. after each remixing. These observations were useful aids in evaluating the slurry, since the Brookfield apparent viscosity in itself is not an adequate criterion for this purpose. Actually, in many cases, the apparent viscosities were recorded over a longer period of time than would appear justified on the basis of physical appearance.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In order to provide a reasonable basis for comparing various slur-ries, the results obtained for each combination of additives are dis-cussed in two ways. First, the effect of additive type and concentra- tion as well as slurry age on Brookfield apparent viscosity is considered. Secondly, it is also necessary to discuss the appearance of the slurry prior to remixing for viscosity measurement. These two criteria, evalua-ted in the light of each other, may then be used to judge the merits of a given additive concentration.

G-672 and Aluminum Octoate

Viscosity. - Figure 1 shows the effect of variation of G-672 concen-tration on the apparent viscosity-age history of slurries containing zero, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 percent aluminum octoate. As might be expected, slur-ries prepared without aluminum octoate (fig. 1(a)) decreased in apparent viscosity as the G-672 concentration was increased from 0.9 to 2.1 per-cent by weight. Slurries containing less than 0.9 percent G-672 were so viscous that they exceeded the capacity of the viscometer throughout the period of observation. The 0.9 percent slurry showed extremely erratic behavior throughout, although the scatter of the viscosity readings seemed to lessen as the slurry aged. Slurries containing 1.2 and 1.5 percent followed each other rather closely in viscosity-age history, as did the 1.8 and 2.1 percent slurries.

The combination of G-672 and aluminum octoate in certain proportions resulted in some rather unexpected effects on the apparent viscosity-age history of the slurries (figs. 1(b) to (d)). Although aluminum octoate itself is generally considered to be a gelling or thickening agent, the observed viscosity decrease due to additive was more pronounced in the presence of aluminum octoate than without it. For example, 0.7 percent G-672 with no aluminum octoate gave a slurry too viscous to measure on the viscometer. On the other hand, 0.6 percent G-672 and 0.2 percent aluminum octoate lowered the viscosity to 4000 to 7000 centipoises. A slurry containing 0.75 percent G-672 with 0.2 percent aluminum octoate leveled off at an apparent viscosity of about 5000 centipoises; 0.6 per-cent G-672 and 0.3 percent aluminum octoate had about the same effect; whereas, with 0.7 percent G-672 and 0.4 percent aluminum octoate, the

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6 CC NACA RM E55E17 ::ff

viscosity dropped to about 500 to 1000 centipoises. It is also of in-terest to note that higher concentrations of G-672, namely 1.3 and 1.6 percent, in the presence of 0.4 percent aluminum octoate gave slurries of higher viscosity than that containing only 0.7 percent G-672. Ap- parently, for a given aluminum octoate concentration, a minimum apparent viscosity occurs in a specific G-672 concentration range.

In figure 2, the viscosity data are plotted against G-672 concen-tration for slurries which had aged 1 hour, 1 day, and 3 or 4 days. It is particularly evident in figures 2(c) and (d) that the greatest change in viscosity with slurry age occurs at G-672 concentrations of 0.7 to 0.9 percent and aluminum octoate concentrations of 0.3 to 0.4 percent. This effect is not as distinct in figures 2(a) and (b), where aluminum octoate is either absent or in low concentration.

The phenomenon of a minimum viscosity exhibited in this type of sys-tem may be compared with that reported in reference 9, in which benzene solutions of sodium phenyl stearate and the effect of small additions of water, acid, alcohol, phenol, glycol, amine, and ketone on the viscosity were studied. It was observed, that the addition of a small amount of water (about 0.5 mole per equivalent of dissolved soap) resulted in a sharp drop in viscosity to a minimum, followed by increases in viscosity with further small additions of water. In the present work, the amount of water dissolved in the G-672 could conceivab3y be sufficient to pro-duce the effect; or the G-672 itself, because of its polar character, could be exerting this influence on the JP-5 sointion of aluminum octoate.

The viscosities of all of the slurries containing G-672, with and without aluminum octoate, sooner or later dropped into what is usually considered a desirable range, that is, below 7000 to 8000 centipoises. Many of these slurries initially showed very high viscosities and re-quired aging for as long as 3 weeks before the viscosity dropped to the desired level.

General appearance and evaluation. - None of the slurries in this group could be considered perfectly stable. When their viscosities had dropped sufficiently, the samples would invariably show a supernatant liquid up to 1/2 inch in depth. The main body of the slurry might be soft and smooth throughout, but generally had a thin layer of gummy sed-iment after a few days. All the slurries in the group had these char-acteristics to a greater or lesser degree. The anticipated slurry stor-age time, and the specific application for which the slurry is consid-ered, will determine the desired viscosity. This viscosity, in turn, dictates the selection of a particular additive formulation.

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NACA RM E55E17 CO 7

Acetylene Black and G-672

Viscosity. - The effect of acetylene black concentration on the viscosity-age history of boron slurries with concentrations of 1.0 and 1.5 percent G-672 is shown in figure 3.

Figure 3(a) shows that, for slurries containing 1.0 percent G-672, the apparent viscosity increases from about 3500 to about 15,000 centi-poises as the acetylene black concentration is increased from zero to 1.0 percent. On the basis of these viscosity data, probably no more than 0.5 percent acetylene black could be tolerated for a practical slurry fuel. As a matter of fact, the slurry containing no acetylene black indicated a very desirable viscosity level. All four of the slurries in this group show relatively constant viscosity over the entire period of study.

Figure 3(b) is a similar plot for slurries containing 1.5 percent G-672 and acetylene black concentrations up to 1.5 percent. Because of the increased G-672 concentration, generally lower apparent viscosities were observed for given acetylene black concentrations. Relatively con-stant viscosities were again noted except during the first week or two of aging. The expected trend of increased viscosity with increased acet-ylene black concentration was also Observed.

General appearance and evaluation. - All the slurries containing 1.0 percent G-672 were relatively stable, as implied by the long period of viscosity measurement (fig. 3(a)). Except for the usual supernatant liquid up to 1/2 inch deep, these slurries had a generally soft, smooth consistency with little or no sediment. The two slurries of higher vis-cosity (0.5 and 1.0 percent acetylene black) did not flow readily as liquids but rather resembled the consistency of mayonnaise.

The slurries containing 1.5 percent G-672 were less promising. Those containing 1.0 and 1.5 percent acetylene black were the most stable, but had excessively high apparent viscosities. The other three slurries, while in the desirable viscosity range, had poor physical characteris-tics. For example, after about 2 weeks, appreciable amounts of hard sediment were noted in these, and although viscosity measurements were continued for some time after that, the condition of the slurries prob-ably did not warrant it.

On the basis of limited experimental data, acetylene black appeared to have acceptable stabilizing characteristics. Some of the samples, containing only very low concentrations of acetylene black, displayed relatively constant viscosity and good. stability. Although the slurry containing 1.0 percent G-672 and no acetylene black alsc had desirable properties, a small percentage of acetylene black, .perhaps 0.25 to 0.5 percent, is probably advisable in order to minimize settling. There is

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NACA RN E55E17

apparently no reason for using G-672 concentrations greater than 1.0 per-cent, since correspondingly greater acetylene black concentrations are then required. for stabilization.

Silica Aerogel (Santocel C) and G-672

Viscosity. - Viscosity-age data for slurries containing 1.0 and 1.5 percent G-672 and Santocel C concentrations up to 1.0 and 2.0 percent, respectively, are presented in figure 4.

Santocel C increased the viscosity of the slurries containing 1.0 percent G-672 to almost the sane extent as acetylene black for a given concentration. There was more difference in effect of the two thickeners in the slurries containing 1.5 percent G-672. The slurry containing 1.5 percent acetylene black, for example, had a viscosity of about 20,000 centipoises, as compared with only about 4000 centipoises for the corre-sponding Santocel C slurry.

General appearance and evaluation. - Slurries prepared with Santocel C are also very similar to the acetylene black slurries in physical ap-pearance and stability. The noncombustibility of the Santocel is perhaps its only relative disadvantage, and this could hardly be considered a serious factor at such low concentrations.

Fine Silica (FL-171) and G-672

Viscosity. - Viscosity-age data for slurries containing 1.0 percent G-672 and concentrations of FL-171 up to 1.5 percent are plotted in figure 5. Differences introduced by the particular batch of boron powder used are evidenced by the low viscosity of the sample containing no FL-171. Samples containing 1.5 percent G-672 were not . studied with this additive, because, for the particular drum of boron used in this study, the amount of FL-171 required for adequate thickening was deemed excessive.

General appearance and evaluation. - For this particular boron powder, the samples had generally poor physical qualities. Even the most stable of the samples prepared, which contained 1.5 percent FL-171, was not very satisfactory in appearance. Its viscosity leveled off at about 7000 to 7500 centipoises, but after less than 2 months, it had a rather hard, lumpy consistency.

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NACA RM E55E17 CO 9

Hydrated Magnesium Aluminum Silicate (Permagel) and. G-672

Viscosity. - The effect of Permagel additions on the viscosity-age history of boron slurries containing 1.5 percent G-672 is shown in figure 6. Slurries containing 1.0 percent G-672 were not studied with Permagel. Since the sample containing no Permagel had a viscosity similar to the corresponding control samples (no thickener) of figures 3(b) and 4(b), the boron powder used here may be assumed to be similar. It then appears that Permagel is in general not nearly so effective a thickener as acet-ylene black, but somewhat comparable to Santocel C for 1.5 percent G-672 (see figs. 3(b) and. 4(b)). For example, a slurry containing 1.5 percent G-672 and 1.5 percent Permagel had an apparent viscosity of about 3000 to 4000 centipoises. A slurry of similar composition, containing 1.5 percent acetylene black, had a viscosity of 10,000 to 12,000 centipoises, while the viscosity of the corresponding Santocel C slurry was about 4000 cent ipoises.

General appearance and evaluation. - The properties of the Permagel slurries in the higher viscosity range were acceptable. Although the 1.5 and 2.0 percent Permagel slurries showed somewhat erratic viscosity be-havior at times, the main body of the slurry remained in a generally satisfactory condition throughout the period of viscosity measurement. However, since higher concentrations of Perinagel were necessary for a given viscosity and for good stability, it offers less promise of appli-cation as a slurry stabilizer than most of the other materials tested.

Phenolic Resin Microballoons and G-672

Viscosity. - The effect of Microballoon concentration on the apparent viscosity-age history of boron slurries containing 1.5 percent G-672 is shown in figure 7. Because these Microballoons are hollow particles, they would naturally tend to lower the density of the slurry. A50 per-cent boron slurry containing 5 percent by weight of the Microballoons actually has a density about 10 percent lower than that of the same slur-ry without additive. Greater concentrations than this were therefore not considered.

As the Microballoon concentration is increased from zero to 4 per-cent, a gradual increase in apparent viscosity from 1700 to about 3000 centipoises occurred. This is a very small increase for the relatively large increase in additive concentration.

General appearance and evaluation. - The sediment in these slurries was generally very gummy, and the stability appeared to be no better than that of the sample containing no Microballoons. The apparent exception to this observation, indicated in figure 7 for the 3.0 percent additive, is

10 CO - NACA RM E55E17

not considered significant, since the physical appearance of all of these slurries was poor. The longer period of apparent viscosity measurements in this case was not justified. It is apparent that little can be gained from the use of this material as an additive in the acceptable range of concentrations.

Dimethyldioctadecyl Ammonium Bentonite (Bentone-34) and G-672

Viscosity. - Figure 8 shows the apparent viscosity-age data ob-tained for boron slurries containing 1.0 or 1.5 percent G-672 and Bentone-34 concentrations up to 1.5 percent by weight. The apparent viscosity increases as the Bentone-34 concentration is increased.

Although the slurry containing 1.0 percent G-672 and 1.0 percent Bentone-34 (fig. 8(a)) had a fairly constant apparent viscosity of about 10,000 centipoises, it was actually almost the same in appearance and viscosity as the slurry containing 1.5 percent of each additive (fig. 8(b)). The numerical differences in the viscosity data result from the fact that two different viscometer spindles were used in measuring the viscosities. All the data for the first slurry (fig. 8(a)) were ob-tained by use of the number 4 spindle. In figure 8(b), the indicated viscosities of 10,000 centipoises or greater were obtained with the number 4 spindle, whereas the others, averaging about 7500 centipoises, were obtained with the number 3 spindle.

General appearance and evaluation. - Slurry stability was relatively poor except for the two higher viscosity samples, which contained 1.0 and 1.5 percent of each additive. The slurry that contained 1 percent of each additive appeared particularly good. The body of the slurry re-mained soft and smooth almost throughout the period of viscosity measure-ment, although the usual supernatant liquid layer was observed. While the slurry containing 1.5 percent of each additive had the same apparent viscosity as that containing 1.0 percent, it did not have the same phys-ical appearance. After about 1 month of aging, a sticky settled portion began to appear in it, and with further aging, the slurry assumed a grainy, somewhat lumpy appearance. The consistency of the more stable of these slurries is similar to that of mayonnaise. It appears, then, that Bentone-34, in certain concentrations, may possibly be useful as a slurry stabilizing agent.

GENERAL REMARKS

The apparently erratic viscosity data observed in many cases may be due to several causes. In the case of very high viscosities, the

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NACA RM E55E17 CO II

viscometer spindle sometimes cuts a channel in the slurry, causing slip-page and thus indicating erroneously low values. Below about 10,000 centipoises spindle number 4 was replaced by number 3 for reasons of added instrument sensitivity. This change in viscometer spindle was shown to cause discontinuities in the apparent viscosity-age curves due to the accompanying change in rate of shear.

Another possible cause of erratic results may be attributed to non-uniform remixing prior to viscosity measurement.Although stirring was continued in each case until the sample appeared homogeneous, this treat-. ment may have been inadequate in some difficult cases.

The surface effects associatd with the types of additives studied are not instantaneous. This may account for the irregularities observed during the first 2 or 3 weeks of the slurry's life. The viscosity read-ings generally become more uniform as the slurry ages.

It should be emphasized again that the results reported herein can-not be completely generalized. They are specific for the particular batches of additive used. Because of the nature of many of these addi-tives,. the results could vary considerably with different lots of ma-terial. In spite of its limitations, however, the information does in-dicate trends and can be used as a guide in choosing approximate additive concentrations for desired properties. As was pointed out in reference 6, the boron powder itself may have a profound influence on slurry prop-erties. This factor must also be considered in evaluating these results.

CONCLUDING REMARKS

This experimental investigation has demonstrated some unusual con-centration effects involving aluminum octoate and G-672 in 50 percent boron slurries. Certain combinations of the two additives, for example, will result in a much lower apparent viscosity, with good stability, than could be obtained without the aluminum octoate, which by itself generally functions as a thickening or gelling agent. As a result, it appears pos-sible that the total additive concentration required for satisfactory vis-cosity and stability may be appreciably reduced if desired.

The second part of this investigation consisted of a preliminary study of six prospective substitutes for aluminum octoate. The data are limited in kind and in quantity, and no special techniques were developed for the use of each individual additive. It appears, however, that acet-ylene black, Santocel C, Permagel, or Bentone-34 could be used in con-junction with G-672 to prepare a satisfactorily fluid and stable. boron slurry. The fine silica (PL-171) and phenolic resin Microballoons were not deemed promising for this application. None of the additives showed any marked advantage over the currently used aluminum octoate. It may

12 C 41"- NACA RM E55E17

be, however, that some of them are less sensitive than aluminum octoate to chemical reaction or the presence of moisture and other polar ma-terials. If so, greater reproducibility might be insured by their use. More work on these materials would be necessary, however, to establish definitely whether this is true.

Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics

Cleveland, Ohio, May 18, 1955

REFERENCES

1. Lord, Albert M.: An Experimental Investigation of the Combustion Properties of a Hydrocarbon Fuel and Several Magnesium and Boron Slurries. NACA EM E52BO1, 1952.

2. Garmon, R. C., Longo, A., and Wolf, R. L.: Combustion of Boron. TM-571, Final Rep., Experiment, Inc., Nov. 1, 1953.

3. Cook, Preston N., Jr., Lord, Albert M., and Kaye, Samuel: Blow-Out Velocities of Various Petroleum, Slurry, and Hydride Fuels in a

l - -Inch Diameter Combustor. NACA EM E54A28, 1954.

4. Reynolds, Thaine W., and Haas, Donald P.: Performance of Slurries of 50 Percent Boron in JP-4 Fuel in 5-Inch Ram-Jet Burner. NACA EM E54D07 1 1954.

5. Kerslake, William R.., Dangle, E. E., and Cervenka, A. J.: Experi-mental Evaluation of Boron-Hydrocarbon Slurry in a 16-Inch Ram-Jet Combustor. NACA EM E55C07 1 1955.

6. Goodman, Irving A., and Fenn, Virginia 0.: Preparation and Properties of Concentrated Boron-Hydrocarbon Slurry Fuels. NACA EM E54F18a, 1954.

7. Finns, Murray L., and Goodman, Irving A.: Study of the Physical Prop-erties of Petrolatum-Stabilized Magnesium-Hydrocarbon Slurry Fuels. NACA EM E53J16, 1954.

8. Caves, Robert M.: Stabilization of 50-Percent Magnesium - JP-4 Slur-ries with Some Aluminum Soaps of C 8 Acids. NACA R1'4 E54C10, 1954.

9. Honig, J. G., and Singleterry, C. R.: The Physical-Chemical Behavior of Oil-Dispersible Soap Solutions. I. Sodium Phenyl Stearate in Benzene. Jour. Phys. Chem., vol. 58, 1954, p. 201.

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Figure 2. - Brookfield apparent viscosity against G-672 concentration for 50 percent boron slurries in JP-5 fuel containing various concentra-tions of aluminum octoate.

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Figure 2. - Concluded. Brookfield apparent viscosity against G-672 con-centration for 50 percent boron slurries in JP-5 fuel containing various concentrations of aluminum octoate.

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