Nacionalismo revolucionario - La lucha Armada, Intelectuales y los Prisioneros Políticos y de Guerra

8/3/2019 Nacionalismo revolucionario - La lucha Armada, Intelectuales y los Prisioneros Polticos y de Guerra

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I`gdai`ldwma

Roalugdai`rdaZuor~arrdpuoa

Mdgh`ol Fai{lo{ Gru{


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Bdafrè` nol @u~ar

Mdghòl Fai{lo{ Gru{ i`gd oi @fu`ndll`, Zuor~a Rdga oi 0462) Ow~und

wagdalaf` t gdoigd`w zal~dg`w oi l` _idorwdn`n no Zuor~a Rdga oi M`t`fo{)

Gamzlo~ wu nag~ar`na oi Wagdalaf` oi l` _idorwdn`n no Bdifh`m~ai, Iuo` Tarc

oi ol 2::?) H` oiwo`na oi ol Noz`r~`moi~a no Ow~undaw Zuor~arrdpuoaw t

L`~dia`mordgìaw no Kahi K`t Gallofo t oi ol Galofda Oufoida M`r` no Haw~aw no l`

Gdun`n no Iuo` Tarc) Zubldg oi ol 2::7 Zuor~a Rdga, ~ho Galaid`l ìn

Dmzord`ldw~ Oxzordoigo oi l` ì~alaf` Noolazmoi~ di ^hoart ìn Zr`g~dgo ond~`n`

zar Rai`ln Ghdlga~o) @g~u`lmoi~o ow g`~onr~dga ùxdld`r nol Noz`r~`moi~a noGdoigd`w Wagd`low no l` _idorwdn`n no Zuor~a Rdga oi M`t`fo{)


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>

Nondg`~ard`

@ md puordna hdka t mokar `mdfa, @lbor~a R`e`ol

t oi haiar ` Edldbor~a Akon` Raw, Rowzaiw`blo Foior`l

nol Okrgd~a Zazul`r Bardgu` - M`gho~oraw)


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?

@fr`nogdmdoi~aw

Ow~` abr` euo zawdblo fr`gd`w `l `zata, gal`bar`gdi t gamzroiwdi no md

gamzòr` G`rmoi L) R) M`ri t no l` bog` nol Wagdo~t ear ~ho W~unt ae Wagd`l

Zrablomw (WWWZ$ puo mo zormd~d gamzlo~`r l` b`wo no n`~aw zroldmdi`r)

L` ondgdi zubldg`n` oi l` Rozubldg` Bald`rdì` no Uoio{uol` euo zawdblo

fr`gd`w ` l` `~oigdi no Eoriìna Bawwd t Midg` W`d{ nol Gaifrowa Bald`rdìa no

law Zuoblaw)


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^`bl` no Gai~oidna

Zrlafa

Di~ranuggdi

G`z~ula _ia

I`gdai`ldwma Roalugdai`rda; Gùw`w, Arfoiow t Arfìd{`gdaiow

Woggdaiow ôm~dg`w;

L` lugh` `rm`n` zuor~arrdpuo` (0858$Bìndnaw Wagd`low a Robolnow I`gdai`ldw~`w (0848$No l` Old~o no l`w Lo~r`w `l Z`r~dna no M`w`wNo l`w M`w`w `l I`gdai`ldwma oi @rm`wI`gdai`ldw~`w R`wgìna ol GdolaPuo Udì law Ow~undì~ow!Ragcdif ` Iov W~ruffloL` Lugh` @rm`n` Glìnow~di` (045:$@leaiwa Bo`l Zuor~a Rdga Pudoro G@L!Madmdoi~a Dinozoinoi~dw~` Roalugdai`rda @rm`naLaw M`gho~orawL`w Euor{`w @rm`n`w no Ldbor`gdi I`gdai`l (E@LI$Falzoìna, Kui~aw t Rouol~awâna Bardgu` M`gho~ora

Ualg`na ol R`nda no @ggdiL` M`rgh` h`gd` ol Eroi~oI`gdai`ldwma Roalugdai`rda _id~`rdaânaw Wamaw Edldbor~a

G`z~ula Naw

Zorofrdiaw, Zrdwdaioraw Zal~dgaw t no Fuorr`

Woggdaiow ôm~dg`w;

T` ow har` no ~ròrlaw ` g`w`!Nago Ndwgzulaw Ldbor`nawLudw RawÒld{`m Owgab`rOnvdi Gar~w@nalea M`~aw @i~aifdarfdRdg`rna Kdmio{@ldgd` Ranrfuo{Dn` Lu{ Ranrfuo{G`rmoi U`loi~iNtlgd` Z`fi@lbor~a Ranrfuo{

@lokìnrdi` ârrowKuì Wof`rr` Z`lmor


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L` Lugh` Gai~di`G`rlaw @lbor~a ârrow-88465-2>Awg`r Lzo{-865?0-:2>H`tno Bol~ri-88>52-2>Oxdld`na oi l` H`bì`N`dn w) Fald`~

G`z~ula row

I`gdai`ldwma Roalugdai`rda t law Di~olog~u`low Zuor~arrdpuoaw

Woggdaiow ôm~dg`w;

Pudiow wai law di~olog~u`lowDi~olog~u`low no @rm`w âm`n`wLaw Di~olog~u`low t l` Rozrowoi~`gdi nol I`gdai`ldwma Roalugdai`rda

_i` Womì` no Wdo~o N`w no M`f`ld F`rg` R`mdwL` Wambr` Lokì` no Zonra Kuì Wa~aGaiorw`gdaiow gai Edldbor~a; L` lu{no l` oi~ì` no Ludw Idoow E`lgiH)E) no Mdcdo Rdor Law Zorofrdiaw, l` Zroiw` t law Di~olog~u`lowNob`~ow nowno L` ârro@rmìna l` _~az`

Gaigluwdi

Ozlafa

Roeoroigd`w


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Zrlafa

I`gdi, roalugdi t foi~o puo wubwdw~o, zorwdw~o t rowdw~o

Mdghòl Fai{lo{ Gru{ aerogo oi wu ldbra, I`gdai`ldwma roalugdai`rda

zuor~arrdpuoa (04?5-2::?$; l` lugh` `rm`n`, law di~olog~u`low t zrdwdaioraw

zal~dgaw t no fuorr`, ui` dwdi nagumoi~`n` nol i`gdai`ldwma oi Zuor~a Rdga t no

l`w arfìd{`gdaiow puo hì ro`ld{`na `ggdaiow `rm`n`w, ~ì~a oi earm` `bdor~`

gama glìnow~di`) Oi l` dn` zbldg` t ùi oi law ldbraw no hdw~ard` no Zuor~a Rdga,

ow~aw zragowaw `zoi`w wo moigdaiì t r`r` o{ wo `luno ` ollaw, oxgoz~a oidiearmow zordanw~dgaw `zrowur`naw a gamoi~`rdaw ro~rdgaw t wuzoredgd`low) Oi

z`r~dgul`r, l` diearm`gdi egdlmoi~o `ggowdblo `gorg` no l`w `ggdaiow `rm`n`w t nol

~r`b`ka glìnow~dia zar l` dinozoinoigd` ow owg`w`)

Ow~o ldbra ow ui ùn`{ gamdoi{a3 wo ~r`~` no ui oiw`ta no gar~o `g`nmdga,

zora wu gamzramdwa w`l~` ` l` dw~` nol log~ar oi g`n` zfdi` t lo n` dmzulwa t

rd~ma ` ui roguoi~a dmzrowdaiì~o) Oi wu rogarrdna warzroinoi~o rowo`, uia ~r`w

a~ra, hoghaw, luf`row t iambrow no foi~o no g`rio t huowa t no gar`{i

dioigdblo, nagumoi~ìna owaw `wzog~aw gai euoi~ow no ndw~di~a ~dza, nowno

zordndgaw t ldbraw h`w~` ~ow~dmaidaw t ~ox~aw `r~w~dgaw) Zrowoi~` zar zrdmor` o{

oi earm` `b`rg`nar` t oi woguoigd` arnoi`n`, ` la l`rfa no law l~dmaw gdiguoi~`

àw, law oweuor{aw `rm`naw t gaiwzdr`~daw puo hì zra~`faid{`na hambrow

bràw t mukorow dinam`blow z`r` gamb`~dr law `buwaw ~ì~a oi Zuor~a Rdga gama

oi l` mo~rzald, oi zra~ow~` `dr`n` gai~r` l` wuzrowdi t m`rfdi`gdi no pudoiow wo

idofì ` zormd~dr puo barroi ` l` i`gdi zuor~arrdpuo` no l` hdw~ard`)

Ol ldbra no Mdghòl Fai{lo{ Gru{ ~doio ~row g`z~ulaw; oi zrdmor ~rmdia, ui

zìar`m` zal~dga t mdld~`r no Zuor~a Rdga no l` wofuin` md~`n nol wdfla XX t no la

puo ` nol wdfla XXD)

Nowno ui ifula ndeoroi~o, ol nol dinozoinoi~dwma, ol zrdmor g`z~ula ow~und`

owaw àw no oxzìwdi nol galaid`ldwma t no wuw mu~`gdaiow h`gd` ol gai~ral

ogaimdga t moi~`l no l` zorwai`) Oi ol wofuina g`z~ula `z`rogoi, gai no~`llow

dnaw no wdfidedg`na di~rìweordblo, l`w oi~rodw~`w t l` diearm`gdi hdw~rdg` oi

~aria ` l` ~r`tog~ard` no law ll`m`naw nago ndwgzulaw ldbor`naw, mw law

~ow~dmaidaw no `lfuiaw`w puo ì owzorì puo l` `ggdi no wu zuobla law rofrowo `

g`w`) Wurfo oi ow~` woggdi ol raw~ra dinddnu`l no l` lugh` puo iuig` wo no~doio,

ow` lugh` puo ow~aw gamzòraw t gamzòr`w omzroindorai n` ` n`, ol`barìna

dn`w no digai~`blow `g~aw waldn`rdaw puo g`mbd`rai ol rumba no mughaw koiow


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puoromaw ~ow~dmaidaw ld~or`rdaw, zuonoi rogarn`rwo oi~ro a~raw, oi arnoi

graialfdga; l` ox~oiw` garrowzainoigd` no Bo~ìgow, puo la rool` gama ow~r`~of`

t gaiwzdr`nar gaiwum`na, ol Nd`rda no G`mz`` no M`r~, `lugdiì~o,

dmzrowdaidw~`, hormawa oi l` zloid~un no wu `lofr`, t z`r` iawa~raw ui` no wuwmokarow abr`w) A~ra ~ì~a agurro gai ol Nd`rda nol Gho oi Baldd` t gai wu nd`rda

èrdgìa, owgrd~a nurì~o ol à oi puo ow~udorai oi idifui` z`r~o)

Mdghòl Fai{lo{ Gru{ iaw `zraxdm` ` ~orroiaw nowgaiagdnaw, ` la puo wo h`

ll`m`na l` dier`hdw~ard`, oi ol mokar woi~dna no owo gaigoz~a, zarpuo nagumoi~` t

oxzlar` la wogro~a t la dfiar`na) @l ox`mdi`r law owgrd~aw t ndwgurwaw no @lbd{u t law

no Edldbor~a Akon` Raw, `l rogdbdr l`w i`rr`gdaiow ar`low no hambrow t mukorow puo,

wofi ~ow~dmaid` ol ù~ar t oi~rodw~`nar, zroedoroi zormìogor oi ol ìaidm`~a, `l

fr`b`r l`w agow t z`l`br`w no law zrdwdaioraw no fuorr` nouol~aw `l woia `marawa

no wu ~dorr`, Fai{lo{ Gru{ wo gaidor~o oi gai~diu`nar no l` ì~dfu` t euor~o~r`ndgdi puo gamdoi{` gai ol Gì~a `l hambro t ` l`w `rm`w))), law zrdmoraw

orwaw no L` Oiodn`, a pud{w, mugha mw `~rw, gai l`w zdi~ur`w ruzow~row no l`w

gòri`w) Ol diow~df`nar t wagdlafa ow ` l` o{ gai~diu`nar o diia`nar) Gai~di`

l` ~`ro` owba{`n` ` mond`naw nol wdfla z`w`na zar Ldnda Gru{ Maigla` t ro`ld{`n`

gai zloid~un zar Formi Nolf`na Z`w`zor` oi wu ldbra euin`gdai`l; Zuor~a Rdga,

wuw lugh`w omìgdz`nar`w, no 048>, abr` puo rogafo mdiugdaw`moi~o l` hdw~ard`

wogro~` no l` lugh` dinozoinoi~dw~` oi ol wdfla XDX)

Wo zuonoi moigdai`r `rdaw, ùipuo ia mughaw iambrow, no pudoiow wo

owear{`rai zar nagumoi~`r t i`rr`r l` ~r`tog~ard` agul~` nol ~r`b`ka zar l`

dinozoinoigd`) Zar okomzla, l` gal`bar`gdi ` l` o{ dinddnu`l t gaikui~`, t oi

`mbaw brdllì~o, no Zùl Ow~r`no t Eldx Akon` Rotow, puo iaw hì n`na wuw ldbraw

wabro ol Bo~ìgow roalugdai`rda) ^`mbdi ow dmzrowgdindblo rogaiagor l` l`bar no

naw mukorow puo rozrowoi~ì l` hormaw` gambdi`gdi no graidw~`w t z`r~dgdzì~ow,

no hdw~ard`nar`w t lugh`nar`w) Iaw roeordmaw ` Latn` Edfuora` Morg`na t ` Mdd

Wodka Bruia, ù~ar`w no ndorwaw ldbraw puo wdfuoi h`gdoina z`~rd`) @nomw no

gai~diu`nar nol ~r`b`ka hairawa t `rnua no owaw diow~df`narow, Mdghòl Fai{lo{

Gru{ zuono nowdfi`rwo gama diia`nar zar wu bwpuon` gudn`naw`, zar l` `rdon`n

no wuw euoi~ow, zar ol uwa no l`w oi~rodw~`w z`r` g`z~`r l`w hdw~ard`w no dn` no

`rdaw no iuow~raw horadgaw zrdwdaioraw no fuorr` rogdoi~ow)

_i lafra owzogd`l no ow~o ldbra ow `nomw wu owmora zar nagumoi~`r l`

di~or`ggdi oi~ro l`w naw md~`now no iuow~r` i`gdi, woz`r`n`, zora idg`,

dinddwdblo t lugh`nar`; law zuor~arrdpuoaw, hambrow t mukorow, no `pu t no `ll,

no l` omdfr`gdi ` Ow~`naw _idnaw t law puo zormìogdorai oi l` Dwl`) Ol ~om` nol

i`gdai`ldwma roalugdai`rda t wu di~ofr`gdi gai ol wagd`ldwma gdoi~edga oi Zuor~a

Rdga wo now`rrall` oi ow~o ldbra ~amìna oi guoi~` l` gambdi`gdi puo hdgdorai

ndorw`w arfìd{`gdaiow t fruzaw oi~ro l` lugh` `rm`n` t l` di~oiw` `ggdi gddl oi


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ndeoroi~ow roiflaiow, no l`w earm`w `bdor~`w t glìnow~di`w) Oi~r` ~`mbdi oi

`wzog~aw g`wd dind~aw noi~ra no law ow~undaw `gorg` nol dinozoinoi~dwma oi Zuor~a

Rdga, gama zar okomzla, l` dieluoigd` no a~raw zragowaw no lugh` t rowdw~oigd`

i`gdai`ldw~` t roalugdai`rd` oi ol iuow~ra) Wo now~`g` `pu gama zag`w ogow ì~owui hogha gai~uinoi~o; l` gai~diudn`n no iuow~r` rowdw~oigd`, wdi dmzar~`r l`w

ombow~dn`w rozrowd`w, law roowow, law oig`rgol`mdoi~aw, l`w zoiurd`w t l`w

muor~ow no iuow~raw mokarow hambrow t mukorow) Ow~o gamzoinda no l`w lugh`w no

rowdw~oigd` no ndorwaw wog~arow nol zuobla zuor~arrdpuoa zaio no mìdedow~a ol

okomzla puo l` lugh` oi Zuor~a Rdga ow~ nìna t l` gai~rdbugdi puo ow~ h`gdoina

` ow` @mrdg` L`~di` t G`rdbo` puo uolo ` nogdr B`w~` t ` ogh`r ` ìn`r)

L` hdw~ard` wdloigdaw` t ` ogow wdloigd`n` a noearm`n` puo rogaiw~ruto ow~o

ldbra nowno ui` dwdi rowzo~uaw` t nagumoi~`n` nomuow~r` ui` o{ mw puo wo

zuono t WO L_GH@ zar l` ldbor~`n i`gdai`l t wagd`l, ì oi l`w oi~r``w nolmaiw~rua) Ow~o ldbra no Fai{lo{ Gru{ aerogo ui` diow~df`gdi t h`go `gazda no

mugh` diearm`gdi zaga gaiagdn` t ùi moiaw `ggowdblo, ninalo ui m`rga

hdw~rdga t ~ordga) Digluwdo l` ldw~` no l` bdbldafrè` zaio oi mìaw no pudoiow wo

di~orowoi oi ol ~om` ui` wordo no ~~ulaw t euoi~ow puo ia wai no egdl `ggowa)

ânaw owaw lafraw, mw `ll no gr~dg`w a ndeoroinaw puo zuonì wuwgd~`r law

zlì~oaw no ow~o ldbra, gaiw~d~utoi ui` `ldaw` `zar~`gdi, ia wla ` l` hdw~ard` no l`

lugh`, wdia ` l` lugh` mdwm`)

Ol ldbra I`gdai`ldwma roalugdai`rda zuor~arrdpuoa (04?5-2::?$ ow ol

rowul~`na no ui` bwpuon` `gugdaw` puo zanr` orwo gama ui` owzogdo no

`rpuoalaf` di~olog~u`l, n`na wu oweuor{a zar owgunrd`r t ~ròr ` l` lu{ la puo zar

wu i`~ur`lo{` mdwm` wo owgaino) Gai l`w oxgozgdaiow ì~ow moigdai`n`w, l`w no

@lbd{u t no Akon` Raw, puo ndorai ol eroi~o oi ~ana mamoi~a z`r` brdin`r wu

ardoi~`gdi `l zuobla, ùi ì~o l` zorwogugdi, nowno l` zrdwdi t nowno ol

glìnow~di`ko, pudoiow di~ofrì owo wog~ar no lugh` wla wo oxzrowì mondì~o

owguo~aw gamuidg`naw, oi rowo`w zordanw~dg`w mw a moiaw wuzoredgd`low t, zar

wuzuow~a, ` ~r`w nol ~ow~dmaida mw gai~uinoi~o, l`w zrazd`w `ggdaiow `rm`n`w)

L`w arfìd{`gdaiow glìnow~di`w ia gaigonoi oi~rodw~`w id nokì ol r`w~ra no

z`zolow puo e`gdld~o `l oiomdfa wu zorwogugdi) Wo gamuidgì gai l` a{ no l`w

`rm`w, gama dindg` l` er`wo marn`{ no M`t`cawct, ^doio l` z`l`br` ol g`m`r`n`

Mùwor)))) Ow~` ndedgul~`n dihoroi~o `l ~om` h`go mw `ldaw` l` gai~rdbugdi no

I`gdai`ldwma roalugdai`rda zuor~arrdpuoa (04?5-2::?$ no Mdghòl Fai{lo{ Gru{)

@i~ow no gaigludr, puoromaw wo`l`r la puo iaw mad ` `goz~`r l`

oigamdoin` no owgrdbdr ow~` di~ranuggdi) Iaw homaw `gamz``na oi l` dn` t oi

l` lugh` i`gdai`l zar mw no gu`roi~` àw) Zar iuow~r` on`n ow abda puo

~oi`maw t` gaigdoigd` hdw~rdg` nurì~o l` m`tar` no law wugowaw ow~und`naw oi

ow~o ldbra) Iuow~r` log~ur` nol ldbra t ol zroe`gda puo owgrdbdmaw ow zranug~a no


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iuow~r` t` ì~dfu` gal`bar`gdi) Iaw oxzrow`maw `pu oi g`ldn`n no ~ow~dfaw t

z`r~dgdzì~ow oi l` hdw~ard` nol dinozoinoi~dwma) Gai `~oigdi t oweuor{a

`z`wdai`na t zraeuina, l` homaw abwor`na, zoiw`na t woi~dna no gorg` zar `rd`w

ng`n`w, gama z`r~dn`rdaw no l` dinozoinoigd` t mdombraw no arfìd{`gdaiow ~`lowgama ol MZD- ZWZ t ol MDIH) @nomw iaw homaw nondg`na zar mugha ~domza `l

ow~unda no l` gul~ur` t no l` hdw~ard` l`~dia`mordgì` t zuor~arrdpuo`) Udmaw t

oxzordmoi~`maw mughaw `g~aw ndwzorwaw, `nmdr`blow, mdiwgulaw t m`fiaw,

~ar~urì~ow t oi`l~ogonarow, ùipuo wdi oi~oinorlaw mugh`w ogow oi wu

gamzlokdn`n, zar ow~`r dimorwaw oi ol ~arbolldia nol ~domza t l` oxdw~oigd`) Zar owa

`har` iaw `wambr` t wabrogafo g`z~`r owaw hoghaw oi gaikui~a zar monda no l`

i`rr`gdi puo oi ow~o ldbra wo nowoiuolo `~razoll`n` o dmzl`g`blo, zora

dmz`g~ì~o zar wu ù~oi~dgdn`n, zar wu euor{` dwgor`l)

Lotoina ow~o ldbra gamzroindmaw, iuo`moi~o t gama zar zrdmor` o{, puola ddna wla gabr` ro`ldn`n guìna wo zratog~` ` la galog~da) Ia iaw n`maw

guoi~`, mdoi~r`w èìaw`moi~o lugh`maw wla zar wofudr `nolì~o ui n`, ui mow,

uiaw àw mw, no puo ow` hdw~ard` puo dm`fdi`maw oi ol z`w`na t puo

zratog~`maw h`gd` ol eu~ura, wo ow~ gaiw~rutoina ` g`n` diw~ì~o gai iawa~raw,

gai ~an`w l`w zorwai`w, gai law puo grooi t law puo `bkurì, gai l`w puo wo

oi`koiì t gai l`w puo gumzloi zar mw no ui`, zar gdoi a zar mdl))) L` hdw~ard` ow

l` dn`; l` wagdon`n t l` gul~ur` oi wu nooidr wo uioi z`r` eark`rl`) Ol zragowa ow

nd`lg~dga; gaiw~rudmaw l` hdw~ard` t l` hdw~ard` iaw gaiw~ruto, ~ì~a nurì~o ol

broo zl`{a puo do ui wala wor humìa gama oi ol ~rìwgurwa no law wdflaw puo

zuono wubwdw~dr ui zuobla) Wdomzro h`t pudoiow gamdoi{ì wu kari`n`3 `l

omzroinorl`, wor wdi nun` `ldawa `wam`rwo ` la puo hì hogha ~ì~aw t ~ì~`w oi

iambro no l` zuor~arrdpuodn`n t no l` humìdn`n, no l` kuw~dgd` z`r` ~anaw t no l`

ldbor~`n) Z`r` owa wo hd{a I`gdai`ldwma roalugdai`rda zuor~arrdpuoa (04?5-2::?$

t gdor~`moi~o noboi owgrdbdrwo t zubldg`rwo mughaw ldbraw mw)

Ldg) @lbor~a L) Mrpuo{

Nr`) M`r` Wal


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Di~ranuggdi

L` zrdigdz`l dwl` no Zuor~a Rdga wo gaiwdnor` l` moiar no l`w ì~dll`w m`tarow,

wu ~orrd~arda ow~` gamzuow~a zar ui `rghdzdl`fa diglutoina l`w naw dwl`w muidgdzdaw

no Udopuow t Gulobr` t a~r`w iwul`w nowh`bd~`n`w oi wu oi~raia) Ol `rghdzdl`fa

no Zuor~a Rdga ow~` h`bd~`na zar 7,4 mdllaiow no h`bd~ì~ow t wu gamuidn`n

~`mbdi wo ox~doino ` law 7,6 mdllaiow no zuor~arrdpuoaw rowdnoi~ow oi law OO__

no `guorna `l Goiwa nol à 2:::) L` wagdon`n zuor~arrdpuo` ow

zronamdiì~omoi~o hdwzìah`blì~o t wo ow~dm` puo ui 7:/ no l` zabl`gdi ow

bdldifo) Ow~o ~ox~a zormd~o puo ol log~ar gamzroin` ol z`zol nol rfdmoi galaid`lno law OO__ t law madmdoi~aw wagd`low oi l` gamzawdgdi nol Zuor~a Rdga nol Wdfla

XX) Oi owzogd`l ~anaw law log~arow zuonoi `zrogd`r l` dmzar~ìgd` nol i`gdai`ldwma

roalugdai`rda oi l` earm`gdi, rowdw~oigd` t noedidgdi no l` i`gdi zuor~arrdpuo`)

L` g`mz`` zar l` ldbor~`n no law zrdwdaioraw zal~dgaw t no fuorr`, l` noeoiw`

nol U`llo no L`k`w, l`w zra~ow~`w gai~r` l` zrd`~d{`gdi no l` ôloeidg` no Zuor~a

Rdga t ol madmdoi~a z`r` w`g`r l` M`rdi` no Fuorr` no Udopuow oi l` ng`n` nol

iaoi~` ~udorai gama hdla gainug~ar ui ndwgurwa t ui` zrg~dg` i`gdai`ldw~`

roalugdai`rd`) Oi ol ~ow~dmaida puo Kuì M`rd Brw aerogo `l zraeowar Nìdol Idi`

oi 0448, ol lnor dinozoinoi~dw~` ow~`blogo puo ol i`gdai`ldwma roalugdai`rda

zuor~arrdpuoa wo eark` oi l` iuo` lugh`, digul`na ` l`w garrdoi~ow ì~dgalaid`low,

di~ori`gdai`ldw~`w t l`~dia`mordgìdw~`w no mond`naw nol wdfla XX) Ow oi ow~o

gai~ox~a puo law iuoaw madmdoi~aw wagd`low, ~`low gama l` Eonor`gdi

_idorwd~`rd` Zra Dinozoinoigd` (E_ZD$ oi 04?5, ol Madmdoi~a Zra Dinozoinoigd`

(MZD$ oi 04?4 oi~ro a~r`w arfìd{`gdaiow, ro`rmì ol madmdoi~a no ldbor`gdi

i`gdai`l na~inala no ui` di~orzro~`gdi m`~ord`ldw~` no l` hdw~ard`, digarzarìna l`

lugh` no gl`wow t ol norogha drroiuigd`blo ` l` ù~ano~ormdi`gdi)

Ol i`gdai`ldwma roalugdai`rda zuor~arrdpuoa ~doio wuw arfoiow oi l`

Roalugdi no 0858) Wo r`ndg`ld{`r oi l` fow~` zar l` nowgalaid{`gdi nol Z`r~dna

I`gdai`ldw~` (0477-04?>$ t oigai~r`r wu mxdma oxzaioi~o oi Edldbor~a Akon`

Raw, Rowzaiw`blo Foior`l nol Okrgd~a Zazul`r Bardgu`-M`gho~oraw (OZB-M$) Oi wu

oiw`ta wabro l` lugh` `rm`n` zubldg`na zar ol womì`rda Gl`rdn`n ol lnor

glìnow~dia waw~ua puo law m`gho~oraw wai i`gdai`ldw~`w roalugdai`rdaw, puo wu

lugh` ow~ oi~raid{`n` oi ol ~orrd~arda i`gdai`l t oi l` dnoi~dn`n zuor~arrdpuo` t wu

owzrd~u roalugdai`rda no~ormdi` puo ow` lugh` wo` zar l` kuw~dgd` o dfu`ln`n wagd`l)

Ow~o ~r`b`ka iaw zormd~o ox`mdi`r oi pu gai~ox~a wo now`rrall` ol zoiw`mdoi~a

zal~dga-mdld~`r no Edldbor~a Akon` Raw)


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Ol i`gdai`ldwma roalugdai`rda wo h` mìdeow~`na oi ~row ndmoiwdaiow nol

puoh`gor hdw~rdga oi Zuor~a Rdga; zar monda no l` rowdw~oigd` gul~ur`l no l` old~o

di~olog~u`l t no l`w arfìd{`gdaiow zazul`row t ` ~r`w no l` lugh` `rm`n`) Ow~`

l~dm` mìdeow~`gdi ia wo h` ow~und`na g`b`lmoi~o, ùipuo gdor~`moi~o h` wdna oloko no nob`~ow t gai~raorwd`w dnoalfdg`w oi l` zroiw` t oi l` `g`nomd`) Zar owa

ow~o ~r`b`ka fdr` oi ~aria ` l`w gai~rdbugdaiow no l` lugh` `rm`n`, no law

zrdwdaioraw zal~dgaw t no law di~olog~u`low `l madmdoi~a no ldbor`gdi i`gdai`l

zuor~arrdpuoa)

Ow~o ~r`b`ka wabro ol i`gdai`ldwma roalugdai`rda zuor~arrdpuoa now~`g` l`

`g~u`gdi no l`w Euor{`w @rm`n`w no Ldbor`gdi I`gdai`l (E@LI$ t ol Okrgd~a

Zazul`r Bardgu` M`gho~oraw (OZB-M$) @mb`w arfìd{`gdaiow omorfoi noi~ra nol

gai~ox~a nol i`gdai`ldwma roalugdai`rda gama euor{` zal~dg` zazul`r, ro~ìna law

owpuom`w nafm~dgaw nol wagd`ldwma z`r~dndw~` `w gama law nol i`gdai`ldwmagaiwor`nar) Gama la h` zrazuow~a l` ì~razlaf` @i` R`maw [`t`w,

z`r~dgul`rmoi~o oi ol gai~ox~a no Ghdg`fa, ol i`gdai`ldwma zuor~arrdpuoa ia ow

wal`moi~o ui` dnoalaf` a zratog~a di~olog~u`l wdia ui monda gaigro~a puo wdro

z`r` eark`r `ldì{`w no gl`wo oi ml~dzlow idolow zal~dgaw t wagd`low) No `guorna

gai ow~a, ol log~ar abwor`r gma l` lugh` `rm`n` zuor~arrdpuo` ear~`logd law

madmdoi~aw wagd`low oi l` Dwl` t noi~ra no l` gamuidn`n bardgu` oi law OO__)

Oi ow~aw oiw`taw zrazaifa, luofa no mìok`r ndorwaw `gorg`mdoi~aw

mo~analfdgaw ~`low gama l` diow~df`gdi hdw~ardafrè`, l` oi~rodw~` t ol ìldwdw

no gai~oidna, puo l` lugh` `rm`n`, law zrdwdaioraw zal~dgaw t law di~olog~u`low hì

gai~rdbudna ` l` ~rìwearm`gdi no iuow~r` i`gdai`ldn`n) Fr`gd`w ` ui` bog` no l`

Wagdon`n z`r` ol Ow~unda no law Zrablom`w Wagd`low (WWWZ$ zuno rogazdl`r t

ox`mdi`r ui` f`m` no nagumoi~aw hdw~rdgaw zubldg`naw zar l`w arfìd{`gdaiow

i`gdai`ldw~`w roalugdai`rd`w oi~ro 04?? t 2::?) Ow~` diow~df`gdi zroldmdi`r `rm

z`r~o nol ramzog`bo{`w zora `nomw mo zraag ` oi~rodw~`r ` `lfuiaw no law

mdld~ì~ow no ow~`w arfìd{`gdaiow, oi owzogd`l ` law`w zrdwdaioraw zal~dgaw t no

fuorr` ldbor`naw ` z`r~dr no 0444) Z`r` gamzlo~`r md ìldwdw ow~und ol gai~oidna

no ui` wordo no abr`w di~olog~u`low puo ì nowno l` gro`gdi ld~or`rd` h`w~` l`

gr~dg` wagdalfdg` t oi l`w gu`low wo rozrowoi~` ol i`gdai`ldwma roalugdai`rda

nowno wuw rowzog~d`w earm`w t ndwgurwaw)

Oi ol zrdmor g`z~ula ox`mdia l`w gùw`w, ol ardfoi t l`w arfìd{`gdaiow nol

i`gdai`ldwma roalugdai`rda zuor~arrdpuoa) Oi ol wofuina g`z~ula zrazaifa,

fr`gd`w ` l`w oi~rodw~`w t `l ìldwdw no gai~oidna no l`w dn`w no law zrdwdaioraw

zal~dgaw t no fuorr`, puo w~aw earm`rai z`r~o no ui blapuo no di~olog~u`low

arfidgaw puo ` ~r`w nol ~r`b`ka gamuid~`rda t l` arfìd{`gdi zazul`r wo

di~ofr`rai zar gamzlo~a ` l`w lugh`w zazul`row) Z`r` gaigludr, oi ol ~orgor g`z~ula

ì`ld{a gma l`w rozrowoi~`gdaiow gul~ur`low no a~raw di~olog~u`low earmì z`r~o no


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0?

l` gaiw~ruggdi nol i`gdai`ldwma roalugdai`rda gama euor{` no g`mbda t

~rìwearm`gdi wagd`l) Owzora puo ow~o ~ox~a zuon` fud`r ` a~raw gdoi~edgaw,

ld~or`~aw t ow~undawaw oi foior`l zar ol gamzloka oi~r`m`na nol i`gdai`ldwma

roalugdai`rda) Ow~` abr`, gl`ra ow~, ia `fa~` l`w zawdbdldn`now no ow~unda nol~om`3 mw bdoi aerogo ui m`z` puo iaw zormd~o gamzroinor ui` no l`w

ndmoiwdaiow nol zragowa no ù~ano~ormdi`gdi t nowgalaid{`gdi no Zuor~a Rdga)

Nr) Mdghòl Fai{lo{ Gru{


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G`z~ula D

I`gdai`ldwma Roalugdai`rda;

Gùw`w, Arfoiow t Arfìd{`gdaiow

L` lugh` `rm`n` ow ui` no l`w earm`w no arfìd{`gdi zal~dg` puo wurfo

gama gaiwoguoigd` no l` galaid{`gdi no Zuor~a Rdga) Ol zrdmor gaieldg~a daloi~a

no frì oiorf`nur` puo `gui ol i`gdmdoi~a no l` i`gdai`ldn`n zuor~arrdpuo` euo

l` Roalugdi nol 0858) Ow~` gaierai~`gdi m`rg` ol glm`x no l` lugh` zar l`

dinozoinoigd`, l` `baldgdi no l` owgl`d~un t l` oldmdi`gdi nol wordldwma gaiagdnagama l` ldbro~` no kari`lora (Erìgdwga Mawgawa 2::7$) Oi ow~` b ~`ll` ol rfdmoi

no l` Garai` Owzàl` eroi mdld~`rmoi~o ol `ìgo l`w euor{`w diwurroggdai`low

zora ia lafr no~oior l` m`rgh` no l` i`gdi zuor~arrdpuo`) L` rozrowdi no ow~o

ooi~a zraag ol oxdlda no wuw lnorow h`gd` l` Gdun`n no Iuo` Tarc, naino wo

roarfìd{ì z`r` gai~diu`r wu lugh` zar l` dinozoinoigd` no l`w @i~dll`w (Formi

Nolf`na-Z`w`zor` 048>$)

Oi ol wdfla XX zanomaw abwor`r puo l` daloigd` zal~dg` wo h` mìdeow~`na

oi ~row zordanaw) Zrdmora zar monda no l`w ll`m`n`wz`r~dn`w wondgdaw`w, ui` wordo

no bìn`w robolnow gaiagdn`w gama law ~d{iàw puo `w`l~`bì ` law

~orr`~oidoi~ow t wo oieroi~`bì ` l`w ~raz`w di`war`w oi~ro 0848 t04:2) Wofuina,

oi~ro 0472 t 04?>, ` ~r`w no l` rowdw~oigd` nol Z`r~dna I`gdai`ldw~` ndrdfdna zar

Zonra @lbd{u G`mzaw) Ol ~orgor zordana `z`rogo gai l` omorfoigd` nol

i`gdai`ldwma roalugdai`rda glìnow~dia nurì~o l` ll`m`n` Iuo` Lugh` oi~ro 045:

t 2::?)0

Ow~o ìldwdw roz`w` wugdi~`moi~o ol gamzar~`mdoi~a no l`w z`r~dn`w robolnow

nowzuw no fuorr` nol 0848, ox`mdi` l`w `ggdaiow `rm`n`w mw roloì~ow nol

Z`r~dna I`gdai`ldw~` t edi`lmoi~o diow~df` ol ardfoi, l`w ~g~dg`w t law abko~daw nol

i`gdai`ldwma roalugdai`rda no law Gamìnaw @rm`naw no Ldbor`gdi (G@L$, ol

Madmdoi~a Dinozoinoi~dw~` Roalugdai`rda @rm`na (MDR@$, l`w Euor{`w @rm`n`w

no Ldbor`gdi I`gdai`l (E@LI$ t ol Z`r~dna Roalugdai`rda no law ^r`b`k`narow

0 Madmdoi~a @rm`na z`r` l` Ldbor`gdi no Zuor~a Rdga (M@Z@,045:-045>$, Gamìnaw @rm`naw no

Ldbor`gdi (G@L, 0457-0462$, Madmdoi~a Dinozoinoi~dw~` Roalugdai`rda @rm`na (MDR@, 045?-0462$,Euor{`w @rm`n`w no Rowdw~oigd` Zazul`r (E@RZ, 046:-048?$, Arfìd{`gdi no Ualui~`rdaw z`r` l`Roalugdi Zuor~arrdpuo` (AURZ 046:-0464$, Gamìnaw Abroraw (0466$, Gamìnaw Roalugdai`rdawnol Zuobla (GRZ 0468$, Euor{`w @rm`n`w no Rowdw~oigd` Zazul`r (E@RZ 0468$, Euor{`w @rm`n`w noLdbor`gdi I`gdai`l (E@LI, 046>-048>$, Z`r~dna Roalugdai`rda no law ^r`b`k`narow Zuor~arrdpuoaw %

Okrgd~a Zazul`r Bardgu` (ZR^Z-OZB M`gho~oraw, 0468-048?$, ZR^Z (048?-0448$ t ol Okorgd~a Zazul`rBardgu`-M`gho~oraw (048?-2::?$)


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06

Zuor~arrdpuoaw-Okrgd~a Zazul`r Bardgu`, mokar gaiagdna gama law M`gho~oraw

(ZR^Z-OZB$) Mw `nolì~o moigdaia ~an`w l`w arfìd{`gdaiow glìnow~di`w no l`

iuo` lugh` zora mo oieaga oi l`w E@LI t law M`gho~oraw zarpuo zanomaw ~r`{`r

wuw arfoiow ` l` gamuidn`n zuor~arrdpuo` no law OO__ nowno zrdigdzdaw no l`ng`n` no 046:) @nomw, ì`ld{a law igulaw oi~ro l`w arfìd{`gdaiow, ol

wdfidedg`na no wuw `ggdaiow t law rowul~`naw no w~`w oi l` earm`gdi no l`

i`gdai`ldn`n zuor~arrdpuo`)

Bìndnaw Wagd`low a Robolnow I`gdai`ldw~`w

Oi ol zrdmor zordana galaid`l daloi~a (0848-04:2$ gaiagdna gama l` fuorr`

nowzuw no l` fuorr` l`w z`r~dn`w wondgdaw`w, a ~d{i`naw, ia gai~`rai gai ui`rowdw~oigd` arfìd{`n`) L`w ndw~di~`w bìn`w ia azor`bì b`ka ui ldnor`~a

goi~r`ld{`na t wuw `ggdaiow euorai gamzlo~`moi~o owzarndg`w) Law ~d{i`naw

ndrdfdorai wuw euor{`w oi gai~r` no law h`goin`naw zoidiwul`row, law grdallaw

ìoxdaidw~`w t l`w ~raz`w iar~o`mordgì`w) L` m`tar` no law robolnow orì

kari`loraw, owg`w`moi~o `rm`naw, wdi oi~roi`mdoi~a mdld~`r earm`l a èdld`gdi

zal~dg` rogaiagdn`)

Ow~o zrdmor zordana h` foior`na ui nob`~o oi~ro pudoiow `lofì puo law

robolnow ~oiì ma~d`gdaiow zal~dg`w t law puo ow~dmì puo l`w z`r~dn`w wla

zro~oinì `kuw~`r guoi~`w wdi ma~d`gdaiow zal~dg`w) Kuì Mìuol Nolf`na (0468$

zrazaio puo z`r~o no l`w z`r~dn`w no law robolnow nurì~o l` fuorr` nol 0848 wo

arfìd{`rai z`r` rowdw~dr l` di`wdi t ol iuoa arnoi galaid`l) Eoriìna Zdg

(0486; 2::0$ gaigluto puo law robolnow zrdmora `~`g`rai ` l` dok` gl`wo

~orr`~oidoi~o, puo wla `lfui`w z`r~dn`w wo oieroi~`rai ` l`w ~raz`w di`war`w t puo

`l edi`l no l` fuorr` l`w ~raz`w arfìd{`rai wuw zrazd`w z`r~dn`w gai law

~orr`~oidoi~ow) Nolf`na (0468$ zrazuwa puo l` m`tar` no l`w z`r~dn`w wondgdaw`w

gamb`~dorai wdw~om~dg`moi~o ` l`w ~raz`w di`war`w t ` l` iuo` burfuow`

ìoxdaidw~` zar monda no `w`l~aw ` law ~orr`~oidoi~ow) L` z r~dn` robolno mw

gaiagdn` euo l` ndrdfdn` zarfudl` Blìg`, ol ~r`b`k`nar Kaw M`lnai`na Rami) Ol

zopuoa okrgd~a robolno `w`l~ ~orr`~oidoi~ow, w`puo wuw ~doin`w, now~rut l`w

ldbro~`w no grnd~a t roz`r~d l` gamdn` oi~ro law kari`loraw wdi ~dorr`)

Oi ol rofdw~ra no hdw~ard` ar`l zranugdna zar l` Wr`) M`rf`rd~` M`lnai`na

(2::2$ wo now~`g` puo A`maw puo or` m`fa zarpuo ~oi` ldbraw no m`fd` t zar

ow` r`{i owg`z`b` no l` grgol l` mdwm` iagho oi puo la difrow`b i) Or` ~uor~a t

mìga gama law zdr`~`w) Puom`b` g`òr`low guìna law zrazdo~`rdaw lo iof`bì

la puo low oxdf`) Roz`r~` oi~ro law zabrow ol zranug~a no wuw fow~daiow, lof`low a

dlof`low) Euo ui buoi z`nro t ui buoi owzawa) Or` gamz`wda gai ol iogowd~`na o


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dmzl`g`blo gai ol `buw`nar) Oi ol b`rrda ~anaw la rowzo~`bì t `nmdr`bìOwa euo

la puo gaiag no Ol fudl` Blìg`, a Zoz, gama la ll`m`bì law puo no mìor`

ndrog~` a dindrog~` la gaiagdmaw)

No `guorna gai l` Wr`) M`lnai`na (2::2$, ido~` no fudl` Blìg`, ol lnorrobolno or` o~orìa no l` Di~oi~ai` no Tùga oi ol 0846, diwurroggdi arfìd{`n`

zar law ogdiaw nol wuraow~o t `lfuiaw zuor~arrdpuoaw oxdld`naw oi Iuo` Tarc,

pudoiow zlìdedg`rai l` ~am` no Tùga, muidgdzda mw zrwzora nobdna ` l` dinuw~rd`

nol gè oi l` mai~``)2 M`lnai`na dindg` puo ol zordndga L` Nomagr`gd`, no 22

m`ta 0844 diearm` puo fudl` Blìg` wo oigai~r`b` oi Iuo` Tarc, oxz`~rd`na

gama gaiwoguoigd` no wu z`r~dgdz`gdi oi l` `bar~`n` diwurroggdi tùgì`)

M`rf`rd~` M`lnai`na wo`l` puo, no `guorna gai Latn` Edfuora`, oi wu Broo

Hdw~ard` no Zuor~a Rdga Ual) DD (0466$ Kaw M`lnai`na, ol fudl` Blìg`, mdld~ oi ol

Z`r~dna Roalugdai`rda Gubìa-Zuor~arrdpuoa gai wono oi Iuo` Tarc) M`lnai`nadiwdw~o wu diow~df`gdi gaiedrm` puo Ol Garroa, Ol Gamb`~o, t L` Mo~r`ll`, l` zroiw`

no l` rowdw~oigd`, rowz`ln l`w `ggdaiow no l` bìn` no fudl` Blìg` nurì~o t

nowzuw no l` fuorr`)

L`w bìn`w robolnow gama l` no fudl` Blìg` earm`rai z`r~o no l` rowdw~oigd`

` l` aguz`gdi nol okrgd~a di`war t oi gai~r` no law zrddlofdaw puo mì~ua l`

gl`wo ~orr`~oidoi~o nowzuw no l` fuorr`) L`w ù~ardn`now galaid`low now`rm`rai `

~anaw law zuor~arrdpuoaw, gamb`~dorai ` l`w z`r~dn`w robolnow t goiwur`rai law

zordndgaw puo `zat`rai wuw `ggdaiow gai ol edi no gai~ral`r ` l`w euor{`w

za~oigd`lmoi~o roalugdai`rd`w (Fai{lo{-Gru{ 0448; 4$) Ow~o zordana m`rg` ol

didgda no l` fuorr` drroful`r oi gai~r` no l`w ù~ardn`now galaid`low oi Zuor~a Rdga)

Ol zrxdma zordana daloi~a wo didgd` gai l` rozrowdi nol i`gdai`ldwma manor`na oi

l`w zaw~rdmor`w no l` Frì Nozrowdi nol 047:)

No l` Old~o no l`w Lo~r`w `l Z`r~dna no M`w`w

Ol wofuina zordana daloi~a wo didgd` gai l` ~rìwearm`gdi dnoalfdg` t ~g~dg`

nol Z`r~dna I`gdai`ldw~` Zuor~arrdpuoa (ZI$ ` z`r~dr nol 047:) L` m`tar` no law

dinozoinoi~dw~`w z`r~dgdz`b` nol Z`r~dna _idi, `lfuiaw aguzìna g`rfaw olog~aw t

`nmdidw~r`~daw oi ol rfdmoi galaid`l) Zora b`ka l` fabori`gdi no Mai~famort

Rodllt oxzulw`rai ` law i`gdai`ldw~`w manor`naw no wuw zuow~aw t `pullaw wo

2 No `guorna gai Formi Nolf`na Z`w`zor` (048>; ?76$ mw no 7:: zorwai`w z`r~dgdz`rai no l`

di~oi~ai` no Tùga, l` m`tar` no law diwurrog~aw wla zar~`b` m`gho~ow) L` diwurroggdi wo gaarndigai ol Z`r~dna Roalugdai`rda Gubìa Zuor~arrdpuoa oi Iuo` Tarc t gai~ gai ol `zata nolg`mzowdi`na oi l` mai~``, ol gu`l gamoi{ ` nowgoinor z`r` ~am`r z`r~o no law ooi~aw3 wdiomb`rfa, zar oigai~r`rwo now`rm`naw ~udorai puo rozlof`rwo) Ol Fabori`nar no Zuor~a Rdga diwdw~d

oi puo l` diwurroggdi ~ua dwaw wagd`ldw~`w zarpuo law g`mzowdiaw no l`w wdorr`w m`rgh`rai `l goi~ranol muidgdzda ` ~am`r zawowdi no law bdoiow no l` burfuow` (Nolf`na 048>; ?78$)


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04

`lok`rai nol z`r~dna) @i~o l` iuo` al` no di~alorìgd` law mw edrmow

dinozoinoi~dw~`w euinì nol ZI oi 0422, ol gu`l euigdai gama ui` arfìd{`gdi

gai ediow zal~dga-gul~ur`low èdì{`n` oi l` old~o di~olog~u`l `~oiow~`, uidorwd~`rd`

t ld~or`rd`) (Ol @~oioa Zuor~arrdpuoa ow ui` no l`w diw~d~ugdaiow di~olog~u`loweuin`n`w ì~ow no l` di`wdi nol 0848)$

L`w zrdigdz`low `g~ddn`now no ow~` `fruz`gdi di~olog~u`l euorai l`

zrowor`gdi l` loifu` origul`, l` ndwguwdi zbldg` wabro l` wd~u`gdi galaid`l t

wu z`r~dgdz`gdi oi l`w ologgdaiow nol 042> t 0428 (Ranrfuo{-U{puo{ 2::>$)

Ow~o i`gdai`ldwma `g`nmdga ~oi` ui r`nda no dieluoigd` dmzar~ì~o zora ldmd~`na)

Guìna ol ldgoigd`na Zonra @lbd{u G`mzaw zrowdno ol ZI oi 047: l` di~alorìgd` nol

rfdmoi t` wo h`b` gaior~dna oi rozrowdi foior`ld{`n` t or` odnoi~o puo law

nomw z`r~dnaw zal~dgaw ia zramaì ndrog~`moi~o l` nowgalaid{`gdi no Zuor~a

Rdga) @lbd{u-G`mzaw, ow~undawa nol ì~dgalaid`ldwma oi l` Dind` o Drlìn`, lodmzrdmo ui iuoa rumba ` l` m`rgh` nol i`gdai`ldwma zuor~arrdpuoa)

Zonra @lbd{u G`mzaw (0840-045?$ ow ol zrdmor mul`~a no ardfoi zabro t

~r`b`k`nar puo zrowdno ol ZI) Oi 0405, zar monda no ui` bog`, gamdoi{` `

ow~und`r norogha oi l` _idorwdn`n no H`r`rn, naino ~r`b`k gama k`rndiora z`r`

gaw~o`r wuw f`w~aw zorwai`low, zrowdnd l` @wagd`gdi no Ow~undì~ow Di~ori`gdai`low

t wdrd gama aedgd`l nol Okrgd~a no law OO__ nurì~o l` Zrdmor` Fuorr` Muind`l

(Rdor`, Kuì M) 0447$) Guìna rofrow` ` Zuor~a Rdga ow `nmd~dna ` l` zrg~dg` nol

norogha oi 042>, difrow` `l ZI t ow oid`na ` L`~dia`mrdg` z`r` zramaor l`

ù~ano~ormdi`gdi no Zuor~a Rdga) Rofrow` ` l`w Dwl`w oi 047: t wo ow~`blogo oi

Udll` Z`lmor`w nol B`rrda Abrora no Wì~urgo (Mondi`, R`l 0447$)

Wofi Ludw @) Eorrà, uia no law gr~dgaw nol i`gdai`ldwma, @lbd{u-G`mzaw

oi~oin` puo ol ZI ~oi` puo ndw~difudrwo no law nomw z`r~dnaw puo z`r~dgdz`rai

ldmd~`n`moi~o no l` `nmdidw~r`gdi galaid`l) Eorrà (044:$ wo`l` puo ol ZI

gamoi{ ` ndw~ìgd`rwo nol i`gdai`ldwma lrdga a no w`li z`r` gaior~drwo oi

z`r~dna no m`w`w) @ ow~aw ediow, @lbd{u G`mzaw kui~a `l ldnor`~a mw kaoi nol ZI

didgd` wu g`mz`` no arfìd{`gdi puo gubro ~ana Zuor~a Rdga oi naw àw) Ow~`

didgd`~d` ~`mbdi wo ox~oind l` gamuidn`n Zuor~arrdpuo` oi OO__, puo u~dld{

l`w `wagd`gdaiow gul~ur`low z`r` l` onug`gdi t earm`gdi i`gdai`ldw~` gama eroi~o)

Nowno 0477 Zonra @lbd{u G`mzaw zorofrdi zar ~anaw law zuoblaw no l` Dwl`

zraeowìna l` noeoiw` no l` i`gdi zuor~arrdpuo`3 ` z`r~dr no ow~` g~onr` euor`

nol w`li ol lnor i`gdai`ldw~` wo fì ol ~~ula no Ol Mòw~ra)

Nurì~o ol 0472 ol i`gdai`ldwma zuow~a oi m`rgh` arfìd{` >> Kui~`w

Muidgdz`low z`r` ol Z`r~dna) G`n` Kui~` ~doio l` ~`ro` no roglu~`r, onug`r t

madld{`r ` law i`gdai`ldw~`w oi g`n` zuobla) Dw`bol Zdg (0447$ iaw dindg` puo law

i`gdai`ldw~`w uidorwd~`rdaw arfìd{`rai l` Eonor`gdi I`gdai`l no Ow~undì~ow

Zuor~arrdpuoaw (EIOZ$ arfìdwma puo fa{ no ù~aiam` noi~ra nol ZI t


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2:

ow~`blogd wu zrazda zrafr`m` no lugh`) @nomw no l` kuoi~un uidorwd~`rd`, ol ZI

arfìd{ l` @wagd`gdi Z`~rd~dg` no Koiow Zuor~arrdpuoaw, l` puo wo gaidr~d oi

law G`no~ow no l` Rozbldg`, ui` earm`gdi z`r`mdld~`r now`rm`n` (Eorrà 044:$)

@ l` `l~ur` nol 0477 ol ZI roui` ui` z`r~o no l` old~o di~olog~u`l no l` G`zd~`l,zora l` m`tar` no law mdld~ì~ow orì abroraw zraoidoi~ow no l`w {ai`w urbì`w,

~r`b`k`narow `frgal`w t zopuoaw `frdgul~arow oi l` mai~``) Ol zordndga nol

z`r~dna gdrgul`b` oi mw no l` md~`n no law muidgdzdaw t law ndwgurwaw no @lbd{u

orì ~rìwmd~dnaw zar l` zrdmor` omdwar` no r`nda oi ~an` l` Dwl`) Oi zloi`

nozrowdi g`zd~`ldw~` ol ZI didgd` ui` wordo no zra~ow~`w gai~r` ol maiazalda no l`

~rìwzar~`gdi, ol zrogda nol gambuw~dblo, ol ùmoi~a oi ol zrogda nol zì t l`

`mordgìd{`gdi nol wdw~om` no oiwo`{` owgal`r)

Guìna wo now`~` l` huolf` no l` g`` no 047> ol ZI t` wo gamzar~`b` gama

ui` arfìd{`gdi no m`w`w ndrdfdn` zar lnorow nomagr~dg`moi~o olog~aw oi g`n`muidgdzda, rozrowoi~`~d` no ~an` l` wagdon`n zuor~arrdpuo`) Law ~r`b`k`narow no

l` g``, `l orwo ~r`dgdai`naw zar ol ldnor`~a wdindg`l ìoxdaidw~` no l` @mordgì

Eonor`~dai L`bar-Eonor`gdi Ldbro ^r`b`k`narow (@EL-EL^$7 lo waldgd~ì `l ldg) Zonra

@lbd{u G`mzaw puo fuo l` roarfìd{`gdi no l` huolf` t law rozrowoi~o oi l`w

iofagd`gdaiow gai law z`~raiaw) Ol ^`llor no Earm`gdi Zal~dg` (ÊZ 0482$ wo`l`

puo gama rowul~`na no l` di~oroigdi nol ZI oi l` huolf` gòr` nol 047>, wo

arfìd{` l` @wagd`gdi no ^r`b`k`narow Zuor~arrdpuoaw (@^Z$, gai ol edi no puo law

~r`b`k`narow ia nozoindorì nol ldnor`~a aedgd`l no l` @EL) Ol ZI zramad l`

arfìd{`gdi t ù~aiam` no l` @^Z t oi ow~o zragowa gdoi~aw no ~r`b`k`narow wo

èdld`rai `l ZI) Wdi omb`rfa, l` rozrowdi foior`ld{`n` gai~r` ol madmdoi~a abrora

eàrogd ol roearmdwma no l` @EL) Gai ol edi no l` huolf` wo ndwzorw ow~o oweuor{a

t law mdombraw no l` @^Z wo ro`fruz`rai noi~ra nol ZI)

Zar a~r` z`r~o, law lnorow wdindg`low nol Z`r~dna Wagd`ldw~` (ZW$ nol owzàl

Wì~d`fa Dflowd`w h`bì roiuigd`na ` l` lugh` zar l` dinozoinoigd` oi 040?, la puo

zraag puo `lfuiaw lnorow abroraw gama Bori`rna Uof` `bìnai`rì ol ZW)>

Z`r` ol 047: ol ZW, wo gaidor~o oi ui z`r~dna gamzlo~`moi~o galaid`l,

earm`lmoi~o `ld`na `l Z`r~dna Rozubldgìa (ZR$ ìoxdaidw~` ndrdfdna zar l` gl`wo

~orr`~oidoi~o t law di~orowow no l`w garzar`gdaiow `{ug`ror`w) Oi ow~` Gal`gdi nol

ZR-ZW z`r~o nol ldnor`~a wagd`ldw~` azar~uidw~` difrow ` l` buragr`gd` nol iuoa

Noz`r~`moi~a nol ^r`b`ka, `lfuiaw i`gdai`ldw~`w manor`naw `bìnai`rai wu

mdld~ìgd` z`r` gaiwor`r wuw zl`{`w oi l` `nmdidw~r`gdi galaid`l t l`

7 Wofi Rèòl Bori`b (0445; 8?$ l` Eonor`gdi Ldbro no ^r`b`k`narow wo èdld ` l` @EL oi 04:0

ldmd~ìna wu gamzramdwa gai l` lugh` no gl`wow ì~dgalaid`l gai l` oxzog~`~d` no puo l`w lotow t~r`~`naw iar~o`mordgìaw boioedgd`rì l` gl`wo ~r`b`k`nar` zuor~arrdpuo`)>Bori`rna Uof` roiuigd` `l Z`r~dna Wagd`ldw~` t wo omb`rg` h`gd` l` Gdun`n Iuo` Tarc nowzuw nol

040?, naino ~r`b`k` oi l` dinuw~rd` nol ~`b`ga t gama arfìd{`nar wdindg`l) Guìna rofrow` ` Zuor~a

Rdga wo uio `l Madmdoi~a Zra Dinozoinoigd` (MZD$ naino wo nowomzo` gama wogro~`rda noarfìd{`gdi i`gdai`l)


21/130

20

dinozoinoigd` puon` euor` no l`w zl`~èarm`w nol Z`r~dna _idi t ol Z`r~dna

Wagd`ldw~`) Ol Z`r~dna I`gdai`ldw~` didgd oi~aigow ui` wldn` g`mz`` z`r`

zramaor l` ia gal`bar`gdi gai ol rfdmoi galaid`l)

Kuw~a guìna ol ZI ow~ gaiwaldnìna wuw b`wow zal~dg`w, gaiag` mdlow no`wdw~oi~ow ` wuw `g~aw, zrazaio l` ia gal`bar`gdi t guoi~` gai ui `mzlda rowz`lna

zazul`r, wo didgd` l` rozrowdi ndrog~` gai~r` wu ldnor`~a (Ranrfuo{-Er`~dgolld 0447$)

Ol Garaiol Rdffw no l` M`rdi` no Fuorr` Iar~o`mordgì`, pudoi h`b` wdna ol

arfìd{`nar no l` Fu`rnd` I`gdai`l Wamagdw~`, wo ~r`wl`n no Idg`r`fu` ` Zuor~a

Rdga z`r` dmzlomoi~`r ui` g`mz`` no ~orrar gai~r` ol i`gdai`ldwma) @ z`r~dr no

l` huolf` oi l` g`` (047>$ ol Garaiol Erìgdw O) Rdffw, t` Koeo no l` Zaldg` Diwul`r,

nogl`r` oi L` Nomagr`gd` (ol zordndga ldbor`l$ puo ol rfdmoi galaid`l ow~ oi

fuorr` gai~r` ol Z`r~dna I`gdai`ldw~`) Nowno owo mamoi~a ol Gal) Rdffw mdld~`rd{ l`

Zaldg` Diwul`r zar gamzlo~a oi~roiìna zola~aiow no euwdl`mdoi~a o diw~rutoina oiol mìoka no l` `mo~r`ll`nar` t arnoi okogu~`r ` law i`gdai`ldw~`w wdi llo`rlaw `

kudgda)

Ol 2> no ag~ubro no 047? ui fruza no koiow i`gdai`ldw~`w ow ombawg`na

eroi~o l` _idorwdn`n no Zuor~a Rdga oi Ra Zdonr`w) Law owbdrraw no l` Zaldg`

`wowdiì ` R`mi W) Z`fi, Onu`rna Ranrfuo{, Zonra Pudaiow t Kaw Wì~d`fa,

gu`~ra koiow i`gdai`ldw~`w `b`~dnaw oi la puo wo gaiagd gama l` M`w`gro no Ra

Zdonr`w) Mdlow no zorwai`w `wdw~oi `l wozolda, nowno naino Zonra @lbd{u G`mzaw

noiuigd` l` ombawg`n` t zrazaio puo law rowzaiw`blow no law `wowdi`~aw ia noboi

puon`r dmzuiow (ârrow 0480; 02:$) Ow~o ow ol ooi~a puo m rg` l` m`rgh` nol

Z`r~dna I`gdai`ldw~` no l` madld{`gdi zal~dg` r`ndg`l h`gd` l` lugh` `rm`n`

wolog~d`) @ gai~diu`gdi abwor`romaw gma ol ZI wologgdai` gu`~ra `~`puow

wdmbldgaw gai ol edi no noiuigd`r l` gaindgdi galaid`l, nomaw~r`r l` ulior`bdldn`n

nol rfdmoi t gaiag`r l` z`r~dgdz`gdi no l`w m`w`w `l zragowa nowgalaid{`nar)

Nol Z`r~dna no M`w`w `l I`gdai`ldwma oi @rm`w

Ol ZI now`rrall ui` zal~dg` no `~`puow wolog~daw ndrog~aw gai~r` l`w

ù~ardn`now galaid`low oi Zuor~a Rdga nowno 047? h`w~` 04?>) Oi ow~` z`r~o nol

~ox~a zrowoi~a l`w gu`~ra `ggdaiow mw gaiagdn`w nol i`gdai`ldwma `lbd{udw~`) Ol 27

no eobrora no 0475 ~doio luf`r ol zrdmor `~`puo wolog~da nol ZI; law koiow

i`gdai`ldw~`w Ol`w Boùgh`mz o Hdr`m Raw`na `kuw~dgdì `l Gal) Rdffw, koeo no l`

zaldg` galaid`l, ` pudoi ombawgì oi l` Ear~`lo{`, ui z`l`go~o puo wdro no

rowdnoigd` `l fabori`nar Blì~ai Vdiwhdz) Zanomaw ia~`r puo ol ZI ia ro`ggdai

dindwgrdmdi`n`moi~o ` l` m`w`gro no Ra Zdonr`w, wdia puo `guw zbldg`moi~o t

woi~oigd `l rowzaiw`blo ndrog~a no l` rozrowdi oi Zuor~a Rdga)


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L`moi~`blomoi~o, l` zaldg` galaid`l `wowdi ol mdwma n` ` law naw koiow

i`gdai`ldw~`w oi ui gu`r~ol zrxdma ` l` Ear~`lo{` oi ol Udoka Wì Kuì) Ol > no

m`r{a no 0475 `rrow~ì ` ~ana ol ldnor`~a i`gdai`ldw~` `guwinala no gaiwzdr`r z`r`

norrag`r ol rfdmoi t oiì ` Zonra @lbd{u G`mzaw ` zrdwdi oi OO__) _i àmw ~`rno, ol 20 no m`r{a no 0476, wdoina Namdifa no R`maw, l` zaldg` galaid`l

gamìn`n` zar ol Fabori`nar, Foior`l Blì~ai, lo arnoi` `l `lg`lno no Zaigo

zrahdbdr l` m`rgh` i`gdai`ldw~` zù~`n` z`r` owo n`) Mdoi~r`w wo arfìd{` l`

m`rgh` l` Zaldg` ndwz`r` dindwgrdmdi`n`moi~o gai~r` law i`gdai`ldw~`w

gamzlo~`moi~o now`rm`naw t odi~o zorwai`w gòi `b`~dn`w, oi~ro oll`w mukorow t

id`w puo `nmdr`bì ol nowedlo t naw zaldg`w g~dm`w no wu euofa gru{`na)

Ol 2? no kulda no 0478 ol ow~undì~o i`gdai`ldw~` ifol Ow~obì @i~aifdarfd

`~`g` `l Fabori`nar galaid`l t `l Garaiol no l` Fu`rnd` I`gdai`l Ludw Drd{`rrt, pudoi

muoro oi ol `g~a) L` zaldg` `rrow~ `l kaoi ow~undì~o, la `grdbdll t iuig`noald ol guorza ` wu e`mdld` (R`l Fu`n`luzo 0484$) @ z`r~dr no ow~o mamoi~a

ol ZI wo oieroi~` ` l` g`mz`` rozrowd` mw diowgruzulaw` wuwgd~`n` zar ndo{ àw

h`w~` puo rofrow` ` Zuor~a Rdga @lbd{u, ~ar~ur`na, nowzuw no gumzldr wu woi~oigd`)

Mdoi~r`w @lbd{u wo oiguoi~r` oi zrdwdi t wo roguzor` no l` ~ar~ur` oi OO__ wo

gamdoi{` ` roarfìd{`r ol ZI oi Iuo` Tarc t Ghdg`fa (0478-04>8$)

Ol 7: no ag~ubro no 04?: ~doio luf`r ol gamdoi{a no l` wofuin` wordo no

`~`puow wolog~daw nol Z`r~dna I`gdai ldw~`) Oi ow~` ag`wdi law i`gdai ldw~`w

di~oi~ì ~am`r zar `w`l~a law gu`r~olow zaldg`gaw oi @rogdba, K`tut`, M`t`fo{,

Zaigo, _~u`na t Wì Kuì) @nomw huba gamb`~ow oi Zouol`w t I`rìkd~a) @l n`

wdfudoi~o oi V`whdif~ai N)G) naw i`gdai`ldw~`w, Olda ârrowal` t Awg`r Gall`{a,

`~`gì l` G`w` Bl`dr, rowdnoigd` zradwdai`l nol Zrowdnoi~o no OO__ H`rrt W)

^rumì) Gai ol edi no eroi`r l` diwurroggdi, ol okrgd~a iar~o`mordgìa bamb`rno

law zuoblaw no K`tut` t _~u`na, ubdg`naw oi l`w mai~``w goi~r`low no l` Dwl`) L`

Fu`rnd` I`gdai`l `rrow~, ~ar~ur t euwdl wdi llo`r ` kudgda ` law i`gdai`ldw~`w

diwurrog~aw oi K`tut` (Wodka-Bruia 0484; 0?4$) Oi~aigow z`r~o nol ldnor`~a

i`gdai`ldw~` wo wumorfo oi ol glìnow~di`ko a omdfr` h`gd` Gub`, Mxdga, Ghdg`fa a

Iuo` Tarc)

Nowzuw no l` diwurroggdi no 04?: t ol owzdr`l no rozrowdi foior`l ol ZI

zrowoi~` ol g`wa no ZR ì~o l` Arfìd{`gdi no l`w I`gdaiow _idn`w (AI_$) @w, ol

rfdmoi wo o abldf`na ` rogaiagor ol w~`~uw galaid`l no Zuor~a Rdga o di~oi~` olundr

wu rowzaiw`bdldn`n ì~o l` AI_ gai l` gro`gdi nol Ow~`na Ldbro @wagd`na (OL@$ oi

04?2, ui` ermul` puo zormd~o l` ologgdi no l`w ù~ardn`now lag`low zora puo

romd~o l` waborì` l Gaifrowa no law OO__) @ z`r~dr no oi~aigow, ol Z`r~dna

Zazul`r Nomagr~dga, oko nol i`gdai`ldwma gul~ur`l manor`na, oxgluto ` law

dinozoinoi~dw~`w no wuw edl`w t gai~di` zorwdfudoina ` law i`gdai`ldw~`w puo ia

gal`baroi gai ol iuoa rfdmoi galaid`l nol OL@)


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27

Ol 0 no m`r{a no 04?> wo zranugo ol ~orgor `~`puo i`gdai`ldw~` wdmbldga

guìna gu`~ra omdfrì~ow i`gdai`ldw~`w `~`gì ol Gaifrowa no law OO__) Rèòl

Gìgol Mdrìn`, Drdif Elarow, @inrw Edfuora` Garnora t Lald~` Lobri, ~anaw

~r`b`k`narow r`ndg`naw oi Iuo` Tarc nowzuw no l` rozrowdi nol 04?:, oi`rbalìui` bìnor` no Zuor~a Rdga mdoi~r`w ndwz`rì oi ndroggdi no l`w fr`n`w no law

lofdwl`narow) Idifi lofdwl`nar muoro t law gu`~ra i`gdai`ldw~`w wai `rrow~`naw)

Ow~aw i`gdai`ldw~`w lafrì g`z~ur`r l` `~oigdi di~ori`gdai`l noiuigdìna puo ol

OL@ no Zuor~a Rdga or` ui` galaid` no law OO__) Ow~` ow l` l~dm` `ggdi wolog~d`

nol Z`r~dna I`gdai`ldw~` oi `rm`w ndrdfdna zar Zonra @lbd{u G`mzaw)

Zonra @lbd{u G`mzaw ia zrazai` l` diwurroggdi foior`l gama l` ` h`gd` l`

ù~ano~ormdi`gdi no Zuor~a Rdga3 l` lugh` `rm`n` now`rrall`n` zar ol ZI

zorwofu` nomaw~r`r l` ulior`bdldn`n nol rfdmoi t madld{`r ` l`w m`w`w) Law

`~`puow moigdai`naw euorai `ggdaiow zraz`fìnw~dg`w puo rool`rai l` wd~u`gdigalaid`l nol zuobla zuor~arrdpuoa) Ol ow~undawa nol i`gdai`ldwma zuor~arrdpuoa

Kaw K) Ranrfuo{-U{puo{ (2::>; 22>$ wo`l` puo ol ZI di~oi~, zar monda no wu

ow~r`~ofd` zal~dga-mdld~`r, loì~`r ui` fuorr` no zawdgdaiow zal~dg`w z`r`

ear~`logor l`w zl`{`w puo ol madmdoi~a i`gdai`ldw~` aguz`b` t abldf`r `l rfdmoi `

maorwo oi ~orroia noweàr`blo) Ol ow~unda no Ranrfuo{-U{puo{ zrazaio puo ol

i`gdai`ldwma w`ld no wu e`wo no `rrìpuo di~olog~u`l z`r` gaior~drwo oi ui

madmdoi~a i`gdai`ldw~` no m`w`w, zaldgl`wdw~`, gai ui` ìfu`rnd` `rm`n` puo,

kui~a ` l`w nomw euor{`w ì~dgalaid`low, roearm`r` l` i`gdi zar monda no l`

`w`mblo` gaiw~d~utoi~o)

Ol ZI wo iu~rd no l`w gl`wow mond`w, zraeowdai`low dinozoindoi~ow t no law

~r`b`k`narow puo omdfr`rai nol g`mza h`gd` l`w gdun`now) @ zow`r no ia gai~`r

gai ui zoredl nomafredga gamzlo~a no law mdld~ì~ow nol ZI zanomaw ox`mdi`r law

puo wo ndorai ` gaiagor zar wu z`r~dgdz`gdi oi l` Diwurroggdi nol 04?:) Ol ow~unda

wabro l` Diwurroggdi I`gdai`ldw~` (04?:$ no Mdd Wodka-Bruia nagumoi~ l`

z`r~dgdz`gdi no 0>: gamb`~doi~ow) No `guorna gai wu diow~df`gdi ol ?4/ no

w~aw rowdn` oi {ai`w urbì`w, ol 54/ la gaiw~d~uì ~r`b`k`narow `w`l`rd`naw, ol

5:/ no w~aw elug~u`b` oi~ro law 08 t 7: àw no on`n, wla 0>/ ~oi` ow~undaw

uidorwd~`rdaw t moiaw nol 7/ orì mukorow (Wodka-Bruia 0446; 2>:, 2>7, 2>?$)

Ow mut zrab`blo puo l`w mukorow ia euorì `rrow~`n`w zarpuo nowno l`

euin`gdi no law G`no~ow no l` Rozbldg` l`w n`m`w wo arfìd{`rai oi ol Guorza no

Oieormor`w no l` Rozbldg`, gut` z`r~dgdz`gdi ndrog~` ia wo gaiwdnor oi law

gamb`~ow no l` Diwurroggdi) Wdi omb`rfa, nobomaw now~`g`r ol z`zol euin`moi~`l

puo ro`ld{ oi K`tut` l` mòw~r` Blìg` Gì`low, arfìd{`nar` nol ZI oi l`

garndllor` goi~r`l t pudoi zragl`m`r` l` Rozbldg` oi l` Zl`{`) Gu`~ra àw mw

`nolì~o Lald~` Lobri z`r~dgdz` oi ol `~`puo `l Gaifrowa t gumzlo 2? àw no

grgol oi law OO__) Guìna ol EBD `w`l~` l` rowdnoigd` no Zonra @lbd{u G`mzaw oi


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ol Udoka Wì Kuì, ol ? no m`r{a no 04?>, wai l`w koiow Dw`bol Raw`na t G`rmi

Zro{ pudoiow wo oieroi~ì `l `~`puo z`r` noeoinor l` dn` no Zonra @lbd{u

G`mzaw)

I`gdai`ldw~`w R`wgìna ol Gdola

Law `norw`rdaw di~olog~u`low no Zonra @lbd{u G`mzaw hì ndw~arwdai`na l`

dm`foi nol ZI ~dlnìna `l i`gdai`ldwma no hdwzìedla, ghùdidw~` t e`wgdw~`

(Eorrà 044: t Z`bi 2::2$) Ia abw~ì~o, ol i`gdai`ldwma oi wu e`wo no mìdabr`?

ow oi ro`ldn`n ui i`gdai`ldwma ~alorì~o o digluwda, oi~ro wuw ndrdfoi~ow h`t

iofraw, mukorow, roldfdawaw t `fiw~dgaw) No hogha, l` Kui~` I`gdai`ldw~` no

M`t`fo{ euo ndrdfdn` zar Kulda Wì~d`fa, ui omdfrì~o abrora namdidgìa (M`rd-Brw 0448; >8$) Wd bdoi ow gdor~a puo ol ZI wo èorr b` ` l` èdrm`gdi no l`

loifu`, wu womì`rda zaigoa zubldg`b` ia~`w, ond~ard`low t `r~gulaw oi diflw)

Guìna @lbd{u gai`logo oi Iuo` Tarc nowzuw l`w ~ar~ur`w wuerdn`w oi l` zrdwdi

no @~lì~`, l`w dflowd`w zra~ow~ì~ow la did~ì ` ndrdfdrwo ` l`w gaifrof`gdaiow

pudoiow la rogdbì t rogùn`bì gai~rdbugdaiow z`r` wu gudn`na mndga (Fdl no l`

M`nrdn 0480$) Ol i`gdai`ldwma @lbd{uw~` or` zal~dg`moi~o ldbor`l t ~g~dg`moi~o

roalugdai`rda t l`w mìdabr`w nol Z`r~dna I`gdai`ldw~` lo zormd~dorai `ldì{`w gai

ol Z`r~dna Gamuidw~` Iar~o`mordgìa t ol Z`r~dna L`bardw~` no Iuo` Tarc)

Oi ow~o zordana no 04>7 ` 04?> ol i`gdai`ldwma oi l` gamuidn`n

zuor~arrdpuo` oi law OO__ wo diwgrdbo oi l` Arfìd{`gdi no l`w I`gdaiow _idn`w

gama nolof`gdi ia fubori`moi~`l o didgd` ui` g`mz`` no waldn`rdn`n

di~ori`gdai`l) @lbd{u G`mzaw wo uio ` l`w didgd`~d`w nol Z`r~dna Gamuidw~`

Iar~o`mordgìa oi gai~r` nol e`wgdwma oi Ouraz` t euinì oi l` gdun`n no Iuo`

Tarc ol zordndga ì~ddmzord`ldw~` Zuoblaw Hdwzìaw (Ranrfuo{-Er`~dgolld, 0447;

07:$) Ol ZI arfìd{ `nomw ndorwaw glubow wagd`low z`r` law omdfrì~ow

zuor~arrdpuoaw) Ol zrdwdaiora i`gdai`ldw~` Awg`r Gall`{a rol`~` puo l` Kui~`

I`gdai`ldw~` no l` gdun`n no Iuo` Tarc euin ol Glub Zam`rraw`w oi Mìh`~~ì,

Hdk`w nol G`rdbo oi Braaclti t ol Glub Hdwzìa oi ol Braix) Ndghaw glubow ~`mbdi

worì gama zui~a no oiguoi~ra no law zuor~arrdpuoaw gai a~raw omdfrì~ow

?No `guorna ` Kaw K) Ranrfuo{-U{puo{ (2::>$ ol i`gdai`ldwma oi Z)R) wo mìdeow~`na oi ~row o~`z`w,

zrdmora ol i`gdai`ldwma no `rrìpuo no @i~aida W) Zonror` no gar~o z`~ori`ldw~` t gaiwor`nar,wofuina ol i`gdai`ldwma r`ndg`l oi e`wo no mìdabr` no @lbd{u G`mzaw ow ol z`wa nol i`gdai`ldwmaldbor`l ` l` arfìd{`gdi no l`w m`w`w t ol z`r~dna gama euor{` wagd`l di~ofr`nar` t madld{`na~`)Edi`lmoi~o ol i`gdai`ldwma manor`na ow ui` nowd`gdi nol i`gdai`ldwma r`ndg`l gai m`rgh` `~rw `li`gdai`ldwma no `rrìpuo) Ol i`gdai`ldwma manor`na èdrm` l` noeoiw` no ui` dnoi~dn`n i`gdai`lz`gdedg`, wo gaiearm` gai l` wd~u`gdi galaid`l t l` nowdfu`ln`n wagd`l) Ow~` l~dm` o~`z` noedio ol

i`gdai`ldwma zazuldw~` puo g`rogo no ~ana gai~oidna a `foin` roalugdai`rd` ow ol i`gdai`ldwma aedgd`lnol Ow~`na Ldbro @wagd`na no ZR)


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l`~dia`mordgìaw gai ol edi no mokar`r l`w ronow no waldn`rdn`n di~ori`gdai`l (Fdl no

l` M`nrdn 048>$)

Pu dì law ow~undì~ow zarpuo wai l` lo`nur`!

Gama iaw dindg` Ranrfuo{-U{puo{ (2::>$, ol i`gdai`ldwma r`ndg`l no @lbd{u-

G`mzaw ow ui madmdoi~a i`gdai`ldw~` oi wu e`wo no mìdabr`; zar monda no wuw

zubldg`gdaiow, zra~ow~`w t `ggdaiow daloi~`w di~oi~` zramaor l` z`r~dgdz`gdi no

~an`w l`w gl`wow wagd`low puo gamzaioi l` wagdon`n zuor~arrdpuo`) Ol mìdedow~a

nol ZI oi 0472 zrazaio puo law abroraw wo arfìdgoi z`r` oxdfdr l`w fììgd`w

nooif`n`w zar wu ~r`b`ka oi l`w dinuw~rd`w ox~rìkor`w, oxdfo l` rondw~rdbugdi no

law bdoiow dimuoblow z`r` oldmdi`r ol l`~deuindwma t eàrogo ol now`rralla no l`wdinuw~rd`w i`~d`w) Ow~o ndwgurwa rozrowoi~` law di~orowow no l` gl`wo ~r`b`k`nar` t

law zopuoaw zranug~arow zuor~arrdpuoaw oi law didgdaw no l` Frì Nozrowdi) Ol

mdwma nagumoi~a waldgd~` puo law zuor~arrdpuoaw ia gal`baroi gai ol rfdmoi

galaid`l t puo wo gaiapuo ui` `w`mblo` gaiw~d~utoi~o z`r` arfìd{`r ldbro t

nomagr~dg`moi~o ` l` wagdon`n zuor~arrdpuo`) Nowno puo ol i`gdai`ldwma

`bìnai wu e`wo no `rrìpuo ol ZI gama madmdoi~a wo ro~ra`ldmoi~ no l` gl`wo

abror`, law ow~undì~ow t, oi moiar mondn`, no l` gl`wo mond` di~olog~u`l)

No `guorna gai Dw`bol Zdg, oi 0472 ol ZI didgd ui` g`mz`` ì~ddmzord`ldw~`

oi l`w owguol`w t uidorwdn`now zar monda no l` Eonor`gdi I`gdai`l no Ow~undì~ow

Zuor~arrdpuoaw (EIOZ$) L` EIOZ or` ui arfìdwma nol ZI zora fa{`b` no zloi`

ù~aiam`3 wuw zrdigdz`low abko~daw euorai l` noeoiw` nol owzàl oi l` oiwoì{`

zbldg` t l` ù~ano~ormdi`gdi no Z)R) (Zdg 0440; 84$) @nomw no ow~aw abko~daw

zrafr`m~dgaw, law ow~undì~ow arfìd{`rai ndorw`w mìdeow~`gdaiow z`r` oxdfdr l`

oxg`rgol`gdi no law zrowaw zal~dgaw, oi~ro ollaw Zonra @lbd{u G`mzaw t z`r~o nol

ldnor`~a no l` EIOZ)

L` `g~ddw~` zar law noroghaw humìaw Ru~h Rotialnw dindg puo ol

madmdoi~a ow~undì~dl lafr puo l` lofdwl`~ur` no Zuor~a Rdga zraotor` puo wo

diw~rutor` oi owzàl oi ~ana ol wdw~om` no onug`gdi zbldga t uidorwd~`rda zora

ol Zrowdnoi~o ^rumì o~ l` lot oi ol 04>5)5 L` Wagdon`n Dinozoinoi~dw~`

_idorwd~`rd` (WD_$, zrazaio zar monda nol Fabdoria Ow~undì~dl ui z`ra i`gdai`l ol

8 no iadombro no 04>5) Ol z`ra wo ox~oind ` l`w owguol`w wuzordarow zbldg`w, law

uidorwd~`rdaw m`rgh`rai h`w~` l` Zl`{` no Ra Zdonr`w naino wo uidorai ` mòw~raw

t ow~undì~ow no owguol` (Rotialnw 0484; 78$)

5Ru~h Rotialnw ow l` nolof`n` no l` Ldf` Iar~o`mordgì` z`r` l` Dinozoinoigd` no Zuor~a Rdga) Oi

04>8 diow~df` l`w dal`gdaiow ` law noroghaw humìaw no law ow~undì~ow t wu diearmo ow edi`lmoi~ozubldg`na zar ol Goi~ra no Ow~undaw Zuor~arrdpuoaw no Gd~t _idorwd~t ae Iov Tarc oi ol 0484)


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Guìna @lbd{u rofrow` ` Zuor~a Rdga oi 04>6 ol kaoi Kuì M`rd Brw, lnor no

l` Wagdon`n Dinozoinoi~dw~` _idorwd~`rd`, arfìd{` ui` gaigoi~r`gdi oi l` puo law

ow~undì~ow romuooi l` bìnor` iar~o`mordgì` o d{ì l` bìnor` zuor~arrdpuo`

oi l` ~arro no l` _idorwdn`n no Zuor~a Rdga (_ZR$ oi Ra Zdonr`w) Oi ol 04>8 olGaiwoka no Ow~undì~ow no l` _ZR did~` `l ùl` m`fi` `l lnor i`gdai`ldw~` z`r` puo

aero{g` ui` gh`rl` t l` `nmdidw~r`gdi zrahbo l` gaieoroigd`) Ow~o ooi~a zraag

l` uidi no ~an`w l`w arfìd{`gdaiow ow~undì~dlow dinozoinoi~dw~`w, ndrdfdn`w zar

Kuì M`rd Brw t Kaw Fdl no l` M`nrdn, pudoiow gaiag`rai ui` no l`w huolf`w

uidorwd~`rd`w mw dmzar~ì~ow nol madmdoi~a ow~undì~dl (Zdg 0440$) Ol zldofa no

zra~ow~`w no l` huolf` noiuigd gdiga zrablom`w no l` gamuidn`n uidorwd~`rd`;

gainoi l` goiwur` zrod` `l ndwgurwa no Zonra @lbd{u G`mzaw, wo azuwa `l wordgda

mdld~`r abldf`~arda, nozlar l` rozrowdi nol rofl`moi~a no ow~undì~ow, grd~dg l`

ldmd~`gdi no l` ldbor~`n no g~onr` t rozund l` oxzulwdi no law lnorow Kuì M`rdBrw, Fdl no l` M`nrdn, Zolofri F`rg` t Karfo L) Lìndif (Rotialnw 0484; 0:?$)

Gama rowul~`na nol `ìgo nol madmdoi~a ow~undì~dl l` `nmdidw~r`gdi no l` _ZR

oxzulw` `l ldnor`~a ow~undì~dl dinozoinoi~dw~`, Kuì M`rd ~doio puo omdfr`r ` law

OO__ z`r` gulmdi`r wuw ow~undaw uidorwd~`rdaw t Zolofri F`rg` omdfr` ` Iuo`

Tarc naino ol euin` ol Madmdoi~a Ldbor~`nar puo mw `nolì~o wordr` no b`wo

z`r` ol now`rralla no l` lugh` `rm`n` t glìnow~di` i`gdai`ldw~` oi l` mo~rzald)

Ragcdif ` Iov W~rufflo

Nowzuw no l` Wofuin` Fuorr` Muind`l ol Z`r~dna Zazul`r Nomagr~dga (ZZN$

wurfo gama ui` iuo` euor{` zal~dg`) âmìna ld~or`lmoi~o z`r~o nol ndwgurwa

i`gdai`ldw~`, gainoi` ol l`~deuindwma, ol g`zd~`ldwma `bwoi~dw~` t l` zabro{`) Buwg`

wuw b`wow oi ol g`mzowdi`na nowg`l{`na no l` mai~``, wo ordfoi lnorow earm`naw

noi~ra no l` ow~rug~ur`w galaid`low nol Iuoa ^r`~a t z`r` ol 04>6 `bìnai` ol

i`gdai`ldwma zar gamzlo~a gai ol edi no `wofur`r l` ologgdi no ui fabori`r i`~da)

Oi 04>8 ui` lofdwl`~ur` namdi`n` zar ol ZZN `zruob` l` lot no L` Marn`{`,

ow~`~u~a puo wo u~dld{ z`r` goiwur`r law ndwgurwaw, zubldg`gdaiow t zra~ow~`w nol

Z`r~dna I`gdai`ldw~` (@gaw~` 0484; 50$)

Ol rfdmoi galaid`l `nmdidw~r`na zar l` iuo` old~o nol ZZN gulmdi l`

rozrowdi didgd`n` oi ol l` ng`n` nol 7: gai~r` ol i`gdai`ldwma) Oi ol 04?> ol

`~`puo i`gdai`ldw~` `l Gaifrowa gdorr` ui zordana no l` lugh` `rm`n`, ui` iuo`

earm` no lugh` wo ògdi` oi gaieldg~a galaid`l zuor~arrdpuoa) Ol ldnor`~a nol ZI

zorwofudna, oig`rgol`na t ~ar~ur`na wo gaidor~o oi ui` maiumoi~`l roeoroigd`

horadg` z`r` ol madmdoi~a no ldbor`gdi i`gdai`l ndwzorwa oi owo mamoi~a) Oi

Gub` l` roalugdi `ì{` t oi @rfold` wo euin` ol Eroi~o no Ldbor`gdi I`gdai`l)


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Oi Zuor~a Rdga omorfo ui iuoa ldnor`~a puo di~oi~` `flu~di`r ` ~ana ol

madmdoi~a z`r` gai~diu`r l` m`rgh` no l` i`gdi zuor~arrdpuo`)

No `guorna gai ol Ldg) Kuì M`rd Brw, oi l` iuo` lugh` wo eark` ol

i`gdai`ldwma roalugdai`rda digul`na ` l`w garrdoi~ow ì~dgalaid`low,di~ori`gdai`ldw~`w t l`~dia`mordgìdw~`w ` mond`naw nol wdfla XX (Nìdol Idi`

0448$)6 Gama ho wo`l`na oi ol ìldwdw ~ordga wabro i`gdai`ldwma, ol mdwma ow

ui eoimoia grdalla `mordgìa `gu`na zar Wdmi Bal`r, Wì M`r~i, R`mi O)

Bo~ìgow, @i~aida U`lora Bori`b, Kaw M`r~ t Kuì Rduw Rdor` nurì~o l`

omìgdz`gdi no l`w galaid`w no l` Garai` Owzàl`)8 Ol i`gdai`ldwma grdalla nol

wdfla XUDD t XDX ow ì~dmairpudga, zaldgl`wdw~` t zrafrowdw~`) Oi ol i`gdai`ldwma

roalugdai`rda nol wdfla XX gaigurroi ol m`rxdwma t ol ldbor`ldwma gama euoi~ow no

earm`gdi dnoalfdg` puo rogh`{ì ol r`gdwma, ol ouragoi~rdwma t ol e`wgdwma zar

gamzlo~a)Wo`l` M`rd Brw puo kui~a ` Kaw Fdl no l` M`nrdn, uia no law ndrdfoi~ow no l`

huolf` ow~undì~dl nol 04>8, wo gaiwaldn`rai ?2 fruzaw no koiow dinozoinoi~dw~`w

zar monda no l` Kuoi~un Dinozoinoi~dw~` Zuor~arrdpuo` (KDZ$) Zar a~r` z`r~o, ol

zordandw~` m`rxdw~` Kuì @i~aida Garro~kor gamdoi{` ` `fruz`r ` law i`gdai`ldw~`w

mw zrafrowdw~`w oi l` @wagd`gdi Z`~rd~dg` _id~`rd` (@Z_$ puo mw ~`rno wo

gaidor~o oi l` Ldf` Wagd`ldw~`) Mdoi~r`w, oi law OO__ wofi Koww Gali oi ol 04>8

wo euin` oi Iuo` Tarc ol Gaifrowa no _idn`n Zuor~arrdpuo`, arfìd{`gdi

wambrdll` z`r` `gafor ~anaw law oweuor{aw ì~dgalaid`low (Nuìt 2::2; 042$)

Oi ol 04?5 wo arfìd{` oi l` _ZR l` Eonor`gdi _idorwd~`rd` Zra

Dinozoinoigd` (E_ZD$3 oi~ro wuw euin`narow h`t koiow waldn`rdaw gai ol M-25

ma~d`naw zar ol g`rg~or ì~ddmzord`ldw~` no l` roalugdi gubì`) L` E_ZD wurfo

nowzuw no l` Huolf` nol 04>8, oi ol mamoi~a oi puo ol ldnor`~a mw ù~ard~`rda

nol ZZN ndrdfo l` _ZR, ol ldnor`~a ow~undì~dl nol 04>8 h` wdna wìgdai`na t ol

i`gdai`ldwma wo oiguoi~r` nowarfìd{`na) L` Eonor`gdi (E_ZD$ wo noedio gama ui

arfìdwma ow~undì~dl dinozoindoi~o no l`w nomw arfìd{`gdaiow t z`r~dnaw

i`gdai`ldw~`w) L` Eonor`gdi ro~am` l` lugh` nol 04>8 t wo arfìd{` z`r` lugh`r zar

ui` uidorwdn`n mw nomagr~dg`, zuor~arrdpuodw~` t ì~ddmzord`ldw~`) Z`r~o no

ow~o zragowa wo gumzlo ldmd~`n`moi~o gai l` Roearm` no 0455 oi l` puo wo mokar

6 Wofi Mdghòl Lavt (0448$ l`w roalugdaiow l`~dia`mordgì`w hì ~oidna ui g`rg~or wagd`ldw~`,

i`gdai`ldw~` t ì~ddmzord`ldw~` nurì~o wu oalugdi oi ol wdfla XX) Lavt oi~doino puo ow~`w euor{`w`gafoi ol manola no madmdoi~a no ldbor`gdi i`gdai`l gai ol edi no `flu~di`r l` gl`wo ~r`b`k`nar`, lawg`mzowdiaw t l`w gl`wow mond`w zrafrowdw~`w mdoi~r`w l`w aldf`rpu`w ~doinoi ` earm`r rofmoiowù~ard~`rdaw noi~ra no law ow~`naw i`gdai`low `zat`naw zar l`w Garzar`gdaiow t ol fabdoria no law OO__)8@i~aida U`lora Bori`b ow ui zuor~arrdpuoa arduina no E`k`rna, wo robol kui~a ` Wdmi Bal`r oi l`

Fuorr` no Dinozoinoigd` @mordgì`) Kuì Rduw Rdor` ow ui zuor~arrdpuoa arduina no M`t`fo{,gamb`~d kui~a M`r~ t ol Foior`l M`goa oi l` Fuorr` no law Ndo{ @aw oi Gub`) U`lora llo ` Bal`r` Udopuow nowno naino zlìo`b` ldbor`r ` Zuor~a Rdga t Rduw Rdor` gaiwzdr gai ol Nr) Bo~ìgow z`r`ldbor`r ` Zuor~a Rdga nowzuw no `wofur`r l` dinozoinoigd` gubì`) Ol Nr) Bo~ìgow zorofrdi oi Z`rw,

Iuo` Tarc t ol G`rdbo, euo ol ù~ar di~olog~u`l nol `kuw~dgd`mdoi~a nol Foior`l Gia`w nol G`w~dlla,pudoi dmzlì~ law g`mzaw no gaigoi~r`gdi oi l` Fuorr` zar l` Dinozoinoigd` Gubì`)


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l` z`r~dgdz`gdi no law ow~undì~ow oi l`w ow~rug~ur`w no zanor t wo f`rì~d{ mw

ù~aiam` ` g`n` Rogdi~a no l` _ZR)

L` E_ZD u~dld{` l` onug`gdi zazul`r, l` nowabondoigd` gddl t l` madld{`gdi

ow~undì~dl z`r` `lgì{`r wuw abko~daw) Nurì~o wuw zrdmor`w naw ng`n`w no`ggdi wo oieag wabro l` oldmdi`gdi nol rofdw~ra (m`~rgul`$ gamzulwarda `l RA^G

(Roworo Aeedgor ^r`didif Garzw$ oi l` _ZR) Gama z`r~o no wu `foin` gai~r` ol

`z`r`~a mdld~`r now`rrall oi `rmai` gai a~r`w arfìd{`gdaiow ui` g`mz`` oi

gai~r` no l` diwgrdzgdi t ol wordgda mdld~`r abldf`~arda) @ mond`naw no l` ng`n`

nol 046: wo oldmdi l` m`~rgul` gamzulward` `l RA^G t ol Wordgda Mdld~`r

Abldf`~arda) Nowno edi`low no l` ng`n` nol 046: wu `g~ddn`n h` fdr`na oi ~aria `

law nàw no l` M`rdi` no Fuorr` Ow~`nauidnoiwo (_W I@UT$ oi Gulobr` t Udopuow,

l` zrowor`gdi no gaw~aw no m`~rgul` `ggowdblow ` ~an` l` zabl`gdi, l` noeoiw` no

l` gul~ur` no l` z`{ t law noroghaw humìaw, oi owzogd`l l` oxg`rgol`gdi no lawzrdwdaioraw zal~dgaw t no fuorr`)

Wdmul~io`moi~o, ` z`r~dr nol 04?5 rofrowì ` Zuor~a Rdga law lnorow

ow~undì~dlow no l` huolf` nol >8, i`gdai`ldw~`w oxz`~rd`naw nowzuw no l`

diwurroggdi nol 04?:, lnorow abroraw omdfr`naw, gamuidw~`w zorwofudnaw zar ol

ow~`~u~a no L` Marn`{` t law dinozoinoi~dw~`w oxzulw`naw nol ZZN puo wo uioi

z`r` arfìd{`r ol Madmdoi~a Zra Dinozoinoigd` (MZD$ oi 04?4) Oi~ro law lnorow

wagd`ldw~`w puo omdfrì no uol~` wo ndw~difuoi Bori`rna Uof` t Kuì @i~aida

Garro~kor) Ol MZD ia wo arfìd{ gama z`r~dna olog~ar`l, zormd~d l` èdld`gdi no

mdld~ì~ow no a~r`w arfìd{`gdaiow ~`low gama l` E_ZD t l` @ggdi Z`~rd~dg` _id~`rd`

(@Z_ 04>8-045>$ earm`n` zar `lfuiaw `g~ddw~`w puo mdld~`rai oi ol ZI t zar

mdld~ì~ow nol Z`r~dna Dinozoinoi~dw~` Zuor~arrdpuoa (ZDZ$, arfìd{`gdi olog~ar`l

puo wuerd ui` nob`glo oi law gamdgdaw nol 04?5 ` zow`r no puo z`r` 04?2

rozrowoi~`b` l` wofuin` m`tar euor{` olog~ar`l)

Nowno wu euin`gdi ol MZD `naz~ l`w earm`w no arfìd{`gdi no a~raw

madmdoi~aw no ldbor`gdi ì~dgalaid`low; ia wo noedid gama z`r~dna olog~ar`l, wo

gaigoi~r oi l` earm`gdi no gu`nraw di~olog~u`low, oi l` madld{`gdi no rogurwaw

lof`low t `l edi`l no wu zrdmor` ng`n` `baf`b` zar l` lugh` `rm`n` (@rrata-Mua{

2::7; 0>0$) L` ~owdw zal~dg` nol MZD zubldg`n` oi 0457 zrowoi~` l` gamzlokdn`n nol

gaieldg~a galaid`l gama ui zrablom` zal~dga ogaimdga t gul~ur`l daloi~a puo nobo

wor guow~dai`na oi ~an`w wuw ndmoiwdaiow) Ol MZD wo zrowoi~ gama ui`

arfìd{`gdi no iuoa gar~o i`gdai`ldw~` puo rogh`{` oxzlgd~`moi~o ol

o~iagoi~rdwma, ol ghùdidwma t ol ouragoi~rdwma gama manolaw no earm`gdi

i`gdai`l t zrazuwa l` gaiw~ruggdi no ui` i`gdi g`rdbo` t l`~dia`mordgìdw~`)

Oi wu ~owdw nol 0457 ol MZD wo noedio gama ui zratog~a onug`~da, z`r~o no

ui` ìfu`rnd` no l`w m`w`w puo zorwdfuo l` gaiw~d~ugdi no ui `mzlda eroi~o z`r`

l` ldbor`gdi i`gdai`l) Ol MZD `r~dgul ui` zal~dg` no eroi~o i`gdai`l puo rogafd oi


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z`r~o l`w gai~rdbugdaiow dnoalfdg`w nol i`gdai`ldwma @lbd{udw~` t no l`w `zldg`gdaiow

nol m`rxdwma oi @wd`, erdg` t L`~dia`mrdg` nurì~o l` ng`n` no 04?:-045:) Oi

l` Wz~dm` @w`mblo` nol MZD oi ol 0458 wuw nolof`naw `garn`rai zramaor ui`

grdwdw zal~dg` `l rfdmoi galaid`l gama rozuow~` ` l` daloigd` nol ow~`na puo h`b`gorg`na l`w `w no z`r~dgdz`gdi lof`low rozrdmdoina l`w zra~ow~`w zraagìna `w ol

now`rralla no l` `rm`n` t glìnow~di` (M`rd-Brw 2::0; 075$)

Gama ho wo`l`na oi ol G`z~ula 7, ol MZD ~`mbdi wo arfìd{ oi l` gdun`n

no Iuo` Tarc ` z`r~dr no l`w b`wow nol Gamd~ z`r` l` Noeoiw` no l` Gul~ur`

Zuor~arrdpuo`, ndrdfdna zar G`rmoi Mdrìn`)4 Oi ol 0454 wo golobr` ol ngdma

ìdorw`rda no l` arfìd{`gdi oi l` Mdwdi Ud~a M`rgì~aida oi ol `l~a Mìh`~~ì3

gai ow~` `g~ddn`n wo roèdrm` l` gai~rdbugdi no law zuor~arrdpuoaw oi ol oxdlda ` l`

earm`gdi no l` iuo` lugh`) No `guorna `l zar~à{ nol MZD, Kuì M`rd-Brw, l`

gamuidn`n zuor~arrdpuo` oi OO__ gai~diu`r` falzoìna l`w ow~rug~ur`wdmzord`ldw~`w no l` mo~rzald gai l`w ndeoroi~ow earm`w no lugh` ` wu `lgìgo,

diglutoina l` lugh` `rm`n` (2::0; 0?4$)

Ol 0> no iadombro no 045: ol EBD arnoi ` wuw nowz`ghaw no Wì Kuì t

Iuo` Tarc diedl~r`r t now`r~dgul`r `l MZD t l` E_ZD3 ol moma dindg`b` puo

ow~`blogorì igulaw gai l` zroiw` z`r` dieluoigd`r wuw ia~dgd`w t `foi~ow

zraag`narow z`r` zramaor ndwzu~`w di~ori`w (Fù~dor % Blìga, 0446; 2??$) L`

`foigd` eonor`l u~dld{ ` l` Zaldg` no Zuor~a Rdga z`r` arfìd{`r ~urb`w z`r`-

zaldg`g`w no norogh`)0: No `guorna gai R`mi Bawpuo, ow~undawa no l` rozrowdi

zal~dg` galaid`l, l` dfdlìgd` t ol haw~df`mdoi~a wo ox~oindorai ` Iuo` Tarc t

Ghdg`fa, naino l` gamuidn`n zuor~arrdpuo` gaigoi~r wu `g~ddwma zal~dga)

Dindg` Bawpuo puo ol EBD, l` zaldg` t wuw ~urb`w ia wo ldmd~`rai ` l` diedl~r`gdi, l`

zraag`gdi t ol haw~df`mdoi~a wdia puo ~`mbdi w`ba~o`rai law rogurwaw no

zorwai`w t arfìd{`gdaiow (0446; 5>$)

L`w iuo`w ~urb`w galaid`ldw~`w digoindì ol lag`l nol MZD oi Wì~urgo, oi

0454 galagì ui` bamb` oi ol ù~amdl no Kuì M`rd Brw, ui` mèd` ndrdfdn` zar

ol `g~ddw~` ìoxdaidw~` Foior`l Z`lorm digoind` l`w aedgdi`w nol MZD oi Ra Zdonr`w,

oi 046: lì{ì ui oxzlawda `l ohgula no Namdifa Uof` Edfuora` pudoi or`

`nmdidw~r`nar nol womì`rda nol MZD (Gl`rdn`n$3 ol mdwma à `~oi~ì gai~r` l`

dn` no Kuì @i~aida Garro~kor, oi iadombro galagì oxzlawda puo now~ruto

z`rgd`lmoi~o ol lag`l nol MZD oi M`t`fo{, owo mdwma mow wo nowgubro puo law

dfdlì~ow (ui` no l`w ~urb`w ìoxdaidw~`w$ ow ndrdfdn` zar ol aedgd`l no di~oldfoigd`

no l` zaldg` Gogdl I`~or)

4 Oi ol 0454 ol MZD euin oi Ra Zdonr`w Zuor~a Rdga, l` Bdblda~og` G`rmoi Mdrìn` oi haiar ` l`

mdld~ì~o no l` gamuidn`n zuor~arrdpuo` oi law OO__ (M`rd-Brw 2::0; 087$0:Wo zuono ~r`{`r l` `z`rdgdi no l`w ~urb`w no norogh` ` z`r~dr no l` di`wdi nol 0848) Ol Z`r~dna

Rozubldgìa earm`na zar l` burfuow` ~orr`~oidoi~o t ìoxdaidw~`, roglu~ oi~ro ol olomoi~a lumzoi noWì Kuì `foi~ow zraag`narow z`r` haw~df`r ` ldbor`low (Mùloi-Boi~o{, 044:$)


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Ol 4 no woz~dombro no 046? l`w ~urb`w zaldg`g`w galagì ui` bamb` oi ol

Goi~ra no Gudn`na Dieì~dl nol Z`r~dna Wagd`ldw~` Zuor~arrdpuoa (ZWZ$ oi H`~a Rot)

Ol kaoi Wì~d`fa M`rd Zowpuor`, hdka no Kuì M`rd Brw t l` Zraeowar` Z`pud~`

Zowpuor`, ow `wowdi`na zar Hoirt V) Gadr`-W~art pudoi `lof wofudr l`w rnoiow nol` mèd` gubì` puo mì~doio igulaw gai l` M`rdi` no Fuorr` no OO__ t law

owgu`nraiow no l` muor~o no l` Zaldg` no Zuor~a Rdga) Naw àw mw ~`rno

@lokìnra Fai{lo{ M`l`, ui `foi~o diedl~r`na oi ol ZWZ ow pudoi l` okogugdi no

law koiow oi ol Gorra M`r`dll`, 0468)

Ol womì`rda Gl`rdn`n, l` Dmzrowar` I`gdai`l t l`w aedgdi`w nol ZWZ-MZD wueroi

`~`puow zordndgaw h`w~` ol 048:) Oi uia no law `w`l~aw gò fròmoi~o hordna

Namdifa Uof` Edfuora`) Ol 07 no oiora no 048: ol ôidoi~o @lox no l` Gorn`

rol`gdaidw~` zbldga no l` M`rdi` no Fuorr` ow~`nauidnoiwo galag` oxzlawdaw oi ol

Galofda no @baf`naw) Ol ~oidoi~o no l` Gorn` ~`mbdi euo rowzaiw`blo nol w`ba~`kowdw~om~dga puo wuerd Udopuow @dr Ldic) L` E_ZD, ol MZD, ZWZ t Gl`rdn`n wo

gaidr~dorai oi law blìgaw nol ~orrardwma nol ow~`na puo `g~u`b` zar monda no l`w

~urb`w ìoxdaidw~`w, law owgu`nraiow no l` muor~o t l`w azor`gdaiow glìnow~di`w no

l` M`rdi` no Fuorr` no OO__ zar mw no naw ng`n`w) Oi ol 0486 ol Fabori`nar

Rèòl Horiino{ Gali arnoi diow~df`r ` l` Nddwdi no Di~oldfoigd` no l` Zaldg`

no ZR3 ow~o guorza dfdl dlof`lmoi~o ` mw no 6?,::: dinozoinoi~dw~`w) Oi l`w

dw~`w nol Gamd~ no Di~oldfoigd` no l` Gm`r` no Rozrowoi~ì~ow no OO__ ol

Ndrog~ar nol EBD, Laudw Eroo, `nmd~d puo l` `foigd` ~oi` gorg` no naw mdllaiow no

oxzondoi~ow wabro ol madmdoi~a no ldbor`gdi i`gdai`l zuor~arrdpuoa)

Ol owzdr`l no daloigd` nol ow~`na zraag`na zar ol EBD, l` Zaldg` no Zuor~a

Rdga t wuw ~urb`w no norogh` gro`rai l`w gaindgdaiow z`r` ol wurfdmdoi~a no ui

blapuo dnoalfdga gaiwor`nar oi l` azdidi zbldg`) No `guorna gai G`rlaw

Bud~r`fa (0462$, ì~o ol `ìgo no l` lugh` oi gai~r` nol RA^G t l` fuorr` no

Udo~i`m t ol ear~`logdmdoi~a nol `g~ddwma uidorwd~`rda, l` norogh` `r~dgul ui

ndwgurwa ì~d-di~olog~u`l puo zramad l` grdmdi`ld{`gdi nol `g~ddwma zal~dga no

d{pudorn`) Gama z`r~o no ow~o ndwgurwa, ol Noz`r~`moi~a no Diw~ruggdi Zbldg` t

l`w ù~ardn`now uidorwd~`rd`w galaid`low e`brdg`rai t ndwomdi`rai l` dm`foi nol

zuor~arrdpuodwma z`gedga puo rogh`{` ~an` earm` no `g~ddwma zal~dga) Wofi

Bud~r`fa, ol blapuo gaiwor`nar no mdld~`row o dinuw~rd`low ìoxdaidw~`w wubdr~d l`

`g`nomd` t law madmdoi~aw wagd`low gai ol edi no eroi`r l`w euor{`w zrafrowdw~`w)

Ol ndwgurwa hofomidga ù~ard~`rda o di~alorì~o no ow~o blapuo wouna-di~olog~u`l

ow~dfm`~d{ ol `g~ddwma t gro l`w gaindgdaiow zal~dg`w z`r` rozrdmdr ewdg` o

dnoalfdg`moi~o l` lugh` no gl`wow t ol i`gdai`ldwma roalugdai`rda)

Ow~o zordana no daloigd` ow~`~`l gai~r` l` iuo` lugh` oim`rg` ol now`rralla

no l` lugh` `rm`n` glìnow~di` oi~ro 045:-0444) Ol MZD ow l` arfìd{`gdi mw

roloì~o no l` iuo` lugh`) Wofi @`ri R`maw (0447$ l` iuo` lugh` nol MZD, ow


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zranug~a no l` nobdldn`n olog~ar`l nol ZDZ, no l` dieluoigd` no l` Roalugdi Gubì`

t no l` ndwzorwdi t rozrowdi nol Z`r~dna I`gdai`ldw~`) @ wu gaigluwdi zanomaw

``ndr puo ~`mbdi gai~rdbut ` ow` iuo` lugh` l` nowdi~ofr`gdi no l` DU

@w`mblo` nol Z`r~dna Gamuidw~` t l` oxzulwdi nol Z`r~dna Zazul`r Nomagr~dga `law dinozoinoi~dw~`w èdld`naw `l mdwma) @nomw `lo wo`l`r puo l` ng`n` nol

04?: m`rg ol edi no l` ogaiam` `frgal`, ol `rrìpuo nol now`rralla dinuw~rd`l

nowdfu`l t l` omdfr`gdi oi m`w` h`gd` law OO__) Ow oi ow~o zordana puo wo didgd`

ol ~orgor zordana no daloigd` zal~dg` nurì~o ol wdfla XX) Oi ow~`w gaindgdaiow

omorfo l` iuo` lugh` `rm`n` puo gai~ gai ol `zata nol MZD h`w~` puo wo

gaidor~o oi ol Z`r~dna Wagd`ldw~` Zuor~arrdpuoa (ZWZ$)00

L` Lugh` @rm`n` Glìnow~di` (045:-0444$

L` lugh` `rm`n` ow ui` no l`w earm`w puo zormd~oi l` arfìd{`gdi no l`

zabl`gdi galaid{`n`, l` `ggdi daloi~` ow ui` no l`w `g~ddn`now mw odnoi~ow,

zora l` `g~ddn`n mw dmzar~ì~o ow l` no roglu~`mdoi~a, oi~roi`mdoi~a t

madld{`gdi zal~dg` no l` i`gdi di~oroidn`) L`w arfìd{`gdaiow `rm`n`w t

glìnow~di`w wai ui` mìdeow~`gdi zal~dg` daloi~` puo ia zro~oino `~orrard{`r `

~an` l` zabl`gdi wdia nobdld~`r l` mar`l no l`w ù~ardn`now galaid`low, ear~`logor l`

rowdw~oigd`, arfìd{`gdi t l` mar`l nol madmdoi~a i`gdai`ldw~` ì~dgalaid`l

(@nndwai Mdghòl, 2::23 N`dn Vdlwai, 0457$)

@ zrdigdzdaw no l` ng`n` no 045:, ui fruza no koiow nowèdld`naw nol

Z`r~dna I`gdai`ldw~`, ~r`b`k`narow t omdfrì~ow arfìd{ì ui eaga fuorrdllora oi l`

rofdi mai~àw` nol iaraow~o no Zuor~a Rdga) Wo noiamdi`rai Madmdoi~a

@rm`na nol Zuobla (M@Z@$) Ow~` ow ui` {ai` oi l` puo wabrodd l` Goi~r`l Galawa,

ui oiglò `frgal` no l` g``, gai zopuoaw zranug~arow ndwzorwaw oi l` mai~``

t naino nowzui~`b` ol now`rralla dinuw~rd`l ~ox~dl) Oi ow~` mdwm` rofdi ow~

omzl`{`n` l` B`wo R`mot, l` diw~`l`gdi no l` Euor{` @ro` no law OO__ mw

frìno nol G`rdbo h`w~` ol 0462) Ol eaga fuorrdllora wo diw~`l oi ui` zopuo` edig`

no eru~aw moiarow oi ol zuobla no Mag` nowno naino gamoi{`rai wuw

oxzlar`gdaiow t roglu~`mdoi~aw)

00 Oi ol 046: Gw`r @inru Dflowd`w t Iarmì Zdo~rd grd~dgì ol `zata no Kuì M`rd Brw ` l` lugh`

`rm`n` t wo èdldì `l ZDZ (Eramm 0466$) No `guorna gai Kuì M`rd Brw ol ZWZ wo zrowoi~` òloggdaiow nol 0465 t 048: gama ol idga z`r~dna m`rxdw~` loididw~` diwgrd~a oi ol eara olog~ar`l) Oi ol048: law gìndn`~aw nol ZWZ, Kuì M`rd Brw t G`rlaw F`lldw, ab~doioi 8:,::: a~aw oi law gamdgdaw) Lawgìndn`~aw nol ZDZ w gì `lrononar no ?:,::: a~aw (Idi` 0448; 50$) @nomw no Zdo~rd t @inruDflowd`w ol ox~di~a fruza loididw~` Z`r~dna Wagd`ldw~` Roalugdai`rda (ZWR$ grd~dg l` omorfoigd` no lìuo` lugh` `rm`n` oi Dr Zazul`r 0466 (à 4 ondgdi '>7$) Oi wu zubldg`gdi rozd~o euor` no

gai~ox~a l`w gr~dg`w no Oifolw, M`rx t Loidi oi gai~r` nol Blìpudwma)


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77

nowzorndgdaw t l` wofurdn`n no wuw omzlo`naw t puo gai~`b` gai uia no law

wdindg`~aw abroraw dinozoindoi~ow mokar arfìd{`naw oi ow~` ng`n`)

No `guorna ` Ludw Lzo{ Rak`w (2::?$ l` mèd` iar~o`mordgì` oi Zuor~a Rdga

`zraogha l` dinuw~rd` nol ~urdwma t wo `ld no lof`ld{`gdi no law kuofaw no `{`r tnol ~redga no zraw~d~u~`w z`r` ow~`blogor ol zala no wu ogaiam` diearm`l oi ol

G`rdbo) Lzo{ Rak`w oi wu abr` L` mèd` oi Zuor~a Rdga; L`w g`r w agul~`w nol

now`rralla nomuow~r` puo ol grdmoi arfìd{`na iar~o`mordgìa oxzulw`na no Gub`

~r`w ol ~rduiea no l` roalugdi wo ow~`blogd oi Zuor~a Rdga t gai ol edi no lofd~dm`r

wuw iofagdaw gal`bar` gai l`w ow~r`~ofd`w no now`rralla no diorwdi zar did~`gdi

nol faboriì~o Z`r~dna Zazul`r Nomagr~dga (ZZN$) @i~o ow~` gatui~ur` law G@L

nogl`r`rai l` ldmzdo{` no l` {ai` ~urw~dg` nol Gain`na, roeufda t goi~ra no

azor`gdaiow no l` mèd` gubìa-iar~o`mordgì` oi l` Dwl`) @nomw no falzo`r l`w

ow~r`~ofd`w no now`rralla nol grdmoi arfìd{`na t ol Ow~`na Ldbro @wagd`na nurì~ool 0456 w`ba~o`rai ol aloanug~a puo wdrd gambuw~dblo ` l` B`wo R`mot nol _W@E

oi ol Iaraow~o no l` Dwl` t `~`g`rai l`w ow~`gdaiow no gamuidg`gdi mdld~`r oi l`

b`wo Raawool~ Ra`nw nol I@UT t ol Glub no Aedgd`low nol @RMT oi Wì Kuì)

Zanomaw dieordr no ow~o balo~i puo law G@L gamoi{`rai ` zroz`r`rwo zal~dga-

mdld~`rmoi~o nowno ol 04573 ` z`r~dr no l` gaiwaldn`gdi no l`w iuo`w gaindgdaiow

nol now`rralla zal~dga, ogaimdga t foafredga wo zrowoi~ì gama ui` arfìd{`gdi

glìnow~di`, `rm`n` t urbì`) Zanomaw ia~`r puo hì owzor`na gamzlo~`r ui à

no `ggdaiow ndrog~`w oi gai~r` no law di~orowow mo~razald~ìaw z`r` mìdeow~`rwo

zbldg`moi~o oi ol Goi~oi`rda no l` Roalugdi nol 0858) Oi ow~` nogl`r`gdi

`wofurì puo ì ` f`rì~d{`r wuw gamuidg`gdaiow gai ol zuobla zar monda no wuw

balo~diow t gamuidg`naw, oxhar~ìna ` ~anaw law alui~`rdaw ` ow~und`r, zroz`r`rwo

t gai~diu`r mdld~ìna zar l` dinozoinoigd` h`w~` puo law G@L low zuonì roglu~`r)

Ow odnoi~o puo law G@L ia zro~oinoi wor ui` arfìd{`gdi `dwl`n`, wuw `ggdaiow t

gamuidg`naw zragurì ol `zata t l` z`r~dgdz`gdi no l`w m`w`w) Ol igula gai ow`w

m`w`w ow l` i`gdai`ldn`n, ol zui~a no oiguoi~ra oi~ro law G@L, ol roia`na

madmdoi~a no ldbor`gdi i`gdai`l t ol zuobla galaid{`na) Law G@L èdrmì puo law

zuor~arrdpuoaw ia noboi ~omor ì~o law `~`puow puo ì ndrdfdnaw wla `l rfdmoi

galaid`l)

No `guorna ` ol Rofl`moi~a no law G@L ow~` wo noedio oi wu zrombula gama

Ow~` Arfìd{`gdi `wzdr` ` gaiw~rudr l` ìfu`rnd` zal~dga mdld~`r arfìd{`n` no

iuow~ra zuobla oi lugh` zar l` gaiwogugdi no wu dinozoinoigd` t ol

ow~`blogdmdoi~a no ui` wagdon`n nomagr~dg` puo wdoi~o l`w b`wow m`~ord`low z`r`

wuzrdmdr ~an` oxzla~`gdi nol hambro zar ol hambro) Ol rofl`moi~a no ow~`

arfìd{`gdi `rm`n` zrazaio puo wuw ow~rug~ur`w glìnow~di`w wo rdfoi zar ol

zrdigdzda nol goi~r`ldwma nomagr~dga, ~anaw wuw mdombraw wori gaiwdnor`naw

gamb`~doi~ow t law ~r`b`kaw okogu~daw no l` arfìd{`gdi ow~i ndrdfdnaw zar wu


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Gamìna Goi~r`l t wuw ~r`b`kaw zal~dgaw zar monda no wu Ndroggdi I`gdai`l naino

ow~i rozrowoi~`n`w ~an`w wuw galumi`w t ro`w no ~r`b`ka) Oi ow~o nagumoi~a

rofl`moi~`rda wo ow~`blogo puo gu`lpudor zorwai` puo alui~`rd`moi~o t zar

gaidggdi `goz~o law zrdigdzdaw t ndwgdzldi` no law G@L zuono mdld~`r oi wuarfìd{`gdi ui` o{ ol Gamìna Goi~r`l `zruobo wu difrowa) Oi wu nagumoi~a law

G@L oxdfoi ui gamzar~`mdoi~a zal~dga t mar`l or~dg`l puo okomzldedpuo zar monda

no wu mdld~ìgd` zubldg` ol gamzramdwa gai l` dinozoinoigd` t l` kuw~dgd` wagd`l)

Oi ol 0458 ol Balo~i ^rdgai~dioi~`l zubldg` ui` oi~rodw~` gai @leaiwa Bo`l,

ndrdfoi~o no law G@L, l` mdwm` wo`l` puo ol zrazwd~a no l` g`mz`` no law G@L ow

mdi`r l` ow~`bdldn`n galaid`l zar monda no l` lugh` `rm`n`) No `guorna gai ol

zar~à{ no law G@L, law di~orowow iar~o`mordgìaw h`brì zorndna mw no 0>

mdllaiow no nl`row t l`w `wofur`nar`w wo rowdw~ì ` zrow~`r wuw wordgdaw) Gama

rowul~`na dimond`~a no l` g`mz``, ol rfdmoi galaid`l gamoi{ ` wubwdnd`r lawwofuraw z`r` mì~oior ow~`w garzar`gdaiow mo~razald~ì`w oi l` Dwl`)

@leaiwa Bo`l dindg puo l` oxzordoigd` no @rfold` h`b` dieluoigd`na oi l`

iuo` lugh` `rm`n` zuor~arrdpuo` puo wo g`r`g~ord{` zar maorwo oi ui ~orroia

no azor`gdaiow urbìa oieroi~ìna ndrog~`moi~o `l `z`r`~a mdld~`r iar~o`mordgìa)

Ol ndrdfoi~o no law G@L ``nd puo ia orì ol br`{a `rm`na no idifui`

arfìd{`gdi, puo oi ow` gatui~ur` or` iogow`rd` l` lugh` mul~d-arfìd{`~d` zar

monda no ndeoroi~ow eroi~ow zal~dgaw ì~dgalaid`low) @leaiwa Bo`l mìdeow~ puo law

G@L rogdboi `zata ogaimdga no law zopuoaw gamorgdì~ow, no law ~r`b`k`narow

oi l` huolf` no l` ~oloeidg` t `nomw guoi~ì gai ol `zata no l` zabl`gdi oi

foior`l, puo lo wumdidw~r` diearm`gdi puo lafr` eruw~r`r l` zoio~r`gdi no law

wordgdaw no di~oldfoigd` iar~o`mordgì` t no l` zaldg` galaid`l (Guio` 0458$) @

zow`r no puo l` hdw~ard` ar`l nol zuobla zuor~arrdpuoa owzogul` wabro l` dnoi~dn`n

nol zar~à{ no law G@L ow mut zrab`blo puo @leaiwa Bo`l rozrowoi~`r` l`

dnoi~dn`n galog~d` nol Gamìna Goi~r`l t Ndroggdi I`gdai`l no law G@L)

Nowno wuw arfoiow oi ol 0457 law G@L ia gùw`rai zrndn`w humì`w oi wuw

`ggdaiow) Oi l`w mìdeow~`gdaiow nol MZD, law mdld~ì~ow m`rgh`bì gai l` gaiwdfi`3

@leaiwa Bo`l Zuor~a Rdga pudoro G@L! Wdi omb`rfa, oi monda no l` lugh` ow~undì~dl

wo zranugo l` zrdmor` zrndn` humì`) Ol > no m`r{a no 046: l` E_ZD arfìd{`

ui` m`rgh` noi~ra no l` _ZR z`r` zra~ow~`r oi gai~r` no l` Fuorr` t ol RA^G, l`

mìdeow~`gdi ow oxzulw`n` nol g`mzuw zar l` euor{` no ghapuo t wo foior`ld{` oi

l`w g`llow no Ra Zdonr`w) L` zaldg` arfìd{` ui` lio` no gai~oigdi z`r` eroi r l`

mìdeow~`gdi oi l`w g`llow, `buwì no wu euor{` falzoìna ` ow~undì~ow, ogdiaw t

~r`b`k`narow now`rm`naw t ui zaldg` ndwz`r` gai~r` l` ow~undì~o @i~aid` M`r~io{

L`f`row, pudoi zra~ow~`b` zar law `~razollaw nowno wu b`lgi) Gama rozrow`ld`, law

G@L `kuw~dgdì ` naw m`rdiaw no fuorr` iar~o`mordgìaw oxdfdoina puo l` zaldg`


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no~oif` wuw `buwaw oi gai~r` no law ow~undì~ow t l` zabl`gdi oi foior`l

(M`lnai`na Noidw 0466; 284$)

Wofi Mìuol M`lnai`na Noidw (0466$ l` lugh` no law G@L t l` nol

i`gdai`ldwma @lbd{udw~` gadigdnoi oi puo `mb`w gaierai~ì ndrog~`moi~o lawdi~orowow ogaimdgaw t mdld~`row no l` mo~rzald oi l` Dwl`) Ia abw~ì~o, l` iuo`

lugh` `rm`n` no law G@L wo ndeoroigd` no l` ì~ordar oi puo ow glìnow~di` t

urbì`) @ ow~a noba ``ndr puo law G@L ia ~oiì ui g`rg~or z`r~dndw~`, ia ~oiì

oi `foin` gaior~drwo oi l` arfìd{`gdi ndrdfoi~o wdia mw bdoi `gamz``r law

oweuor{aw zar l` ldbor`gdi i`gdai`l no l`w nomw arfìd{`gdaiow dinozoinoi~dw~`w)

Oi wuw gamuidg`gdaiow rozrowoi~`rai ow` earm` no i`gdai`ldwma roalugdai`rda no

l` iuo` lugh` t gama ol ZI, wla zranukorai zrndn`w humì`w ndwgrdmdi`n`w oi

rozrow`ld` guìna ol rfdmoi galaid`l `~`g`b` mdld~ì~ow now`rm`naw)

Madmdoi~a Dinozoinoi~dw~` Roalugdai`rda @rm`na

Mr`l` puo ldin` doio, mr`l` puo ldin` `, l` roalugdi bardgu`, puo ia n`

id ui z`wa `~rw! Gai ow~aw orwaw gamdoi{` ui` gaiwdfi` no zra~ow~` no l` iuo`

lugh`, oi~ai`n` oi l`w mìdeow~`gdaiow no l` Eonor`gdi _idorwd~`rd` Zra

Dinozoinoigd` (E_ZD$ t ol Madmdoi~a Zra Dinozoinoigd` (MZD$) @zraxdm`n`moi~o

z`r` ol 0455, Edldbor~a Akon` Raw or` ol nolof`na `l~oria nol MZD ` l` Arfìd{`gdi

no Waldn`rdn`n gai @wd`, erdg` t @mrdg` L`~di` (AWZ@@L$) Guìna ~ormdi gai

wuw euigdaiow z`r` ol MZD, rofrow ` Iuo` Tarc z`r` didgd`r l` arfìd{`gdi nol

Madmdoi~a Dinozoinoi~dw~` Roalugdai`rda oi @rm`w (MDR@$) Oi wuw

gaiorw`gdaiow gai Idoow E`lgi (2::2$ Akon` Raw gaiedrm puo ol MDR@ okogu~

ui` wordo no `ggdaiow no zraz`fìn` `rm`n` zora ia ~ua mogìdwmaw `zrazd`naw

no gamuidg`gdi3 wo gaigoi~r`rai nom`wd`na oi ol g`rg~or azor`~da t l`w

ndeoroigd`w di~ori`w nobdld~`rai l` arfìd{`gdi)

@i~o l` e`l~` no mondaw no gamuidg`gdi oeog~daw ol MDR@ ~am` zar `w`l~a ol

00 no ndgdombro no 0454 l` omdwar` no r`nda V_IA oi Wì Kuì z`r` ~rìwmd~dr ui

`dwa oi gai~r` no law di~orowow dmzord`ldw~`w oi Zuor~a Rdga) Mdoi~r`w ~ì~a, ow`

womì` law G@L `~`gì 5 abko~daw gamorgd`low diglutoina l`w diw~`l`gdaiow no l`

roedior` Fule oi B`t`mi) Wofi Low~or Wabol gd~`na zar @rrata Mua{, K) G)

(2::7$ ol MDR@ oi~ro 046:-62 `~`g wolog~d`moi~o 0:: abko~daw gamorgd`low,

dinuw~rd`low t mdld~`row oi Iuo` Tarc ldf`naw ` l` gaindgdi galaid`l no Zuor~a Rdga)

Ow~`w `ggdaiow wo ndrdfì oi gai~r` no garzar`gdaiow t `foigd`w nol fabdoria

eonor`l puo azor`bì oi Zuor~a Rdga3 `nomw okogu~`rai `ggdaiow gai~r` l`w

ù~ardn`now lag`low gama rozrow`ld` zar law `buwaw zaldg`gaw oi law ma~diow no

Ghdg`fa t Iuo` Tarc)


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Gama dindg` Akon` Raw, ol MDR@ ~doio ndedgul~`now z`r` gai~diu`r l` lugh`

`rm`n` t glìnow~di`) Nowno 0462 h`w~` ol 0465 ui fruza no gamb`~doi~ow

dinozoindoi~ow wo gaigoi~rì oi ear~`logor l`w rol`gdaiow zal~dg`w gai ~an`w

arfìd{`gdaiow i`gdai`ldw~`w t zrafrowdw~`w oi Zuor~a Rdga t OO__ (Idoow-E`lgi2::2; ?>-?6$) Gama rowul~`na no ow~` roarfìd{`gdi wo zubldg` Ol M`r~dlla, balo~i

no l` lugh` `rm`n` ndrdfdna `l `zata no l`w lugh`w no l` gl`wo zabro t ~r`b`k`nar`)

Wd ox`mdi`maw l`w gdrguiw~ìgd`w ia~`maw puo ol MDR@ ia now`z`rogo zar

gamzlo~a wdia puo wuw gu`nraw gamoi{`rai ` now`rrall`r igulaw gai a~r`w

arfìd{`gdaiow glìnow~di`w gama l`w E@RZ, AURZ t law G@L) @ z r~dr no ow~`w

rol`gdaiow wo euorai groìna l`w b`wow z`r` l` euin`gdi nol Z`r~dna Roalugdai`rda

no law ^r`b`k`narow Zuor~arrdpuoaw-Okrgd~a Zazul`r Bardgu` (M`gho~oraw$ oi ol

0465 (Idoow-E`lgi, 2::2; 5>$)

Law M`gho~oraw

Ol 0 no ag~ubro no 0468, zar monda no ui gamuidg`na no zroiw`, law

M`gho~oraw wo `nkundg`rai l` oxzrazd`gdi no ui ba~i no oxzlawdaw gamorgd`low)

Ol 2? no kulda no 0468 ol EBD t l` Zaldg` nol rfdmoi galaid`l h`bì oi~r`mz`na `

law koiow @ri`lna N`ra Raw`na t G`rlaw Wa~a @rrd, okogu~inalaw nowzuw no

`rrow~`rlaw oi ol Gorra M`r`dll`) Oi wu nogl`r`gdi owgrd~` law M`gho~oraw

gainoiì ol ~orrardwma nol rfdmoi galaid`l nol Fabori`nar Ramora B`rgol t

``noi puo ia uw`ri ow~aw oxzlawdaw oi gai~r` no l` zabl`gdi) Gai ow~` `ggdi

wo roiuo` l` lugh` `rm`n` oi Zuor~a Rdga t law OO__) Zar wu z`r~o, ol rfdmoi

galaid`l `rrogd` wu g`mz`` no ~orrar oi gai~r` no ~an`w l`w arfìd{`gdaiow oi

lugh`) Oi ol 0488 wo nowgubroi mw no 0?:,::: oxzondoi~ow no `g~ddw~`w

roldfdawaw, gamuid~`rdaw, ogalafdw~`w, l`bardw~`w o dinozoinoi~dw~`w oi l` Nddwdi no

Di~oldfoigd` no l` zaldg` galaid`l)

Law M`gho~oraw ~doioi ui waiara iambro, oagì ol z`w`na dimond`~a no l`

m`tar` no law ~r`b`k`narow, pudoiow waw~oiì ` wuw e`mdld`w blìndoina ol

m`gho~o oi l` g`` t oi l` mai~``) Ol m`gho~o euo ol `rm` no law zabrow, wu

diw~rumoi~a no ~r`b`ka, l` ha{ t ol m`r~dlla g`rdboa) Akon` Raw dindg` puo oi l`

fuorr` nol 0848 ui` no l`w z r~dn`w robolnow wo ll`ma law m`gho~oraw) Ol Z`r~dna

Roalugdai`rda no law ^r`b`k`narow Zuor~arrdpuoaw-Okrgd~a Zazul`r Bardgu` (ZR^Z-

OZB$ wo zrowoi~` gama law iuoaw M`gho~oraw, roèdrmìna ol norogha ` l` lugh`

`rm`n` z`r` l` ldbor`gdi i`gdai`l)

Rai`ln Eoriino{ (0447$ nagumoi~` 08 `ggdaiow wolog~d`w no law

M`gho~oraw oi~ro 0468-0485) Oi~ro oll`w zanomaw gaiwdnor`r ~row ~dzaw no

`ggdaiow3 zrdmora, l`w `ggdaiow no noeoiw` dimond`~` oi rowzuow~` ` l` daloigd` nol


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ow~`na, wofuina, `ggdaiow wdmbldg`w ndrdfdn`w ` gaiedrm`r ol gaieldg~a galaid`l t `

èdrm`r ol norogha ` l` ù~ano~ormdi`gdi t, ~orgora, `ggdaiow no `b`w~ogdmdoi~a

z`r` ab~oior law rogurwaw m`~ord`low) @ gai~diu`gdi ox`mdia l`w `ggdaiow

wolog~d`w mw roloì~ow no law M`gho~oraw, `lfui`w no l`w gu`low euoraigaarndi`n`w gai a~r`w arfìd{`gdaiow i`gdai`ldw~`w roalugdai`rd`w)

Ol 2? no `faw~a nol 0468 law M`gho~oraw ombawgì ui` z`~rull` no l` zaldg`

gai ol edi no nowzak`r no wuw uidearmow ` law aedgd`low `w gama no wuw `rm`w z`r`

noiuigd`r no ow~` earm` law `wowdi`~aw nol Gorra M`r`dll`3 oi l` `ggdi wo zranuka

ui di~org`mbda no ndwz`raw t murd ui zaldg`) Ol 7 no ndgdombro no 0464, kui~a `

a~raw fruzaw glìnow~diaw, law M`gho~oraw ombawgì ui` z`~rull` no l` M`rdi` no

Fuorr`, gòi naw m`rdiaw t mw no nago rowul~ì hordnaw) Ow~o `~`puo wo zranuka

oi rowzuow~` ` l` okogugdi no ifol Ranrfuo{ Grdw~b`l, ui `g~ddw~` oig`rgol`na

zar wu z`r~dgdz`gdi oi l` lugh` no Udopuow gai~r` l` M`rdi` no Fuorr` no OO__) Ol05 no m`ta no 0482, law M`gho~oraw `kuw~dgdì ` naw m`rdiaw oi Wì Kuì oi

rozrow`ld` zar l`w mìdabr`w oi Udopuow t ol 04 no m`ta nol mdwma à `~`gì ` l`

Zaldg`, `kuw~dgdìna ui fu`rnd` gama ro`ggdi ` law daloi~aw now`hugdaw no Udll` wdi

Mdona, naino l` euor{` no ghapuo okogu~ ` l` rowg`~`nar` @naledi` Udllìuo`)

Ow~`w `ggdaiow wolog~d`w rowzaindorai ndrog~`moi~o ` l` daloigd` okogu~`n` zar ol

rfdmoi galaid`l oi gai~r` no ow~undì~ow, `g~ddw~`w no Udopuow t rowg`~`narow no

~dorr`)

@nomw no ow~`w rozrow`ld`w oi rowzuow~` `l rfdmoi galaid`l, law M`gho~oraw

okogu~`rai `ggdaiow wolog~d`w wdmbldg`w z`r` èdrm`r wu norogha ` l`

ù~ano~ormdi`gdi) Z`r` gaimomar`r l` diwurroggdi i`gdai`ldw~` no 04?:, ol 7:

no ag~ubro no 0487 law M`gho~oraw lì{ì ui gaho~o gai~r` l`w aedgdi`w nol EBD oi

Wì Kuì) Ol 27 no oiora no 048? ndwz`rì a~ra gaho~o gai~r` l` Gar~o Eonor`l no

law OO__ oi Zuor~a Rdga) Ol 0485 wo `nkundgì `rdaw `~`puow oi gai~r` no

diw~`l`gdaiow mdld~`row oi ~orrd~arda zuor~arrdpuoa) Wdi omb`rfa, l` `ggdi

wolog~d` no m`tar dmz`g~a zal~dga euo ol `~`puo gai~r` l` B`wo Mud{ no l`

Fu`rnd`

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Nacionalismo revolucionario - La lucha Armada, Intelectuales y los Prisioneros Políticos y de Guerra