Nagc_network25.05.05 Grid Governing

The Namibian Grid Code

The Network Code

1 of 6 Code Documents

Final

May 2005

Enquiries: Electricity Control Board, +264-61-374 300, Namibia

Table of Contents 1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 5 2 Applications for Transmission System connections .............................. 5 3 Connection conditions............................................................................... 5

3.1 Generator connection conditions.................................................................... 6 3.1.1 Protection ................................................................................................................6 3.1.2 Ability of units to island ...........................................................................................8 3.1.3 Excitation system requirements..............................................................................8 3.1.4 Reactive capabilities ...............................................................................................9 3.1.5 Multiple Unit Tripping (MUT) risks...........................................................................9 3.1.6 Governing................................................................................................................9 3.1.7 Restart after Power Station black-out ...................................................................12 3.1.8 Black starting.........................................................................................................13 3.1.9 External supply disturbance withstand capability .................................................13 3.1.10 On load tap changing for generating unit step-up transformers ...........................14 3.1.11 Emergency unit capabilities ..................................................................................14 3.1.12 Facility for independent generator action..............................................................15 3.1.13 Automatic under-frequency starting......................................................................15 3.1.14 Testing and compliance monitoring ......................................................................15 3.1.15 Non-compliance suspected by the System Operator ...........................................16 3.1.16 Unit modifications..................................................................................................16 3.1.17 Equipment requirements.......................................................................................17 3.2 Distributors and end-use customers............................................................. 17 3.2.1 Power factor ..........................................................................................................17 3.2.2 Protection ..............................................................................................................17 3.2.3 Fault levels ............................................................................................................18 3.2.4 Distributor or end-use customer network performance .......................................18 3.2.5 The Transcos delivered QOS...............................................................................19 3.2.6 Equipment requirements.......................................................................................19

4 Transco technical design requirements................................................. 20 4.1 Equipment design standards ........................................................................ 20 4.2 Clearances ................................................................................................... 20 4.3 CT and VT ratios and cores.......................................................................... 20 4.4 Standard busbar arrangements and Security criteria ................................... 20 4.4.1 Transmission Substation standard Busbar arrangements....................................20 4.4.2 Use of bypasses ...................................................................................................20 4.5 Motorised isolators ....................................................................................... 21 4.6 Earthing isolators.......................................................................................... 21 4.7 Busbar Protection CTs................................................................................. 21 4.8 Tele-control................................................................................................... 21 4.9 Transformer tap change ............................................................................... 21 4.10 Substation drawings ..................................................................................... 22

5 Protection requirements .......................................................................... 22 5.1 Equipment Protection requirements ............................................................. 23 5.1.1 Feeder Protection: 220kV and above ...................................................................23 5.1.2 Feeder Protection: 132kV and below, at Transco substations .............................25 5.1.3 Tele-Protection requirements................................................................................25

The Namibian Grid Code Network Code (250505) Page 2 of 70

5.1.4 Transformer and reactor Protection ......................................................................26 5.1.5 Transmission System Busbar Protection ..............................................................27 5.1.6 Transmission System bus coupler and bus section Protection ............................27 5.1.7 Transmission System shunt capacitor Protection.................................................27 5.1.8 Over-voltage Protection ........................................................................................27 5.1.9 Ancillary Protection functions................................................................................28 5.2 System Protection requirements .................................................................. 28 5.2.1 Under-frequency load shedding............................................................................28 5.2.2 Out of step tripping................................................................................................29 5.2.3 Under-voltage load shedding................................................................................29 5.2.4 Sub-synchronous resonance Protection...............................................................29 5.2.5 Protection against near 50 Hz Resonance ...........................................................30 5.2.6 Protection Settings impact on Network Stability (Dynamic Stability) ....................30 5.3 Protection system performance monitoring .................................................. 30

6 Nomenclature............................................................................................ 30 7 TS planning and development................................................................. 31

7.1 Planning process .......................................................................................... 31 7.2 Identification of the need for TS development .............................................. 32 7.3 Forecasting the demand............................................................................... 32 7.4 Technical limits and targets for planning purposes ...................................... 32 7.4.1 Voltage limits and targets......................................................................................32 7.4.2 Other targets for planning purposes .....................................................................34 7.4.3 Reliability criteria for planning purposes ...............................................................35 7.4.4 Contingency criteria for planning purposes ..........................................................36 7.4.5 Integration of Power Stations................................................................................36 7.5 Criteria for network investments ................................................................... 37 7.5.1 Least economic cost criteria. ................................................................................38 7.5.2 Cost reduction investments...................................................................................39 7.5.3 Statutory or strategic investments ........................................................................40 7.6 Development investigation reports ............................................................... 40 7.7 Transmission System Master Plan ............................................................... 41 7.8 Mitigation of network constraints .................................................................. 41 7.9 Interfacing between Participants .................................................................. 41 7.10 Special customer requirements for increased reliability ............................... 41

8 Network maintenance .............................................................................. 41 9 Appendix 1 Generator Connection Conditions...................................... 42 10 Appendix 2 Surveying, monitoring and testing for generators ........... 46

10.1 Introduction................................................................................................... 46 10.2 Scope ........................................................................................................... 46 10.3 Request for surveying, monitoring or testing ................................................ 46 10.4 Ongoing Monitoring of a Units Performance................................................ 46 10.5 Procedures ................................................................................................... 47 10.5.1 Unit Protection System Grid Code Requirement GCR 3 ......................................47 10.5.2 Unit Islanding Capability Grid Code Requirement GCR 4 ....................................51 10.5.3 Excitation System Grid Code Requirement GCR 5 ..............................................53 10.5.4 Unit Reactive Power Capability Grid Code Requirement GCR 6 .........................57


10.5.5 Power Station Multiple Unit Trip Grid Code Requirement GCR 7. .......................58 10.5.6 Governing System Grid Code Requirements GCR 8 ...........................................61 10.5.7 Unit Restart after Station Blackout Capability Grid Code Requirement GCR 9 ...62 10.5.8 Power Station Black Start Capability Grid Code Requirement GCR 10...............64 10.5.9 Unit Intermediate Load Capability Grid Code Requirement GCR 11 ...................67 10.5.10 External Supply Disturbance Withstand Capability Grid Code Requirement GCR

12 ..........................................................................................................................68 10.5.11 Unit Load and De-loading Rate Capability Grid Code Requirements GCR 13 ....70

List of Figures Figure 1: Voltage tolerances for various frequency ranges............................................. 14 Figure 2: Typical Load Profile ......................................................................................... 39 Figure 3: Load Duration Curve........................................................................................ 39 Figure 4: Summary of the requirements applicable to specific classes of units .............. 42 Figure 5: Summary of the requirements applicable to specific classes of units .............. 44 List of Tables Table 1: Selection of Dead Line charging end of the line................................................ 24 Table 2: Technical and Statutory Voltage Limits............................................................. 32 Table 3: Standard Voltage Levels ................................................................................... 33 Table 4: Target Voltages for Planning Purposes ............................................................ 34

1


Introduction

(1) This Network Code document is one of six documents that together constitute the Namibian Grid Code. The Grid Code documents are:

(a) The Preamble,

(b) The Network Code (this document),

(c) The System Operation Code,

(d) The Metering Code,

(e) The Information Exchange Code, and

(f) The Governance Code.

(2) This code contains a set of connection conditions for generators, distributors and end-use customers, and the standards used to plan and develop the Transmission System (TS).

2 Applications for Transmission System connections

(1) The Transco shall provide Quotes for new connections (or for upgrading existing connections) according to an approved ECB tariff methodology and within time frames agreed with prospective customers.

(2) The agreed time period for connecting customers or upgrading connections shall be negotiated between the Transco and the customer in every instance.

(3) Applications for new or revised connections shall be lodged with the Transco at the address specified in the Preamble.

3 Connection conditions

(1) This section on connection conditions specifies both the acceptable technical, design and operational criteria which must be complied with by any customer connected to or seeking connection to the TS or by embedded or co-generators, and the minimum technical, design and operational criteria with which the Transco and System Operator shall comply in relation to the part of the TS where the connection will take place

(2) The objective of the connection conditions is to ensure that by specifying minimum technical, design and operational criteria, the basic rules for connection to the TS are similar for all customers of an equivalent category and will enable the Transco and System Operator to comply with its statutory and licence obligations. Since quality of supply and grid integrity are shared responsibilities between the Transco and System Operator and their customers, these conditions furthermore ensure adherence to sound engineering practice and codes by all the Participants.


3.1 Generator connection conditions

(1) This section defines acceptable requirements for generator connections. Note that some of the sections below refer to a Grid Code requirement (GCR) for brevity and later reference.

(2) Compliance with the GCR shall be read in conjunction with the Generating Unit characteristics and sizes as specified in Table 1(a) and (b) in Appendix 1.

(3) The Transo shall offer to connect and, subject to the signing of the necessary agreements as specified in section 2, make available a Point of Connection to any requesting generator licensed to generate electricity.

(4) For new units special consideration shall be given to the impact of the risks on future operating costs, e.g. for ancillary services. The System Operator is to quantify these expected costs. The special consideration may include obtaining ECB approval for including these costs in the tariff base or obliging the generator to purchase reserves.

3.1.1 Protection

(1) A Generating Units, unit step-up transformer, unit auxiliary transformer, associated Busbar ducts and switchgear shall be equipped with well maintained Protection functions, in line with international best practices, to rapidly disconnect appropriate plant sections should a fault occur within the relevant Protection zones which fault may reflect into the TS.

(2) The following Protection functions shall be provided as defined to protect the IPS:

3.1.1.1 Backup Impedance

(1) An impedance facility with a large reach shall be used. This shall operate for phase faults in the unit, in the HV yard or in the adjacent TS lines, with a suitable delay, for cases when the corresponding main Protection fails to operate. The impedance facility shall have fuse fail interlocking.

3.1.1.2 Loss of Field

(1) All generating units shall be fitted with at loss of field facility that matches the system requirements. The type of facility to be implemented shall be agreed with the Transco.

3.1.1.3 Pole Slipping Facility

(1) Generating units shall be fitted with a pole slipping facility that matches the system requirements, where the System Operator determines that it is required.

3.1.1.4 Trip to House load

(1) This Protection shall operate in the event of a complete loss of load. For example if all the feeder breakers open at a Power Station, power flow into the system is cut off and the generators will accelerate. At 50.5 Hz the over-frequency facility shall pick up to start the house loading process. At this stage the HV breakers will still be


closed. There will be power swings between the units and as soon as a unit has a reverse power condition the Protection shall open the HV breaker. The units shall island feeding their own auxiliaries. When system conditions have been restored then the islanded units can be resynchronised to the system

3.1.1.5 Unit Transformer HV back-up Earth Fault Protection

(1) This is an IDMT facility that shall monitor the current in the unit transformer neutral. It can detect faults in the transformer HV side or in the adjacent network. The back-up earth fault facility shall trip the HV circuit-breaker.

3.1.1.6 HV Breaker Fail Protection

(1) The breaker fail Protection shall monitor the HV circuit breaker's operation for Protection trip signals, i.e. fault conditions. If a circuit breaker fails to open and the fault is still present after a specific time delay (nominally 120 ms), it shall trip the necessary adjacent circuit breakers.

3.1.1.7 HV Pole disagreement Protection

(1) The pole disagreement Protection shall cover the cases where one or two poles of a circuit breaker fail to operate after a trip or close signal.

3.1.1.8 Unit Switch onto Standstill Protection

(1) This Protection shall be installed in the HV yard Substation or in the unit Protection panels. If this Protection is installed in the unit Protection panels then the DC supply for this Protection and that used for the circuit-breaker closing circuit shall be the same. This Protection safeguards the generator against an unintended connection to the TS (back energisation) when at standstill or at low speed.

(2) In addition, should system conditions dictate, other Protection requirements shall be determined by the System Operator in consultation with the generator and these should be provided and maintained by the relevant generator at its own cost.

(3) Required HV breaker tripping, fault clearance times, including breaker operating times depend on system conditions and shall be defined by the Transco. Guidelines for operating times are:

(a) 80 ms where the Point of Connection is 330kV or above (b) 80 ms where the Point of Connection is 220 kV (c) 100 ms where the Point of Connection is 132 kV and below

(4) Further downstream breaker tripping (away from the system), fault clearing times, including breaker operating time, shall not exceed the following:

(5) 120 ms plus additional 30 ms for DC offset decay or

(6) 100 ms plus additional 40 ms for DC offset decay.

(7) Where system conditions dictate, these times may be reduced. Where so designed, earth fault clearing times for high resistance earthed systems may exceed the above tripping times.


(8) All Protection interfaces with the Transco shall be co-ordinated between the Participants.

(9) The settings of all the Protection tripping functions on the unit Protection system of a unit, relevant to IPS performance and as agreed with each generator in writing, shall be co-ordinated with the Transmission Protection settings. These settings shall be agreed between the Transco and each generator, and shall be documented and maintained by the generator, with the reference copy, which reflects the actual plant status at all time, held by the Transco. The generator shall control all other copies.

(10) For system abnormal conditions, a unit is to be disconnected from the TS in response to conditions at the Point of Connection, only when the system conditions are outside the plant capability where damage will occur. Protection setting documents shall illustrate plant capabilities and the relevant Protection operations.

(11) Competent persons shall carry out testing, commissioning and configuration of Protection systems. Prototype and routine testing shall be carried out as defined Appendix 2, section A.5.1

(12) Any work on the Protection circuits interfacing with Transmission Protection systems (e.g. bus zone) must be communicated to the System Operator before commencing with the works. This includes work done during a unit outage.

3.1.2 Ability of units to island

(1) Every unit that does not have black start capabilities of less than one hour without power from the TS shall be capable of unit Islanding.

(2) Islanding testing shall be contracted as an ancillary service. The procedure for testing is given in Appendix 2, section A.5.2.

3.1.3 Excitation system requirements

(1) A continuously-acting automatic excitation control system (AVR) shall be installed to provide constant terminal voltage control of the unit, without instability, over the entire operating range of the unit. (Note that this does not include the possible influence of a power system stabiliser.) Excitation systems shall comply with the requirements specified in IEC 60034.

(2) The excitation control system shall be equipped with an under-excitation limiter, load angle limiter and flux limiter as described in IEC60034-16-1.

(3) The excitation system shall have a minimum excitation ceiling limit of 1.6 pu rotor current, where 1 pu is the rotor current required to operate the unit at rated load and at rated power factor.

(4) The settings of the excitation system shall be agreed between the System Operator and each generator, and shall be documented, with the master copy held by the System Operator. The generators shall control all other copies. The procedure for this is shown Appendix 2, Section A.5.3.

(5) In addition, the unit shall be capable of operating in the full range as indicated in the capability diagram supplied as part of the Information Exchange Code. Test procedures are shown in Appendix 2, Section A.5.5.


(6) The active power output under steady state conditions of any unit shall not be affected by voltage changes in the normal operating range. Units with water-cooled stator windings shall be capable of delivering rated Megavolt-Ampere (MVA) at terminal voltages between 95 and 105% of rated voltage. Units with gas-cooled stator windings are specified to be capable of delivering rated MVA at terminal voltages between 100 and 105% of rated voltage, and rated stator current at voltages below 100%.

(7) Power system stabilisers as described in IEC60034-16-1 are a requirement for all new units, and for existing units retrofitting may be required depending on IPS requirements. The requirements for other excitation control facilities and AVR refurbishment shall be determined in conjunction with the System Operator.

(8) Routine and prototype response tests shall be carried out on excitation systems as indicated in Appendix 2, Section A.5.3 and in accordance to IEC60034-16-3.

3.1.4 Reactive capabilities

(1) All new units shall be capable of supplying rated power output Megawatt (MW) at any point between the limits 0.85 power factor lagging and 0.95 power factor leading at the unit terminals. Reactive output shall be fully variable between these limits under AVR, manual or other control.

(2) Routine and prototype response tests shall be carried out to demonstrate reactive capabilities as indicated in Appendix 2, Section A.5.5

3.1.5 Multiple Unit Tripping (MUT) risks

(1) A Power Station and its units shall be designed, maintained and operated to minimise the risk of more than one unit being tripped from one common cause within a short time.

3.1.6 Governing

3.1.6.1 Design requirements

(1) All units above 2.5 MVA shall have an operational governor that shall be capable of responding according to the minimum requirements set out in this document

3.1.6.2 System Frequency Variations

(1) Because of the uncertain dynamic behaviour of the Namibian system, frequency variations cannot be specified in this document. New Generators will need to do comprehensive system studies to ascertain the dynamic behaviour of the system as applicable to their position on the network. The frequency tolerances apply to voltage tolerances as specified in section 3.1.9.

3.1.6.3 High Frequency Requirements for Turbo-alternators

(1) All synchronised units shall respond by reducing active power to frequencies above 50 Hz plus allowable dead band described in section 3.1.6.7. Speed governors shall be set to give a 4 % governor droop characteristic (or as otherwise agreed by the


System Operator). The response shall be fully achieved within 10 seconds and must be sustained for the duration of the frequency excursion. The unit shall respond to the full designed minimum operational capability of the unit at the time of the occurrence.

3.1.6.3.1 Over-frequency Conditions in the Range 51.5 to 52 Hz (Stage H1)

(1) When the frequency goes above 51.5 Hz but less than 52 Hz the requirement is that the unit shall be designed to run for at least 10 minutes over the life of the plant. The turbo-alternator units shall be able to operate for at least 5 minutes continuously without tripping in this range.

(2) Exceeding this limit shall prompt the generator to take all reasonable efforts to reduce the system frequency below 51.5 Hz. Such actions can include manual tripping of the running unit. Tripping shall be staggered in time and be initiated once the frequency has been greater than 51.5 Hz for 5 minutes. The generator will trip a unit, and if the system frequency does not fall below 51.5 Hz, the other units shall be tripped in staggered format over the next five minutes or until the system frequency is below 51.5 Hz. The System Operator shall approve this tripping philosophy and the settings.

3.1.6.3.2 Over-frequency Conditions in the above 52 Hz (Stage H2)

(1) When the frequency goes above 52 Hz the requirement is that the unit shall be designed to run for at least 1 minute over the life of the plant. The turbo-alternator units shall be able to operate at least 30 seconds continuously without tripping in this range.

(2) When the system frequency exceeds 52 Hz, the generator can start tripping units sequentially. Tripping shall be spread over a 30-second window. If a generator chooses to implement automatic tripping, the tripping shall be staggered. The System Operator shall approve this tripping philosophy and the settings. As an example, the first unit will trip in 5 seconds, the second unit trip in 10 seconds, etc.

3.1.6.4 High Frequency Requirements for Hydro Alternators

(1) All synchronised hydro units shall respond by reducing active power to frequencies above 50 Hz plus allowable dead band described in section 3.1.6.7. Speed governors shall be set to give a 4 % governor droop characteristic (or as otherwise agreed by the System Operator). The response shall be fully achieved within 10 seconds and must be sustained for the duration of the frequency excursion. The unit shall respond to the full load capability range of the unit.

(2) As the Namibian system is not designed for n-1 contingencies high over-frequency withstand capabilities are required. When the frequency goes above 54 Hz the requirement is that the unit shall be designed to run for at least 120 seconds over the life of the plant. It is expected that there will be less than 30 events of this nature for the lifetime of the unit (50 years). Hence the hydro-alternator units shall be able to operate at least 4 seconds in this range.

(3) When the system frequency increases to 54 Hz for longer than 4 seconds, the generator shall start staggered tripping of units as per the procedure for turbo-alternators. Settings shall be agreed with the System Operator.


3.1.6.5 Low Frequency Requirements for Turbo-alternator Units

(1) Low frequency response is defined as an ancillary service as Spinning Reserve. However all units shall be designed to be capable of having a 4 % governor droop characteristic (or as otherwise agreed by the System Operator) with a minimum response of 3% of Maximum Continues Rating (MCR) within 10 seconds of a frequency incident. The response must be sustained for at least 10 minutes.

3.1.6.5.1 Low frequency in the Range 48.5 to 48.0 Hz (StageL1)

(1) When the frequency goes below 48.5 Hz but greater than 48.0 Hz the requirement is that the unit shall be designed to run for at least 10 minutes over the life of the plant. The unit shall be able to operate at least 5 minutes continuously without tripping while the frequency is in this range.

(2) If the system frequency is in this range for more than 5 minutes, independent action may be taken by a generator to protect the unit.

3.1.6.5.2 Low frequency in the Range 48.0 to 47.5 Hz (Stage L2)

(1) When the frequency goes below 48.0 Hz but greater than 47.5 Hz the requirement is that the unit be designed to run for at least 1 minute over the life of the plant. The unit shall be able to operate at least 30 seconds continuously without tripping while the frequency is below 48.0 Hz but greater than 47.5 Hz.

(2) If the system frequency is in this range for more than 30 seconds, independent action may be taken by a generator to protect the unit.

3.1.6.5.3 Low frequency below 47.5 Hz (Stage L3)

(1) If the system frequency falls below 47.5 Hz for longer than 6 seconds, independent action may be taken by a generator to protect the unit.

3.1.6.6 Low Frequency Requirements for Hydro-alternator Units

(1) All reasonable efforts shall be made by the generator to avoid tripping of the hydro-alternator for under frequency conditions provided that the system frequency is above 46 Hz.

(2) If the system frequency falls below 46 Hz for more than 1 second, independent action may be taken by a generator to protect the unit. Such action includes automatic tripping.

3.1.6.7 Droop

(1) The speed governor must be capable of being set so that it operates with an overall speed droop of between 2% and 9%.

3.1.6.8 Dead band

(1) The maximum allowable dead band shall be 0.15 Hz for governing. This means that no response is required from the unit while the frequency is greater than 49.85 to and less than 50.15 Hz.

(2) Routine and prototype response tests shall be carried out on the governing systems as indicated in Appendix 2, Section A.5.4


3.1.7 Restart after Power Station black-out

3.1.7.1 Thermal Power Stations

(1) A Power Station and a unit is to be capable of being restarted and synchronised to the IPS following restoration of external auxiliary AC supply without unreasonable delay resulting directly from the loss of external auxiliary AC supply.

(2) For the purposes of this code, examples of unreasonable delay in the restart of a Power Station are:

(3) Restart of the first unit that takes longer than 4 hours after restart initiation

(4) Restart of the second unit that takes longer than 2 hours after the synchronising of the first unit.

(5) Restarting of all other units that take longer than 1 hour each after the synchronising of the second unit.

(6) Delays not inherent in the design of the relevant start up facilities and which could reasonably be minimised by the relevant generator and

(7) The start up facilities for a new unit not being designed to minimise start up time delays for the unit following loss of external auxiliary AC supplies for two hours or less.

(8) Routine and prototype response tests shall be carried out to demonstrate capabilities as indicated in Appendix 2, Section A.5.7

3.1.7.2 Hydro and Gas turbines

(1) A Power Station and a unit is to be capable of being restarted and synchronised to the IPS following restoration of external auxiliary AC supply without unreasonable delay resulting directly from the loss of external auxiliary AC supply.

(2) For the purposes of this code, examples of unreasonable delay in the restart of a Power Station are:

(3) Restart of the first unit that takes longer than 30 minutes after restart initiation

(4) Restarting of all other units that take longer than 30 minutes each after the synchronising of the first unit.

(5) Delays not inherent in the design of the relevant start up facilities and which could reasonably be minimised by the relevant generator and

(6) The start up facilities for a new unit not being designed to minimise start up time delays for the unit following loss of external auxiliary AC supplies for 30 minutes or less.



3.1.8 Black starting

(1) Power Stations that have declared that they have a station black start capability shall demonstrate this facility by test as described in Appendix 2, Section A.5.8.

(2) Back start capable Power Stations may be called from time to time not to carry out a full station black start but a unit black start as described in Appendix 2, Section A.5.8.

3.1.9 External supply disturbance withstand capability

(1) Any unit and any Power Station equipment shall be designed with anticipation of the following voltage conditions at the Point of Connection:

(a) A voltage deviation in the range of 90% to 110% for protracted periods

(b) A voltage drop to zero for up to 0.2s, to 75% for 2s, or to 85% for 60 s provided that during the 3 minute period immediately following the end of that 0.2s, 2s, or 60s periods the actual voltage remains in the range 90-110% of the nominal voltage.

(c) Unbalance between phase voltages of not more than 3 % negative phase sequence and or the magnitude of one phase not lower than 5 % than any of the other two for 6 hours.

(d) A requirement to withstand the ARC cycle for faults on the transmission lines connected to the power station, being three single phase faults, each of 150 ms duration, within 31 seconds.

(2) The voltage tolerances apply to frequency tolerances as specified in.


Figure 1: Voltage tolerances for various frequency ranges1

110

90

95

106

110

90

95

106


3.1.10 On load tap changing for generating unit step-up transformers

(1) All generating unit step-up transformers shall have on-load tap changing which can be remotely controlled. The range shall be agreed between the Transco and the generator.

3.1.11 Emergency unit capabilities

(1) All generators shall specify their units capabilities for providing emergency levels 1 and 2 support under abnormal power system conditions, as detailed in the System Operation Code.

1 This is an example. NamPower to confirm that this is acceptable.


3.1.12 Facility for independent generator action

(1) Frequency control under system island conditions shall revert to the Power Stations as the last resort, and units and associated plant shall be equipped to handle such situations. The required control range is from 49 to 51 Hz.

3.1.13 Automatic under-frequency starting

(1) It may be agreed with the System Operator that a unit that is capable of automatically starting within 10 minutes shall have automatic under-frequency starting. This starting shall be initiated by frequency-level facilities with settings in the range 49Hz to 50Hz as specified by the System Operator.

3.1.14 Testing and compliance monitoring

(1) A generator shall keep records relating to the compliance by each of its units with each section of this code applicable to that unit, setting out such Information that the System Operator reasonably requires for assessing power system performance (including actual unit performance during abnormal conditions).

(2) Within one Month after the end of June and December, a generator shall review, and confirm to the System Operator, compliance by each of that generators units with every GCR during the past 6 Month period.

(3) A generator shall conduct tests or studies to demonstrate that each Power Station and each generating unit complies with each of the requirements of this code. Tests shall be carried out on new units, after every outage where the integrity of any GCR may have been compromised, to demonstrate the compliance of the unit with the relevant GCR(s). The generator shall continuously monitor its compliance with all the connection conditions of the Grid Code.

(4) Each generator shall submit to the System Operator a detailed test procedure, emphasising system impact, for each relevant part of this code prior to every test.

(5) If a generator determines, from tests or otherwise, that one of its units or Power Stations is not complying with one or more sections of this code, then the generator shall:

(6) promptly notify the System Operator of that fact;

(7) promptly advise the System Operator of the remedial steps it proposes to take to ensure that the relevant unit or Power Station (as applicable) can comply with this code and the proposed timetable for implementing those steps;

(8) Diligently take such remedial action as will ensure that the relevant unit or Power Station (as applicable) can comply with this code. The generator shall regularly report in writing to the System Operator on its progress in implementing the remedial action;

(9) And after taking remedial action as described above, demonstrate to the reasonable satisfaction of the System Operator that the relevant unit or Power Station (as applicable) is then complying with this code.


3.1.15 Non-compliance suspected by the System Operator

(1) If at any time the System Operator believes that a unit or Power Station is not complying with this code, and then the System Operator must notify the relevant generator of such non-compliance specifying the code section concerned and the basis for the System Operators belief.

(2) If the relevant generator believes that the unit or Power Station (as applicable) is complying with the code, then the System Operator and the generator must promptly meet to resolve their difference.

3.1.16 Unit modifications

3.1.16.1 Modification proposals

(1) If a generator proposes to change or modify any of its units in a manner that could reasonably be expected to either adversely affect that unit's ability to comply with this code, or changes the performance, Information supplied, settings, etc, then that generator shall submit a proposal notice to the System Operator which shall:

(2) contain detailed plans of the proposed change or modification;

(3) state when the generator intends to make the proposed change or modification; and

(4) Set out the proposed tests to confirm that the relevant unit as changed or modified operates in the manner contemplated in the proposal, can comply with this code.

(5) If the System Operator disagrees with the proposal submitted, it may notify the relevant generator, and the System Operator and the relevant generator shall promptly meet and discuss the matter in good faith in an endeavour to resolve the disagreement.

3.1.16.2 Implementing modifications

(1) The generator shall ensure that an approved change or modification to a unit or to a subsystem of a unit is implemented in accordance with the relevant proposal approved by the System Operator.

(2) The generator shall notify the System Operator promptly after an approved change or modification to a unit has been implemented.

3.1.16.3 Testing of modifications

(1) The generator shall confirm that a change or modification to any of its units as described above conforms to the relevant proposal by conducting the relevant tests, in relation to the connection conditions, promptly after the proposal has been implemented.

(2) Within 20 business days after any such test has been conducted, the relevant generator shall provide the System Operator with a report in relation to that test (including test results of that test, where appropriate).


3.1.17 Equipment requirements

(1) Where the generator needs to install equipment that connects directly with Transco equipment, for example in the high voltage yard of the Transco, such equipment shall adhere to the Transco design requirements as set out in this code.

(2) The Transco may require customers to provide documentary proof that their connection equipment complies with all relevant standards, both by design and by testing.

3.2 Distributors and end-use customers

(1) This section describes connection conditions for distributors and end-use customers.

(2) The Transco shall offer to connect and, subsequent to the signing of the relevant agreements, make available a Point of Connection to any requesting distributor or end-use customer.

(3) A customer may request additional reinforcements to the TS over and above that which could be economically justified as described in the section on TS Planning and Development. The Transco shall provide such reinforcements if the customer agrees to bear the costs, which shall be priced according to the Tariff Code provisions.

3.2.1 Power factor

(1) Distributors and end-use customers shall take all reasonable steps to ensure that the power factors at the Point of Supply is at all times 0,85 lagging or better, unless otherwise agreed to in existing contracts between the Participants. This requirement applies to each Point of Supply individually for customers with more than one Point of Supply. A leading power factor shall not be acceptable, unless specifically agreed to in writing.

(2) Should the power factor be less than the said limit during any 10 (ten) demand-integrated half hours in a single calendar Month, the Participants shall co-operate in determining the plans of action to rectify the situation. Overall lowest cost solutions shall be sought.

3.2.2 Protection

(1) Each Participant shall take all reasonable steps to protect its own plant.

(2) The System Operator Protection requirements, with which the customers shall interface, are described in section 5. The detailed Protection applications, insofar as the equipment of one Participant may have an impact on the other, shall be agreed to in writing by the relevant Participants. Distributors who have customers connected directly to the Transmission substations are responsible for ensuring that such customers comply with the relevant Protection standards.

(3) The Participants shall co-ordinate Protection to ensure proper grading and Protection coordination.


3.2.3 Fault levels

(1) Minimum fault levels at each Point of Supply shall be maintained by the Transco under normal operating conditions to ensure compliance with the relevant Quality of Supply standards and to ensure correct operation of the Protection systems.

(2) The Transco shall liaise with customers as per the process defined in the section on Network planning and development, on how fault levels are planned to change and on the best overall solutions when equipment ratings become inadequate. Overall lowest cost solutions shall be sought and a joint impact assessment shall be done covering all aspects. The Transco shall communicate the potential impact on safety of people when equipment ratings are exceeded.

(3) The System Operator shall bi-annually, or when substantial deviations have taken place, publish updated minimum and maximum normal operating fault levels for each Point of Supply. The customer shall ensure his equipment is capable of operating at the specified fault level ranges.

(4) If equipment fault level ratings are or will be exceeded, the customer shall promptly notify the Transco. The Transco shall seek overall lowest cost solutions to address fault level problems. Corrective action shall be at the cost of the relevant asset owner.

3.2.4 Distributor or end-use customer network performance

(1) If the distributor or end-use customer network performance falls below acceptable levels and affects the quality of supply to other customers or causes damage (direct or indirect) to the Transco equipment, the process for dispute resolution, as described in the Governance Code, shall be followed.

(2) Acceptable network performance shall be:

(3) Performance comparable to benchmarks for similar networks, and

(4) Performance that complies with the Transco operating and maintenance procedures at that Substation, and

(5) Performance that complies with the minimum agreed standards of Quality of Supply QOS, see 3.2.5 below.

(6) If distributors or end-use customers are aware that their network performance could be unacceptable as described above, they shall take reasonable steps at their own cost to overcome the shortcomings, for example by improving line maintenance practices, improving Protection and breaker operating times, if necessary by replacing the said equipment, installing additional network breakers, changing operating procedures, by installing fault-limiting devices if the number of faults cannot be reduced, etc. These changes should be effected in consultation with the Transco on both the technical scope and the time frame.

(7) Where QOS standards are transgressed, the parties shall co-operate and agree in determining the root causes and plans of action.


3.2.5 The Transcos delivered QOS

(1) Quality of supply is a shared responsibility between the Transco and its customers, and based on Namibian QOS standards as agreed with all Stakeholders.

(2) The Transco shall agree in writing with its customers, for every Point of Supply, at least on the following QOS parameters, taking local circumstances, historical performance and the relevant standards into account:

(3) Interruption performance

(4) Voltage regulation performance

(5) Dip performance

(6) Total harmonic distortion performance

(7) Flicker performance

(8) Unbalance performance

(9) Customer responsibilities in terms of harmonic current injection, unbalanced currents and addition of voltage dips to the network could also be included in the agreement.

(10) A reasonable time period for monitoring performance shall be allowed before performance is agreed to for the first time in terms of interruptions and dips. This time period shall be three years unless otherwise agreed. For harmonic voltages and voltage unbalance, performance can be monitored after one week of measurements are done.

(11) Where the Transco fails to meet the agreed QOS parameters, he shall take reasonable steps at own cost to overcome the shortcomings, for example by improving line maintenance practices, improving Protection and breaker operating times, if necessary by replacing the said equipment, installing additional network breakers, changing operating procedures, by installing fault-limiting devices if the number of faults cannot be reduced, etc. These changes should be effected in consultation with the customer on both the technical scope and the time frame.

3.2.6 Equipment requirements

(1) Where the distributor or end-use customer need to install equipment that connects directly with Transco equipment in Transmission substations, such equipment shall adhere to the Transco design requirements as set out below in 4. (These can be at any voltage level.)

(2) The Transco may require customers to provide documentary proof that their connection equipment complies with all relevant standards, both by design and by testing.

(3) Any distributor or end-use customer wishing to install a new series capacitor or modify the size of an existing series capacitor, shall at his expense and according to the Transcos requirements, arrange for sub synchronous resonance, harmonic and Protection coordination studies to be conducted to ensure that sub synchronous resonance will not be excited in any generator


4 Transco technical design requirements

(1) The purpose of this section is to document the design and other technical standards that the Transco shall adhere to.

4.1 Equipment design standards

(1) Primary Substation Equipment shall comply with IEC specifications. Application shall cater for local conditions, e.g. increased pollution levels and should be determined by or in consultation with the customer.

(2) The Transco shall design, install and maintain equipment in accordance with the standards.

(3) Customers may require the Transco to provide documentary proof that their connection equipment complies with all relevant standards, both by design and by testing.

4.2 Clearances

(1) Clearances shall at least comply with the Electricity Act 2 of 2000 requirements.

4.3 CT and VT ratios and cores

(1) CT and VT ratios and cores shall be determined by or in consultation with the Transco.

4.4 Standard busbar arrangements and Security criteria

(1) Substations on the TS shall be configured according to the principles described in this section.

4.4.1 Transmission Substation standard Busbar arrangements

(1) The reliability and availability of the TS is not dependent only on TS lines, transformers, and other primary and secondary plant; the busbar layout also plays a part. It is important that the busbar layout and what it can do for the reliability and availability of the customer's supply be prudently assessed when planning the TS.

(2) The standard arrangement shall be based on providing one busbar zone for every main transformer/line normally supplying that busbar. The Transco shall however consider local conditions, type of equipment used, type of load supplied and other factors in the assessment of the required busbar redundancy. System reliability criteria as described in the TS Planning and Development Section should also be adhered to.

4.4.2 Use of bypasses

(1) Bypasses provide high line availability by allowing circuit breakers to be taken out of service for maintenance and testing without affecting line availability


(2) The bypass with single busbar selection shall be used at 220 kV on single line radial feeds to provide continuity of supply when maintaining the line breakers

(3) The bypass with double busbar selection shall be used on new 400 kV, 330 kV lines and 220 kV lines where justified.

4.5 Motorised isolators

(1) The provision of motorised isolators at new substations is to be based on the following:

(2) All 400 kV, 330 kV and 220 kV isolators shall be motorised at new substations.

(3) Isolators of 132 kV and below shall be specified on individual merit (importance ranking vs. cost vs. remoteness)

4.6 Earthing isolators

(1) Earthing isolators shall be provided at new substations where the fault level is designed for 20 kA and above.

4.7 Busbar Protection CTs

(1) For phase 3 busbar Protection schemes, single sets of CT's shall be used on bus couplers and bus section breakers (i.e. 3 CT's instead of 6 CT's) to reduce the probability of a double bus zone outage for a CT fault on a bus coupler or bus section breaker (i.e. non-overlapped zones will apply).

(2) At Power Station, overlapped bus zones shall be retained to ensure fastest possible clearance of busbar faults.

4.8 Tele-control

(1) Either Participant may be permitted to have tele-control equipment in the substations / yards / buildings of the other Party, to perform agreed monitoring and control. Access shall be provided to such equipment.

(2) Distributors shall have reliable SCADA facilities (including telecommunications, computers and RTUs) for the distribution system connected directly to the TS, to provide the necessary response where system conditions require.

4.9 Transformer tap change

(1) The Transco shall install automatic tap changing facilities on all new transformers.

(2) Transformers used in the TS at 220kV and above are normally not on automatic tap change. Transformers supplying a customer are usually on automatic tap change. Voltage levels, sensitivity and time settings and on/off auto tap changing shall be determined by the System Operator in consultation with the customer, and the Transco.


4.10 Substation drawings

(1) The following set of drawings shall be made available by the respective asset owners for all points of supply, if required by the other Party for the purposes of connection:

(2) Station Electric Diagram

(3) Key Plan

(4) Bay Layout Schedules

(5) Foundation, Earthmat and Trench Layout

(6) Steelwork Marking Plan

(7) Security Fence Layout

(8) Terrace, Road and Drainage Layout

(9) Transformer Plinth

(10) General Arrangement

(11) Sections

(12) Slack Span Schedule

(13) Barrier Fence Layout

(14) Security Lighting

(15) Floodlighting Parameter Sketch

(16) Protection details

(17) Contour Plan

5 Protection requirements

(1) This section specifies the minimum Protection requirements for Transcos as well as typical settings, to ensure adequate performance of the TS as experienced by the customers.

(2) The Transco shall at all times install and maintain Protection installations that comply with the provisions of this section.

(3) The Transco shall conduct periodic testing of equipment and systems to ensure and demonstrate that these are performing to the design specifications. Tests procedures shall be according to the manufacturers specifications.

(4) The Transco shall make available to customers all results of test performed on equipment for reasonable requests.


(5) Protection schemes are generally divided into:

(6) equipment Protection and

(7) System Protection.

5.1 Equipment Protection requirements

5.1.1 Feeder Protection: 220kV and above

5.1.1.1 Protection Design Standards

(1) New feeders shall be protected by two equivalent Protection systems Main 1 and Main 2.

(2) The Main 1 and Main 2 Protection systems shall be fully segregated in secondary circuits.

(3) An additional earth fault function shall be incorporated in the main Protection relays or installed separately to alleviate possible deficiencies of distance relays in detection of high resistance faults.

5.1.1.2 Protection Settings

(1) The Protection relays shall provide reliable Protection against all possible short circuits, provide remote and/or local back up for not cleared busbar faults and are not set to provide overload tripping.

(2) Where specifically required, the feeder Protection may be set, if possible, to provide remote back up for other faults as agreed upon with other Participants.

5.1.1.3 Automatic Re-closing

(1) Automatic re-closing (ARC) facilities shall be provided on all feeders.

(2) The System Operator shall decide on ARC selection based on real time system, environmental constraints and consultation with customers, with regard to equipment capabilities and in accordance with the ARC philosophy below. All ARC settings and methodology shall be implemented by the Transco and be made available to customers on request.

5.1.1.4 ARC cycles

(1) Either of the following two ARC cycles for single phase faults shall be used:

(2) Double attempt ARC cycle for persistent fault:1ph fault 1ph trip 1ph ARC 3ph trip 3ph ARC 3ph trip lockout

(3) Single attempt ARC cycle for persistent fault: 1ph fault 1ph trip 1ph ARC 3ph trip lockout

(4) The ARC cycle for a multiphase (mph) fault shall be: mph fault 3ph trip 3ph ARC 3ph trip lockout


(5) On some lines the ARC is being switched off according to the following operational needs:

(6) Sporadically, when high risk of line fault is recognised, for live line work or to reduce breaker duty cycle where breakers condition is questionable.

(7) Periodically, during season of high fault frequency,

(8) Permanently, on lines with the highest fault frequency throughout the year or on customers request.

(9) Whenever an ARC could initiate a severe power swing or an Out-Of-Step condition in weakly interconnected systems.

5.1.1.5 Single Phase ARC

(1) In most applications the dead time of Single Phase ARC is selected to 1 second but may differ for different system requirements. The closing of the breaker is performed without synchronisation as the synchronism is maintained via remaining phases that are closed during the whole incident.

5.1.1.6 Three Phase ARC

5.1.1.6.1 Fast ARC

(1) Fast ARC i.e. fast closing of the breaker without checking synchronism is not used on the TS to avoid stress to the rotating machines at the Power Stations and at the customers plant. This option is available on Protection panels and can be selected in case of emergency i.e. when as a result of outages or disturbance load/generation islands are interconnected via a single line. The operating practice, however, is to use only single phase ARC (fast by its nature) in such situations as a compromise between supply reliability and stress to the equipment.

5.1.1.6.2 Slow ARC

(1) The Dead Line Charging (DLC) end is selected in line with the Table 1 below based on fault level (FL) at the connected substations A and B.

Table 1: Selection of Dead Line charging end of the line. End A End B

Substation FL10kA

Power Station

Substation FL10kA Substation B Substation with lower FL

Substation B

Power Station Substation A Substation A Power Station with lower FL

(2) In most applications the dead time of slow ARC is selected to 3 seconds at DLC end of the line. At the synchronising end of the line the ARC dead time is usually selected to 4 seconds. The close command will be issued only after synch-check is completed. This may take up to 2 seconds if synchronising relays are not equipped with direct slip frequency measurement. The breaker may take longer to close if its


mechanism is not ready to close after initial operation at the time when the close command is issued.

(3) On the line between two Power Stations the dead time at the DLC end should be extended to 25 seconds to allow generators rotors oscillations to stabilise. The dead time on the synchronising end is then extended accordingly to 30 seconds.

(4) The synchronising relays are installed at both ends of the line to enable flexibility in ARC cycles and during restoration.

5.1.1.7 Power Swing Blocking

(1) New distance relays on the TS shall be equipped with power swing blocking facility. All unwanted operations of distance relays during power swing conditions shall be blocked on the TS.

5.1.2 Feeder Protection: 132kV and below, at Transco substations

5.1.2.1 Design Standard

(1) These feeders shall be protected by a single Protection system, incorporating either distance or differential Protection relays, unless otherwise agreed. Back up shall be provided by definite time and inverse definite minimum time (IDMT) over-current and earth fault relays.

(2) The Protection shall be equipped with automatic re-closing. Synchronising relays shall be provided on feeders that operate in ring supplies and are equipped with line voltage transformers.

5.1.2.2 Protection Settings

(1) Protection relays shall provide reliable Protection against all possible short circuits, provide remote and/or local back up for Un-cleared busbar faults and should not be set to provide overload tripping where measurements and alarms are provided on SCADA system. In isolated applications where SCADA system is not available, overload tripping will be provided. Where overload conditions are alarmed at control centres, it is the control centre responsibility to reduce load to an acceptable level as quickly as possible.

5.1.2.3 Automatic Re-closing

(1) The customer shall determine ARC requirements. The System Operator may specify additional ARC requirements for system Security reasons, which could extend beyond the Transco substations.

5.1.3 Tele-Protection requirements

(1) New distance Protection systems shall be equipped with tele-Protection facilities to enhance the Speed of Operation.


5.1.4 Transformer and reactor Protection

(1) The standard schemes for transformer Protection comprise a number of systems, each designed to provide the requisite degree of Protection for the following fault conditions:

(2) Faults within the tank

(3) Faults on transformer connections

(4) Overheating

(5) Faults external to the transformer

(6) The Transco shall consider the application of the following relays in the design of the Protection system:

5.1.4.1 Transformer IDMT E/F

(1) The MV E/F Protection is to discriminate with the feeder back-up E/F Protection for feeder faults

5.1.4.2 Transformer HV/MV IDMT O/C

(1) The System Operator requires that the IDMT O/C does not operate for twice transformer full load. Overloading of the transformer is catered for by the winding and oil temperature Protection. However, network requirements may be such that the above standard cannot be applied. In this case, a mutually agreed philosophy may be used.

5.1.4.3 Transformer HV/MV Instantaneous O/C

(1) This back-up Protection is to cater for flash-overs external to the Transformer (TRFR) on the HV side or MV side and should operate for minimum fault conditions (possibly as well for an E/F condition). However, the overriding requirement is not to operate for through faults or for magnetising inrush current.

5.1.4.4 Transformer LV (Tertiary) IDMT/Instantaneous O/C

(1) This Protection is to operate for external faults between the main delta winding of the TRFR and the auxiliary TRFR, but not for faults on the secondary side of the auxiliary TRFR. The auxiliary TRFR is protected by Buchholz and temperature Protection.

5.1.4.5 Transformer Current Differential Protection

(1) This is the main transformer Protection for E/F and phase to phase faults. Maximum sensitivity is required, while ensuring no incorrect operation for load, for through fault conditions or for magnetising inrush current, with its attendant decaying offset.


5.1.4.6 Transformer High Impedance Restricted E/F

(1) This Protection is an additional Protection for the TRFR differential relay to cater for earth faults close to the star point of the TRFR winding, where phase to phase faults are most unlikely to occur.

5.1.4.7 Transformer Thermal Overload

(1) Winding temperature and oil temperature relays, supplied by the manufacturer are used to prevent transformer damage or life time reduction due to excessive loading for the ambient temperature or during failure of the cooling system.

5.1.5 Transmission System Busbar Protection

(1) Busbars shall be protected by current differential Protection (bus-zone) set to be as sensitive as possible for the in-zone faults and maintain stability for any faults outside the protected zone, even with fully saturated CT.

5.1.6 Transmission System bus coupler and bus section Protection

(1) Bus-coupler and bus-section panels are equipped with O/C and E/F Protection.

5.1.7 Transmission System shunt capacitor Protection

(1) All the new high voltage capacitor banks shall be equipped with sequence switching relays to limit inrush current during capacitor bank energisation. Inrush reactors and damping resistors shall also be employed to limit inrush current.

(2) The following Protection functions shall be provided for all types of Protection schemes:

(3) Unbalanced Protection with alarm and trip stages

(4) Over-current Protection with instantaneous and definite time elements

(5) Earth fault Protection with instantaneous and definite time sensitive function

(6) Overload Protection with IDMT characteristic

(7) Over-voltage with definite time

(8) Circuit breaker close inhibit for 300 seconds after de-energisation

(9) Ancillary functions as indicated below.

5.1.8 Over-voltage Protection

(1) Primary Protection against high transient over-voltages of magnitudes above 140% (e.g. induced by lightning) shall be provided by means of surge arrestors. To curtail dangerous, fast developing over-voltage conditions that may arise as a result of disturbance, additional over-voltage Protection shall be installed on shunt capacitors and feeders.


(2) Over-voltage Protection on shunt capacitors is set to disconnect capacitor at 110% voltage level with a typical delay of 200 milliseconds to avoid unnecessary operations during switching transients.

(3) Over-voltage Protection on the feeders is set to trip the local breaker at voltage level of 120% with a delay of 1 to 2 seconds.

5.1.9 Ancillary Protection functions

(1) Protection systems are equipped with auxiliary functions and relays that enable adequate co-ordination between Protection devices and with bay equipment. The Transco shall consider the following functions for all new Protection system designs:

5.1.9.1 Breaker Fail / Bustrip

(1) Each individual Protection scheme is equipped with breaker fail / bustrip function to ensure fast fault clearance in case of circuit breaker failure to interrupt fault current.

5.1.9.2 Breaker Pole Discrepancy

(1) Breaker pole discrepancy Protection compares, by means of breaker auxiliary contacts, state (closed or opened) of breaker main contacts on each phase. When breaker on one phase is in a different position than breakers on remaining phases a trip command is issued after time delay.

5.1.9.3 Breaker Anti-pumping

(1) To prevent repetitive closing of the breaker in case of fault in closing circuits the standard Protection schemes provide breaker anti pumping timer. Circuit breakers are often equipped with their own anti pumping devices. In such cases anti pumping function is duplicated.

5.1.9.4 Pantograph Isolator Discrepancy

(1) The pantograph isolator discrepancy relay operates in the same manner as breaker pole discrepancy and is used to issue local and remote alarm.

5.1.9.5 Master Relay

(1) Transformer and reactor Protection schemes are equipped with latching master relay that require manual reset before the circuit breaker is enabled to close. The master relay is operated by unit Protection that indicates possibility of internal failure.

5.2 System Protection requirements

5.2.1 Under-frequency load shedding

(1) The actions taken on the power system during an under-frequency condition is defined in the System Operation Code.

(2) Under-frequency load shedding relays shall be installed in the IPS as determined by the System Operator in consultation with distributors and end-use customers. The


respective asset owners shall pay for the installation and maintenance of these relays.

(3) Under-frequency relays shall be tested periodically. Distributors and end-use customers shall submit to the System Operator a written report of each such test, within a Month of the test being done, in the format specified in the Information Exchange Code. The testing shall be done by isolating all actual tripping circuits, injecting a frequency to simulate a frequency collapse and checking all related functionality.

5.2.2 Out of step tripping

(1) The purpose for the out-of-step tripping Protection is to separate power system in a situation where a loss of synchronous operation takes place between a unit or units and the main power system. In such a situation system separation is desirable to remedy the situation. Once the islanded system is stabilised it can be reconnected to the main system.

(2) The System Operator shall determine and specify the out-of step tripping (OST) functionality to be installed at selected locations by the Transco.

5.2.3 Under-voltage load shedding

(1) Under-voltage load shedding Protection schemes are used to prevent loss of steady-state stability under conditions of large local shortages of reactive power (voltage collapse). Automatic load shedding tripping of suitable loads is carried out to arrest the slide.

(2) The System Operator shall determine and specify the under-voltage load shedding functionality to be installed at selected locations by the Transco.

5.2.4 Sub-synchronous resonance Protection

(1) The sub-synchronous resonance (SSR) condition may arise on a power system where a generator is connected to the main power system through long series compensated TS lines. The potential for unstable interaction is sensitive to system topology and is greater with the higher degree of compensation and larger thermal turbo-generators are employed. The SSR condition is addressed either through Protection or mitigation. In case of Protection, a suitable relay shall be deployed as part of the turbo-generator Protection that will lead to the unit disconnection on detection of the SSR condition. The Protection does not reduce or eliminate the torsional vibration, but rather detects it and acts to remove the condition leading to the resonance. Mitigation, on the other hand, acts to reduce or eliminate the resonant condition. Mitigation is needed only under conditions when it is desirable or essential to continue operation when the power system is at or near a resonant condition.

(2) New generators shall liaise with the Transco regarding SSR Protection studies. Least-cost solutions shall be determined by the Transco in accordance with the TS planning and Development Section, and implemented by the relevant asset owner.


5.2.5 Protection against near 50 Hz Resonance

(1) Due to the length of the TS network in Namibia and due to the relatively low load conditions, a near 50 Hz resonance may arise on the TS network. Adequate reactive compensation therefore needs to be installed on the Transmission System and the influence of the System Operator and clients on this near 50 Hz resonance needs to be reduced. Transcos has to ensure that the near 50 Hz resonance is catered for in any old or new networks.

5.2.6 Protection Settings impact on Network Stability (Dynamic Stability)

(1) Minimum clearance times for Protection in Distributor or end-use customer networks will be determined on a case by case basis in order to ensure Dynamic Stability of the TS.

5.3 Protection system performance monitoring

(1) To maintain high level of Protection performance and long term sustainability, the Transco shall monitor Protection performance.

(2) Each Protection operation shall be investigated for its correctness based on available Information. The Transco shall provide a report to customers affected by a Protection operation when requested to do so.

6 Nomenclature

(1) All safety terminology shall comply with the Transco Operating Regulations for High Voltage Systems.

7


TS planning and development

(1) This section specifies the technical, design and economic criteria and procedures to be applied by the Transco in the planning and development of the TS and to be taken into account by customers in the planning and development of their own systems. It specifies Information to be supplied by customers to the Transco, and Information to be supplied by the Transco to customers.

(2) The development of the TS, will arise for a number of reasons including, but not limited to:

(3) a development on a customer system already connected to the TS;

(4) the introduction of a new TS Substation or Point of Connection or the modification of an existing connection between a customer and the TS;

(5) The cumulative effect of a number of such developments referred to in (a) and (b) by one or more customers.

(6) the need to reconfigure, decommission or optimise parts of the existing network.

(7) Accordingly, the development of the TS may involve work:

(8) at a Substation where customer's plant and/or apparatus is connected to the TS;

(9) on TS lines or other facilities which join that Substation to the remainder of the TS;

(10) on TS lines, TS substations or other facilities at or between points remote from that Substation.

(11) The time required for the planning and development of the TS will depend on the type and extent of the necessary reinforcement and/or extension work, the need or otherwise for statutory planning consent, the associated possibility of the need for public participation and the degree of complexity in undertaking the new work while maintaining satisfactory Security and quality of supply on the existing TS.

7.1 Planning process

(1) The Transco shall follow a planning process divided into major activities as follows:

(2) Needs identification.

(3) Formulation of alternative options to meet this need.

(4) Studying these options to ensure compliance with agreed technical limits, and justifiable reliability and quality of supply standards.

(5) Costing these options on the basis of present-day capital costs and using appropriate net discount rates, establish the net present cost of each option.

(6) Determining the preferred option.

(7) Building a business case for the preferred option using acceptable justification criteria.


(8) Requesting approval of preferred option and initiating execution.

7.2 Identification of the need for TS development

(1) The Transco shall source relevant data from relevant national planning studies, specific customer Information, Governmental and customer development plans to establish the needs for network strengthening.

7.3 Forecasting the demand

(1) The Transco is responsible for producing the TS demand forecast for the next five years and updating it annually and for estimating the load forecast for the next 10 years.

(2) The TS demand forecast shall be determined for each Point of Supply. Generation and import capacity plans shall be used to obtain the annual generation patterns.

(3) To forecast the maximum demand (MW) for each TS Substation, the Transco shall use distributor and end-use customer load forecasts. Final loads are reconciled with data from various sources.

(4) The load forecast shall be adjusted at various levels (making use of diversity factors determined from measurements and calculations) to line up with the higher-level data.

(5) All distributors and end-use customers shall annually, by end October, supply their 5-year ahead load forecast data and an estimate for the 10 years ahead demand as detailed in the Information Exchange Code.

7.4 Technical limits and targets for planning purposes

(1) The limits and targets against which proposed options are checked by the Transco shall include technical and statutory limits which must be observed, and other targets, which indicate that the system is reaching a point where problems may occur. If technical or statutory limits are not achieved, alternative options shall be evaluated. If targets are not achieved, some options may be still acceptable as per the investment criteria.

7.4.1 Voltage limits and targets

(1) Technical or statutory limits are stated in table 7.4.1.1:

Table 2: Technical and Statutory Voltage Limits

Nominal continuous operating voltage on any bus for which equipment is designed

UN

Maximum continuous voltage on any bus for which equipment is designed

Note: To ensure voltages never exceed Um, the highest voltage used at sending-end busbars in planning studies should not exceed 0.98 Um

UM


Minimum voltage on Point of Common Coupling (PCC) during motor starting

0.85 UN

Maximum voltage change when switching lines, capacitors, reactors, etc.:

Maximum Fault Level

Minimum Fault Level

0.03 UN

0.075 UN

Statutory voltage change on bus supplying customer for any period longer than 10 consecutive minutes (unless otherwise agreed in Supply Agreement)

0.10 UN

UN + OR -10%

Table 3: Standard Voltage Levels

UN

(KV)

UM

(KV)

(UM-UN)/UN

%

765 800 4,58

400 420 5,00

330 346.5 5,00

275 300 9,09

220 245 11,36

132 145 9,85

88 100 13,63

66 72,5 9,85

44 48 9,09

33 36 9,09

22 24 9,09

11 12 9,09


(2) Target voltages for planning purposes are as in Table 4:

Table 4: Target Voltages for Planning Purposes

Minimum steady state voltage on any bus not supplying a customer

With multiple feeder supplies:

With single feeder supplies and after contingency for multiple feeder supplies:

0.95 UN

0.90 UN

Maximum harmonic voltage caused by customer at PCC: ACCORDING TO NRS 048

Maximum negative sequence voltage caused by customer at PCC:

ACCORDING TO NRS 048

Maximum voltage change due to load varying N times per hour: (4.5 LOG10N)% OF UN

Maximum voltage decrease for a 5% load increase at receiving end of system (without adjustment):

0.05 UN

7.4.2 Other targets for planning purposes

7.4.2.1 Transmission System Lines

(1) Thermal ratings of standard TS lines shall be determined and updated from time to time. The temperatures used are 90C for aluminium conductor steel reinforced lines providing a firm supply (under single contingencies), and 75C for lines of copper or aluminium alloy or aluminium conductor steel reinforced lines not providing a firm supply. The thermal ratings shall be used as an initial check of line overloading. If the limits are exceeded the situation shall be investigated as it may be possible to defer strengthening depending on the actual line and on local conditions.

7.4.2.2 Transformers

(1) Standard transformer ratings shall be determined and updated from time to time using IEC specifications. The permissible overload of a specific transformer depends on load cycle, ambient temperature and other factors. If target loads are exceeded the specific situation shall be assessed as it may be possible to defer adding extra transformers, depending on the actual transformer and on load conditions.

7.4.2.3 Series Capacitors

(1) With the system healthy, the maximum steady state current should not exceed the rated current of the series capacitor.

(2) IEC 143 standards call for cyclic overload capabilities as follows:

(3) 8 hours in a 12-hour period: 1.1 times rated current

(4) hour in a 6 hour period: 1.35 times rated current


(5) 10 minutes in a 2 hour period: 1.5 times rated current

(6) In addition, the Transco may require an occasional over-current rating of:

(7) 2 hours once per year: 1.3 times rated current

(8) The particular rating to be used must match the duration of the contingency with the required overload capability. Duration of contingency will depend on ability to pick up generation or shed load and the load profile.

(9) Any Transco wishing to install a new series capacitor or modify the size of an existing series capacitor, shall at his expense and according to the Transcos requirements, arrange for sub synchronous resonance, harmonic and Protection coordination studies to be conducted to ensure that sub synchronous resonance will not be excited in any generator.

7.4.2.4 Shunt Reactive Compensation

(1) Shunt capacitors shall be able to operate at 30% above their nominal rated current at Un to allow for harmonics and voltages up to Um.

(2) Reactive compensation, whether new or modified, may cause harmonic resonance problems. Any Participant wishing to install or modify such equipment shall at his expense arrange for harmonic resonance studies to be conducted. If such studies indicate possible harmonic resonance conditions which could impact on the TS, such Party shall inform the System Operator before proceeding with the installation or modification.2

7.4.2.5 Circuit Breakers

(1) Normal and fault current ratings for standard switchgear are determined and updated from time to time. These ratings, and the following limits specified for circuit breakers, shall not be exceeded:

(2) Single-phase breaking current: 1.15 times 3 phase fault current

(3) Peak making current: 2.55 times 3 phase rms fault current

7.4.2.6 Secondary ARC current during single-phase re-closing

(1) The secondary ARC current shall not exceed:

(2) 20 amps rms with recovery voltage of 0.4 pu

(3) 40 amps rms with recovery voltage of 0.25 pu

7.4.3 Reliability criteria for planning purposes

(1) A system cannot be made 100% reliable as planned and forced outages of components will occur, and multiple outages are always possible, despite having a very low probability of occurrence. From an economic point of view optimum reliability is obtained when the cost involved in reducing the load not supplied by one


kW is just equal to the value of this unsupplied kW to the economy or to the specific customer involved. The appropriate degree of reliability depends on the probability of loss of supply and the probable amount of load not supplied when an outage does occur.

(2) The Transco shall formulate long-term plans for expanding or strengthening the TS on the basis of the justifiable redundancy.

7.4.4 Contingency criteria for planning purposes

(1) A system meeting the n-1 (or n-2) contingency criterion must comply with all relevant limits outlined in 7.4.1 (voltage limits) and the applicable current limits, under all credible system conditions.

(2) For contingencies under various loading conditions it shall be assumed that appropriate, normally-used, generating plant is in service to meet the load and provide Spinning Reserve. The Ruacana Power Stations availability will be taken into account for all load flow studies. It must be stressed that no generation condition at Ruacana will be one of the base cases used in planning studies. For the more probable n-1 network contingency the most unfavourable generation pattern within these limitations shall be assumed, while for the less probable n-2 network contingency an average pattern shall be used. More details of load and generation assumptions for load flow studies are given in section 7.4.5.

(3) The generation assumptions for the n-1 and n-2 network contingencies do not affect the final justification to proceed with investments, but merely check that the backbone of the network is still sufficient to meet an n-1 or n-2 contingency.

7.4.5 Integration of Power Stations

(1) When planning the integration of Power Stations the following criteria shall apply:

7.4.5.1 Power Stations of less than 1000 MW

(1) With all connecting lines healthy it shall be possible to transmit the total output of the Power Station to the system for any system load condition. If the local area depends on the Power Station for voltage support, connection shall be done with a minimum of two lines.

(2) Transient stability shall be maintained following a successfully cleared single phase fault where economically justifiable.

(3) If only a single line is used it shall be able to be selected to alternative busbars and be able to go on to bypass at each end of the line

7.4.5.2 Power Stations of more than 1000 MW

(1) With one connecting line out of service (n-1) it shall be possible to transmit the total output of the Power Station to the system for any system load condition

(2) With the two most onerous line outages (n-2) it shall be possible to transmit 83% of the total output of the Power Station to the system


7.4.5.3 Transient stability

(1) Transient stability shall be retained for the following conditions:

(2) a three-phase, line or Busbar fault, cleared in normal Protection times, with the system healthy and the most onerous Power Station loading condition, or

(3) a single phase fault cleared in bus strip times, with the system healthy and the most onerous Power Station loading condition, or

(4) a single-phase fault, cleared in normal Protection times, with any one line out of service and the Power Station loaded to average availability.

(5) The above conditions will only apply to Power Stations larger than 1000 MW. For Power Stations smaller than 1000 MW, the conditions will only apply where it is economically justifiable.

(6) The cost to ensure transient stability shall be carried by the generator if the optimum solution, as determined by the Transco, results in unit or Power Station equipment to be installed. In other cases, the Transco shall bear the costs and recover these as per the approved tariff methodology.

7.4.5.4 Busbar arrangements

(1) Busbar layouts shall allow for selection to alternati