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Part 2: Astronomy
ANSWER KEY Page 11
Name: Answer Key Date: Earth Science Period:
Part 2: Astronomy
ANSWER KEY Page 12
Earth’s Rotation
1. In which direction does Earth rotate? _______________________________________________ 2. What is Earth’s hourly rate of rotation? ______________________________________________ 3. How often does Earth rotate once? _________________________________________________ 4. The diagrams below represent two pieces of evidence that Earth rotates. Identify the evidence
represented by each diagram. Diagram A Diagram B
_____________________________ _________________________________ 5. Toward which direction do wind and water currents deflect towards in the Northern Hemisphere?
______________________________________________________________________________
6. Toward which direction do wind and water currents deflect towards in the Southern Hemisphere?
______________________________________________________________________________
7. The photograph of star trails was taken by an observer in New York State facing north.
a. Which star is in the middle of the diagram? ___________________
b. The star trail is measured to have an angular distance of 120 degrees. How many hours did it take to create this photograph?
From west to east
15°/hour
One time each day (every 24 hours)
To the right
To the left
Polaris
120° ÷ 15°/hour = 8 hours
Coriolis Effect Foucault Pendulum
Part 2: Astronomy
ANSWER KEY Page 13
Seasons The diagram shows Earth revolving around the Sun. Letters A, B, C, and D represent Earth’s location in its orbit on the first day of the four seasons. First, label the dates of A, B, C, and D on the diagram below. Use this information to help you fill in the table below.
Description Position Description Position
March 21 A 24 hours of darkness at
North Pole D
December 21 D 24 hours of darkness at
South Pole B
September 23 C 24 hours of daylight at North
Pole B
June 21 B 24 hours of daylight at
South Pole D
Winter in N. Hemisphere D Earth is at aphelion B
Summer in N. Hemisphere B Earth is at perihelion D
Spring in N. Hemisphere A Sun is overhead at
Tropic of Capricorn D
Fall in N. Hemisphere C Sun is overhead at
Tropic of Cancer B
Winter in S. Hemisphere B Sun is overhead at Equator A, C
Summer in S. Hemisphere D Earth has greatest orbital
velocity D
Spring in S. Hemisphere C Earth has the lowest orbital
velocity B
Fall in S. Hemisphere A 9 hours of daylight in NY D
Earth is closest to Sun D 15 hours of daylight in NY B
Earth is farthest from Sun B 12 hours of daylight in NY A, C
12/21 6/21
9/23
3/21
Part 2: Astronomy
ANSWER KEY Page 14
Seasons
The diagram below represents the Earth on the first day of a season as viewed from space. The
shaded area represents nighttime.
1. What is the date represented in the diagram above? ____________________________________
2. What season is beginning on this date in New York State? _______________________________
3. What is the duration of insolation in New York State on this day? __________________________
4. What latitude is receiving the most direct rays of insolation? ______________________________
5. In three months, how will the intensity of insolation change for New York?
6. In six months, how will the duration of insolation for New York compare to the date shown by the
diagram above?
7. The model of Earth provided below represents Earth in its orbit 6 months later. On the model
shown:
A. Draw the position of Earth’s axis and label the axis
B. Label the North Pole
C. Draw the position of Earth’s Equator and label the Equator.
12/21
Winter
23.5°S (Tropic of Capricorn)
In three months (March 21), the intensity of insolation will increase.
NP
Equator
Axis
Over the next six months, the duration of insolation will increase.
9 hours
Part 2: Astronomy
ANSWER KEY Page 15
Eccentricity
The diagram below represents the orbital path of a planet around the Sun.
1. Calculate the eccentricity of the ellipse above. Show all work. Round your answer to the nearest
thousandth.
2. How does the shape of the orbit above compare to the shape of the orbit of Mercury? __________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. Describe the shape of Earth’s orbit. _________________________________________________
4. How does the gravitational attraction between the planet and Sun change as the planet moves
farther from the Sun? ____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
5. How does the orbital velocity change as a planet gets closer to the Sun? ____________________
______________________________________________________________________________
6. On the orbital path above, place an X where the planet’s fastest orbital speed will be.
7. As an ellipse gets more elliptical, what happens to the value of its orbit’s eccentricity? __________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Sun
e = d = 1.7 cm = 0.2535211 = 0.254
L 6.7 cm
As a planet gets closer to the Sun, the orbital velocity increases (gets faster).
X
As an ellipse gets more elliptical, the value of the orbit’s eccentricity
increases (gets closer to 1).
Slightly eccentric ellipse
As a planet gets farther from the Sun, the gravitational attraction decreases.
Mercury’s orbit is less elliptical than the orbit above.
Part 2: Astronomy
ANSWER KEY Page 16
Moon Phases The diagram below represents the Moon in 8 positions in its orbit around the Earth.
1. Draw the phase of the Moon, as seen from Earth, for each numbered position in the space above.
2. How long is one revolution of the Moon around Earth? __________________________________
3. How many days does it take for the Moon to complete one complete cycle of phases? _________
4. What causes the phases of the Moon? ______________________________________________
5. Which phase (name and number) causes a solar eclipse? _______________________________
6. Which phase (name and number) causes a lunar eclipse? _______________________________
7. Why do we see the same side of the moon every day? __________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
8. Describe the height of high tide and low tide of spring tides. ______________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
9. Which two phases (name and number) cause spring tides? ______________________________
10. Describe the height of high tide and low tide of neap tides. _______________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
11. Which two phases (name and number) cause neap tides? _______________________________
12. Why does the Moon have more influence on the tides than the Sun? _______________________
______________________________________________________________________________
13. Approximately how much time is there between consecutive high tides? ____________________
14. Why are there so many more impact craters on the Moon than on Earth? ___________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Draw the Phase!
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
29.5 days
Moon’s revolution around the Earth
New moon (1)
The Moon’s period of revolution equals the Moon’s period of rotation.
Highest high tide & lowest low tide
Lowest high tide & highest low tide
New (1) & Full (5)
1st Quarter (3) & 3rd Quarter (7)
Moon is closer to Earth than Sun.
12 hours 26 min
Earth’s atmosphere has destroyed craters.
Full moon (5)
27.3 days
Part 2: Astronomy
ANSWER KEY Page 17
New York State Celestial Sphere
The diagram below represents the path of the Sun on different three dates, A, B, and C, as viewed from New York State at 45°N. The position of the Sun is indicated by the circle on each path.
1. Identify one possible date the Sun will travel across each path shown above. Explain your answer.
A: _________________________________________________________________________
B: _________________________________________________________________________
C: _________________________________________________________________________
2. On each path of the Sun, draw two arrows to show the direction the Sun appears to move.
3. Draw and label the position of Polaris on the diagram.
4. State one city in New York State that this observer could be located. ______________________
5. What is the name given to point D? _________________________________________________
6. When is the Sun directly overhead in New York State? _________________________________
7. What time of day is shown by the position of the Sun on each path? _______________________
8. Which season has the greatest angle of insolation? _____________________________________
9. Which season has the lowest angle of insolation? ______________________________________
10. What happens to the length of a shadow from sunrise to noon? ___________________________
11. What happens to the length of a shadow from noon to sunset? ____________________________
12. Which season has the longest noontime shadow? ______________________________________
13. Which season has the shortest noontime shadow? _____________________________________
December 21. Sun rises SE and sets SW.
March 21/September 23. Sun rises due East and sets due West.
June 21. Sun rises NE and sets NW.
Polaris (45°)
Massena
Zenith
Never
Noon (12 pm)
Summer
Winter
Winter
Summer
Gets shorter
Gets longer
Part 2: Astronomy
ANSWER KEY Page 18
Celestial Spheres from Around the World
The diagrams below show the apparent path and solar noon positions of the Sun on specific dates at three different locations on Earth.
1. Identify the cause of the apparent daily motion of the Sun through the sky. __________________
2. How many hours of daylight is the observer at location C experiencing on June 21? ___________
3. What is the latitude of location C? Explain how you determined this using the diagram. _________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. Explain how you know location A is at the equator. _____________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
5. How do you know location B is in the Northern Hemisphere? _____________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Celestial Spheres: Time & Shadows
Locations of the Sun along an apparent path for an observer in NYS on March 21 are shown on the diagram below. Determine the approximate time of day and shadow direction for each location of the Sun. Record your answers in the table below.
Letter Time Shadow Direction
A 9 am Northwest
B 12 pm Due north
C 3 pm Northeast
D 6 pm Due east
Earth’s rotation
24 hours
North Pole – all directions are south
Sun is directly overhead at noon on equinox
Sun is due South at noon each day
Part 2: Astronomy
ANSWER KEY Page 19
Our Solar System
The diagram below represents a model of our solar system.
1. Does this model represent the geocentric model or heliocentric model? Explain your answer.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. What is the age of our solar system (including our Sun & all planets)? ______________________
3. Which planets are terrestrial? ______________________________________________________
4. What are the characteristics of these planets? _________________________________________
5. Which planets are Jovian? ________________________________________________________
6. What are the characteristics of these planets? _________________________________________
7. Which planet is most similar in size to Earth? __________________________________________
8. Which planet has a longer day than year? ____________________________________________
9. Which planet would float in water (if you had a container large enough)? ____________________
10. How many times larger is Jupiter than the Earth? ______________________________________
11. Between which two planets is the Asteroid Belt located? ________________________________
12. Why does Venus have the highest surface temperatures, even though it is not the closest planet
to the Sun? ___________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
13. Describe the eccentricity of comets. ________________________________________________
4.6 billion years
Inner 4 – Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars
Small & rocky
Outer 4 – Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
Large & gaseous
Venus
Venus
Saturn
11 times larger
Mars & Jupiter
Runaway greenhouse effect – Venus’ atmosphere is 95% CO2. This
greenhouse gas allows short-wave visible sunlight to pass through,
but traps long-wave infrared heat near surface.
Comets have very elliptical orbits
Heliocentric model because the Sun is in the center.
Part 2: Astronomy
ANSWER KEY Page 20
Stars
Diagram A: The diagram below shows the constellation Orion which is visible in the
winter months in the Northern Hemisphere.
Diagram B: The diagram below shows two possible sequences in the life cycles of stars, beginning with
their formation from nebular gas cloud in space.
1. Why can we see Orion in December, but not in June? ___________________________________
2. Fill in the missing information in the chart below using the “Characteristics of Stars” chart.
Star Name Temperature Color Luminosity Star Type
Betelgeuse 3,300 K Orange 100,000 x Supergiant
Procyon B 8,900 K White 0.0007 x White Dwarf
Aldebaran 4,000 K Orange 700 x Giant
Sirius 9,500 K White 30x Main Sequence
3. What is the process by which stars produce energy? ____________________________________
4. What is the “fuel” of the Sun? ______________________________________________________
5. Which category does a majority of the stars fit into? ____________________________________
6. Our Sun is classified in which group of stars? _________________________________________
7. In 5 billion years, our sun will reach its intermediate stage and become a ___________________.
How will the temperature and luminosity change in this intermediate stage? _________________
____________________________________________________________________________
8. What is the ultimate fate of our sun in the late stage? __________________________________
How will the temperature and luminosity change in this late stage? _______________________
____________________________________________________________________________
9. According to Diagram B, what factor determines the life-cycle path of a star? _______________
10. Which force is responsible for changing a nebula into a protostar? ________________________
Earth revolves around the Sun
White dwarf
Temperature will decrease and luminosity will increase.
Temperature will increase and luminosity will decrease.
Mass or size Gravity
Nuclear fusion
Hydrogen
Main sequence
Main sequence
Red giant
Part 2: Astronomy
ANSWER KEY Page 21
Deep Space & the Origins of Our Universe
Diagram A below represents a timeline of the big bang theory. Diagram B below shows spectral lines of hydrogen gas observed in a laboratory compared to spectral lines of hydrogen gas produced by a distant galaxy.
1. How long ago did the Big Bang occur? ______________________________________________
2. State two pieces of evidence of that support the big bang theory.
1) ____________________________________________________________________________
2) ____________________________________________________________________________
3. Astronomers viewing light from a distant galaxy observe a shift of spectral lines toward the red
end of the visible spectrum. Describe the movement of this galaxy. ________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
4. Astronomers viewing light from a distant galaxy observe a shift of spectral lines toward the blue
end of the visible spectrum. Describe the movement of this galaxy. ________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
5. Describe the movement of the galaxy using Diagram B above. Explain your answer. __________
_____________________________________________________________________________
6. What is a galaxy? ______________________________________________________________
7. What is the name of the galaxy we live in? ___________________________________________
8. What type of galaxy do we live in? __________________________________________________
9. How does the age of our universe compare to the age of our solar system? __________________
______________________________________________________________________________
10. List the following astronomical features, in order of relative size, from smallest to largest. Saturn , Milky Way Galaxy, Sun, Universe, Our solar system, Earth’s Moon
Earth’s Moon, Saturn, Sun, Our Solar System, Milky Way Galaxy, Universe
Diagram A Diagram B
Red shift of light from distant galaxies
Cosmic microwave background radiation
Milky Way
Spiral shaped
Our universe is much older than our solar system
13.7 billion years ago
Group of billions of stars
A red shifted galaxy is moving away from the Earth.
A blue shifted galaxy is moving towards the Earth.
This galaxy is moving away from Earth because it is red shifted.
Part 2: Astronomy
ANSWER KEY Page 22