Name: ___________________________ Big Idea # 1 Packet - Evolution Date: ______________ Period: ____

The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life

• Change in the genetic makeup of a population over time is evolution o Phenotypic variation must be a result of genetics (DNA) and heritable (passed to offspring) – remember change is random but the increase in

alleles isn’t random = can be selected for or selected against. o Think natural selection (direction selection à toward one extreme phenotype; stabilizing selection à toward mean/middle/heterozygote

phenotype; destabilizing à toward two extremes and against the middle/hetero phenotype). Sexual and artificial selection are types of natural selection.

§ Differential fitness (children) and survival rates. Adaptation is the favored trait providing advantage and will thus increasing over time o Think random mutation, genetic drift, and gene flow (immigration and emigration) o Hardy-Weinberg to calculate genetic frequencies – if they are changing then evolution is occurring

§ H-W Eq requires large population size, absence of migration, no net mutations, random mating, and no selection (sexual or natural) • p + q = 1 p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1.

p = dominant allele so p2 is the homozygous dominant. q = recessive allele so q2 is the homozygous recessive. 2pq = heterozygous.

• Organisms are linked by lines of descent from common ancestry o Think phylogenetic trees – common ancestor is the shared node (splitting point on the tree) o Evidence of evolution

§ Fossils & Anatomy – show common ancestry and homologous structures – we share ancestry so we share traits and structures § Molecular Biology – DNA/RNA/amino acid similarities indicating common ancestry – using DNA mutations as a molecular clock § Other evidence: embryology (we look similar during the embryo stage of fetal development); biogeography (global distribution of

organisms and unique features of island species reflect evolution and geological change); direct-observation (see evolution – pesticide-resistant insects).

• Life continues to evolve within a changing environment o Changes in the environment are selective mechanisms that can favor or disfavor a particular phenotype(s)

§ Example: antibiotic resistance; humans breathing better at higher altitudes o Speciation and extinction change ecosystem functioning. After extinction events there is usually a lot of speciation (divergent radiation /

adaptive radiation) to fill the niches o Speciation: allopatric (different geographic environments); sympatric (same geography but pre or post zygotic mechanisms; pre: can’t mate due

to temporal or other criteria; post: unfertile offspring)

• The origin of living is explained by natural processes o Gases at the beginning of earth à origin of life (first RNA then DNA, then amino acids, then lipids (Miller-Urey Experiment)). Common

ancestry – all our DNA/RNA and amino acids are the same = universal code. § Originally no oxygen – then anaerobic life formed – then aerobic life. First mass extinction = high oxygen levels kill ~all anaerobic life.

o Prokaryotes à Eukaryotes. Endosymbiotic theory: Mitochondria and Chloroplasts were prokaryotic cells that evolved to permanently live (symbiotic) in cells to the point where they cannot survive on their own anymore. Cyanobacteria (became chloroplasts) and aerobic bacteria called proteobacteria (became mitochondria) were engulfed by phagocytosis by the large prokaryotes becoming the first eukaryotes. Evidence: circular DNA, self-replicating and double membrane.

A) comparative anatomyB) fossilsC) genetic mutationD) geographic distributionE) vestigial organs

18. Which of the following was NOT presented byDarwin as evidence for evolution?

A) excess competition.B) morphological innovation.C) adaptive radiation.D) silent mutation.

19. The Permian mass extinction was followed by arapid speciation of new animal and plant forms. Theexplanation for this is most likely

A) homologous B) analogousC) stabilizing D) disruptiveE) allopatric

20. The structures in the diagram are

A) adaptive radiationB) joint expression of recessive genesC) gene flow between the individual and the

populationD) shared geographic locationE) similarities in mate choice

21. An individual is determined to be part of apopulation by

A) Genetic drift plays a much more important rolein determining the genetic makeup ofpopulations natural selection.

B) Genetic drift is necessary for a population to bein Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

C) Genetic drift is a nonrandom process.D) Genetic drift can decrease genetic variation in a

population.

22. Which of the following statements about geneticdrift is true?

A) steroidsB) ozoneC) simple amino acidsD) polysaccharidesE) RNA

23. In the Miller-Urey experiment, application ofelectric sparks to simple gases resulted in theformation of

A) Sympatric speciation occurs within apopulation and without geographical isolation

B) Allopatric speciation is the formation of newspecies through the geographic isolation ofgroups from the parent population

C) Sympatric speciation is rare in plants, but not inanimals

D) Allopatric speciation occurs throughcolonization

E) Adaptive radiation is the formation of newspecies arising from a common ancestorresulting from their adaptation to differentenvironments.

24. Which statement about a mechanism of speciation isINCORRECT?

A) Allopatric speciationB) Sympatric speciationC) Adaptive radiationD) Genetic driftE) The bottleneck effect

25. Some members of a given species are experimentallyplaced on the west side of a mountain while anothergroup of members of the same species as the first areexperimentally placed on the east side of amountain.  After many generations separated fromone another, the two groups are rejoined but are nowunable to mate with one another.  This experimentdemonstrated which evolutionary process?

A) There is variation among individuals in apopulation

B) Much variation is heritableC) Populations possess an enormous reproductive

potentialD) Resources are abundantE) Population sizes remain stable

26. Which of the following was NOT one of Darwin'sarguments for his theory of natural selection?

A) Temporal isolationB) Allopatric speciationC) Physical isolationD) Mechanical isolationE) A Tree frog cannot interbreed with a Leopard

frog

27. Base your answer on the diagram below.

Each of these populations of frogs belong to thesame species and live in the same regions. Why isthe Tree frog unable to mate with the Leopard frog?

28. Base your answer to the following question on thechoices below.

(A)  Survival of the fittest(B)  Acquired characteristics(C)  Common ancestry(D)  Reproductive isolation(E)  Convergence

Darwin's theory of evolution

A) asexual reproductionB) sexual reproductionC) selectionD) variationE) isolation

29. All of the following are strong contributors tospeciation EXCEPT

A) Oxygen gas B) Ammonia gasC) Hydrogen gas D) Methane gasE) Water vapor

30. Which of the following gases was NOT utilized inMiller's famous experiment, which showed that therelease of a spark into a gaseous mixture wouldproduce various organic compounds?

A) genetic mutation causes variation in traitsB) all organisms overproduce gametesC) the most competitive and fit organisms have the

greatest probability of survivalD) traits are selected for or against by the

environmentE) trait variation between organisms causes

differences in fitness

31. The postulates of the theory of natural selection, asproposed by Charles Darwin, include all of thefollowing statements EXCEPT

A) Sexual reproductionB) Random mating among membersC) Lack of emigration or immigrationD) Absence of new mutationsE) Small population size

32. Which is not a condition necessary to maintainHardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Which problem(s) were you confused about? Why? Do you understand why your answer is wrong? Do you know the right answer now?

A) GradualismB) Allopatric speciationC) Punctuated equilibriumD) Adaptive radiationE) Sympatric speciation

33. How do paleontologists account for sudden changesin the fossil record?

A) 0.0016 B) 0.04C) 0.06 D) 0.16E) 0.96

34. Brown coat color rabbits possess the dominant alleleB, and white coat color rabbits possess the recessiveallele b.  If the frequency of the allele for white coatcolor is 0.04, which of the following best representsthe frequency of the dominant allele in thepopulation?  (Assume that this population is inHardy-Weinberg equilibrium.)

A) Evolution proceeds at a relatively constant ratebut may not be observed in the fossil record ifthe record is incomplete.

B) Evolution change occurs rapidly throughouttime and divergence is gradual.

C) There are periods of stasis followed by gradualdivergence.

D) Speciation occurs in bursts.E) Change slowly occurs to achieve the

evolutionary goal of creating a genomecompletely comprised of fixed alleles.

35. Which of the following best expresses the process ofgradualism?

A) are not passed on to the subsequent generationB) are genetically inherited from parents who

possessed those traitsC) are explained by Darwin's theories of evolutionD) are the basis of modern geneticsE) accurately explain why giraffe's have evolved

long necks

36. Acquired characteristics

A) Allele mutation B) EmigrationC) Large population D) Natural selectionE) Random mating

37. The female swordfish prefers males with largersword ornaments.  Which requirement ofHardy-Weinberg equilibrium does this violate?

A) immigration of new organisms into the genepool

B) sexual reproductionC) random matingD) lack of mutationsE) large population size

38. Each of the following are conditions necessary formaintaining Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium EXCEPT

A) Stabilizing selectionB) Directional selectionC) Disruptive selectionD) Sexual selectionE) Artificial selection

39. What type of selection is shown in the graph?

A) Genetic driftB) MutationsC) Sexual reproductionD) Natural selectionE) Gene flow

40. Which of the following causes of changes in allelefrequencies generates the formation of adaptations?

A) directional selection.B) disruptive selection.C) artificial selection.D) stabilizing selection.

41. The type of natural selection that favors individualsnear the mean and select against the extremes is

42. Base your answer to the following question on thefollowing information. In a certain population ofbirds, 16 percent of the population have grey feathersand 84 percent have red feathers.  Assume thepopulation is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

A) 4 % B) 20 % C) 28% D) 36 % E) 64%

What percentage of the population is homozygousfor red feathers?

A) are all homologous structuresB) are all vestigial structuresC) are evidence of convergent evolutionD) are considered analogous structuresE) demonstrate punctuated equilibrium

43. Base your answer on the diagram below.

The forelimbs of these organisms

A) Eldredge B) LamarckC) Darwin D) HuttonE) Wallace

44. Which evolutionist proposed that evolution resultedfrom the inheritance of acquired characteristics?

A) polyploidy.B) temporal isolation.C) adaptive radiation.D) sympatric speciation.

45. Hundreds of species of fruit flies on the Hawaiianislands emerged from a single ancestor species. Thisis an example of

A) genetic driftB) natural selectionC) adaptive radiationD) isolationE) convergent evolution

46. Random changes in the gene pool of a population arecalled

A) the bottleneck effect.B) the founder effect.C) disruptive selection.D) adaptive radiation.

47. Polydactyly being common in Amish populations isthe result of

A) Migration can occur.B) In the Hardy-Weinberg rule frequencies are

expressed by the formula p + q = 1.C) When the conditions are not met evolution

occurs.D) Random reproduction must occur.E) There must be a large population.

48. Certain conditions must be held for Hardy-Weinbergequilibrium to occur.  Which of the following is notcorrect about either the Hardy-Weinberg Law or it'srequirements?

A) After a catastrophic event there not manysurvivors remaining in a community

B) A few people colonize a new territoryC) A group of organisms are separated from their

parents so they start their own communityD) Formation of a new species arising from a

common ancestor resulting from theiradaptation to different environments

E) A geological disruption occurs

49. Which of the following is NOT an example ofallopatric speciation?

A) a population that inhabits a particular area isdivided into two or more geographicallyseparated groups

B) members of two distinct species interbreedC) evolution selects organisms for survivalD) the gene pool is stabilizedE) the background rate of extinction is doubled

50. Allopatric speciation is the process by which

Which problem(s) were you confused about? Why? Do you understand why your answer is wrong? Do you know the right answer now?

A) Mutations cause a significant amount of geneticvariation.

B) Evolution is a slow process that occurs over along period of time.

C) Variations among organisms are the basis uponwhich organisms are selected for breeding.

D) Organisms who possess the most favorablevariations have a higher comparative level offitness.

E) More individuals are born than can survive.

51. Which of the following is NOT a component ofDarwin's theory of natural selection?

A) adaptive radiationB) punctuated equilibriumC) genetic driftD) isolationE) convergent evolution

52. Groups of finches from given populations migratedand began occupying several habitats on theGalapagos Islands. The evolutionary pathway thataccounts for the existence of many species of finchon a specific Galapagos Island is

A) speciationB) separation of the niches of two speciesC) overlap of the niches of two speciesD) a new type of mating behaviorE) one of the populations mortality rate decreasing

53. Interspecific competition would most likely resultfrom

54. Base your answer to the following question on thefollowing information. A female rabbit with a bushy tail and white coat iscrossed with a long-tailed male with a brown coat. Their offspring are 5 long-tails with brown coats, 4bushy-tails with white coats, 2 long-tails with whitecoats, and 1 bushy-tail with brown coat.

A) directional selectionB) genetic driftC) diversifying selectionD) parapatric speciationE) stabilizing selection

A black female butterfly mates with a white malebutterfly, and produces equal numbers of black,brown and white-colored offspring.  Only theoffspring with parental genotypes survive intoadulthood.  This is evidence of

A) It occurs when individuals drift out of apopulation via emigration.

B) It occurs when individuals drift into apopulation, via immigration.

C) It refers to random changes in gene frequenciesdue to drop in population size

D) Mutation often causes genetic drift.E) Natural selection causes genetic drift.

55. Which of the following statements accuratelydescribes genetic drift?

A) the genetic response of an organism toexcessive exposure to radiation, wherebycertain genes become more firmly expressed

B) the genetic mutation inflicted upon an organismfrom long-term exposure to radiation

C) the development of many species from a singleancestral population

D) the development of totally unrelated organismsin the same manner because of adaptation tosimilar environments

E) none of the above

56. Adaptive radiation refers to

A) other species from the same areaB) other species with the same lifestyle, but

different locationC) other species with similar features, living in a

different locationD) other species that reproduce similarly, but live

in a different locationE) other species with similar environmental

pressures living in a different location

57. According to biogeography, species tend to be moreclosely related to

A) Extreme types of organisms are selected againstcommon traits.

B) Organisms in a population with extreme traitsare eliminated.

C) One of the phenotypes is favored at one of theextremes of the normal distribution.

D) Under competition for identical resources, oneof the two competing species will be eliminatedor excluded.

E) Evolutionary change consists of bursts ofspeciation alternating with long periods ofunmodification.

58. Which of the following statements best expresses theconcept of disruptive selection?

A) geographic isolationB) reproductive isolationC) extinctionD) A and BE) all of the above

59. Speciation occurs through

A) a population with disruptive selection.B) a population with stabilizing selection.C) a population with directional selection.D) a population with no selection.

60. The change in coloration of the peppered moth is anexample of

A) Fossil recordB) Comparative embryologyC) Comparative anatomyD) Molecular biologyE) Biogeography

61. Evolutionists who compare the formation, earlygrowth, and development of organisms are usingwhich technique?

A) vestigial structuresB) balance polymorphismC) divergent evolutionD) homologous structuresE) analogous structures

62. The tonsils and appendix are examples of

A) AmmoniaB) OxygenC) Water vaporD) Molecular hydrogenE) Methane

63. In Miller and Urey's experiment, a chamber wasprepared with the prerequisite molecules to formamino acids and other basic blocks of life in theirchamber.  Which of the following was NOT one ofthe prerequisite molecules?

Which problem(s) were you confused about? Why? Do you understand why your answer is wrong? Do you know the right answer now?