Tishk International University

FASE Faculty

IRD Department

Name of the Course: Basics of Sociology

Topic: Key Concepts

Week 1- Lecture 2

1st Grade- Fall Semester 2020-2021

Instructor: Dr. Swapnil Singh

Learning Objectives;

Community

Society

Assimilation

Patriarchy

Culture

Social System

Status

Socialization

Social Stratification

Ethnocentrism

Kinship

Community

is a group of people who interact with each other.

The interaction is happening within a bounded

geographical territory. All daily activities (work and non-

work) occur within a geographical area which is self-

contained.

The community’s members share common values, beliefs

and behaviors.

The community has a particular social structure. There are

also collections of people who might not be termed

communities because of a lack of social structure.

The members have a sense of belonging.

Society

A society is a group of people whose members interact, reside in a definable

area, and share a culture. Members of a society must come in contact with

one another. If a group of people within a country has no regular contact with

another group, those groups cannot be considered part of the same society.

Geographic distance and language barriers can separate societies within a

country.

Assimilation

Some practices that are common in other societies will inevitably offend or

contradict the values and beliefs of the new society. Groups seeking to

become part of a pluralistic society often have to give up many of their

original traditions in order to fit in—a process known as Assimilation.

Patriarchy

Patriarchy is a social structure in which men are considered to have a

monopoly on power and women are expected to submit.

Culture-A culture includes the group’s shared

practices, values, beliefs, norms and artifacts.

There are two basic components of culture: ideas and

symbols on the one hand and artifacts (material

objects) on the other.

The first type, called nonmaterial culture,

includes the values, beliefs, symbols, and language

that define a society.

The second type, called material culture, includes

all the society’s physical objects, such as its tools and

technology, clothing, eating utensils, and means of

transportation.

Social System

Social system refers to’ an orderly arrangement, an inter

relationships of parts. In the arrangement, every part has a fixed

place and definite role to play. The parts are bound by interaction.

System signifies, thus, patterned relationship among constituent

parts of a structure which is based on functional relations and

which makes these parts active and binds them into reality.

Society is a system of usages, authority and mutuality based on

“We” felling and likeness. Differences within the society are not

excluded. These are, however, subordinated to likeness. Inter-

dependence and cooperation are its basis. It is bound by reciprocal

awareness. It is essentially a pattern for imparting the social

behaviour.

Status Each individual in society occupies several statuses.

A status set is all of the statuses that a person occupies at any particular

time.

Statuses are ways of defining where individuals fit in society and how they relate to others in society.

Socialization

Socialization is how we learn the norms

and beliefs of our society. From our

earliest family and play experiences, we

are made aware of societal values and

expectations.

It describes the ways that people come

to understand societal norms and

expectations, to accept society’s beliefs,

and to be aware of societal

values. Socialization is not the same

as socializing (interacting with others, like

family, friends, and coworkers); to be

precise, it is a sociological process that

occurs through socializing.

Social Stratification

Social stratification is a particular form of social inequality. All

societies arrange their members in terms of superiority,

inferiority and equality. Stratification is a process of interaction or

differentiation whereby some people come to rank higher than

others.

Social discrimination is defined as sustained inequality between

individuals based on illness, disability, religion, sexual orientation,

or any other measures of diversity.

Ethnocentrism

Ethnocentric means viewing society (and particularly other cultures) from

the perspective of one's own culture. Ethnocentrism is the practice of

comparing other cultural practices with those of one's own and

automatically finding those other cultural practices to be inferior. It is the

habit of each group taking for granted the superiority of its culture.

Kinship

kinship system includes socially recognized relationships based on supposed

as well as actual genealogical ties. These relationships are the result of social

interaction and recognized by society.

Kinship is of two types:

(i) Affinal Kinship (marriage), and

(ii) Consanguineous Kinship (Blood).

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