Name€¦ · Web viewOrganize the word in the word bank into the concept map provided below. Use all terms. Continental-Continental Divergent Convergent Continental-Oceanic Transform

Vocabulary:

Asthenospherecontact MetamorphismContinental crustConvergentCrustDensity

UNIT 9: DYNAMIC EARTHPACKET 10: PLATE TECTONICS, EARTHQUAKES &

VOLCANOES

EARTH SCIENCEMS. GILL

NOTE PACKET #10

NAME:_____________________ CLASS :____ DATE:______ ________

“I feel theEarth move under my

feet” p.s. I’m

Unit 9: Dynamic Earth Earth Science - Ms. Gill Note Packet #10

DivergentDown-warpingDynamic EquilibriumEarthquake epicentersEarthquake magnitudeEarthquakesEquilibriumFaultingFolding Heat enginesHeat flowHot spotsHydrosphereInner coreIsland arcsLithospheric platesMagmaMagnetic patternsMantleMid-ocean ridgeOceanic crustOuter corePlatePlate tectonicsRadioactive materialsRateRefractionResidual heatRock cycleseismic WavesStatic EquilibriumSubduction zoneTectonic forcesTransformTrenchesTsunamisVelocityVolcanoes

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I. Earth’s Interior:

Four Layers (see page 10 of Ref Tables)

-INNER CORE: solid, dense, 6,000º C, Iron and Nickel

-OUTER CORE : Liquid, dense, 3,700º-5,500ºC (increases with depth), Iron and Nickel

- MANTLE: Solid, minerals rich in Fe, Si, Ma, 1,500º - 3,200º C

-CRUST: upper layer, rigid, lighter rock, <1,000ºC

Some terms to know:

- _______________________: Upper layer of the mantle, may act in a semi-fluid (plastic) manner

- _________________: (Mohorovic Discontinuity): The boundary between the mantle and the crust

- _______________________: Consists of the crust and the rigid upper mantle

Where is the crust thickest? ______________________________Where is the crust thinnest? _______________________________

Why is the core so hot?-Still retains heat from original formation.-Radioactive materials releasing energy as they decay.-Increased pressure from above

What happens to rock density, going from the crust to the core? ______________________What happens to temperature, going from the crust to the core? ______________________What happens to pressure, going from the crust to the core? ________________________


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III. The Theory of Plate Tectonics:The Earth’s lithosphere is made of a number of solid pieces , called ____________ which move in relation to each other. These plates are “riding” on a more “plastic molten” layer below. This layer is called the ASTHENOSPHERE.

The evidence shows that approximately _______ million years ago, the major continents were_______________, and since that time they have been _________________.

A. Theory of Continental Drift:Proposed by ALFRED WEGENER in 1915. It stated that the Earth’s continents separated and collided as they have moved over the surface of the Earth for millions of years. Wegener’s evidence for his theory:1. When you line up _____________________ and ________________________ they appear to fit like a

puzzle.

2. FOSSILS species have been found on widely separated parts of the Earth.

3. SOUTH AMERICA and AFRICA have a good match of ancient continental rocks and tectonic ____________ and ___________ structures.

4. Some mountain chains appear to be continuous from CONTINENT to CONTINENT

5. Evidence of _________________ climates. Example: Finding coal beds which indicate tropical climates

6. Rocks of the ocean basins are _________________________ then continental rocks.

II. Mantle Convection Cells:

A convection cell is a stream of heated material that is moving because of ___________

_________________. These convection cells exist in the part of the mantle called the _______________________. The two sources of this heat are:1. Residual (leftover) heat from the __________________ of the Earth2. Heat generated from _________________________________ from the core of the earth


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Ocean Sea Floor Spreading:Further evidence of horizontal movement of Earth’s crust was accidently acquired during the WWII Submarine battles in the Atlantic Ocean helped scientists to begin to explain the phenomenal force that could separate a continent into two pieces.

The use of technology such as Sonar Imagining and Magnetometers discovered interesting characteristics about the hidden ocean floor:

A. The ocean floor has a system of submerged mountain ranges called ____________________________________

B. There are deep trenches that line the coast of the continents.C. The ocean floor is magnetic and has parallel stripes of reversed polarities.

Using this information scientist posed the theory ofSea floor Spreading

- Material from deep within the Earth comes to the surface at the ________________ where is spreads apart to make __________ ________________ _____. This pushes old ocean crust outward, toward the trenches, where ocean crust is forced underneath continental crust; this process is called subduction.

D. The two major pieces of evidence are for seafloor spreading are:

1. ___________________________________________2. __________________________________________ -You may not know this but, Earth’s magnetic field has reversed several times in the last 4.6 billion years! Yes, in ancient times North was South and South was North. If you had a compass it would point the opposite way during periods of reversed polarity. The molten lava that spews out of the Mid-Ocean ridge, contains magnetic minerals that align with our magnetic earth. When igneous rock solidifies from this lava it records the magnetic alignment of that time period. This forms a permanent record of the magnetic field of the Earth at that time the rock formed. Therefore, rocks found farther from the ridges have a REVERSED magnetic polarity. As you move out from the ridge toward the continental shore, you encounter parallel stripes of normal and reversed MAGNETISM. This pattern is a mirror image on the other side of the ridge. This pattern preserves the record of many reversals of the Earth’s magnetic field.

Continent colliding with Continent 1c. When two continental plates converge the edges of _____________ are crumpled up forming __________________ _____________________.Example: Himalayan Mountains formed because the Eurasian Plate collide with the Indian Plate (see picture on the right)


PLATE MOTIONS: Lithospheric plates ________________ in size and are made up of a combination of _______________________ crust and _____________________________ crust.Three kinds of plate motion occur at plate boundaries:1.____________________ 2. ____________________ 3. ______________________

1) There are three types of CONVERGENT boundaries: Ocean colliding with Continent, Ocean colliding with Ocean and Continent colliding with Continent

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- The DARK & DENSE (basaltic) igneous rocks of the crust near the ocean ridges are covered with only a thin layer of sedimentary rock. This is evidence that the earth’s crust is very young near the ridges. Since, if they were old sedimentary deposits would be thicker. Deep sea drill confirms this hypothesis. -Due to seafloor spreading the Earth’s crust is very YOUNG near the ridges. The oldest parts of the ocean crust are found far from the MID OCEANIC ridges and near the CONTINENTS .

Ocean colliding with Continent1a. When ocean collides with continent the ______________ ocean plate dives down under or ____________ into the mantle forming a ________________ ________ and a Volcanic Mountain range on the continent. Example: The Andes Mountains in South America form due to the collision between the Nazca Plate and the S. American Plate.

Ocean colliding with Ocean1b. When two ocean plates converge the ____________, _______________ ocean plate will _______________________ forming an ___________________ ____________. Example: Indonesian, Philippines, Japan & Aleutians Islands formed via this process


2) Divergent boundaries: Two plates are moving away from each other due to rising convection currents in the mantle forming a ridge of volcanic mountains.

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At _______________ plate boundaries, the plates move __________ and ___________ flows up forming parallel ridges made of ______ ______________ _____________Example: Mid-Atlantic Ridge formed because the North American Plate is moving away from the Eurasian Plate causing seafloor spreading


Directions: Organize the word in the word bank into the concept map provided below. Use all terms.

Continental-ContinentalDivergentConvergentContinental-OceanicTransform Aleutian IslandsOceanic-Oceanic

Types of Plate BoundariesSan Andreas FaultSubduction Zone/Trench (2)Tonga TrenchMid Atlantic RidgeMountain BuildingShallow Earthquakes

Himalayan MountainsRift ValleySea Floor SpreadingVolcanic ArcIsland ArcRidgeFolded Faulted Tilted Rock

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3. At transform plate boundaries, the plates move ________________ each other causing shallow ________________ ______________________.Example: San Adreas Fault


Practice Questions: Part 11) Below is a map and profile view of the Mid Atlantic Ridge along a line drawn between North America and Africa. Label the profile with: Mid-Atlantic Ridge, youngest ocean crust, oldest ocean crust, continental crust, continental rise, and mantle convection currents. Use your reference table to draw and label appropriate plate boundary symbol along the Mid- Atlantic ridge on the map. Map A Profile A

2) Below is a profile view of the white line drawn through the west side of South America in Map B. Draw a line at sea level on the profile. Label the profile with: Andes Mountains, subduction zone, trench, youngest ocean crust, oldest ocean crust, continental crust and mantle convection currents. Use your reference table to draw and label appropriate plate boundary symbol along the coast of South America.Map B Profile B

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SouthAmerica


3) Below is a map and profile view of the East Coast of North America. Label North America, the continental rise, the abyssal plain and the mantle convection currents. Is there a plate boundary along this profile? ____Map C Profile C

4) Below is a map and profile of the Aleutian Islands in Alaska. Label the continental shelf, volcanic island arc ocean trench, Pacific Ocean, abyssal plain and drawn in the convection currents. Use your reference table to draw and label appropriate plate boundary symbol along the Aleutian Islands.

Map D Profile D

This profile includes the Bering Sea. Do you think that the profiled section of the Bering Sea is made of Continental Crust or Oceanic Crust?________________________

5) Below is a profile view of the white line drawn through South America and Africa in Map A. Draw a line at sea level on the profile. Label the profile with: Mid-Atlantic Ridge, subduction zone, trench, youngest ocean crust, oldest ocean crust, continental crust and mantle convection currents, continental mountain ranges.Profile E:

Map E

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A

Part 2: How far will your plate move? The United Kingdom is on the Eurasian Plate, which moves at around 3 cm per year. This is about as fast as your fingernails grow!

P a r t 3 : G l o b a l T e c t o n i c P l a t e sReading, Interpreting and Understanding the Map of the Earth's

Lithospheric (Tectonic) PlatesBase your answers to the following fill-in questions on the Tectonic Plates map which appears on the back of this sheet, or from page 5 in the Earth Science Reference Tables.

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1) Which direction is the Eurasian Plate moving? ________________________2) If the plate is moving at 3 cm per year, how far will it have moved in the next 100 (one hundred) years? ___________ The next 1,000 (one thousand) years?_________ The next 1,000,000 (one million) years? ____________ The next 1,000,000,000 (one billion) years? ________

1. Dark (thick) ruled lines on the Tectonic Plates map indicate the location of which type of plate boundary? _____________________

2. Light (thin) ruled lines on the Tectonic Plates map indicate the location of which types of plate boundaries?______________________________________

3. Which feature is characteristic and diagnostic of most convergent plate boundaries? ____________________ ________4. Which feature is characteristic and diagnostic of most divergent plate boundaries? _______________________________ 5. Which plate is framed entirely by convergent plate boundaries?________________________6. The boundary between the Australian and Pacific Plates is: ______________________________

7. The distance between South America and Africa is ________________________________

8. The distance between India and Eurasia is ______________________________________9. What is the name of the boundary between the African and Antarctic Plate? _________________

10. The distance between North America and Africa is ___________________


Practice: The following diagrams illustrate the relative motion of the Pacific Plate shown through the appearance of the Hawaiian islands. Currently there is a mantle hot spot where the islands have formed, constantly adding new rock to the island over the hot spot through time.

1) Using the rate of change formula, find the distance in kilometers that the Pacific Plate moves on average per every million years using the islands of Maui and Nihea. Write the formula and solve with units:

2) If an island was located 700 kilometers from Hawaii, what would be the expected age of the rocks of that island? (hint: use the graph) __________________________3) What evidence is there on the graph that Hawaii is currently over the hot spot?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4) Which island was over the hot spot about 5.0 million years ago? ________________ 5) According to the graph, which island is the oldest? How do you know?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Hot Spots:Places on the Earth’s surface where plumes of ________________ are rising up from the mantle not located along ________________ ______________ ________________. As a plate passes over a hot spot, a __________ ___ ___________ _______________ forms. The only mountain that _______________ ______________ is the mountain located directly over the __________ _____________.

IX. Volcanoes

A ______________________ is both the opening in the Earth’s crust through which molten rock flows, and the landform that develops around it.

Where volcanoes form:

1. At ____________________________________: Subducted plate material melts to form new magmaHot magma is less dense than surrounding rock, so it rises. Magma reaches the surface to form volcanoes

2. At _______________________________________________: Magma forms at mid-ocean ridges.Iceland formed as the result of volcanoes along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.

3. At ___________________________: Caused by plumes of hot material from deep within the mantle.Hawaiian Islands were formed in this way.As plate moves over hot spot, new islands form.

Diagram 2. Rock Age vs. Distance

Diagram 1. Plate Motion


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II. LOCAL EVIDENCE OF CRUSTAL MOTIONS :

A. ________________________ & _________________________wears down the Earth’s crust.

_________________________ ____________________________ creates new mountains.

B. Sedimentary beds are deposited as _________________________ _______________ or

_______________________________


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C. Evidence of motions within the Earth’s crust is indicated by: (label the diagrams)

1. ______________________

2. _____________________

3. _____________________

D. _______________________________________ provide direct evidence of crustal movement. ____________________ _________________ and ________________ __________________are two changes that can be observed after an earthquake.

E. ______________________ ____________________ are used in mapping surveys and indicate exact positions and elevations. Changes in ______________________ of benchmarks are evidence that the land is either _________________________ or _______________________.

F. Displaced fossils found in mountains have 2 interpretations:1. Higher sea levels ___________________ mountains

2. Rocks were _________________ from a previous ocean bottom

G. _________________________________ is the RISING OF THE CRUST

_________________________________is the SINKING OF THE CRUST

II. EARTHQUAKES :

A. Two processes that cause earthquakes:

1. The movement of _________________________ inside ___________________________.

2. _______________________ is the movement of rock along a surface where the rocks are broken.

B. ___________________ movement of the crust over long periods of time builds _______________

within the rocks. Increased pressure causes the ___________________ ______________________

to break creating a _________________________. When faulting occurs energy radiates through the

Earth as __________________ ________________ that cause the ground to ________________.

The distribution of earthquakes is primarily along _________________________________________

There are three types of faults: (label the diagrams below)

Fault #1___________________________

Fault #2____________________________ Fault #3_______________________


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What Controls the Level of Shaking?

______________________________ : More energy released

_______________________________: Shaking decays with distance

_______________________________: Amplify the shaking

Effects of Earthquakes:1. Ground Shaking2. Surface Faulting3. Liquifaction:________________________________________________________4. Landslides5. Fires6. Tsunamis:__________________________________________________________7. Seismic Waves:__________________________________________________________

Will California eventually fall into the ocean??? _______

III. MEASURING THE EARTHQUAKES :

A. There are 2 scales to measure earthquakes

1. ________________________________ 2. ____________________________________

B. _________________________________ scale is based upon the observations of people and the

damage caused. It measures the ____________________ of the earthquake from ______ to ______

C. _________________________ uses the seismograph to determine the _____________________

Magnitude is the total _______________________ released by the earthquake.

It’s numerical scale is _________ to _________. Each numeric step represents a _______ increase.


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PARTS OF THE EARTHQUAKE:

The place underground where the break or fault occurs is the

_____________ of the quake

The _________________________ is the location along the

surface of the earth just above the focus where the quake is felt most strongly

The two most important energy waves are:

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

Characteristics of P and S waves: (you need to memorize these)

Characteristics of P-waves (primary)

-Faster in speed-Arrives first (because it’s faster)-Travels through both solids and fluids-Compressional wave motion (particle motion is parallel to wave direction)

Characteristics of S-waves (secondary)-Slower than p-waves-Arrives after the p-wave (because it’s slower)-Only can travel through solids (not liquids or gases)-Transverse wave motion (particle motion is perpendicular to wave direction)

Both S and P waves travel FASTER through ____________________ material. (remember domino demo)

QuickTime™ and a decompressor

are needed to see this picture.QuickTime™ and a decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

V. Finding the Epicenter:A. The seismograph records the __________________________ and ________________________________________________________________________________

(Use the chard on page 11 of your reference table)

B. The step for calculating your distance fro the epicenter1) Subtract arrival time of P from arrival time of S

2) Mark the interval on Y-axis 3) Slide marks to match P & S curve

4) Follow down to x-axis and read distance Note: Do not forget the (x 103) & Units are in Kilometers


Practice Questions:

1. The arrival of the P-wave is 12:03:00 The arrival of an S-wave is 12:07:00

The difference is __________________________

How far is this earthquake from this seismic station? ________________________

2. The arrival time of the P-wave is 2:05:00 The arrival time of the S-wave is 2:08:00

The difference is: ________________________________ How far is this earthquake from the seismic station? __________________________

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Mark off the difference in arrival time of S and P waves on a piece of paper

01:10:00

01:20:00

Mark off the diff erence in arrival time of S and P waves on a piece of paper

Find the best fi t on the curve and read the distance below

Show subtraction here:

Subtraction time can be tricky!!! Do NOT use a calculator: practice these problems A. B. C. D

02:30:54 11:45:15 06:02:53 10:15:12 -01:26:14 - 09:37:57 - 03:34:22 - 9:39:48


3. If the difference in arrival time between P and S waves is 2min. 35 sec. What is the distance from the earthquake to the seismograph station? ___________________________

4. How long does it take for a P-wave to travel from the focus of an earthquake to a seismograph station 2,000 km. away? _______________________________________

How long will the S-wave take to travel to this same station? ___________________

5. What is the difference in arrival time between P and S waves for an earthquake that is5,000 kilometers away from the seismograph station? __________________________

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VIII. THE LAYERS OF THE EARTH:A. The crusts thickness ______________________.

It is __________________ under the oceans and ____________________ under the continents.

Continental crust is mostly ____________, __________ density & _________________________The ocean basins are mostly ______________ and ________________ or __________________

B. Inferred characteristics of the Earth’s Interior:

1. Studying the ____________________________ of _____________________ _________________

allows us to make inferences about the structure and composition of the Earth’s interior.

2. The _______________________ of a seismic wave changes with the ________________ of the material it travels through. Waves are also ___________________________________ as they travel through materials with different densities. We know that P-waves can be transmitted through ___________ __________ & ___________

S-Waves can be transmitted through ONLY ________________

3. Earth Quake Shadow Zones: When an earthquake occurs both ____________ are received from most of the earth.

Opposite sides of the earth where the epicenter is, receives ____ but NO _______ because S-waves cannot penetrate the ________________ outer core.

______________________ (bending) occurs at the __________________ ( boundaries)

VII. THE ORIGIN TIME OF AN EARTHQUAKE:

A. An earthquake wave detected at __________________________ times by observers at

____________________ distances from the epicenter.

B. To find the origin time seismologists need to know:1. _____________________________________________________________________

2. _____________________________________________________________________

Example: A seismograph recording station located 5,700 kilometers from an epicenter.

It receives a P-wave at 2:45 P.M. At what time did the earthquake actually occur at the epicenter?

Travel Time:____________________ Origin Time:_________________


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Documents

Name€¦ · Web viewOrganize the word in the word bank into the concept map provided below. Use all terms. Continental-Continental Divergent Convergent Continental-Oceanic Transform