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Nanotechnology and its relevance to Drug Designing
K V GOPINATH M Pharm PhDCPhTTirumala Tirupati Devasthanams
TIRUPATIe-mailgopinathkarnamgmailcom
NANOTECHNOLOGY - DEFİNİTİON
Nanotechnology is the term derived from the Greek word ldquonanordquo meaning ldquodwarfrdquo
Applies the principles in various sciences at a atomic molecular or submicron level
Dimension range 01 ndash 100 nm (10-1000 nm for pharmaceutical nanoparticles)
Definition ldquoResearch and technology development at the atomic molecular or macromolecular levels in the length scale of approximately 1-100 nanometer range to provide a fundamental understanding of phenomena and materials at the nano scale and to create and use structures devices and systems that have novel properties and functions because of their small andor intermediate sizerdquo
Advantages of Nanotechnology
Methods of preparation simple and easy to scale up
Nano scale components have very high surface areas
Stable and easily freeze-dried
Successful tissue targeting of many drugs (antibiotics cytostatics peptides and proteins nucleic acids etc)
Protection of drugs against chemical and enzymatic degradation
Reduction of side effects of some active drugs
Advantages of Nanotechnology
Mucosal delivery of high molecular weight substances such as peptides proteins oligonucleotides and plasmids
Increased solubility and dissolution rate of poorly soluble substances due to nanosizing improvement of drug bioavailability
New functions arising from nanosizing such as improved solubility targetability and adhesion to tissues
Bionanomaterials1) Biological materials utilized in nanotechnology
- Proteins enzymes DNA RNA peptides
2) Synthetic nano materials in biomedical applications
- Polymers porous silicon carbon nanotubes
Nanoscale Processes and Fabrication
Top-down Approaches Bottom-up Approaches
Optical and x-ray lithography Layer-by-layer self assembly
E-beam and ion-beam lithography Molecular self assembly
Scanning probe lithography Direct assembly
Atomic force microscopic lithography
Coating and growth
Material removal and deposition(Chemical mechanical or
ultrasonic)
Colloidal aggregation
Printing and imprinting
Equipments for Nanoparticles
Homogenizer
Ultra Sonicator Mills Spray Milling Supercritical Fluid Technology Electro spray Ultracentrifugation Nano filtration
Schematic representation of Nanosphere Formation ndashMethod 1
Ethyl acetate+
PLGA
Stirring 1000 rpm2 hours
Passed through02 m filter
AqueousPVA-Chitosan
2 hours
Passed through02 m filter
Stirring 1000 rpm
Mixing
3 hoursStirring 1000 rpm
Homogenize10 min 13500 rpm
Water
Stirring 2 hoursWater bath 40 oC
Add organic to aqueous NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
Ethyl acetate+
PLGA
Stirring 1000 rpm2 hours
Passed through02 m filter
AqueousPVA-Chitosan
2 hours
Passed through02 m filter
Stirring 1000 rpm
Mixing
3 hoursStirring 1000 rpm
Homogenize10 min 13500 rpm
Water
Stirring 2 hoursWater bath 40 oC
Add organic to aqueous NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
Polymerization method
Different Methods to Prepare Nanospheres and Nanocapsules
Polymer
Method based on physico-chemical properties of polymer solutions
Phase gelation
Non solvent Salting-out calcium tripolyphosphates
(polymer soluble (polymer soluble in water)
in organic solvent)
Nanocapsules Nanospheres Alginate nanospheres Chitosan nanospheres
Nanospheres
microencapsulation techniques-Nanospheres amp Nanocapsules
Polymer
Emulsification
Simple emulsion (WO) Simple emulsion (OW) Double emulsion (WOW) (Water soluble) (polymer soluble in organic solvent) (polymer soluble in organic solvent)
Gelation Polymer precipitation
Solvent evaporation Polymer precipitation İnverse salting out
Solvent extraction Solvent evaporation
Nanospheres amp Nanocapsules
Nanotechnology Applications
Medicine - Cancer treatment
- Bone treatment
- Drug delivery
- Appetite control
- Drug development
- Medical tools
- Diagnostic tests
- Imaging
Consumer Goods
Foods and beverages
minusAdvanced packaging materials sensors and labon-chips for food quality testing
Appliances and textiles
minusStain proof water proof and
wrinkle free textiles
Household and cosmetics
minus Self-cleaning and scratch free products paints and better cosmetics
Nanotechnology Applications
Medical Nanotechnology or Nano medicine
Nano medicine is the application of nanotechnology in
medicine including to cure diseases and repair damaged
tissues such as bone muscle and nerve and its monitoring
Key Goals for Nano medicine
minusTo develop cure for traditionally incurable diseases (eg
cancer) through the utilization of nanotechnology
minusTo provide more effective cure with fewer side effects by
means of targeted drug delivery systems
Nanotechnology in Health Care - Detection and Diagnosis
Nanotechnology offers tools
and techniques for more effective detection diagnosis and treatment of diseases
Fig The micro fluidic channel with nano wire sensor can detect the presence of altered genes associated with cancer ndash J Heath Cali Insti of Technology
Lab on chips help detection and diagnosis of diseases more efficiently
Nano wire and cantilever lab on chips help in early detection of cancer biomarkers (Carcinoembryonic antigen ndashCEA Alfa-fetoprotein-CEA Prostate Specific antigen ndashPSA)
Fig The nano scale cantilever detects the presence and concentration of various molecular expressions of a cancer cell ndash A Majumdar Univ of Cal at Berkeley
Nanotechnology in Health Care - Thermal ablation of cancer cells
Thermal ablation of cancer cells
minus Nano shells have metallic outer layer and silica core kills the cancer cells by Thermal ablation
minus Selectively attracted to cancer shells either through a phenomena called enhanced permeation
retention or due
to some molecules coated on the shells
Nanotechnology in Health Care - Treatment
Targeted drug deliver
minus Nano particles containing drugs are coated with targeting agents (eg conjugated antibodies)
minus The nano particles circulate through the blood vessels and reach the target cells
minus Drugs are released directly into the targeted cells
Nanotechnology Based Drug Delivery
In biopharmaceuticals in addition to the main technologies covered liposomal monoclonal antibody-based and polymer-based
technologies host of newer technologies such as nano particles
including various nano dimensional entities such as molecular
imprinted polymers pro drug delivery oral injectable and implantable pulmonary and transdermal and transmucosal delivery have come up
Importance of Drug Delivery Technology to Pharma Industry
1048713 Drug delivery formulations involve low cost research compared that for discovery of new molecule
Nanotechnology Based Drug Delivery
1048713 Minimizing the drug use would significantly reduce the effective cost of drug which would give financial relief to the patients
1048713 Delivery systems increase commercial opportunity by distinguishing a drug from competitive threats posed by ldquome toordquo drugs and
1048713 Novel means of delivery particularly using nano-carriers can allow branded drugs to be rescued from abyss of generic competition (may be called ldquoresurrection of drugrdquo)
SOME SIGNIFICANT NANODEVICES
Development of one dose a day ciprofloxacin using nanotechnology
Tumor targeted taxol delivery using nano particles in Phase 2 clinical trial stage
Improved ophthalmic delivery formulation using smart hydrogel nano particles
Oral insulin formulation using nanoparticles carriers
Liposomal based Amphotericin B formulation
1048713 Nano particles for Drug Delivery
- Metal-based nano particles - Lipid-based nano particles
- Polymer-based nano particles - Biological nano particles
Nanotechnology Applications
1) SiO2-Nanoparticles as a new platform for non-viral gene delivery (favourable size 10 - 50 nm controlled production possible excellent phys-chemical stability many possibilities for chemical modification) Probably cheaper and safer but presently not safer
2) Using Nanotechnology for New Medicines Eg Gene-Therapy
mRNA
Modified genevector
Therapeutic Protein
Nanotechnology Applications
3) Brain Drug Targeting Polysorbate-coated NPs to enhance
penetration to the blood-brain barrier (BBB)
ndash Mechanism
ndash Binding of the NPs to the inner endothelial lining of the brain
capillaries (subsequently particles deliver drugs to the brain by
providing a large concentration gradient thus enhancing the passive
diffusion)
ndash Brain endothelial uptake by phagocytosis
_ A general surfactant effect characterized by a solubilization of the
endothelial cell membrane lipids that would lead to membrane fluidization
and an enhanced drug permeability through the BBB
_ The NPs could lead to an opening of the tight junctions between the
endothelial cells The drug could then permeate through the tight junctions
in free form or together with the NPs in bound form
Nanotechnology Applications
_The NPs may be endocytosed by the endothelial cells followed by the release of
the drugs within these cells and delivery to the brain
_The NPs with bound drugs could be transcytosed through the endothelial cell layer
_The polysorbate 80 used as the coating agent could inhibit the efflux system
especially P- glycoprotein (P-gp)
4) Semiconductor Nano Crystals or ldquoQUANTUM Dots TMrdquo or
Biodegradable bio polymers for ex-vivo optical diagnostics and
some form of hybrid biodegradable nano capsule with MRI
contrast agent core for in-vivo simultaneous diagnostics and
therapeutics (ldquotheragnosticsrdquo)
Nanotechnology Applications
Nanoelectromechanical System (NEMS) Sensors
minus NEMS technology enables creation of ultra small and highly sensitive sensors for various applications
minus The NEMS force sensor shown in the figure is applicable in pathogenic bacteria detection
Fig A NEMS bacteria sensor
Nanotechnology Applications
5) Nano medicine - Continuous Therapy for Preventing Cancer in Astronauts Engineered multilayered nano particles targeted to radiation-damaged cells can initiate repair of damaged DNA using DNA repair genes manufactured inside individual living cells under the control of molecular
biosensor switches
6) Nanoparticles in cancer therapy Increase in antitumor efficacy Reduction of systemic side-effects Selective delivery of oligonucleotides to tumor cells Reversion of multidrug resistance in tumor cells
7) Targeted delivery of antibiotics using nanoparticles Challenge is to design the means of carrying an antibiotic in a form that is able to be endocytosed by phagocytic cells and then released into these cells Nanoparticles are one of the main carriers developed for these logistic strategies
Nanotechnology Applications
Targeting of intracellular bacteria with antibiotic colloidal carriers liposomes or nanoparticles
Nanotechnology Applications- DNA Sequencing
8) In DNA Sequencing DNA molecules under the influence of an electric field are forced through nano-scale channels (~100 nm) on a
ldquogel biochiprdquo The molecules deform and stretch to pass through the small channels
This process separates DNA fragments by length
This is part of the method used to sequence the DNA in the human genome and in
identifying a unique DNA ldquofingerprintrdquo
Nanotechnology Applications - Immunoisolation for Cell-encapsulation therapy
9) Liver Dysfunction Encapsulation of Hepatic Cell
Pancreas Dysfunction Encapsulation of Islets of Langerhans
Disorders of the CNS Parkinsonrsquos Alzheimerrsquos
Pre-requisites for cell encapsulation
ndash continued and optimal tissuecell supply
ndash maintenance of cell viability amp function
ndash successful prevention of immune rejection
Nonporous Silicone-based biocapsules serves as Artificial Pancreas(Desai et al)
Nanotechnology Applications
10) Targeting Tumours laquo Smart Bombs raquo
Conventional Therapy Chemotherapy that poisons surrounding tissue
Strategy Block angiogenesis selectively at tumor site
Nanoparticle DNA + Cationic Polymer directed at tumourous cells
Starves blood cells
Nano engineering ndash Bio - analogous Structures
Bone-cartilage composite
Muscle
Brain-machine Interface
CHALLENGES amp Methods ofDrug Delivery
Prevention of drug from biological degradation (Oral dosage form)
Effective Targeting ( Inhalation)
Patient Compliance (Tran dermal)
Cost effectiveness (Implantation)
Product life extension (Injections)
NANOTECHNOLOGY - DEFİNİTİON
Nanotechnology is the term derived from the Greek word ldquonanordquo meaning ldquodwarfrdquo
Applies the principles in various sciences at a atomic molecular or submicron level
Dimension range 01 ndash 100 nm (10-1000 nm for pharmaceutical nanoparticles)
Definition ldquoResearch and technology development at the atomic molecular or macromolecular levels in the length scale of approximately 1-100 nanometer range to provide a fundamental understanding of phenomena and materials at the nano scale and to create and use structures devices and systems that have novel properties and functions because of their small andor intermediate sizerdquo
Advantages of Nanotechnology
Methods of preparation simple and easy to scale up
Nano scale components have very high surface areas
Stable and easily freeze-dried
Successful tissue targeting of many drugs (antibiotics cytostatics peptides and proteins nucleic acids etc)
Protection of drugs against chemical and enzymatic degradation
Reduction of side effects of some active drugs
Advantages of Nanotechnology
Mucosal delivery of high molecular weight substances such as peptides proteins oligonucleotides and plasmids
Increased solubility and dissolution rate of poorly soluble substances due to nanosizing improvement of drug bioavailability
New functions arising from nanosizing such as improved solubility targetability and adhesion to tissues
Bionanomaterials1) Biological materials utilized in nanotechnology
- Proteins enzymes DNA RNA peptides
2) Synthetic nano materials in biomedical applications
- Polymers porous silicon carbon nanotubes
Nanoscale Processes and Fabrication
Top-down Approaches Bottom-up Approaches
Optical and x-ray lithography Layer-by-layer self assembly
E-beam and ion-beam lithography Molecular self assembly
Scanning probe lithography Direct assembly
Atomic force microscopic lithography
Coating and growth
Material removal and deposition(Chemical mechanical or
ultrasonic)
Colloidal aggregation
Printing and imprinting
Equipments for Nanoparticles
Homogenizer
Ultra Sonicator Mills Spray Milling Supercritical Fluid Technology Electro spray Ultracentrifugation Nano filtration
Schematic representation of Nanosphere Formation ndashMethod 1
Ethyl acetate+
PLGA
Stirring 1000 rpm2 hours
Passed through02 m filter
AqueousPVA-Chitosan
2 hours
Passed through02 m filter
Stirring 1000 rpm
Mixing
3 hoursStirring 1000 rpm
Homogenize10 min 13500 rpm
Water
Stirring 2 hoursWater bath 40 oC
Add organic to aqueous NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
Ethyl acetate+
PLGA
Stirring 1000 rpm2 hours
Passed through02 m filter
AqueousPVA-Chitosan
2 hours
Passed through02 m filter
Stirring 1000 rpm
Mixing
3 hoursStirring 1000 rpm
Homogenize10 min 13500 rpm
Water
Stirring 2 hoursWater bath 40 oC
Add organic to aqueous NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
Polymerization method
Different Methods to Prepare Nanospheres and Nanocapsules
Polymer
Method based on physico-chemical properties of polymer solutions
Phase gelation
Non solvent Salting-out calcium tripolyphosphates
(polymer soluble (polymer soluble in water)
in organic solvent)
Nanocapsules Nanospheres Alginate nanospheres Chitosan nanospheres
Nanospheres
microencapsulation techniques-Nanospheres amp Nanocapsules
Polymer
Emulsification
Simple emulsion (WO) Simple emulsion (OW) Double emulsion (WOW) (Water soluble) (polymer soluble in organic solvent) (polymer soluble in organic solvent)
Gelation Polymer precipitation
Solvent evaporation Polymer precipitation İnverse salting out
Solvent extraction Solvent evaporation
Nanospheres amp Nanocapsules
Nanotechnology Applications
Medicine - Cancer treatment
- Bone treatment
- Drug delivery
- Appetite control
- Drug development
- Medical tools
- Diagnostic tests
- Imaging
Consumer Goods
Foods and beverages
minusAdvanced packaging materials sensors and labon-chips for food quality testing
Appliances and textiles
minusStain proof water proof and
wrinkle free textiles
Household and cosmetics
minus Self-cleaning and scratch free products paints and better cosmetics
Nanotechnology Applications
Medical Nanotechnology or Nano medicine
Nano medicine is the application of nanotechnology in
medicine including to cure diseases and repair damaged
tissues such as bone muscle and nerve and its monitoring
Key Goals for Nano medicine
minusTo develop cure for traditionally incurable diseases (eg
cancer) through the utilization of nanotechnology
minusTo provide more effective cure with fewer side effects by
means of targeted drug delivery systems
Nanotechnology in Health Care - Detection and Diagnosis
Nanotechnology offers tools
and techniques for more effective detection diagnosis and treatment of diseases
Fig The micro fluidic channel with nano wire sensor can detect the presence of altered genes associated with cancer ndash J Heath Cali Insti of Technology
Lab on chips help detection and diagnosis of diseases more efficiently
Nano wire and cantilever lab on chips help in early detection of cancer biomarkers (Carcinoembryonic antigen ndashCEA Alfa-fetoprotein-CEA Prostate Specific antigen ndashPSA)
Fig The nano scale cantilever detects the presence and concentration of various molecular expressions of a cancer cell ndash A Majumdar Univ of Cal at Berkeley
Nanotechnology in Health Care - Thermal ablation of cancer cells
Thermal ablation of cancer cells
minus Nano shells have metallic outer layer and silica core kills the cancer cells by Thermal ablation
minus Selectively attracted to cancer shells either through a phenomena called enhanced permeation
retention or due
to some molecules coated on the shells
Nanotechnology in Health Care - Treatment
Targeted drug deliver
minus Nano particles containing drugs are coated with targeting agents (eg conjugated antibodies)
minus The nano particles circulate through the blood vessels and reach the target cells
minus Drugs are released directly into the targeted cells
Nanotechnology Based Drug Delivery
In biopharmaceuticals in addition to the main technologies covered liposomal monoclonal antibody-based and polymer-based
technologies host of newer technologies such as nano particles
including various nano dimensional entities such as molecular
imprinted polymers pro drug delivery oral injectable and implantable pulmonary and transdermal and transmucosal delivery have come up
Importance of Drug Delivery Technology to Pharma Industry
1048713 Drug delivery formulations involve low cost research compared that for discovery of new molecule
Nanotechnology Based Drug Delivery
1048713 Minimizing the drug use would significantly reduce the effective cost of drug which would give financial relief to the patients
1048713 Delivery systems increase commercial opportunity by distinguishing a drug from competitive threats posed by ldquome toordquo drugs and
1048713 Novel means of delivery particularly using nano-carriers can allow branded drugs to be rescued from abyss of generic competition (may be called ldquoresurrection of drugrdquo)
SOME SIGNIFICANT NANODEVICES
Development of one dose a day ciprofloxacin using nanotechnology
Tumor targeted taxol delivery using nano particles in Phase 2 clinical trial stage
Improved ophthalmic delivery formulation using smart hydrogel nano particles
Oral insulin formulation using nanoparticles carriers
Liposomal based Amphotericin B formulation
1048713 Nano particles for Drug Delivery
- Metal-based nano particles - Lipid-based nano particles
- Polymer-based nano particles - Biological nano particles
Nanotechnology Applications
1) SiO2-Nanoparticles as a new platform for non-viral gene delivery (favourable size 10 - 50 nm controlled production possible excellent phys-chemical stability many possibilities for chemical modification) Probably cheaper and safer but presently not safer
2) Using Nanotechnology for New Medicines Eg Gene-Therapy
mRNA
Modified genevector
Therapeutic Protein
Nanotechnology Applications
3) Brain Drug Targeting Polysorbate-coated NPs to enhance
penetration to the blood-brain barrier (BBB)
ndash Mechanism
ndash Binding of the NPs to the inner endothelial lining of the brain
capillaries (subsequently particles deliver drugs to the brain by
providing a large concentration gradient thus enhancing the passive
diffusion)
ndash Brain endothelial uptake by phagocytosis
_ A general surfactant effect characterized by a solubilization of the
endothelial cell membrane lipids that would lead to membrane fluidization
and an enhanced drug permeability through the BBB
_ The NPs could lead to an opening of the tight junctions between the
endothelial cells The drug could then permeate through the tight junctions
in free form or together with the NPs in bound form
Nanotechnology Applications
_The NPs may be endocytosed by the endothelial cells followed by the release of
the drugs within these cells and delivery to the brain
_The NPs with bound drugs could be transcytosed through the endothelial cell layer
_The polysorbate 80 used as the coating agent could inhibit the efflux system
especially P- glycoprotein (P-gp)
4) Semiconductor Nano Crystals or ldquoQUANTUM Dots TMrdquo or
Biodegradable bio polymers for ex-vivo optical diagnostics and
some form of hybrid biodegradable nano capsule with MRI
contrast agent core for in-vivo simultaneous diagnostics and
therapeutics (ldquotheragnosticsrdquo)
Nanotechnology Applications
Nanoelectromechanical System (NEMS) Sensors
minus NEMS technology enables creation of ultra small and highly sensitive sensors for various applications
minus The NEMS force sensor shown in the figure is applicable in pathogenic bacteria detection
Fig A NEMS bacteria sensor
Nanotechnology Applications
5) Nano medicine - Continuous Therapy for Preventing Cancer in Astronauts Engineered multilayered nano particles targeted to radiation-damaged cells can initiate repair of damaged DNA using DNA repair genes manufactured inside individual living cells under the control of molecular
biosensor switches
6) Nanoparticles in cancer therapy Increase in antitumor efficacy Reduction of systemic side-effects Selective delivery of oligonucleotides to tumor cells Reversion of multidrug resistance in tumor cells
7) Targeted delivery of antibiotics using nanoparticles Challenge is to design the means of carrying an antibiotic in a form that is able to be endocytosed by phagocytic cells and then released into these cells Nanoparticles are one of the main carriers developed for these logistic strategies
Nanotechnology Applications
Targeting of intracellular bacteria with antibiotic colloidal carriers liposomes or nanoparticles
Nanotechnology Applications- DNA Sequencing
8) In DNA Sequencing DNA molecules under the influence of an electric field are forced through nano-scale channels (~100 nm) on a
ldquogel biochiprdquo The molecules deform and stretch to pass through the small channels
This process separates DNA fragments by length
This is part of the method used to sequence the DNA in the human genome and in
identifying a unique DNA ldquofingerprintrdquo
Nanotechnology Applications - Immunoisolation for Cell-encapsulation therapy
9) Liver Dysfunction Encapsulation of Hepatic Cell
Pancreas Dysfunction Encapsulation of Islets of Langerhans
Disorders of the CNS Parkinsonrsquos Alzheimerrsquos
Pre-requisites for cell encapsulation
ndash continued and optimal tissuecell supply
ndash maintenance of cell viability amp function
ndash successful prevention of immune rejection
Nonporous Silicone-based biocapsules serves as Artificial Pancreas(Desai et al)
Nanotechnology Applications
10) Targeting Tumours laquo Smart Bombs raquo
Conventional Therapy Chemotherapy that poisons surrounding tissue
Strategy Block angiogenesis selectively at tumor site
Nanoparticle DNA + Cationic Polymer directed at tumourous cells
Starves blood cells
Nano engineering ndash Bio - analogous Structures
Bone-cartilage composite
Muscle
Brain-machine Interface
CHALLENGES amp Methods ofDrug Delivery
Prevention of drug from biological degradation (Oral dosage form)
Effective Targeting ( Inhalation)
Patient Compliance (Tran dermal)
Cost effectiveness (Implantation)
Product life extension (Injections)
Advantages of Nanotechnology
Methods of preparation simple and easy to scale up
Nano scale components have very high surface areas
Stable and easily freeze-dried
Successful tissue targeting of many drugs (antibiotics cytostatics peptides and proteins nucleic acids etc)
Protection of drugs against chemical and enzymatic degradation
Reduction of side effects of some active drugs
Advantages of Nanotechnology
Mucosal delivery of high molecular weight substances such as peptides proteins oligonucleotides and plasmids
Increased solubility and dissolution rate of poorly soluble substances due to nanosizing improvement of drug bioavailability
New functions arising from nanosizing such as improved solubility targetability and adhesion to tissues
Bionanomaterials1) Biological materials utilized in nanotechnology
- Proteins enzymes DNA RNA peptides
2) Synthetic nano materials in biomedical applications
- Polymers porous silicon carbon nanotubes
Nanoscale Processes and Fabrication
Top-down Approaches Bottom-up Approaches
Optical and x-ray lithography Layer-by-layer self assembly
E-beam and ion-beam lithography Molecular self assembly
Scanning probe lithography Direct assembly
Atomic force microscopic lithography
Coating and growth
Material removal and deposition(Chemical mechanical or
ultrasonic)
Colloidal aggregation
Printing and imprinting
Equipments for Nanoparticles
Homogenizer
Ultra Sonicator Mills Spray Milling Supercritical Fluid Technology Electro spray Ultracentrifugation Nano filtration
Schematic representation of Nanosphere Formation ndashMethod 1
Ethyl acetate+
PLGA
Stirring 1000 rpm2 hours
Passed through02 m filter
AqueousPVA-Chitosan
2 hours
Passed through02 m filter
Stirring 1000 rpm
Mixing
3 hoursStirring 1000 rpm
Homogenize10 min 13500 rpm
Water
Stirring 2 hoursWater bath 40 oC
Add organic to aqueous NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
Ethyl acetate+
PLGA
Stirring 1000 rpm2 hours
Passed through02 m filter
AqueousPVA-Chitosan
2 hours
Passed through02 m filter
Stirring 1000 rpm
Mixing
3 hoursStirring 1000 rpm
Homogenize10 min 13500 rpm
Water
Stirring 2 hoursWater bath 40 oC
Add organic to aqueous NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
Polymerization method
Different Methods to Prepare Nanospheres and Nanocapsules
Polymer
Method based on physico-chemical properties of polymer solutions
Phase gelation
Non solvent Salting-out calcium tripolyphosphates
(polymer soluble (polymer soluble in water)
in organic solvent)
Nanocapsules Nanospheres Alginate nanospheres Chitosan nanospheres
Nanospheres
microencapsulation techniques-Nanospheres amp Nanocapsules
Polymer
Emulsification
Simple emulsion (WO) Simple emulsion (OW) Double emulsion (WOW) (Water soluble) (polymer soluble in organic solvent) (polymer soluble in organic solvent)
Gelation Polymer precipitation
Solvent evaporation Polymer precipitation İnverse salting out
Solvent extraction Solvent evaporation
Nanospheres amp Nanocapsules
Nanotechnology Applications
Medicine - Cancer treatment
- Bone treatment
- Drug delivery
- Appetite control
- Drug development
- Medical tools
- Diagnostic tests
- Imaging
Consumer Goods
Foods and beverages
minusAdvanced packaging materials sensors and labon-chips for food quality testing
Appliances and textiles
minusStain proof water proof and
wrinkle free textiles
Household and cosmetics
minus Self-cleaning and scratch free products paints and better cosmetics
Nanotechnology Applications
Medical Nanotechnology or Nano medicine
Nano medicine is the application of nanotechnology in
medicine including to cure diseases and repair damaged
tissues such as bone muscle and nerve and its monitoring
Key Goals for Nano medicine
minusTo develop cure for traditionally incurable diseases (eg
cancer) through the utilization of nanotechnology
minusTo provide more effective cure with fewer side effects by
means of targeted drug delivery systems
Nanotechnology in Health Care - Detection and Diagnosis
Nanotechnology offers tools
and techniques for more effective detection diagnosis and treatment of diseases
Fig The micro fluidic channel with nano wire sensor can detect the presence of altered genes associated with cancer ndash J Heath Cali Insti of Technology
Lab on chips help detection and diagnosis of diseases more efficiently
Nano wire and cantilever lab on chips help in early detection of cancer biomarkers (Carcinoembryonic antigen ndashCEA Alfa-fetoprotein-CEA Prostate Specific antigen ndashPSA)
Fig The nano scale cantilever detects the presence and concentration of various molecular expressions of a cancer cell ndash A Majumdar Univ of Cal at Berkeley
Nanotechnology in Health Care - Thermal ablation of cancer cells
Thermal ablation of cancer cells
minus Nano shells have metallic outer layer and silica core kills the cancer cells by Thermal ablation
minus Selectively attracted to cancer shells either through a phenomena called enhanced permeation
retention or due
to some molecules coated on the shells
Nanotechnology in Health Care - Treatment
Targeted drug deliver
minus Nano particles containing drugs are coated with targeting agents (eg conjugated antibodies)
minus The nano particles circulate through the blood vessels and reach the target cells
minus Drugs are released directly into the targeted cells
Nanotechnology Based Drug Delivery
In biopharmaceuticals in addition to the main technologies covered liposomal monoclonal antibody-based and polymer-based
technologies host of newer technologies such as nano particles
including various nano dimensional entities such as molecular
imprinted polymers pro drug delivery oral injectable and implantable pulmonary and transdermal and transmucosal delivery have come up
Importance of Drug Delivery Technology to Pharma Industry
1048713 Drug delivery formulations involve low cost research compared that for discovery of new molecule
Nanotechnology Based Drug Delivery
1048713 Minimizing the drug use would significantly reduce the effective cost of drug which would give financial relief to the patients
1048713 Delivery systems increase commercial opportunity by distinguishing a drug from competitive threats posed by ldquome toordquo drugs and
1048713 Novel means of delivery particularly using nano-carriers can allow branded drugs to be rescued from abyss of generic competition (may be called ldquoresurrection of drugrdquo)
SOME SIGNIFICANT NANODEVICES
Development of one dose a day ciprofloxacin using nanotechnology
Tumor targeted taxol delivery using nano particles in Phase 2 clinical trial stage
Improved ophthalmic delivery formulation using smart hydrogel nano particles
Oral insulin formulation using nanoparticles carriers
Liposomal based Amphotericin B formulation
1048713 Nano particles for Drug Delivery
- Metal-based nano particles - Lipid-based nano particles
- Polymer-based nano particles - Biological nano particles
Nanotechnology Applications
1) SiO2-Nanoparticles as a new platform for non-viral gene delivery (favourable size 10 - 50 nm controlled production possible excellent phys-chemical stability many possibilities for chemical modification) Probably cheaper and safer but presently not safer
2) Using Nanotechnology for New Medicines Eg Gene-Therapy
mRNA
Modified genevector
Therapeutic Protein
Nanotechnology Applications
3) Brain Drug Targeting Polysorbate-coated NPs to enhance
penetration to the blood-brain barrier (BBB)
ndash Mechanism
ndash Binding of the NPs to the inner endothelial lining of the brain
capillaries (subsequently particles deliver drugs to the brain by
providing a large concentration gradient thus enhancing the passive
diffusion)
ndash Brain endothelial uptake by phagocytosis
_ A general surfactant effect characterized by a solubilization of the
endothelial cell membrane lipids that would lead to membrane fluidization
and an enhanced drug permeability through the BBB
_ The NPs could lead to an opening of the tight junctions between the
endothelial cells The drug could then permeate through the tight junctions
in free form or together with the NPs in bound form
Nanotechnology Applications
_The NPs may be endocytosed by the endothelial cells followed by the release of
the drugs within these cells and delivery to the brain
_The NPs with bound drugs could be transcytosed through the endothelial cell layer
_The polysorbate 80 used as the coating agent could inhibit the efflux system
especially P- glycoprotein (P-gp)
4) Semiconductor Nano Crystals or ldquoQUANTUM Dots TMrdquo or
Biodegradable bio polymers for ex-vivo optical diagnostics and
some form of hybrid biodegradable nano capsule with MRI
contrast agent core for in-vivo simultaneous diagnostics and
therapeutics (ldquotheragnosticsrdquo)
Nanotechnology Applications
Nanoelectromechanical System (NEMS) Sensors
minus NEMS technology enables creation of ultra small and highly sensitive sensors for various applications
minus The NEMS force sensor shown in the figure is applicable in pathogenic bacteria detection
Fig A NEMS bacteria sensor
Nanotechnology Applications
5) Nano medicine - Continuous Therapy for Preventing Cancer in Astronauts Engineered multilayered nano particles targeted to radiation-damaged cells can initiate repair of damaged DNA using DNA repair genes manufactured inside individual living cells under the control of molecular
biosensor switches
6) Nanoparticles in cancer therapy Increase in antitumor efficacy Reduction of systemic side-effects Selective delivery of oligonucleotides to tumor cells Reversion of multidrug resistance in tumor cells
7) Targeted delivery of antibiotics using nanoparticles Challenge is to design the means of carrying an antibiotic in a form that is able to be endocytosed by phagocytic cells and then released into these cells Nanoparticles are one of the main carriers developed for these logistic strategies
Nanotechnology Applications
Targeting of intracellular bacteria with antibiotic colloidal carriers liposomes or nanoparticles
Nanotechnology Applications- DNA Sequencing
8) In DNA Sequencing DNA molecules under the influence of an electric field are forced through nano-scale channels (~100 nm) on a
ldquogel biochiprdquo The molecules deform and stretch to pass through the small channels
This process separates DNA fragments by length
This is part of the method used to sequence the DNA in the human genome and in
identifying a unique DNA ldquofingerprintrdquo
Nanotechnology Applications - Immunoisolation for Cell-encapsulation therapy
9) Liver Dysfunction Encapsulation of Hepatic Cell
Pancreas Dysfunction Encapsulation of Islets of Langerhans
Disorders of the CNS Parkinsonrsquos Alzheimerrsquos
Pre-requisites for cell encapsulation
ndash continued and optimal tissuecell supply
ndash maintenance of cell viability amp function
ndash successful prevention of immune rejection
Nonporous Silicone-based biocapsules serves as Artificial Pancreas(Desai et al)
Nanotechnology Applications
10) Targeting Tumours laquo Smart Bombs raquo
Conventional Therapy Chemotherapy that poisons surrounding tissue
Strategy Block angiogenesis selectively at tumor site
Nanoparticle DNA + Cationic Polymer directed at tumourous cells
Starves blood cells
Nano engineering ndash Bio - analogous Structures
Bone-cartilage composite
Muscle
Brain-machine Interface
CHALLENGES amp Methods ofDrug Delivery
Prevention of drug from biological degradation (Oral dosage form)
Effective Targeting ( Inhalation)
Patient Compliance (Tran dermal)
Cost effectiveness (Implantation)
Product life extension (Injections)
Advantages of Nanotechnology
Mucosal delivery of high molecular weight substances such as peptides proteins oligonucleotides and plasmids
Increased solubility and dissolution rate of poorly soluble substances due to nanosizing improvement of drug bioavailability
New functions arising from nanosizing such as improved solubility targetability and adhesion to tissues
Bionanomaterials1) Biological materials utilized in nanotechnology
- Proteins enzymes DNA RNA peptides
2) Synthetic nano materials in biomedical applications
- Polymers porous silicon carbon nanotubes
Nanoscale Processes and Fabrication
Top-down Approaches Bottom-up Approaches
Optical and x-ray lithography Layer-by-layer self assembly
E-beam and ion-beam lithography Molecular self assembly
Scanning probe lithography Direct assembly
Atomic force microscopic lithography
Coating and growth
Material removal and deposition(Chemical mechanical or
ultrasonic)
Colloidal aggregation
Printing and imprinting
Equipments for Nanoparticles
Homogenizer
Ultra Sonicator Mills Spray Milling Supercritical Fluid Technology Electro spray Ultracentrifugation Nano filtration
Schematic representation of Nanosphere Formation ndashMethod 1
Ethyl acetate+
PLGA
Stirring 1000 rpm2 hours
Passed through02 m filter
AqueousPVA-Chitosan
2 hours
Passed through02 m filter
Stirring 1000 rpm
Mixing
3 hoursStirring 1000 rpm
Homogenize10 min 13500 rpm
Water
Stirring 2 hoursWater bath 40 oC
Add organic to aqueous NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
Ethyl acetate+
PLGA
Stirring 1000 rpm2 hours
Passed through02 m filter
AqueousPVA-Chitosan
2 hours
Passed through02 m filter
Stirring 1000 rpm
Mixing
3 hoursStirring 1000 rpm
Homogenize10 min 13500 rpm
Water
Stirring 2 hoursWater bath 40 oC
Add organic to aqueous NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
Polymerization method
Different Methods to Prepare Nanospheres and Nanocapsules
Polymer
Method based on physico-chemical properties of polymer solutions
Phase gelation
Non solvent Salting-out calcium tripolyphosphates
(polymer soluble (polymer soluble in water)
in organic solvent)
Nanocapsules Nanospheres Alginate nanospheres Chitosan nanospheres
Nanospheres
microencapsulation techniques-Nanospheres amp Nanocapsules
Polymer
Emulsification
Simple emulsion (WO) Simple emulsion (OW) Double emulsion (WOW) (Water soluble) (polymer soluble in organic solvent) (polymer soluble in organic solvent)
Gelation Polymer precipitation
Solvent evaporation Polymer precipitation İnverse salting out
Solvent extraction Solvent evaporation
Nanospheres amp Nanocapsules
Nanotechnology Applications
Medicine - Cancer treatment
- Bone treatment
- Drug delivery
- Appetite control
- Drug development
- Medical tools
- Diagnostic tests
- Imaging
Consumer Goods
Foods and beverages
minusAdvanced packaging materials sensors and labon-chips for food quality testing
Appliances and textiles
minusStain proof water proof and
wrinkle free textiles
Household and cosmetics
minus Self-cleaning and scratch free products paints and better cosmetics
Nanotechnology Applications
Medical Nanotechnology or Nano medicine
Nano medicine is the application of nanotechnology in
medicine including to cure diseases and repair damaged
tissues such as bone muscle and nerve and its monitoring
Key Goals for Nano medicine
minusTo develop cure for traditionally incurable diseases (eg
cancer) through the utilization of nanotechnology
minusTo provide more effective cure with fewer side effects by
means of targeted drug delivery systems
Nanotechnology in Health Care - Detection and Diagnosis
Nanotechnology offers tools
and techniques for more effective detection diagnosis and treatment of diseases
Fig The micro fluidic channel with nano wire sensor can detect the presence of altered genes associated with cancer ndash J Heath Cali Insti of Technology
Lab on chips help detection and diagnosis of diseases more efficiently
Nano wire and cantilever lab on chips help in early detection of cancer biomarkers (Carcinoembryonic antigen ndashCEA Alfa-fetoprotein-CEA Prostate Specific antigen ndashPSA)
Fig The nano scale cantilever detects the presence and concentration of various molecular expressions of a cancer cell ndash A Majumdar Univ of Cal at Berkeley
Nanotechnology in Health Care - Thermal ablation of cancer cells
Thermal ablation of cancer cells
minus Nano shells have metallic outer layer and silica core kills the cancer cells by Thermal ablation
minus Selectively attracted to cancer shells either through a phenomena called enhanced permeation
retention or due
to some molecules coated on the shells
Nanotechnology in Health Care - Treatment
Targeted drug deliver
minus Nano particles containing drugs are coated with targeting agents (eg conjugated antibodies)
minus The nano particles circulate through the blood vessels and reach the target cells
minus Drugs are released directly into the targeted cells
Nanotechnology Based Drug Delivery
In biopharmaceuticals in addition to the main technologies covered liposomal monoclonal antibody-based and polymer-based
technologies host of newer technologies such as nano particles
including various nano dimensional entities such as molecular
imprinted polymers pro drug delivery oral injectable and implantable pulmonary and transdermal and transmucosal delivery have come up
Importance of Drug Delivery Technology to Pharma Industry
1048713 Drug delivery formulations involve low cost research compared that for discovery of new molecule
Nanotechnology Based Drug Delivery
1048713 Minimizing the drug use would significantly reduce the effective cost of drug which would give financial relief to the patients
1048713 Delivery systems increase commercial opportunity by distinguishing a drug from competitive threats posed by ldquome toordquo drugs and
1048713 Novel means of delivery particularly using nano-carriers can allow branded drugs to be rescued from abyss of generic competition (may be called ldquoresurrection of drugrdquo)
SOME SIGNIFICANT NANODEVICES
Development of one dose a day ciprofloxacin using nanotechnology
Tumor targeted taxol delivery using nano particles in Phase 2 clinical trial stage
Improved ophthalmic delivery formulation using smart hydrogel nano particles
Oral insulin formulation using nanoparticles carriers
Liposomal based Amphotericin B formulation
1048713 Nano particles for Drug Delivery
- Metal-based nano particles - Lipid-based nano particles
- Polymer-based nano particles - Biological nano particles
Nanotechnology Applications
1) SiO2-Nanoparticles as a new platform for non-viral gene delivery (favourable size 10 - 50 nm controlled production possible excellent phys-chemical stability many possibilities for chemical modification) Probably cheaper and safer but presently not safer
2) Using Nanotechnology for New Medicines Eg Gene-Therapy
mRNA
Modified genevector
Therapeutic Protein
Nanotechnology Applications
3) Brain Drug Targeting Polysorbate-coated NPs to enhance
penetration to the blood-brain barrier (BBB)
ndash Mechanism
ndash Binding of the NPs to the inner endothelial lining of the brain
capillaries (subsequently particles deliver drugs to the brain by
providing a large concentration gradient thus enhancing the passive
diffusion)
ndash Brain endothelial uptake by phagocytosis
_ A general surfactant effect characterized by a solubilization of the
endothelial cell membrane lipids that would lead to membrane fluidization
and an enhanced drug permeability through the BBB
_ The NPs could lead to an opening of the tight junctions between the
endothelial cells The drug could then permeate through the tight junctions
in free form or together with the NPs in bound form
Nanotechnology Applications
_The NPs may be endocytosed by the endothelial cells followed by the release of
the drugs within these cells and delivery to the brain
_The NPs with bound drugs could be transcytosed through the endothelial cell layer
_The polysorbate 80 used as the coating agent could inhibit the efflux system
especially P- glycoprotein (P-gp)
4) Semiconductor Nano Crystals or ldquoQUANTUM Dots TMrdquo or
Biodegradable bio polymers for ex-vivo optical diagnostics and
some form of hybrid biodegradable nano capsule with MRI
contrast agent core for in-vivo simultaneous diagnostics and
therapeutics (ldquotheragnosticsrdquo)
Nanotechnology Applications
Nanoelectromechanical System (NEMS) Sensors
minus NEMS technology enables creation of ultra small and highly sensitive sensors for various applications
minus The NEMS force sensor shown in the figure is applicable in pathogenic bacteria detection
Fig A NEMS bacteria sensor
Nanotechnology Applications
5) Nano medicine - Continuous Therapy for Preventing Cancer in Astronauts Engineered multilayered nano particles targeted to radiation-damaged cells can initiate repair of damaged DNA using DNA repair genes manufactured inside individual living cells under the control of molecular
biosensor switches
6) Nanoparticles in cancer therapy Increase in antitumor efficacy Reduction of systemic side-effects Selective delivery of oligonucleotides to tumor cells Reversion of multidrug resistance in tumor cells
7) Targeted delivery of antibiotics using nanoparticles Challenge is to design the means of carrying an antibiotic in a form that is able to be endocytosed by phagocytic cells and then released into these cells Nanoparticles are one of the main carriers developed for these logistic strategies
Nanotechnology Applications
Targeting of intracellular bacteria with antibiotic colloidal carriers liposomes or nanoparticles
Nanotechnology Applications- DNA Sequencing
8) In DNA Sequencing DNA molecules under the influence of an electric field are forced through nano-scale channels (~100 nm) on a
ldquogel biochiprdquo The molecules deform and stretch to pass through the small channels
This process separates DNA fragments by length
This is part of the method used to sequence the DNA in the human genome and in
identifying a unique DNA ldquofingerprintrdquo
Nanotechnology Applications - Immunoisolation for Cell-encapsulation therapy
9) Liver Dysfunction Encapsulation of Hepatic Cell
Pancreas Dysfunction Encapsulation of Islets of Langerhans
Disorders of the CNS Parkinsonrsquos Alzheimerrsquos
Pre-requisites for cell encapsulation
ndash continued and optimal tissuecell supply
ndash maintenance of cell viability amp function
ndash successful prevention of immune rejection
Nonporous Silicone-based biocapsules serves as Artificial Pancreas(Desai et al)
Nanotechnology Applications
10) Targeting Tumours laquo Smart Bombs raquo
Conventional Therapy Chemotherapy that poisons surrounding tissue
Strategy Block angiogenesis selectively at tumor site
Nanoparticle DNA + Cationic Polymer directed at tumourous cells
Starves blood cells
Nano engineering ndash Bio - analogous Structures
Bone-cartilage composite
Muscle
Brain-machine Interface
CHALLENGES amp Methods ofDrug Delivery
Prevention of drug from biological degradation (Oral dosage form)
Effective Targeting ( Inhalation)
Patient Compliance (Tran dermal)
Cost effectiveness (Implantation)
Product life extension (Injections)
Nanoscale Processes and Fabrication
Top-down Approaches Bottom-up Approaches
Optical and x-ray lithography Layer-by-layer self assembly
E-beam and ion-beam lithography Molecular self assembly
Scanning probe lithography Direct assembly
Atomic force microscopic lithography
Coating and growth
Material removal and deposition(Chemical mechanical or
ultrasonic)
Colloidal aggregation
Printing and imprinting
Equipments for Nanoparticles
Homogenizer
Ultra Sonicator Mills Spray Milling Supercritical Fluid Technology Electro spray Ultracentrifugation Nano filtration
Schematic representation of Nanosphere Formation ndashMethod 1
Ethyl acetate+
PLGA
Stirring 1000 rpm2 hours
Passed through02 m filter
AqueousPVA-Chitosan
2 hours
Passed through02 m filter
Stirring 1000 rpm
Mixing
3 hoursStirring 1000 rpm
Homogenize10 min 13500 rpm
Water
Stirring 2 hoursWater bath 40 oC
Add organic to aqueous NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
Ethyl acetate+
PLGA
Stirring 1000 rpm2 hours
Passed through02 m filter
AqueousPVA-Chitosan
2 hours
Passed through02 m filter
Stirring 1000 rpm
Mixing
3 hoursStirring 1000 rpm
Homogenize10 min 13500 rpm
Water
Stirring 2 hoursWater bath 40 oC
Add organic to aqueous NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
Polymerization method
Different Methods to Prepare Nanospheres and Nanocapsules
Polymer
Method based on physico-chemical properties of polymer solutions
Phase gelation
Non solvent Salting-out calcium tripolyphosphates
(polymer soluble (polymer soluble in water)
in organic solvent)
Nanocapsules Nanospheres Alginate nanospheres Chitosan nanospheres
Nanospheres
microencapsulation techniques-Nanospheres amp Nanocapsules
Polymer
Emulsification
Simple emulsion (WO) Simple emulsion (OW) Double emulsion (WOW) (Water soluble) (polymer soluble in organic solvent) (polymer soluble in organic solvent)
Gelation Polymer precipitation
Solvent evaporation Polymer precipitation İnverse salting out
Solvent extraction Solvent evaporation
Nanospheres amp Nanocapsules
Nanotechnology Applications
Medicine - Cancer treatment
- Bone treatment
- Drug delivery
- Appetite control
- Drug development
- Medical tools
- Diagnostic tests
- Imaging
Consumer Goods
Foods and beverages
minusAdvanced packaging materials sensors and labon-chips for food quality testing
Appliances and textiles
minusStain proof water proof and
wrinkle free textiles
Household and cosmetics
minus Self-cleaning and scratch free products paints and better cosmetics
Nanotechnology Applications
Medical Nanotechnology or Nano medicine
Nano medicine is the application of nanotechnology in
medicine including to cure diseases and repair damaged
tissues such as bone muscle and nerve and its monitoring
Key Goals for Nano medicine
minusTo develop cure for traditionally incurable diseases (eg
cancer) through the utilization of nanotechnology
minusTo provide more effective cure with fewer side effects by
means of targeted drug delivery systems
Nanotechnology in Health Care - Detection and Diagnosis
Nanotechnology offers tools
and techniques for more effective detection diagnosis and treatment of diseases
Fig The micro fluidic channel with nano wire sensor can detect the presence of altered genes associated with cancer ndash J Heath Cali Insti of Technology
Lab on chips help detection and diagnosis of diseases more efficiently
Nano wire and cantilever lab on chips help in early detection of cancer biomarkers (Carcinoembryonic antigen ndashCEA Alfa-fetoprotein-CEA Prostate Specific antigen ndashPSA)
Fig The nano scale cantilever detects the presence and concentration of various molecular expressions of a cancer cell ndash A Majumdar Univ of Cal at Berkeley
Nanotechnology in Health Care - Thermal ablation of cancer cells
Thermal ablation of cancer cells
minus Nano shells have metallic outer layer and silica core kills the cancer cells by Thermal ablation
minus Selectively attracted to cancer shells either through a phenomena called enhanced permeation
retention or due
to some molecules coated on the shells
Nanotechnology in Health Care - Treatment
Targeted drug deliver
minus Nano particles containing drugs are coated with targeting agents (eg conjugated antibodies)
minus The nano particles circulate through the blood vessels and reach the target cells
minus Drugs are released directly into the targeted cells
Nanotechnology Based Drug Delivery
In biopharmaceuticals in addition to the main technologies covered liposomal monoclonal antibody-based and polymer-based
technologies host of newer technologies such as nano particles
including various nano dimensional entities such as molecular
imprinted polymers pro drug delivery oral injectable and implantable pulmonary and transdermal and transmucosal delivery have come up
Importance of Drug Delivery Technology to Pharma Industry
1048713 Drug delivery formulations involve low cost research compared that for discovery of new molecule
Nanotechnology Based Drug Delivery
1048713 Minimizing the drug use would significantly reduce the effective cost of drug which would give financial relief to the patients
1048713 Delivery systems increase commercial opportunity by distinguishing a drug from competitive threats posed by ldquome toordquo drugs and
1048713 Novel means of delivery particularly using nano-carriers can allow branded drugs to be rescued from abyss of generic competition (may be called ldquoresurrection of drugrdquo)
SOME SIGNIFICANT NANODEVICES
Development of one dose a day ciprofloxacin using nanotechnology
Tumor targeted taxol delivery using nano particles in Phase 2 clinical trial stage
Improved ophthalmic delivery formulation using smart hydrogel nano particles
Oral insulin formulation using nanoparticles carriers
Liposomal based Amphotericin B formulation
1048713 Nano particles for Drug Delivery
- Metal-based nano particles - Lipid-based nano particles
- Polymer-based nano particles - Biological nano particles
Nanotechnology Applications
1) SiO2-Nanoparticles as a new platform for non-viral gene delivery (favourable size 10 - 50 nm controlled production possible excellent phys-chemical stability many possibilities for chemical modification) Probably cheaper and safer but presently not safer
2) Using Nanotechnology for New Medicines Eg Gene-Therapy
mRNA
Modified genevector
Therapeutic Protein
Nanotechnology Applications
3) Brain Drug Targeting Polysorbate-coated NPs to enhance
penetration to the blood-brain barrier (BBB)
ndash Mechanism
ndash Binding of the NPs to the inner endothelial lining of the brain
capillaries (subsequently particles deliver drugs to the brain by
providing a large concentration gradient thus enhancing the passive
diffusion)
ndash Brain endothelial uptake by phagocytosis
_ A general surfactant effect characterized by a solubilization of the
endothelial cell membrane lipids that would lead to membrane fluidization
and an enhanced drug permeability through the BBB
_ The NPs could lead to an opening of the tight junctions between the
endothelial cells The drug could then permeate through the tight junctions
in free form or together with the NPs in bound form
Nanotechnology Applications
_The NPs may be endocytosed by the endothelial cells followed by the release of
the drugs within these cells and delivery to the brain
_The NPs with bound drugs could be transcytosed through the endothelial cell layer
_The polysorbate 80 used as the coating agent could inhibit the efflux system
especially P- glycoprotein (P-gp)
4) Semiconductor Nano Crystals or ldquoQUANTUM Dots TMrdquo or
Biodegradable bio polymers for ex-vivo optical diagnostics and
some form of hybrid biodegradable nano capsule with MRI
contrast agent core for in-vivo simultaneous diagnostics and
therapeutics (ldquotheragnosticsrdquo)
Nanotechnology Applications
Nanoelectromechanical System (NEMS) Sensors
minus NEMS technology enables creation of ultra small and highly sensitive sensors for various applications
minus The NEMS force sensor shown in the figure is applicable in pathogenic bacteria detection
Fig A NEMS bacteria sensor
Nanotechnology Applications
5) Nano medicine - Continuous Therapy for Preventing Cancer in Astronauts Engineered multilayered nano particles targeted to radiation-damaged cells can initiate repair of damaged DNA using DNA repair genes manufactured inside individual living cells under the control of molecular
biosensor switches
6) Nanoparticles in cancer therapy Increase in antitumor efficacy Reduction of systemic side-effects Selective delivery of oligonucleotides to tumor cells Reversion of multidrug resistance in tumor cells
7) Targeted delivery of antibiotics using nanoparticles Challenge is to design the means of carrying an antibiotic in a form that is able to be endocytosed by phagocytic cells and then released into these cells Nanoparticles are one of the main carriers developed for these logistic strategies
Nanotechnology Applications
Targeting of intracellular bacteria with antibiotic colloidal carriers liposomes or nanoparticles
Nanotechnology Applications- DNA Sequencing
8) In DNA Sequencing DNA molecules under the influence of an electric field are forced through nano-scale channels (~100 nm) on a
ldquogel biochiprdquo The molecules deform and stretch to pass through the small channels
This process separates DNA fragments by length
This is part of the method used to sequence the DNA in the human genome and in
identifying a unique DNA ldquofingerprintrdquo
Nanotechnology Applications - Immunoisolation for Cell-encapsulation therapy
9) Liver Dysfunction Encapsulation of Hepatic Cell
Pancreas Dysfunction Encapsulation of Islets of Langerhans
Disorders of the CNS Parkinsonrsquos Alzheimerrsquos
Pre-requisites for cell encapsulation
ndash continued and optimal tissuecell supply
ndash maintenance of cell viability amp function
ndash successful prevention of immune rejection
Nonporous Silicone-based biocapsules serves as Artificial Pancreas(Desai et al)
Nanotechnology Applications
10) Targeting Tumours laquo Smart Bombs raquo
Conventional Therapy Chemotherapy that poisons surrounding tissue
Strategy Block angiogenesis selectively at tumor site
Nanoparticle DNA + Cationic Polymer directed at tumourous cells
Starves blood cells
Nano engineering ndash Bio - analogous Structures
Bone-cartilage composite
Muscle
Brain-machine Interface
CHALLENGES amp Methods ofDrug Delivery
Prevention of drug from biological degradation (Oral dosage form)
Effective Targeting ( Inhalation)
Patient Compliance (Tran dermal)
Cost effectiveness (Implantation)
Product life extension (Injections)
Equipments for Nanoparticles
Homogenizer
Ultra Sonicator Mills Spray Milling Supercritical Fluid Technology Electro spray Ultracentrifugation Nano filtration
Schematic representation of Nanosphere Formation ndashMethod 1
Ethyl acetate+
PLGA
Stirring 1000 rpm2 hours
Passed through02 m filter
AqueousPVA-Chitosan
2 hours
Passed through02 m filter
Stirring 1000 rpm
Mixing
3 hoursStirring 1000 rpm
Homogenize10 min 13500 rpm
Water
Stirring 2 hoursWater bath 40 oC
Add organic to aqueous NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
Ethyl acetate+
PLGA
Stirring 1000 rpm2 hours
Passed through02 m filter
AqueousPVA-Chitosan
2 hours
Passed through02 m filter
Stirring 1000 rpm
Mixing
3 hoursStirring 1000 rpm
Homogenize10 min 13500 rpm
Water
Stirring 2 hoursWater bath 40 oC
Add organic to aqueous NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
Polymerization method
Different Methods to Prepare Nanospheres and Nanocapsules
Polymer
Method based on physico-chemical properties of polymer solutions
Phase gelation
Non solvent Salting-out calcium tripolyphosphates
(polymer soluble (polymer soluble in water)
in organic solvent)
Nanocapsules Nanospheres Alginate nanospheres Chitosan nanospheres
Nanospheres
microencapsulation techniques-Nanospheres amp Nanocapsules
Polymer
Emulsification
Simple emulsion (WO) Simple emulsion (OW) Double emulsion (WOW) (Water soluble) (polymer soluble in organic solvent) (polymer soluble in organic solvent)
Gelation Polymer precipitation
Solvent evaporation Polymer precipitation İnverse salting out
Solvent extraction Solvent evaporation
Nanospheres amp Nanocapsules
Nanotechnology Applications
Medicine - Cancer treatment
- Bone treatment
- Drug delivery
- Appetite control
- Drug development
- Medical tools
- Diagnostic tests
- Imaging
Consumer Goods
Foods and beverages
minusAdvanced packaging materials sensors and labon-chips for food quality testing
Appliances and textiles
minusStain proof water proof and
wrinkle free textiles
Household and cosmetics
minus Self-cleaning and scratch free products paints and better cosmetics
Nanotechnology Applications
Medical Nanotechnology or Nano medicine
Nano medicine is the application of nanotechnology in
medicine including to cure diseases and repair damaged
tissues such as bone muscle and nerve and its monitoring
Key Goals for Nano medicine
minusTo develop cure for traditionally incurable diseases (eg
cancer) through the utilization of nanotechnology
minusTo provide more effective cure with fewer side effects by
means of targeted drug delivery systems
Nanotechnology in Health Care - Detection and Diagnosis
Nanotechnology offers tools
and techniques for more effective detection diagnosis and treatment of diseases
Fig The micro fluidic channel with nano wire sensor can detect the presence of altered genes associated with cancer ndash J Heath Cali Insti of Technology
Lab on chips help detection and diagnosis of diseases more efficiently
Nano wire and cantilever lab on chips help in early detection of cancer biomarkers (Carcinoembryonic antigen ndashCEA Alfa-fetoprotein-CEA Prostate Specific antigen ndashPSA)
Fig The nano scale cantilever detects the presence and concentration of various molecular expressions of a cancer cell ndash A Majumdar Univ of Cal at Berkeley
Nanotechnology in Health Care - Thermal ablation of cancer cells
Thermal ablation of cancer cells
minus Nano shells have metallic outer layer and silica core kills the cancer cells by Thermal ablation
minus Selectively attracted to cancer shells either through a phenomena called enhanced permeation
retention or due
to some molecules coated on the shells
Nanotechnology in Health Care - Treatment
Targeted drug deliver
minus Nano particles containing drugs are coated with targeting agents (eg conjugated antibodies)
minus The nano particles circulate through the blood vessels and reach the target cells
minus Drugs are released directly into the targeted cells
Nanotechnology Based Drug Delivery
In biopharmaceuticals in addition to the main technologies covered liposomal monoclonal antibody-based and polymer-based
technologies host of newer technologies such as nano particles
including various nano dimensional entities such as molecular
imprinted polymers pro drug delivery oral injectable and implantable pulmonary and transdermal and transmucosal delivery have come up
Importance of Drug Delivery Technology to Pharma Industry
1048713 Drug delivery formulations involve low cost research compared that for discovery of new molecule
Nanotechnology Based Drug Delivery
1048713 Minimizing the drug use would significantly reduce the effective cost of drug which would give financial relief to the patients
1048713 Delivery systems increase commercial opportunity by distinguishing a drug from competitive threats posed by ldquome toordquo drugs and
1048713 Novel means of delivery particularly using nano-carriers can allow branded drugs to be rescued from abyss of generic competition (may be called ldquoresurrection of drugrdquo)
SOME SIGNIFICANT NANODEVICES
Development of one dose a day ciprofloxacin using nanotechnology
Tumor targeted taxol delivery using nano particles in Phase 2 clinical trial stage
Improved ophthalmic delivery formulation using smart hydrogel nano particles
Oral insulin formulation using nanoparticles carriers
Liposomal based Amphotericin B formulation
1048713 Nano particles for Drug Delivery
- Metal-based nano particles - Lipid-based nano particles
- Polymer-based nano particles - Biological nano particles
Nanotechnology Applications
1) SiO2-Nanoparticles as a new platform for non-viral gene delivery (favourable size 10 - 50 nm controlled production possible excellent phys-chemical stability many possibilities for chemical modification) Probably cheaper and safer but presently not safer
2) Using Nanotechnology for New Medicines Eg Gene-Therapy
mRNA
Modified genevector
Therapeutic Protein
Nanotechnology Applications
3) Brain Drug Targeting Polysorbate-coated NPs to enhance
penetration to the blood-brain barrier (BBB)
ndash Mechanism
ndash Binding of the NPs to the inner endothelial lining of the brain
capillaries (subsequently particles deliver drugs to the brain by
providing a large concentration gradient thus enhancing the passive
diffusion)
ndash Brain endothelial uptake by phagocytosis
_ A general surfactant effect characterized by a solubilization of the
endothelial cell membrane lipids that would lead to membrane fluidization
and an enhanced drug permeability through the BBB
_ The NPs could lead to an opening of the tight junctions between the
endothelial cells The drug could then permeate through the tight junctions
in free form or together with the NPs in bound form
Nanotechnology Applications
_The NPs may be endocytosed by the endothelial cells followed by the release of
the drugs within these cells and delivery to the brain
_The NPs with bound drugs could be transcytosed through the endothelial cell layer
_The polysorbate 80 used as the coating agent could inhibit the efflux system
especially P- glycoprotein (P-gp)
4) Semiconductor Nano Crystals or ldquoQUANTUM Dots TMrdquo or
Biodegradable bio polymers for ex-vivo optical diagnostics and
some form of hybrid biodegradable nano capsule with MRI
contrast agent core for in-vivo simultaneous diagnostics and
therapeutics (ldquotheragnosticsrdquo)
Nanotechnology Applications
Nanoelectromechanical System (NEMS) Sensors
minus NEMS technology enables creation of ultra small and highly sensitive sensors for various applications
minus The NEMS force sensor shown in the figure is applicable in pathogenic bacteria detection
Fig A NEMS bacteria sensor
Nanotechnology Applications
5) Nano medicine - Continuous Therapy for Preventing Cancer in Astronauts Engineered multilayered nano particles targeted to radiation-damaged cells can initiate repair of damaged DNA using DNA repair genes manufactured inside individual living cells under the control of molecular
biosensor switches
6) Nanoparticles in cancer therapy Increase in antitumor efficacy Reduction of systemic side-effects Selective delivery of oligonucleotides to tumor cells Reversion of multidrug resistance in tumor cells
7) Targeted delivery of antibiotics using nanoparticles Challenge is to design the means of carrying an antibiotic in a form that is able to be endocytosed by phagocytic cells and then released into these cells Nanoparticles are one of the main carriers developed for these logistic strategies
Nanotechnology Applications
Targeting of intracellular bacteria with antibiotic colloidal carriers liposomes or nanoparticles
Nanotechnology Applications- DNA Sequencing
8) In DNA Sequencing DNA molecules under the influence of an electric field are forced through nano-scale channels (~100 nm) on a
ldquogel biochiprdquo The molecules deform and stretch to pass through the small channels
This process separates DNA fragments by length
This is part of the method used to sequence the DNA in the human genome and in
identifying a unique DNA ldquofingerprintrdquo
Nanotechnology Applications - Immunoisolation for Cell-encapsulation therapy
9) Liver Dysfunction Encapsulation of Hepatic Cell
Pancreas Dysfunction Encapsulation of Islets of Langerhans
Disorders of the CNS Parkinsonrsquos Alzheimerrsquos
Pre-requisites for cell encapsulation
ndash continued and optimal tissuecell supply
ndash maintenance of cell viability amp function
ndash successful prevention of immune rejection
Nonporous Silicone-based biocapsules serves as Artificial Pancreas(Desai et al)
Nanotechnology Applications
10) Targeting Tumours laquo Smart Bombs raquo
Conventional Therapy Chemotherapy that poisons surrounding tissue
Strategy Block angiogenesis selectively at tumor site
Nanoparticle DNA + Cationic Polymer directed at tumourous cells
Starves blood cells
Nano engineering ndash Bio - analogous Structures
Bone-cartilage composite
Muscle
Brain-machine Interface
CHALLENGES amp Methods ofDrug Delivery
Prevention of drug from biological degradation (Oral dosage form)
Effective Targeting ( Inhalation)
Patient Compliance (Tran dermal)
Cost effectiveness (Implantation)
Product life extension (Injections)
Schematic representation of Nanosphere Formation ndashMethod 1
Ethyl acetate+
PLGA
Stirring 1000 rpm2 hours
Passed through02 m filter
AqueousPVA-Chitosan
2 hours
Passed through02 m filter
Stirring 1000 rpm
Mixing
3 hoursStirring 1000 rpm
Homogenize10 min 13500 rpm
Water
Stirring 2 hoursWater bath 40 oC
Add organic to aqueous NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
Ethyl acetate+
PLGA
Stirring 1000 rpm2 hours
Passed through02 m filter
AqueousPVA-Chitosan
2 hours
Passed through02 m filter
Stirring 1000 rpm
Mixing
3 hoursStirring 1000 rpm
Homogenize10 min 13500 rpm
Water
Stirring 2 hoursWater bath 40 oC
Add organic to aqueous NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2 NH2
Polymerization method
Different Methods to Prepare Nanospheres and Nanocapsules
Polymer
Method based on physico-chemical properties of polymer solutions
Phase gelation
Non solvent Salting-out calcium tripolyphosphates
(polymer soluble (polymer soluble in water)
in organic solvent)
Nanocapsules Nanospheres Alginate nanospheres Chitosan nanospheres
Nanospheres
microencapsulation techniques-Nanospheres amp Nanocapsules
Polymer
Emulsification
Simple emulsion (WO) Simple emulsion (OW) Double emulsion (WOW) (Water soluble) (polymer soluble in organic solvent) (polymer soluble in organic solvent)
Gelation Polymer precipitation
Solvent evaporation Polymer precipitation İnverse salting out
Solvent extraction Solvent evaporation
Nanospheres amp Nanocapsules
Nanotechnology Applications
Medicine - Cancer treatment
- Bone treatment
- Drug delivery
- Appetite control
- Drug development
- Medical tools
- Diagnostic tests
- Imaging
Consumer Goods
Foods and beverages
minusAdvanced packaging materials sensors and labon-chips for food quality testing
Appliances and textiles
minusStain proof water proof and
wrinkle free textiles
Household and cosmetics
minus Self-cleaning and scratch free products paints and better cosmetics
Nanotechnology Applications
Medical Nanotechnology or Nano medicine
Nano medicine is the application of nanotechnology in
medicine including to cure diseases and repair damaged
tissues such as bone muscle and nerve and its monitoring
Key Goals for Nano medicine
minusTo develop cure for traditionally incurable diseases (eg
cancer) through the utilization of nanotechnology
minusTo provide more effective cure with fewer side effects by
means of targeted drug delivery systems
Nanotechnology in Health Care - Detection and Diagnosis
Nanotechnology offers tools
and techniques for more effective detection diagnosis and treatment of diseases
Fig The micro fluidic channel with nano wire sensor can detect the presence of altered genes associated with cancer ndash J Heath Cali Insti of Technology
Lab on chips help detection and diagnosis of diseases more efficiently
Nano wire and cantilever lab on chips help in early detection of cancer biomarkers (Carcinoembryonic antigen ndashCEA Alfa-fetoprotein-CEA Prostate Specific antigen ndashPSA)
Fig The nano scale cantilever detects the presence and concentration of various molecular expressions of a cancer cell ndash A Majumdar Univ of Cal at Berkeley
Nanotechnology in Health Care - Thermal ablation of cancer cells
Thermal ablation of cancer cells
minus Nano shells have metallic outer layer and silica core kills the cancer cells by Thermal ablation
minus Selectively attracted to cancer shells either through a phenomena called enhanced permeation
retention or due
to some molecules coated on the shells
Nanotechnology in Health Care - Treatment
Targeted drug deliver
minus Nano particles containing drugs are coated with targeting agents (eg conjugated antibodies)
minus The nano particles circulate through the blood vessels and reach the target cells
minus Drugs are released directly into the targeted cells
Nanotechnology Based Drug Delivery
In biopharmaceuticals in addition to the main technologies covered liposomal monoclonal antibody-based and polymer-based
technologies host of newer technologies such as nano particles
including various nano dimensional entities such as molecular
imprinted polymers pro drug delivery oral injectable and implantable pulmonary and transdermal and transmucosal delivery have come up
Importance of Drug Delivery Technology to Pharma Industry
1048713 Drug delivery formulations involve low cost research compared that for discovery of new molecule
Nanotechnology Based Drug Delivery
1048713 Minimizing the drug use would significantly reduce the effective cost of drug which would give financial relief to the patients
1048713 Delivery systems increase commercial opportunity by distinguishing a drug from competitive threats posed by ldquome toordquo drugs and
1048713 Novel means of delivery particularly using nano-carriers can allow branded drugs to be rescued from abyss of generic competition (may be called ldquoresurrection of drugrdquo)
SOME SIGNIFICANT NANODEVICES
Development of one dose a day ciprofloxacin using nanotechnology
Tumor targeted taxol delivery using nano particles in Phase 2 clinical trial stage
Improved ophthalmic delivery formulation using smart hydrogel nano particles
Oral insulin formulation using nanoparticles carriers
Liposomal based Amphotericin B formulation
1048713 Nano particles for Drug Delivery
- Metal-based nano particles - Lipid-based nano particles
- Polymer-based nano particles - Biological nano particles
Nanotechnology Applications
1) SiO2-Nanoparticles as a new platform for non-viral gene delivery (favourable size 10 - 50 nm controlled production possible excellent phys-chemical stability many possibilities for chemical modification) Probably cheaper and safer but presently not safer
2) Using Nanotechnology for New Medicines Eg Gene-Therapy
mRNA
Modified genevector
Therapeutic Protein
Nanotechnology Applications
3) Brain Drug Targeting Polysorbate-coated NPs to enhance
penetration to the blood-brain barrier (BBB)
ndash Mechanism
ndash Binding of the NPs to the inner endothelial lining of the brain
capillaries (subsequently particles deliver drugs to the brain by
providing a large concentration gradient thus enhancing the passive
diffusion)
ndash Brain endothelial uptake by phagocytosis
_ A general surfactant effect characterized by a solubilization of the
endothelial cell membrane lipids that would lead to membrane fluidization
and an enhanced drug permeability through the BBB
_ The NPs could lead to an opening of the tight junctions between the
endothelial cells The drug could then permeate through the tight junctions
in free form or together with the NPs in bound form
Nanotechnology Applications
_The NPs may be endocytosed by the endothelial cells followed by the release of
the drugs within these cells and delivery to the brain
_The NPs with bound drugs could be transcytosed through the endothelial cell layer
_The polysorbate 80 used as the coating agent could inhibit the efflux system
especially P- glycoprotein (P-gp)
4) Semiconductor Nano Crystals or ldquoQUANTUM Dots TMrdquo or
Biodegradable bio polymers for ex-vivo optical diagnostics and
some form of hybrid biodegradable nano capsule with MRI
contrast agent core for in-vivo simultaneous diagnostics and
therapeutics (ldquotheragnosticsrdquo)
Nanotechnology Applications
Nanoelectromechanical System (NEMS) Sensors
minus NEMS technology enables creation of ultra small and highly sensitive sensors for various applications
minus The NEMS force sensor shown in the figure is applicable in pathogenic bacteria detection
Fig A NEMS bacteria sensor
Nanotechnology Applications
5) Nano medicine - Continuous Therapy for Preventing Cancer in Astronauts Engineered multilayered nano particles targeted to radiation-damaged cells can initiate repair of damaged DNA using DNA repair genes manufactured inside individual living cells under the control of molecular
biosensor switches
6) Nanoparticles in cancer therapy Increase in antitumor efficacy Reduction of systemic side-effects Selective delivery of oligonucleotides to tumor cells Reversion of multidrug resistance in tumor cells
7) Targeted delivery of antibiotics using nanoparticles Challenge is to design the means of carrying an antibiotic in a form that is able to be endocytosed by phagocytic cells and then released into these cells Nanoparticles are one of the main carriers developed for these logistic strategies
Nanotechnology Applications
Targeting of intracellular bacteria with antibiotic colloidal carriers liposomes or nanoparticles
Nanotechnology Applications- DNA Sequencing
8) In DNA Sequencing DNA molecules under the influence of an electric field are forced through nano-scale channels (~100 nm) on a
ldquogel biochiprdquo The molecules deform and stretch to pass through the small channels
This process separates DNA fragments by length
This is part of the method used to sequence the DNA in the human genome and in
identifying a unique DNA ldquofingerprintrdquo
Nanotechnology Applications - Immunoisolation for Cell-encapsulation therapy
9) Liver Dysfunction Encapsulation of Hepatic Cell
Pancreas Dysfunction Encapsulation of Islets of Langerhans
Disorders of the CNS Parkinsonrsquos Alzheimerrsquos
Pre-requisites for cell encapsulation
ndash continued and optimal tissuecell supply
ndash maintenance of cell viability amp function
ndash successful prevention of immune rejection
Nonporous Silicone-based biocapsules serves as Artificial Pancreas(Desai et al)
Nanotechnology Applications
10) Targeting Tumours laquo Smart Bombs raquo
Conventional Therapy Chemotherapy that poisons surrounding tissue
Strategy Block angiogenesis selectively at tumor site
Nanoparticle DNA + Cationic Polymer directed at tumourous cells
Starves blood cells
Nano engineering ndash Bio - analogous Structures
Bone-cartilage composite
Muscle
Brain-machine Interface
CHALLENGES amp Methods ofDrug Delivery
Prevention of drug from biological degradation (Oral dosage form)
Effective Targeting ( Inhalation)
Patient Compliance (Tran dermal)
Cost effectiveness (Implantation)
Product life extension (Injections)
Polymerization method
Different Methods to Prepare Nanospheres and Nanocapsules
Polymer
Method based on physico-chemical properties of polymer solutions
Phase gelation
Non solvent Salting-out calcium tripolyphosphates
(polymer soluble (polymer soluble in water)
in organic solvent)
Nanocapsules Nanospheres Alginate nanospheres Chitosan nanospheres
Nanospheres
microencapsulation techniques-Nanospheres amp Nanocapsules
Polymer
Emulsification
Simple emulsion (WO) Simple emulsion (OW) Double emulsion (WOW) (Water soluble) (polymer soluble in organic solvent) (polymer soluble in organic solvent)
Gelation Polymer precipitation
Solvent evaporation Polymer precipitation İnverse salting out
Solvent extraction Solvent evaporation
Nanospheres amp Nanocapsules
Nanotechnology Applications
Medicine - Cancer treatment
- Bone treatment
- Drug delivery
- Appetite control
- Drug development
- Medical tools
- Diagnostic tests
- Imaging
Consumer Goods
Foods and beverages
minusAdvanced packaging materials sensors and labon-chips for food quality testing
Appliances and textiles
minusStain proof water proof and
wrinkle free textiles
Household and cosmetics
minus Self-cleaning and scratch free products paints and better cosmetics
Nanotechnology Applications
Medical Nanotechnology or Nano medicine
Nano medicine is the application of nanotechnology in
medicine including to cure diseases and repair damaged
tissues such as bone muscle and nerve and its monitoring
Key Goals for Nano medicine
minusTo develop cure for traditionally incurable diseases (eg
cancer) through the utilization of nanotechnology
minusTo provide more effective cure with fewer side effects by
means of targeted drug delivery systems
Nanotechnology in Health Care - Detection and Diagnosis
Nanotechnology offers tools
and techniques for more effective detection diagnosis and treatment of diseases
Fig The micro fluidic channel with nano wire sensor can detect the presence of altered genes associated with cancer ndash J Heath Cali Insti of Technology
Lab on chips help detection and diagnosis of diseases more efficiently
Nano wire and cantilever lab on chips help in early detection of cancer biomarkers (Carcinoembryonic antigen ndashCEA Alfa-fetoprotein-CEA Prostate Specific antigen ndashPSA)
Fig The nano scale cantilever detects the presence and concentration of various molecular expressions of a cancer cell ndash A Majumdar Univ of Cal at Berkeley
Nanotechnology in Health Care - Thermal ablation of cancer cells
Thermal ablation of cancer cells
minus Nano shells have metallic outer layer and silica core kills the cancer cells by Thermal ablation
minus Selectively attracted to cancer shells either through a phenomena called enhanced permeation
retention or due
to some molecules coated on the shells
Nanotechnology in Health Care - Treatment
Targeted drug deliver
minus Nano particles containing drugs are coated with targeting agents (eg conjugated antibodies)
minus The nano particles circulate through the blood vessels and reach the target cells
minus Drugs are released directly into the targeted cells
Nanotechnology Based Drug Delivery
In biopharmaceuticals in addition to the main technologies covered liposomal monoclonal antibody-based and polymer-based
technologies host of newer technologies such as nano particles
including various nano dimensional entities such as molecular
imprinted polymers pro drug delivery oral injectable and implantable pulmonary and transdermal and transmucosal delivery have come up
Importance of Drug Delivery Technology to Pharma Industry
1048713 Drug delivery formulations involve low cost research compared that for discovery of new molecule
Nanotechnology Based Drug Delivery
1048713 Minimizing the drug use would significantly reduce the effective cost of drug which would give financial relief to the patients
1048713 Delivery systems increase commercial opportunity by distinguishing a drug from competitive threats posed by ldquome toordquo drugs and
1048713 Novel means of delivery particularly using nano-carriers can allow branded drugs to be rescued from abyss of generic competition (may be called ldquoresurrection of drugrdquo)
SOME SIGNIFICANT NANODEVICES
Development of one dose a day ciprofloxacin using nanotechnology
Tumor targeted taxol delivery using nano particles in Phase 2 clinical trial stage
Improved ophthalmic delivery formulation using smart hydrogel nano particles
Oral insulin formulation using nanoparticles carriers
Liposomal based Amphotericin B formulation
1048713 Nano particles for Drug Delivery
- Metal-based nano particles - Lipid-based nano particles
- Polymer-based nano particles - Biological nano particles
Nanotechnology Applications
1) SiO2-Nanoparticles as a new platform for non-viral gene delivery (favourable size 10 - 50 nm controlled production possible excellent phys-chemical stability many possibilities for chemical modification) Probably cheaper and safer but presently not safer
2) Using Nanotechnology for New Medicines Eg Gene-Therapy
mRNA
Modified genevector
Therapeutic Protein
Nanotechnology Applications
3) Brain Drug Targeting Polysorbate-coated NPs to enhance
penetration to the blood-brain barrier (BBB)
ndash Mechanism
ndash Binding of the NPs to the inner endothelial lining of the brain
capillaries (subsequently particles deliver drugs to the brain by
providing a large concentration gradient thus enhancing the passive
diffusion)
ndash Brain endothelial uptake by phagocytosis
_ A general surfactant effect characterized by a solubilization of the
endothelial cell membrane lipids that would lead to membrane fluidization
and an enhanced drug permeability through the BBB
_ The NPs could lead to an opening of the tight junctions between the
endothelial cells The drug could then permeate through the tight junctions
in free form or together with the NPs in bound form
Nanotechnology Applications
_The NPs may be endocytosed by the endothelial cells followed by the release of
the drugs within these cells and delivery to the brain
_The NPs with bound drugs could be transcytosed through the endothelial cell layer
_The polysorbate 80 used as the coating agent could inhibit the efflux system
especially P- glycoprotein (P-gp)
4) Semiconductor Nano Crystals or ldquoQUANTUM Dots TMrdquo or
Biodegradable bio polymers for ex-vivo optical diagnostics and
some form of hybrid biodegradable nano capsule with MRI
contrast agent core for in-vivo simultaneous diagnostics and
therapeutics (ldquotheragnosticsrdquo)
Nanotechnology Applications
Nanoelectromechanical System (NEMS) Sensors
minus NEMS technology enables creation of ultra small and highly sensitive sensors for various applications
minus The NEMS force sensor shown in the figure is applicable in pathogenic bacteria detection
Fig A NEMS bacteria sensor
Nanotechnology Applications
5) Nano medicine - Continuous Therapy for Preventing Cancer in Astronauts Engineered multilayered nano particles targeted to radiation-damaged cells can initiate repair of damaged DNA using DNA repair genes manufactured inside individual living cells under the control of molecular
biosensor switches
6) Nanoparticles in cancer therapy Increase in antitumor efficacy Reduction of systemic side-effects Selective delivery of oligonucleotides to tumor cells Reversion of multidrug resistance in tumor cells
7) Targeted delivery of antibiotics using nanoparticles Challenge is to design the means of carrying an antibiotic in a form that is able to be endocytosed by phagocytic cells and then released into these cells Nanoparticles are one of the main carriers developed for these logistic strategies
Nanotechnology Applications
Targeting of intracellular bacteria with antibiotic colloidal carriers liposomes or nanoparticles
Nanotechnology Applications- DNA Sequencing
8) In DNA Sequencing DNA molecules under the influence of an electric field are forced through nano-scale channels (~100 nm) on a
ldquogel biochiprdquo The molecules deform and stretch to pass through the small channels
This process separates DNA fragments by length
This is part of the method used to sequence the DNA in the human genome and in
identifying a unique DNA ldquofingerprintrdquo
Nanotechnology Applications - Immunoisolation for Cell-encapsulation therapy
9) Liver Dysfunction Encapsulation of Hepatic Cell
Pancreas Dysfunction Encapsulation of Islets of Langerhans
Disorders of the CNS Parkinsonrsquos Alzheimerrsquos
Pre-requisites for cell encapsulation
ndash continued and optimal tissuecell supply
ndash maintenance of cell viability amp function
ndash successful prevention of immune rejection
Nonporous Silicone-based biocapsules serves as Artificial Pancreas(Desai et al)
Nanotechnology Applications
10) Targeting Tumours laquo Smart Bombs raquo
Conventional Therapy Chemotherapy that poisons surrounding tissue
Strategy Block angiogenesis selectively at tumor site
Nanoparticle DNA + Cationic Polymer directed at tumourous cells
Starves blood cells
Nano engineering ndash Bio - analogous Structures
Bone-cartilage composite
Muscle
Brain-machine Interface
CHALLENGES amp Methods ofDrug Delivery
Prevention of drug from biological degradation (Oral dosage form)
Effective Targeting ( Inhalation)
Patient Compliance (Tran dermal)
Cost effectiveness (Implantation)
Product life extension (Injections)
Different Methods to Prepare Nanospheres and Nanocapsules
Polymer
Method based on physico-chemical properties of polymer solutions
Phase gelation
Non solvent Salting-out calcium tripolyphosphates
(polymer soluble (polymer soluble in water)
in organic solvent)
Nanocapsules Nanospheres Alginate nanospheres Chitosan nanospheres
Nanospheres
microencapsulation techniques-Nanospheres amp Nanocapsules
Polymer
Emulsification
Simple emulsion (WO) Simple emulsion (OW) Double emulsion (WOW) (Water soluble) (polymer soluble in organic solvent) (polymer soluble in organic solvent)
Gelation Polymer precipitation
Solvent evaporation Polymer precipitation İnverse salting out
Solvent extraction Solvent evaporation
Nanospheres amp Nanocapsules
Nanotechnology Applications
Medicine - Cancer treatment
- Bone treatment
- Drug delivery
- Appetite control
- Drug development
- Medical tools
- Diagnostic tests
- Imaging
Consumer Goods
Foods and beverages
minusAdvanced packaging materials sensors and labon-chips for food quality testing
Appliances and textiles
minusStain proof water proof and
wrinkle free textiles
Household and cosmetics
minus Self-cleaning and scratch free products paints and better cosmetics
Nanotechnology Applications
Medical Nanotechnology or Nano medicine
Nano medicine is the application of nanotechnology in
medicine including to cure diseases and repair damaged
tissues such as bone muscle and nerve and its monitoring
Key Goals for Nano medicine
minusTo develop cure for traditionally incurable diseases (eg
cancer) through the utilization of nanotechnology
minusTo provide more effective cure with fewer side effects by
means of targeted drug delivery systems
Nanotechnology in Health Care - Detection and Diagnosis
Nanotechnology offers tools
and techniques for more effective detection diagnosis and treatment of diseases
Fig The micro fluidic channel with nano wire sensor can detect the presence of altered genes associated with cancer ndash J Heath Cali Insti of Technology
Lab on chips help detection and diagnosis of diseases more efficiently
Nano wire and cantilever lab on chips help in early detection of cancer biomarkers (Carcinoembryonic antigen ndashCEA Alfa-fetoprotein-CEA Prostate Specific antigen ndashPSA)
Fig The nano scale cantilever detects the presence and concentration of various molecular expressions of a cancer cell ndash A Majumdar Univ of Cal at Berkeley
Nanotechnology in Health Care - Thermal ablation of cancer cells
Thermal ablation of cancer cells
minus Nano shells have metallic outer layer and silica core kills the cancer cells by Thermal ablation
minus Selectively attracted to cancer shells either through a phenomena called enhanced permeation
retention or due
to some molecules coated on the shells
Nanotechnology in Health Care - Treatment
Targeted drug deliver
minus Nano particles containing drugs are coated with targeting agents (eg conjugated antibodies)
minus The nano particles circulate through the blood vessels and reach the target cells
minus Drugs are released directly into the targeted cells
Nanotechnology Based Drug Delivery
In biopharmaceuticals in addition to the main technologies covered liposomal monoclonal antibody-based and polymer-based
technologies host of newer technologies such as nano particles
including various nano dimensional entities such as molecular
imprinted polymers pro drug delivery oral injectable and implantable pulmonary and transdermal and transmucosal delivery have come up
Importance of Drug Delivery Technology to Pharma Industry
1048713 Drug delivery formulations involve low cost research compared that for discovery of new molecule
Nanotechnology Based Drug Delivery
1048713 Minimizing the drug use would significantly reduce the effective cost of drug which would give financial relief to the patients
1048713 Delivery systems increase commercial opportunity by distinguishing a drug from competitive threats posed by ldquome toordquo drugs and
1048713 Novel means of delivery particularly using nano-carriers can allow branded drugs to be rescued from abyss of generic competition (may be called ldquoresurrection of drugrdquo)
SOME SIGNIFICANT NANODEVICES
Development of one dose a day ciprofloxacin using nanotechnology
Tumor targeted taxol delivery using nano particles in Phase 2 clinical trial stage
Improved ophthalmic delivery formulation using smart hydrogel nano particles
Oral insulin formulation using nanoparticles carriers
Liposomal based Amphotericin B formulation
1048713 Nano particles for Drug Delivery
- Metal-based nano particles - Lipid-based nano particles
- Polymer-based nano particles - Biological nano particles
Nanotechnology Applications
1) SiO2-Nanoparticles as a new platform for non-viral gene delivery (favourable size 10 - 50 nm controlled production possible excellent phys-chemical stability many possibilities for chemical modification) Probably cheaper and safer but presently not safer
2) Using Nanotechnology for New Medicines Eg Gene-Therapy
mRNA
Modified genevector
Therapeutic Protein
Nanotechnology Applications
3) Brain Drug Targeting Polysorbate-coated NPs to enhance
penetration to the blood-brain barrier (BBB)
ndash Mechanism
ndash Binding of the NPs to the inner endothelial lining of the brain
capillaries (subsequently particles deliver drugs to the brain by
providing a large concentration gradient thus enhancing the passive
diffusion)
ndash Brain endothelial uptake by phagocytosis
_ A general surfactant effect characterized by a solubilization of the
endothelial cell membrane lipids that would lead to membrane fluidization
and an enhanced drug permeability through the BBB
_ The NPs could lead to an opening of the tight junctions between the
endothelial cells The drug could then permeate through the tight junctions
in free form or together with the NPs in bound form
Nanotechnology Applications
_The NPs may be endocytosed by the endothelial cells followed by the release of
the drugs within these cells and delivery to the brain
_The NPs with bound drugs could be transcytosed through the endothelial cell layer
_The polysorbate 80 used as the coating agent could inhibit the efflux system
especially P- glycoprotein (P-gp)
4) Semiconductor Nano Crystals or ldquoQUANTUM Dots TMrdquo or
Biodegradable bio polymers for ex-vivo optical diagnostics and
some form of hybrid biodegradable nano capsule with MRI
contrast agent core for in-vivo simultaneous diagnostics and
therapeutics (ldquotheragnosticsrdquo)
Nanotechnology Applications
Nanoelectromechanical System (NEMS) Sensors
minus NEMS technology enables creation of ultra small and highly sensitive sensors for various applications
minus The NEMS force sensor shown in the figure is applicable in pathogenic bacteria detection
Fig A NEMS bacteria sensor
Nanotechnology Applications
5) Nano medicine - Continuous Therapy for Preventing Cancer in Astronauts Engineered multilayered nano particles targeted to radiation-damaged cells can initiate repair of damaged DNA using DNA repair genes manufactured inside individual living cells under the control of molecular
biosensor switches
6) Nanoparticles in cancer therapy Increase in antitumor efficacy Reduction of systemic side-effects Selective delivery of oligonucleotides to tumor cells Reversion of multidrug resistance in tumor cells
7) Targeted delivery of antibiotics using nanoparticles Challenge is to design the means of carrying an antibiotic in a form that is able to be endocytosed by phagocytic cells and then released into these cells Nanoparticles are one of the main carriers developed for these logistic strategies
Nanotechnology Applications
Targeting of intracellular bacteria with antibiotic colloidal carriers liposomes or nanoparticles
Nanotechnology Applications- DNA Sequencing
8) In DNA Sequencing DNA molecules under the influence of an electric field are forced through nano-scale channels (~100 nm) on a
ldquogel biochiprdquo The molecules deform and stretch to pass through the small channels
This process separates DNA fragments by length
This is part of the method used to sequence the DNA in the human genome and in
identifying a unique DNA ldquofingerprintrdquo
Nanotechnology Applications - Immunoisolation for Cell-encapsulation therapy
9) Liver Dysfunction Encapsulation of Hepatic Cell
Pancreas Dysfunction Encapsulation of Islets of Langerhans
Disorders of the CNS Parkinsonrsquos Alzheimerrsquos
Pre-requisites for cell encapsulation
ndash continued and optimal tissuecell supply
ndash maintenance of cell viability amp function
ndash successful prevention of immune rejection
Nonporous Silicone-based biocapsules serves as Artificial Pancreas(Desai et al)
Nanotechnology Applications
10) Targeting Tumours laquo Smart Bombs raquo
Conventional Therapy Chemotherapy that poisons surrounding tissue
Strategy Block angiogenesis selectively at tumor site
Nanoparticle DNA + Cationic Polymer directed at tumourous cells
Starves blood cells
Nano engineering ndash Bio - analogous Structures
Bone-cartilage composite
Muscle
Brain-machine Interface
CHALLENGES amp Methods ofDrug Delivery
Prevention of drug from biological degradation (Oral dosage form)
Effective Targeting ( Inhalation)
Patient Compliance (Tran dermal)
Cost effectiveness (Implantation)
Product life extension (Injections)
microencapsulation techniques-Nanospheres amp Nanocapsules
Polymer
Emulsification
Simple emulsion (WO) Simple emulsion (OW) Double emulsion (WOW) (Water soluble) (polymer soluble in organic solvent) (polymer soluble in organic solvent)
Gelation Polymer precipitation
Solvent evaporation Polymer precipitation İnverse salting out
Solvent extraction Solvent evaporation
Nanospheres amp Nanocapsules
Nanotechnology Applications
Medicine - Cancer treatment
- Bone treatment
- Drug delivery
- Appetite control
- Drug development
- Medical tools
- Diagnostic tests
- Imaging
Consumer Goods
Foods and beverages
minusAdvanced packaging materials sensors and labon-chips for food quality testing
Appliances and textiles
minusStain proof water proof and
wrinkle free textiles
Household and cosmetics
minus Self-cleaning and scratch free products paints and better cosmetics
Nanotechnology Applications
Medical Nanotechnology or Nano medicine
Nano medicine is the application of nanotechnology in
medicine including to cure diseases and repair damaged
tissues such as bone muscle and nerve and its monitoring
Key Goals for Nano medicine
minusTo develop cure for traditionally incurable diseases (eg
cancer) through the utilization of nanotechnology
minusTo provide more effective cure with fewer side effects by
means of targeted drug delivery systems
Nanotechnology in Health Care - Detection and Diagnosis
Nanotechnology offers tools
and techniques for more effective detection diagnosis and treatment of diseases
Fig The micro fluidic channel with nano wire sensor can detect the presence of altered genes associated with cancer ndash J Heath Cali Insti of Technology
Lab on chips help detection and diagnosis of diseases more efficiently
Nano wire and cantilever lab on chips help in early detection of cancer biomarkers (Carcinoembryonic antigen ndashCEA Alfa-fetoprotein-CEA Prostate Specific antigen ndashPSA)
Fig The nano scale cantilever detects the presence and concentration of various molecular expressions of a cancer cell ndash A Majumdar Univ of Cal at Berkeley
Nanotechnology in Health Care - Thermal ablation of cancer cells
Thermal ablation of cancer cells
minus Nano shells have metallic outer layer and silica core kills the cancer cells by Thermal ablation
minus Selectively attracted to cancer shells either through a phenomena called enhanced permeation
retention or due
to some molecules coated on the shells
Nanotechnology in Health Care - Treatment
Targeted drug deliver
minus Nano particles containing drugs are coated with targeting agents (eg conjugated antibodies)
minus The nano particles circulate through the blood vessels and reach the target cells
minus Drugs are released directly into the targeted cells
Nanotechnology Based Drug Delivery
In biopharmaceuticals in addition to the main technologies covered liposomal monoclonal antibody-based and polymer-based
technologies host of newer technologies such as nano particles
including various nano dimensional entities such as molecular
imprinted polymers pro drug delivery oral injectable and implantable pulmonary and transdermal and transmucosal delivery have come up
Importance of Drug Delivery Technology to Pharma Industry
1048713 Drug delivery formulations involve low cost research compared that for discovery of new molecule
Nanotechnology Based Drug Delivery
1048713 Minimizing the drug use would significantly reduce the effective cost of drug which would give financial relief to the patients
1048713 Delivery systems increase commercial opportunity by distinguishing a drug from competitive threats posed by ldquome toordquo drugs and
1048713 Novel means of delivery particularly using nano-carriers can allow branded drugs to be rescued from abyss of generic competition (may be called ldquoresurrection of drugrdquo)
SOME SIGNIFICANT NANODEVICES
Development of one dose a day ciprofloxacin using nanotechnology
Tumor targeted taxol delivery using nano particles in Phase 2 clinical trial stage
Improved ophthalmic delivery formulation using smart hydrogel nano particles
Oral insulin formulation using nanoparticles carriers
Liposomal based Amphotericin B formulation
1048713 Nano particles for Drug Delivery
- Metal-based nano particles - Lipid-based nano particles
- Polymer-based nano particles - Biological nano particles
Nanotechnology Applications
1) SiO2-Nanoparticles as a new platform for non-viral gene delivery (favourable size 10 - 50 nm controlled production possible excellent phys-chemical stability many possibilities for chemical modification) Probably cheaper and safer but presently not safer
2) Using Nanotechnology for New Medicines Eg Gene-Therapy
mRNA
Modified genevector
Therapeutic Protein
Nanotechnology Applications
3) Brain Drug Targeting Polysorbate-coated NPs to enhance
penetration to the blood-brain barrier (BBB)
ndash Mechanism
ndash Binding of the NPs to the inner endothelial lining of the brain
capillaries (subsequently particles deliver drugs to the brain by
providing a large concentration gradient thus enhancing the passive
diffusion)
ndash Brain endothelial uptake by phagocytosis
_ A general surfactant effect characterized by a solubilization of the
endothelial cell membrane lipids that would lead to membrane fluidization
and an enhanced drug permeability through the BBB
_ The NPs could lead to an opening of the tight junctions between the
endothelial cells The drug could then permeate through the tight junctions
in free form or together with the NPs in bound form
Nanotechnology Applications
_The NPs may be endocytosed by the endothelial cells followed by the release of
the drugs within these cells and delivery to the brain
_The NPs with bound drugs could be transcytosed through the endothelial cell layer
_The polysorbate 80 used as the coating agent could inhibit the efflux system
especially P- glycoprotein (P-gp)
4) Semiconductor Nano Crystals or ldquoQUANTUM Dots TMrdquo or
Biodegradable bio polymers for ex-vivo optical diagnostics and
some form of hybrid biodegradable nano capsule with MRI
contrast agent core for in-vivo simultaneous diagnostics and
therapeutics (ldquotheragnosticsrdquo)
Nanotechnology Applications
Nanoelectromechanical System (NEMS) Sensors
minus NEMS technology enables creation of ultra small and highly sensitive sensors for various applications
minus The NEMS force sensor shown in the figure is applicable in pathogenic bacteria detection
Fig A NEMS bacteria sensor
Nanotechnology Applications
5) Nano medicine - Continuous Therapy for Preventing Cancer in Astronauts Engineered multilayered nano particles targeted to radiation-damaged cells can initiate repair of damaged DNA using DNA repair genes manufactured inside individual living cells under the control of molecular
biosensor switches
6) Nanoparticles in cancer therapy Increase in antitumor efficacy Reduction of systemic side-effects Selective delivery of oligonucleotides to tumor cells Reversion of multidrug resistance in tumor cells
7) Targeted delivery of antibiotics using nanoparticles Challenge is to design the means of carrying an antibiotic in a form that is able to be endocytosed by phagocytic cells and then released into these cells Nanoparticles are one of the main carriers developed for these logistic strategies
Nanotechnology Applications
Targeting of intracellular bacteria with antibiotic colloidal carriers liposomes or nanoparticles
Nanotechnology Applications- DNA Sequencing
8) In DNA Sequencing DNA molecules under the influence of an electric field are forced through nano-scale channels (~100 nm) on a
ldquogel biochiprdquo The molecules deform and stretch to pass through the small channels
This process separates DNA fragments by length
This is part of the method used to sequence the DNA in the human genome and in
identifying a unique DNA ldquofingerprintrdquo
Nanotechnology Applications - Immunoisolation for Cell-encapsulation therapy
9) Liver Dysfunction Encapsulation of Hepatic Cell
Pancreas Dysfunction Encapsulation of Islets of Langerhans
Disorders of the CNS Parkinsonrsquos Alzheimerrsquos
Pre-requisites for cell encapsulation
ndash continued and optimal tissuecell supply
ndash maintenance of cell viability amp function
ndash successful prevention of immune rejection
Nonporous Silicone-based biocapsules serves as Artificial Pancreas(Desai et al)
Nanotechnology Applications
10) Targeting Tumours laquo Smart Bombs raquo
Conventional Therapy Chemotherapy that poisons surrounding tissue
Strategy Block angiogenesis selectively at tumor site
Nanoparticle DNA + Cationic Polymer directed at tumourous cells
Starves blood cells
Nano engineering ndash Bio - analogous Structures
Bone-cartilage composite
Muscle
Brain-machine Interface
CHALLENGES amp Methods ofDrug Delivery
Prevention of drug from biological degradation (Oral dosage form)
Effective Targeting ( Inhalation)
Patient Compliance (Tran dermal)
Cost effectiveness (Implantation)
Product life extension (Injections)
Nanotechnology Applications
Medicine - Cancer treatment
- Bone treatment
- Drug delivery
- Appetite control
- Drug development
- Medical tools
- Diagnostic tests
- Imaging
Consumer Goods
Foods and beverages
minusAdvanced packaging materials sensors and labon-chips for food quality testing
Appliances and textiles
minusStain proof water proof and
wrinkle free textiles
Household and cosmetics
minus Self-cleaning and scratch free products paints and better cosmetics
Nanotechnology Applications
Medical Nanotechnology or Nano medicine
Nano medicine is the application of nanotechnology in
medicine including to cure diseases and repair damaged
tissues such as bone muscle and nerve and its monitoring
Key Goals for Nano medicine
minusTo develop cure for traditionally incurable diseases (eg
cancer) through the utilization of nanotechnology
minusTo provide more effective cure with fewer side effects by
means of targeted drug delivery systems
Nanotechnology in Health Care - Detection and Diagnosis
Nanotechnology offers tools
and techniques for more effective detection diagnosis and treatment of diseases
Fig The micro fluidic channel with nano wire sensor can detect the presence of altered genes associated with cancer ndash J Heath Cali Insti of Technology
Lab on chips help detection and diagnosis of diseases more efficiently
Nano wire and cantilever lab on chips help in early detection of cancer biomarkers (Carcinoembryonic antigen ndashCEA Alfa-fetoprotein-CEA Prostate Specific antigen ndashPSA)
Fig The nano scale cantilever detects the presence and concentration of various molecular expressions of a cancer cell ndash A Majumdar Univ of Cal at Berkeley
Nanotechnology in Health Care - Thermal ablation of cancer cells
Thermal ablation of cancer cells
minus Nano shells have metallic outer layer and silica core kills the cancer cells by Thermal ablation
minus Selectively attracted to cancer shells either through a phenomena called enhanced permeation
retention or due
to some molecules coated on the shells
Nanotechnology in Health Care - Treatment
Targeted drug deliver
minus Nano particles containing drugs are coated with targeting agents (eg conjugated antibodies)
minus The nano particles circulate through the blood vessels and reach the target cells
minus Drugs are released directly into the targeted cells
Nanotechnology Based Drug Delivery
In biopharmaceuticals in addition to the main technologies covered liposomal monoclonal antibody-based and polymer-based
technologies host of newer technologies such as nano particles
including various nano dimensional entities such as molecular
imprinted polymers pro drug delivery oral injectable and implantable pulmonary and transdermal and transmucosal delivery have come up
Importance of Drug Delivery Technology to Pharma Industry
1048713 Drug delivery formulations involve low cost research compared that for discovery of new molecule
Nanotechnology Based Drug Delivery
1048713 Minimizing the drug use would significantly reduce the effective cost of drug which would give financial relief to the patients
1048713 Delivery systems increase commercial opportunity by distinguishing a drug from competitive threats posed by ldquome toordquo drugs and
1048713 Novel means of delivery particularly using nano-carriers can allow branded drugs to be rescued from abyss of generic competition (may be called ldquoresurrection of drugrdquo)
SOME SIGNIFICANT NANODEVICES
Development of one dose a day ciprofloxacin using nanotechnology
Tumor targeted taxol delivery using nano particles in Phase 2 clinical trial stage
Improved ophthalmic delivery formulation using smart hydrogel nano particles
Oral insulin formulation using nanoparticles carriers
Liposomal based Amphotericin B formulation
1048713 Nano particles for Drug Delivery
- Metal-based nano particles - Lipid-based nano particles
- Polymer-based nano particles - Biological nano particles
Nanotechnology Applications
1) SiO2-Nanoparticles as a new platform for non-viral gene delivery (favourable size 10 - 50 nm controlled production possible excellent phys-chemical stability many possibilities for chemical modification) Probably cheaper and safer but presently not safer
2) Using Nanotechnology for New Medicines Eg Gene-Therapy
mRNA
Modified genevector
Therapeutic Protein
Nanotechnology Applications
3) Brain Drug Targeting Polysorbate-coated NPs to enhance
penetration to the blood-brain barrier (BBB)
ndash Mechanism
ndash Binding of the NPs to the inner endothelial lining of the brain
capillaries (subsequently particles deliver drugs to the brain by
providing a large concentration gradient thus enhancing the passive
diffusion)
ndash Brain endothelial uptake by phagocytosis
_ A general surfactant effect characterized by a solubilization of the
endothelial cell membrane lipids that would lead to membrane fluidization
and an enhanced drug permeability through the BBB
_ The NPs could lead to an opening of the tight junctions between the
endothelial cells The drug could then permeate through the tight junctions
in free form or together with the NPs in bound form
Nanotechnology Applications
_The NPs may be endocytosed by the endothelial cells followed by the release of
the drugs within these cells and delivery to the brain
_The NPs with bound drugs could be transcytosed through the endothelial cell layer
_The polysorbate 80 used as the coating agent could inhibit the efflux system
especially P- glycoprotein (P-gp)
4) Semiconductor Nano Crystals or ldquoQUANTUM Dots TMrdquo or
Biodegradable bio polymers for ex-vivo optical diagnostics and
some form of hybrid biodegradable nano capsule with MRI
contrast agent core for in-vivo simultaneous diagnostics and
therapeutics (ldquotheragnosticsrdquo)
Nanotechnology Applications
Nanoelectromechanical System (NEMS) Sensors
minus NEMS technology enables creation of ultra small and highly sensitive sensors for various applications
minus The NEMS force sensor shown in the figure is applicable in pathogenic bacteria detection
Fig A NEMS bacteria sensor
Nanotechnology Applications
5) Nano medicine - Continuous Therapy for Preventing Cancer in Astronauts Engineered multilayered nano particles targeted to radiation-damaged cells can initiate repair of damaged DNA using DNA repair genes manufactured inside individual living cells under the control of molecular
biosensor switches
6) Nanoparticles in cancer therapy Increase in antitumor efficacy Reduction of systemic side-effects Selective delivery of oligonucleotides to tumor cells Reversion of multidrug resistance in tumor cells
7) Targeted delivery of antibiotics using nanoparticles Challenge is to design the means of carrying an antibiotic in a form that is able to be endocytosed by phagocytic cells and then released into these cells Nanoparticles are one of the main carriers developed for these logistic strategies
Nanotechnology Applications
Targeting of intracellular bacteria with antibiotic colloidal carriers liposomes or nanoparticles
Nanotechnology Applications- DNA Sequencing
8) In DNA Sequencing DNA molecules under the influence of an electric field are forced through nano-scale channels (~100 nm) on a
ldquogel biochiprdquo The molecules deform and stretch to pass through the small channels
This process separates DNA fragments by length
This is part of the method used to sequence the DNA in the human genome and in
identifying a unique DNA ldquofingerprintrdquo
Nanotechnology Applications - Immunoisolation for Cell-encapsulation therapy
9) Liver Dysfunction Encapsulation of Hepatic Cell
Pancreas Dysfunction Encapsulation of Islets of Langerhans
Disorders of the CNS Parkinsonrsquos Alzheimerrsquos
Pre-requisites for cell encapsulation
ndash continued and optimal tissuecell supply
ndash maintenance of cell viability amp function
ndash successful prevention of immune rejection
Nonporous Silicone-based biocapsules serves as Artificial Pancreas(Desai et al)
Nanotechnology Applications
10) Targeting Tumours laquo Smart Bombs raquo
Conventional Therapy Chemotherapy that poisons surrounding tissue
Strategy Block angiogenesis selectively at tumor site
Nanoparticle DNA + Cationic Polymer directed at tumourous cells
Starves blood cells
Nano engineering ndash Bio - analogous Structures
Bone-cartilage composite
Muscle
Brain-machine Interface
CHALLENGES amp Methods ofDrug Delivery
Prevention of drug from biological degradation (Oral dosage form)
Effective Targeting ( Inhalation)
Patient Compliance (Tran dermal)
Cost effectiveness (Implantation)
Product life extension (Injections)
Nanotechnology Applications
Medical Nanotechnology or Nano medicine
Nano medicine is the application of nanotechnology in
medicine including to cure diseases and repair damaged
tissues such as bone muscle and nerve and its monitoring
Key Goals for Nano medicine
minusTo develop cure for traditionally incurable diseases (eg
cancer) through the utilization of nanotechnology
minusTo provide more effective cure with fewer side effects by
means of targeted drug delivery systems
Nanotechnology in Health Care - Detection and Diagnosis
Nanotechnology offers tools
and techniques for more effective detection diagnosis and treatment of diseases
Fig The micro fluidic channel with nano wire sensor can detect the presence of altered genes associated with cancer ndash J Heath Cali Insti of Technology
Lab on chips help detection and diagnosis of diseases more efficiently
Nano wire and cantilever lab on chips help in early detection of cancer biomarkers (Carcinoembryonic antigen ndashCEA Alfa-fetoprotein-CEA Prostate Specific antigen ndashPSA)
Fig The nano scale cantilever detects the presence and concentration of various molecular expressions of a cancer cell ndash A Majumdar Univ of Cal at Berkeley
Nanotechnology in Health Care - Thermal ablation of cancer cells
Thermal ablation of cancer cells
minus Nano shells have metallic outer layer and silica core kills the cancer cells by Thermal ablation
minus Selectively attracted to cancer shells either through a phenomena called enhanced permeation
retention or due
to some molecules coated on the shells
Nanotechnology in Health Care - Treatment
Targeted drug deliver
minus Nano particles containing drugs are coated with targeting agents (eg conjugated antibodies)
minus The nano particles circulate through the blood vessels and reach the target cells
minus Drugs are released directly into the targeted cells
Nanotechnology Based Drug Delivery
In biopharmaceuticals in addition to the main technologies covered liposomal monoclonal antibody-based and polymer-based
technologies host of newer technologies such as nano particles
including various nano dimensional entities such as molecular
imprinted polymers pro drug delivery oral injectable and implantable pulmonary and transdermal and transmucosal delivery have come up
Importance of Drug Delivery Technology to Pharma Industry
1048713 Drug delivery formulations involve low cost research compared that for discovery of new molecule
Nanotechnology Based Drug Delivery
1048713 Minimizing the drug use would significantly reduce the effective cost of drug which would give financial relief to the patients
1048713 Delivery systems increase commercial opportunity by distinguishing a drug from competitive threats posed by ldquome toordquo drugs and
1048713 Novel means of delivery particularly using nano-carriers can allow branded drugs to be rescued from abyss of generic competition (may be called ldquoresurrection of drugrdquo)
SOME SIGNIFICANT NANODEVICES
Development of one dose a day ciprofloxacin using nanotechnology
Tumor targeted taxol delivery using nano particles in Phase 2 clinical trial stage
Improved ophthalmic delivery formulation using smart hydrogel nano particles
Oral insulin formulation using nanoparticles carriers
Liposomal based Amphotericin B formulation
1048713 Nano particles for Drug Delivery
- Metal-based nano particles - Lipid-based nano particles
- Polymer-based nano particles - Biological nano particles
Nanotechnology Applications
1) SiO2-Nanoparticles as a new platform for non-viral gene delivery (favourable size 10 - 50 nm controlled production possible excellent phys-chemical stability many possibilities for chemical modification) Probably cheaper and safer but presently not safer
2) Using Nanotechnology for New Medicines Eg Gene-Therapy
mRNA
Modified genevector
Therapeutic Protein
Nanotechnology Applications
3) Brain Drug Targeting Polysorbate-coated NPs to enhance
penetration to the blood-brain barrier (BBB)
ndash Mechanism
ndash Binding of the NPs to the inner endothelial lining of the brain
capillaries (subsequently particles deliver drugs to the brain by
providing a large concentration gradient thus enhancing the passive
diffusion)
ndash Brain endothelial uptake by phagocytosis
_ A general surfactant effect characterized by a solubilization of the
endothelial cell membrane lipids that would lead to membrane fluidization
and an enhanced drug permeability through the BBB
_ The NPs could lead to an opening of the tight junctions between the
endothelial cells The drug could then permeate through the tight junctions
in free form or together with the NPs in bound form
Nanotechnology Applications
_The NPs may be endocytosed by the endothelial cells followed by the release of
the drugs within these cells and delivery to the brain
_The NPs with bound drugs could be transcytosed through the endothelial cell layer
_The polysorbate 80 used as the coating agent could inhibit the efflux system
especially P- glycoprotein (P-gp)
4) Semiconductor Nano Crystals or ldquoQUANTUM Dots TMrdquo or
Biodegradable bio polymers for ex-vivo optical diagnostics and
some form of hybrid biodegradable nano capsule with MRI
contrast agent core for in-vivo simultaneous diagnostics and
therapeutics (ldquotheragnosticsrdquo)
Nanotechnology Applications
Nanoelectromechanical System (NEMS) Sensors
minus NEMS technology enables creation of ultra small and highly sensitive sensors for various applications
minus The NEMS force sensor shown in the figure is applicable in pathogenic bacteria detection
Fig A NEMS bacteria sensor
Nanotechnology Applications
5) Nano medicine - Continuous Therapy for Preventing Cancer in Astronauts Engineered multilayered nano particles targeted to radiation-damaged cells can initiate repair of damaged DNA using DNA repair genes manufactured inside individual living cells under the control of molecular
biosensor switches
6) Nanoparticles in cancer therapy Increase in antitumor efficacy Reduction of systemic side-effects Selective delivery of oligonucleotides to tumor cells Reversion of multidrug resistance in tumor cells
7) Targeted delivery of antibiotics using nanoparticles Challenge is to design the means of carrying an antibiotic in a form that is able to be endocytosed by phagocytic cells and then released into these cells Nanoparticles are one of the main carriers developed for these logistic strategies
Nanotechnology Applications
Targeting of intracellular bacteria with antibiotic colloidal carriers liposomes or nanoparticles
Nanotechnology Applications- DNA Sequencing
8) In DNA Sequencing DNA molecules under the influence of an electric field are forced through nano-scale channels (~100 nm) on a
ldquogel biochiprdquo The molecules deform and stretch to pass through the small channels
This process separates DNA fragments by length
This is part of the method used to sequence the DNA in the human genome and in
identifying a unique DNA ldquofingerprintrdquo
Nanotechnology Applications - Immunoisolation for Cell-encapsulation therapy
9) Liver Dysfunction Encapsulation of Hepatic Cell
Pancreas Dysfunction Encapsulation of Islets of Langerhans
Disorders of the CNS Parkinsonrsquos Alzheimerrsquos
Pre-requisites for cell encapsulation
ndash continued and optimal tissuecell supply
ndash maintenance of cell viability amp function
ndash successful prevention of immune rejection
Nonporous Silicone-based biocapsules serves as Artificial Pancreas(Desai et al)
Nanotechnology Applications
10) Targeting Tumours laquo Smart Bombs raquo
Conventional Therapy Chemotherapy that poisons surrounding tissue
Strategy Block angiogenesis selectively at tumor site
Nanoparticle DNA + Cationic Polymer directed at tumourous cells
Starves blood cells
Nano engineering ndash Bio - analogous Structures
Bone-cartilage composite
Muscle
Brain-machine Interface
CHALLENGES amp Methods ofDrug Delivery
Prevention of drug from biological degradation (Oral dosage form)
Effective Targeting ( Inhalation)
Patient Compliance (Tran dermal)
Cost effectiveness (Implantation)
Product life extension (Injections)
Nanotechnology in Health Care - Detection and Diagnosis
Nanotechnology offers tools
and techniques for more effective detection diagnosis and treatment of diseases
Fig The micro fluidic channel with nano wire sensor can detect the presence of altered genes associated with cancer ndash J Heath Cali Insti of Technology
Lab on chips help detection and diagnosis of diseases more efficiently
Nano wire and cantilever lab on chips help in early detection of cancer biomarkers (Carcinoembryonic antigen ndashCEA Alfa-fetoprotein-CEA Prostate Specific antigen ndashPSA)
Fig The nano scale cantilever detects the presence and concentration of various molecular expressions of a cancer cell ndash A Majumdar Univ of Cal at Berkeley
Nanotechnology in Health Care - Thermal ablation of cancer cells
Thermal ablation of cancer cells
minus Nano shells have metallic outer layer and silica core kills the cancer cells by Thermal ablation
minus Selectively attracted to cancer shells either through a phenomena called enhanced permeation
retention or due
to some molecules coated on the shells
Nanotechnology in Health Care - Treatment
Targeted drug deliver
minus Nano particles containing drugs are coated with targeting agents (eg conjugated antibodies)
minus The nano particles circulate through the blood vessels and reach the target cells
minus Drugs are released directly into the targeted cells
Nanotechnology Based Drug Delivery
In biopharmaceuticals in addition to the main technologies covered liposomal monoclonal antibody-based and polymer-based
technologies host of newer technologies such as nano particles
including various nano dimensional entities such as molecular
imprinted polymers pro drug delivery oral injectable and implantable pulmonary and transdermal and transmucosal delivery have come up
Importance of Drug Delivery Technology to Pharma Industry
1048713 Drug delivery formulations involve low cost research compared that for discovery of new molecule
Nanotechnology Based Drug Delivery
1048713 Minimizing the drug use would significantly reduce the effective cost of drug which would give financial relief to the patients
1048713 Delivery systems increase commercial opportunity by distinguishing a drug from competitive threats posed by ldquome toordquo drugs and
1048713 Novel means of delivery particularly using nano-carriers can allow branded drugs to be rescued from abyss of generic competition (may be called ldquoresurrection of drugrdquo)
SOME SIGNIFICANT NANODEVICES
Development of one dose a day ciprofloxacin using nanotechnology
Tumor targeted taxol delivery using nano particles in Phase 2 clinical trial stage
Improved ophthalmic delivery formulation using smart hydrogel nano particles
Oral insulin formulation using nanoparticles carriers
Liposomal based Amphotericin B formulation
1048713 Nano particles for Drug Delivery
- Metal-based nano particles - Lipid-based nano particles
- Polymer-based nano particles - Biological nano particles
Nanotechnology Applications
1) SiO2-Nanoparticles as a new platform for non-viral gene delivery (favourable size 10 - 50 nm controlled production possible excellent phys-chemical stability many possibilities for chemical modification) Probably cheaper and safer but presently not safer
2) Using Nanotechnology for New Medicines Eg Gene-Therapy
mRNA
Modified genevector
Therapeutic Protein
Nanotechnology Applications
3) Brain Drug Targeting Polysorbate-coated NPs to enhance
penetration to the blood-brain barrier (BBB)
ndash Mechanism
ndash Binding of the NPs to the inner endothelial lining of the brain
capillaries (subsequently particles deliver drugs to the brain by
providing a large concentration gradient thus enhancing the passive
diffusion)
ndash Brain endothelial uptake by phagocytosis
_ A general surfactant effect characterized by a solubilization of the
endothelial cell membrane lipids that would lead to membrane fluidization
and an enhanced drug permeability through the BBB
_ The NPs could lead to an opening of the tight junctions between the
endothelial cells The drug could then permeate through the tight junctions
in free form or together with the NPs in bound form
Nanotechnology Applications
_The NPs may be endocytosed by the endothelial cells followed by the release of
the drugs within these cells and delivery to the brain
_The NPs with bound drugs could be transcytosed through the endothelial cell layer
_The polysorbate 80 used as the coating agent could inhibit the efflux system
especially P- glycoprotein (P-gp)
4) Semiconductor Nano Crystals or ldquoQUANTUM Dots TMrdquo or
Biodegradable bio polymers for ex-vivo optical diagnostics and
some form of hybrid biodegradable nano capsule with MRI
contrast agent core for in-vivo simultaneous diagnostics and
therapeutics (ldquotheragnosticsrdquo)
Nanotechnology Applications
Nanoelectromechanical System (NEMS) Sensors
minus NEMS technology enables creation of ultra small and highly sensitive sensors for various applications
minus The NEMS force sensor shown in the figure is applicable in pathogenic bacteria detection
Fig A NEMS bacteria sensor
Nanotechnology Applications
5) Nano medicine - Continuous Therapy for Preventing Cancer in Astronauts Engineered multilayered nano particles targeted to radiation-damaged cells can initiate repair of damaged DNA using DNA repair genes manufactured inside individual living cells under the control of molecular
biosensor switches
6) Nanoparticles in cancer therapy Increase in antitumor efficacy Reduction of systemic side-effects Selective delivery of oligonucleotides to tumor cells Reversion of multidrug resistance in tumor cells
7) Targeted delivery of antibiotics using nanoparticles Challenge is to design the means of carrying an antibiotic in a form that is able to be endocytosed by phagocytic cells and then released into these cells Nanoparticles are one of the main carriers developed for these logistic strategies
Nanotechnology Applications
Targeting of intracellular bacteria with antibiotic colloidal carriers liposomes or nanoparticles
Nanotechnology Applications- DNA Sequencing
8) In DNA Sequencing DNA molecules under the influence of an electric field are forced through nano-scale channels (~100 nm) on a
ldquogel biochiprdquo The molecules deform and stretch to pass through the small channels
This process separates DNA fragments by length
This is part of the method used to sequence the DNA in the human genome and in
identifying a unique DNA ldquofingerprintrdquo
Nanotechnology Applications - Immunoisolation for Cell-encapsulation therapy
9) Liver Dysfunction Encapsulation of Hepatic Cell
Pancreas Dysfunction Encapsulation of Islets of Langerhans
Disorders of the CNS Parkinsonrsquos Alzheimerrsquos
Pre-requisites for cell encapsulation
ndash continued and optimal tissuecell supply
ndash maintenance of cell viability amp function
ndash successful prevention of immune rejection
Nonporous Silicone-based biocapsules serves as Artificial Pancreas(Desai et al)
Nanotechnology Applications
10) Targeting Tumours laquo Smart Bombs raquo
Conventional Therapy Chemotherapy that poisons surrounding tissue
Strategy Block angiogenesis selectively at tumor site
Nanoparticle DNA + Cationic Polymer directed at tumourous cells
Starves blood cells
Nano engineering ndash Bio - analogous Structures
Bone-cartilage composite
Muscle
Brain-machine Interface
CHALLENGES amp Methods ofDrug Delivery
Prevention of drug from biological degradation (Oral dosage form)
Effective Targeting ( Inhalation)
Patient Compliance (Tran dermal)
Cost effectiveness (Implantation)
Product life extension (Injections)
Nanotechnology in Health Care - Thermal ablation of cancer cells
Thermal ablation of cancer cells
minus Nano shells have metallic outer layer and silica core kills the cancer cells by Thermal ablation
minus Selectively attracted to cancer shells either through a phenomena called enhanced permeation
retention or due
to some molecules coated on the shells
Nanotechnology in Health Care - Treatment
Targeted drug deliver
minus Nano particles containing drugs are coated with targeting agents (eg conjugated antibodies)
minus The nano particles circulate through the blood vessels and reach the target cells
minus Drugs are released directly into the targeted cells
Nanotechnology Based Drug Delivery
In biopharmaceuticals in addition to the main technologies covered liposomal monoclonal antibody-based and polymer-based
technologies host of newer technologies such as nano particles
including various nano dimensional entities such as molecular
imprinted polymers pro drug delivery oral injectable and implantable pulmonary and transdermal and transmucosal delivery have come up
Importance of Drug Delivery Technology to Pharma Industry
1048713 Drug delivery formulations involve low cost research compared that for discovery of new molecule
Nanotechnology Based Drug Delivery
1048713 Minimizing the drug use would significantly reduce the effective cost of drug which would give financial relief to the patients
1048713 Delivery systems increase commercial opportunity by distinguishing a drug from competitive threats posed by ldquome toordquo drugs and
1048713 Novel means of delivery particularly using nano-carriers can allow branded drugs to be rescued from abyss of generic competition (may be called ldquoresurrection of drugrdquo)
SOME SIGNIFICANT NANODEVICES
Development of one dose a day ciprofloxacin using nanotechnology
Tumor targeted taxol delivery using nano particles in Phase 2 clinical trial stage
Improved ophthalmic delivery formulation using smart hydrogel nano particles
Oral insulin formulation using nanoparticles carriers
Liposomal based Amphotericin B formulation
1048713 Nano particles for Drug Delivery
- Metal-based nano particles - Lipid-based nano particles
- Polymer-based nano particles - Biological nano particles
Nanotechnology Applications
1) SiO2-Nanoparticles as a new platform for non-viral gene delivery (favourable size 10 - 50 nm controlled production possible excellent phys-chemical stability many possibilities for chemical modification) Probably cheaper and safer but presently not safer
2) Using Nanotechnology for New Medicines Eg Gene-Therapy
mRNA
Modified genevector
Therapeutic Protein
Nanotechnology Applications
3) Brain Drug Targeting Polysorbate-coated NPs to enhance
penetration to the blood-brain barrier (BBB)
ndash Mechanism
ndash Binding of the NPs to the inner endothelial lining of the brain
capillaries (subsequently particles deliver drugs to the brain by
providing a large concentration gradient thus enhancing the passive
diffusion)
ndash Brain endothelial uptake by phagocytosis
_ A general surfactant effect characterized by a solubilization of the
endothelial cell membrane lipids that would lead to membrane fluidization
and an enhanced drug permeability through the BBB
_ The NPs could lead to an opening of the tight junctions between the
endothelial cells The drug could then permeate through the tight junctions
in free form or together with the NPs in bound form
Nanotechnology Applications
_The NPs may be endocytosed by the endothelial cells followed by the release of
the drugs within these cells and delivery to the brain
_The NPs with bound drugs could be transcytosed through the endothelial cell layer
_The polysorbate 80 used as the coating agent could inhibit the efflux system
especially P- glycoprotein (P-gp)
4) Semiconductor Nano Crystals or ldquoQUANTUM Dots TMrdquo or
Biodegradable bio polymers for ex-vivo optical diagnostics and
some form of hybrid biodegradable nano capsule with MRI
contrast agent core for in-vivo simultaneous diagnostics and
therapeutics (ldquotheragnosticsrdquo)
Nanotechnology Applications
Nanoelectromechanical System (NEMS) Sensors
minus NEMS technology enables creation of ultra small and highly sensitive sensors for various applications
minus The NEMS force sensor shown in the figure is applicable in pathogenic bacteria detection
Fig A NEMS bacteria sensor
Nanotechnology Applications
5) Nano medicine - Continuous Therapy for Preventing Cancer in Astronauts Engineered multilayered nano particles targeted to radiation-damaged cells can initiate repair of damaged DNA using DNA repair genes manufactured inside individual living cells under the control of molecular
biosensor switches
6) Nanoparticles in cancer therapy Increase in antitumor efficacy Reduction of systemic side-effects Selective delivery of oligonucleotides to tumor cells Reversion of multidrug resistance in tumor cells
7) Targeted delivery of antibiotics using nanoparticles Challenge is to design the means of carrying an antibiotic in a form that is able to be endocytosed by phagocytic cells and then released into these cells Nanoparticles are one of the main carriers developed for these logistic strategies
Nanotechnology Applications
Targeting of intracellular bacteria with antibiotic colloidal carriers liposomes or nanoparticles
Nanotechnology Applications- DNA Sequencing
8) In DNA Sequencing DNA molecules under the influence of an electric field are forced through nano-scale channels (~100 nm) on a
ldquogel biochiprdquo The molecules deform and stretch to pass through the small channels
This process separates DNA fragments by length
This is part of the method used to sequence the DNA in the human genome and in
identifying a unique DNA ldquofingerprintrdquo
Nanotechnology Applications - Immunoisolation for Cell-encapsulation therapy
9) Liver Dysfunction Encapsulation of Hepatic Cell
Pancreas Dysfunction Encapsulation of Islets of Langerhans
Disorders of the CNS Parkinsonrsquos Alzheimerrsquos
Pre-requisites for cell encapsulation
ndash continued and optimal tissuecell supply
ndash maintenance of cell viability amp function
ndash successful prevention of immune rejection
Nonporous Silicone-based biocapsules serves as Artificial Pancreas(Desai et al)
Nanotechnology Applications
10) Targeting Tumours laquo Smart Bombs raquo
Conventional Therapy Chemotherapy that poisons surrounding tissue
Strategy Block angiogenesis selectively at tumor site
Nanoparticle DNA + Cationic Polymer directed at tumourous cells
Starves blood cells
Nano engineering ndash Bio - analogous Structures
Bone-cartilage composite
Muscle
Brain-machine Interface
CHALLENGES amp Methods ofDrug Delivery
Prevention of drug from biological degradation (Oral dosage form)
Effective Targeting ( Inhalation)
Patient Compliance (Tran dermal)
Cost effectiveness (Implantation)
Product life extension (Injections)
Nanotechnology in Health Care - Treatment
Targeted drug deliver
minus Nano particles containing drugs are coated with targeting agents (eg conjugated antibodies)
minus The nano particles circulate through the blood vessels and reach the target cells
minus Drugs are released directly into the targeted cells
Nanotechnology Based Drug Delivery
In biopharmaceuticals in addition to the main technologies covered liposomal monoclonal antibody-based and polymer-based
technologies host of newer technologies such as nano particles
including various nano dimensional entities such as molecular
imprinted polymers pro drug delivery oral injectable and implantable pulmonary and transdermal and transmucosal delivery have come up
Importance of Drug Delivery Technology to Pharma Industry
1048713 Drug delivery formulations involve low cost research compared that for discovery of new molecule
Nanotechnology Based Drug Delivery
1048713 Minimizing the drug use would significantly reduce the effective cost of drug which would give financial relief to the patients
1048713 Delivery systems increase commercial opportunity by distinguishing a drug from competitive threats posed by ldquome toordquo drugs and
1048713 Novel means of delivery particularly using nano-carriers can allow branded drugs to be rescued from abyss of generic competition (may be called ldquoresurrection of drugrdquo)
SOME SIGNIFICANT NANODEVICES
Development of one dose a day ciprofloxacin using nanotechnology
Tumor targeted taxol delivery using nano particles in Phase 2 clinical trial stage
Improved ophthalmic delivery formulation using smart hydrogel nano particles
Oral insulin formulation using nanoparticles carriers
Liposomal based Amphotericin B formulation
1048713 Nano particles for Drug Delivery
- Metal-based nano particles - Lipid-based nano particles
- Polymer-based nano particles - Biological nano particles
Nanotechnology Applications
1) SiO2-Nanoparticles as a new platform for non-viral gene delivery (favourable size 10 - 50 nm controlled production possible excellent phys-chemical stability many possibilities for chemical modification) Probably cheaper and safer but presently not safer
2) Using Nanotechnology for New Medicines Eg Gene-Therapy
mRNA
Modified genevector
Therapeutic Protein
Nanotechnology Applications
3) Brain Drug Targeting Polysorbate-coated NPs to enhance
penetration to the blood-brain barrier (BBB)
ndash Mechanism
ndash Binding of the NPs to the inner endothelial lining of the brain
capillaries (subsequently particles deliver drugs to the brain by
providing a large concentration gradient thus enhancing the passive
diffusion)
ndash Brain endothelial uptake by phagocytosis
_ A general surfactant effect characterized by a solubilization of the
endothelial cell membrane lipids that would lead to membrane fluidization
and an enhanced drug permeability through the BBB
_ The NPs could lead to an opening of the tight junctions between the
endothelial cells The drug could then permeate through the tight junctions
in free form or together with the NPs in bound form
Nanotechnology Applications
_The NPs may be endocytosed by the endothelial cells followed by the release of
the drugs within these cells and delivery to the brain
_The NPs with bound drugs could be transcytosed through the endothelial cell layer
_The polysorbate 80 used as the coating agent could inhibit the efflux system
especially P- glycoprotein (P-gp)
4) Semiconductor Nano Crystals or ldquoQUANTUM Dots TMrdquo or
Biodegradable bio polymers for ex-vivo optical diagnostics and
some form of hybrid biodegradable nano capsule with MRI
contrast agent core for in-vivo simultaneous diagnostics and
therapeutics (ldquotheragnosticsrdquo)
Nanotechnology Applications
Nanoelectromechanical System (NEMS) Sensors
minus NEMS technology enables creation of ultra small and highly sensitive sensors for various applications
minus The NEMS force sensor shown in the figure is applicable in pathogenic bacteria detection
Fig A NEMS bacteria sensor
Nanotechnology Applications
5) Nano medicine - Continuous Therapy for Preventing Cancer in Astronauts Engineered multilayered nano particles targeted to radiation-damaged cells can initiate repair of damaged DNA using DNA repair genes manufactured inside individual living cells under the control of molecular
biosensor switches
6) Nanoparticles in cancer therapy Increase in antitumor efficacy Reduction of systemic side-effects Selective delivery of oligonucleotides to tumor cells Reversion of multidrug resistance in tumor cells
7) Targeted delivery of antibiotics using nanoparticles Challenge is to design the means of carrying an antibiotic in a form that is able to be endocytosed by phagocytic cells and then released into these cells Nanoparticles are one of the main carriers developed for these logistic strategies
Nanotechnology Applications
Targeting of intracellular bacteria with antibiotic colloidal carriers liposomes or nanoparticles
Nanotechnology Applications- DNA Sequencing
8) In DNA Sequencing DNA molecules under the influence of an electric field are forced through nano-scale channels (~100 nm) on a
ldquogel biochiprdquo The molecules deform and stretch to pass through the small channels
This process separates DNA fragments by length
This is part of the method used to sequence the DNA in the human genome and in
identifying a unique DNA ldquofingerprintrdquo
Nanotechnology Applications - Immunoisolation for Cell-encapsulation therapy
9) Liver Dysfunction Encapsulation of Hepatic Cell
Pancreas Dysfunction Encapsulation of Islets of Langerhans
Disorders of the CNS Parkinsonrsquos Alzheimerrsquos
Pre-requisites for cell encapsulation
ndash continued and optimal tissuecell supply
ndash maintenance of cell viability amp function
ndash successful prevention of immune rejection
Nonporous Silicone-based biocapsules serves as Artificial Pancreas(Desai et al)
Nanotechnology Applications
10) Targeting Tumours laquo Smart Bombs raquo
Conventional Therapy Chemotherapy that poisons surrounding tissue
Strategy Block angiogenesis selectively at tumor site
Nanoparticle DNA + Cationic Polymer directed at tumourous cells
Starves blood cells
Nano engineering ndash Bio - analogous Structures
Bone-cartilage composite
Muscle
Brain-machine Interface
CHALLENGES amp Methods ofDrug Delivery
Prevention of drug from biological degradation (Oral dosage form)
Effective Targeting ( Inhalation)
Patient Compliance (Tran dermal)
Cost effectiveness (Implantation)
Product life extension (Injections)
Nanotechnology Based Drug Delivery
In biopharmaceuticals in addition to the main technologies covered liposomal monoclonal antibody-based and polymer-based
technologies host of newer technologies such as nano particles
including various nano dimensional entities such as molecular
imprinted polymers pro drug delivery oral injectable and implantable pulmonary and transdermal and transmucosal delivery have come up
Importance of Drug Delivery Technology to Pharma Industry
1048713 Drug delivery formulations involve low cost research compared that for discovery of new molecule
Nanotechnology Based Drug Delivery
1048713 Minimizing the drug use would significantly reduce the effective cost of drug which would give financial relief to the patients
1048713 Delivery systems increase commercial opportunity by distinguishing a drug from competitive threats posed by ldquome toordquo drugs and
1048713 Novel means of delivery particularly using nano-carriers can allow branded drugs to be rescued from abyss of generic competition (may be called ldquoresurrection of drugrdquo)
SOME SIGNIFICANT NANODEVICES
Development of one dose a day ciprofloxacin using nanotechnology
Tumor targeted taxol delivery using nano particles in Phase 2 clinical trial stage
Improved ophthalmic delivery formulation using smart hydrogel nano particles
Oral insulin formulation using nanoparticles carriers
Liposomal based Amphotericin B formulation
1048713 Nano particles for Drug Delivery
- Metal-based nano particles - Lipid-based nano particles
- Polymer-based nano particles - Biological nano particles
Nanotechnology Applications
1) SiO2-Nanoparticles as a new platform for non-viral gene delivery (favourable size 10 - 50 nm controlled production possible excellent phys-chemical stability many possibilities for chemical modification) Probably cheaper and safer but presently not safer
2) Using Nanotechnology for New Medicines Eg Gene-Therapy
mRNA
Modified genevector
Therapeutic Protein
Nanotechnology Applications
3) Brain Drug Targeting Polysorbate-coated NPs to enhance
penetration to the blood-brain barrier (BBB)
ndash Mechanism
ndash Binding of the NPs to the inner endothelial lining of the brain
capillaries (subsequently particles deliver drugs to the brain by
providing a large concentration gradient thus enhancing the passive
diffusion)
ndash Brain endothelial uptake by phagocytosis
_ A general surfactant effect characterized by a solubilization of the
endothelial cell membrane lipids that would lead to membrane fluidization
and an enhanced drug permeability through the BBB
_ The NPs could lead to an opening of the tight junctions between the
endothelial cells The drug could then permeate through the tight junctions
in free form or together with the NPs in bound form
Nanotechnology Applications
_The NPs may be endocytosed by the endothelial cells followed by the release of
the drugs within these cells and delivery to the brain
_The NPs with bound drugs could be transcytosed through the endothelial cell layer
_The polysorbate 80 used as the coating agent could inhibit the efflux system
especially P- glycoprotein (P-gp)
4) Semiconductor Nano Crystals or ldquoQUANTUM Dots TMrdquo or
Biodegradable bio polymers for ex-vivo optical diagnostics and
some form of hybrid biodegradable nano capsule with MRI
contrast agent core for in-vivo simultaneous diagnostics and
therapeutics (ldquotheragnosticsrdquo)
Nanotechnology Applications
Nanoelectromechanical System (NEMS) Sensors
minus NEMS technology enables creation of ultra small and highly sensitive sensors for various applications
minus The NEMS force sensor shown in the figure is applicable in pathogenic bacteria detection
Fig A NEMS bacteria sensor
Nanotechnology Applications
5) Nano medicine - Continuous Therapy for Preventing Cancer in Astronauts Engineered multilayered nano particles targeted to radiation-damaged cells can initiate repair of damaged DNA using DNA repair genes manufactured inside individual living cells under the control of molecular
biosensor switches
6) Nanoparticles in cancer therapy Increase in antitumor efficacy Reduction of systemic side-effects Selective delivery of oligonucleotides to tumor cells Reversion of multidrug resistance in tumor cells
7) Targeted delivery of antibiotics using nanoparticles Challenge is to design the means of carrying an antibiotic in a form that is able to be endocytosed by phagocytic cells and then released into these cells Nanoparticles are one of the main carriers developed for these logistic strategies
Nanotechnology Applications
Targeting of intracellular bacteria with antibiotic colloidal carriers liposomes or nanoparticles
Nanotechnology Applications- DNA Sequencing
8) In DNA Sequencing DNA molecules under the influence of an electric field are forced through nano-scale channels (~100 nm) on a
ldquogel biochiprdquo The molecules deform and stretch to pass through the small channels
This process separates DNA fragments by length
This is part of the method used to sequence the DNA in the human genome and in
identifying a unique DNA ldquofingerprintrdquo
Nanotechnology Applications - Immunoisolation for Cell-encapsulation therapy
9) Liver Dysfunction Encapsulation of Hepatic Cell
Pancreas Dysfunction Encapsulation of Islets of Langerhans
Disorders of the CNS Parkinsonrsquos Alzheimerrsquos
Pre-requisites for cell encapsulation
ndash continued and optimal tissuecell supply
ndash maintenance of cell viability amp function
ndash successful prevention of immune rejection
Nonporous Silicone-based biocapsules serves as Artificial Pancreas(Desai et al)
Nanotechnology Applications
10) Targeting Tumours laquo Smart Bombs raquo
Conventional Therapy Chemotherapy that poisons surrounding tissue
Strategy Block angiogenesis selectively at tumor site
Nanoparticle DNA + Cationic Polymer directed at tumourous cells
Starves blood cells
Nano engineering ndash Bio - analogous Structures
Bone-cartilage composite
Muscle
Brain-machine Interface
CHALLENGES amp Methods ofDrug Delivery
Prevention of drug from biological degradation (Oral dosage form)
Effective Targeting ( Inhalation)
Patient Compliance (Tran dermal)
Cost effectiveness (Implantation)
Product life extension (Injections)
Nanotechnology Based Drug Delivery
1048713 Minimizing the drug use would significantly reduce the effective cost of drug which would give financial relief to the patients
1048713 Delivery systems increase commercial opportunity by distinguishing a drug from competitive threats posed by ldquome toordquo drugs and
1048713 Novel means of delivery particularly using nano-carriers can allow branded drugs to be rescued from abyss of generic competition (may be called ldquoresurrection of drugrdquo)
SOME SIGNIFICANT NANODEVICES
Development of one dose a day ciprofloxacin using nanotechnology
Tumor targeted taxol delivery using nano particles in Phase 2 clinical trial stage
Improved ophthalmic delivery formulation using smart hydrogel nano particles
Oral insulin formulation using nanoparticles carriers
Liposomal based Amphotericin B formulation
1048713 Nano particles for Drug Delivery
- Metal-based nano particles - Lipid-based nano particles
- Polymer-based nano particles - Biological nano particles
Nanotechnology Applications
1) SiO2-Nanoparticles as a new platform for non-viral gene delivery (favourable size 10 - 50 nm controlled production possible excellent phys-chemical stability many possibilities for chemical modification) Probably cheaper and safer but presently not safer
2) Using Nanotechnology for New Medicines Eg Gene-Therapy
mRNA
Modified genevector
Therapeutic Protein
Nanotechnology Applications
3) Brain Drug Targeting Polysorbate-coated NPs to enhance
penetration to the blood-brain barrier (BBB)
ndash Mechanism
ndash Binding of the NPs to the inner endothelial lining of the brain
capillaries (subsequently particles deliver drugs to the brain by
providing a large concentration gradient thus enhancing the passive
diffusion)
ndash Brain endothelial uptake by phagocytosis
_ A general surfactant effect characterized by a solubilization of the
endothelial cell membrane lipids that would lead to membrane fluidization
and an enhanced drug permeability through the BBB
_ The NPs could lead to an opening of the tight junctions between the
endothelial cells The drug could then permeate through the tight junctions
in free form or together with the NPs in bound form
Nanotechnology Applications
_The NPs may be endocytosed by the endothelial cells followed by the release of
the drugs within these cells and delivery to the brain
_The NPs with bound drugs could be transcytosed through the endothelial cell layer
_The polysorbate 80 used as the coating agent could inhibit the efflux system
especially P- glycoprotein (P-gp)
4) Semiconductor Nano Crystals or ldquoQUANTUM Dots TMrdquo or
Biodegradable bio polymers for ex-vivo optical diagnostics and
some form of hybrid biodegradable nano capsule with MRI
contrast agent core for in-vivo simultaneous diagnostics and
therapeutics (ldquotheragnosticsrdquo)
Nanotechnology Applications
Nanoelectromechanical System (NEMS) Sensors
minus NEMS technology enables creation of ultra small and highly sensitive sensors for various applications
minus The NEMS force sensor shown in the figure is applicable in pathogenic bacteria detection
Fig A NEMS bacteria sensor
Nanotechnology Applications
5) Nano medicine - Continuous Therapy for Preventing Cancer in Astronauts Engineered multilayered nano particles targeted to radiation-damaged cells can initiate repair of damaged DNA using DNA repair genes manufactured inside individual living cells under the control of molecular
biosensor switches
6) Nanoparticles in cancer therapy Increase in antitumor efficacy Reduction of systemic side-effects Selective delivery of oligonucleotides to tumor cells Reversion of multidrug resistance in tumor cells
7) Targeted delivery of antibiotics using nanoparticles Challenge is to design the means of carrying an antibiotic in a form that is able to be endocytosed by phagocytic cells and then released into these cells Nanoparticles are one of the main carriers developed for these logistic strategies
Nanotechnology Applications
Targeting of intracellular bacteria with antibiotic colloidal carriers liposomes or nanoparticles
Nanotechnology Applications- DNA Sequencing
8) In DNA Sequencing DNA molecules under the influence of an electric field are forced through nano-scale channels (~100 nm) on a
ldquogel biochiprdquo The molecules deform and stretch to pass through the small channels
This process separates DNA fragments by length
This is part of the method used to sequence the DNA in the human genome and in
identifying a unique DNA ldquofingerprintrdquo
Nanotechnology Applications - Immunoisolation for Cell-encapsulation therapy
9) Liver Dysfunction Encapsulation of Hepatic Cell
Pancreas Dysfunction Encapsulation of Islets of Langerhans
Disorders of the CNS Parkinsonrsquos Alzheimerrsquos
Pre-requisites for cell encapsulation
ndash continued and optimal tissuecell supply
ndash maintenance of cell viability amp function
ndash successful prevention of immune rejection
Nonporous Silicone-based biocapsules serves as Artificial Pancreas(Desai et al)
Nanotechnology Applications
10) Targeting Tumours laquo Smart Bombs raquo
Conventional Therapy Chemotherapy that poisons surrounding tissue
Strategy Block angiogenesis selectively at tumor site
Nanoparticle DNA + Cationic Polymer directed at tumourous cells
Starves blood cells
Nano engineering ndash Bio - analogous Structures
Bone-cartilage composite
Muscle
Brain-machine Interface
CHALLENGES amp Methods ofDrug Delivery
Prevention of drug from biological degradation (Oral dosage form)
Effective Targeting ( Inhalation)
Patient Compliance (Tran dermal)
Cost effectiveness (Implantation)
Product life extension (Injections)
SOME SIGNIFICANT NANODEVICES
Development of one dose a day ciprofloxacin using nanotechnology
Tumor targeted taxol delivery using nano particles in Phase 2 clinical trial stage
Improved ophthalmic delivery formulation using smart hydrogel nano particles
Oral insulin formulation using nanoparticles carriers
Liposomal based Amphotericin B formulation
1048713 Nano particles for Drug Delivery
- Metal-based nano particles - Lipid-based nano particles
- Polymer-based nano particles - Biological nano particles
Nanotechnology Applications
1) SiO2-Nanoparticles as a new platform for non-viral gene delivery (favourable size 10 - 50 nm controlled production possible excellent phys-chemical stability many possibilities for chemical modification) Probably cheaper and safer but presently not safer
2) Using Nanotechnology for New Medicines Eg Gene-Therapy
mRNA
Modified genevector
Therapeutic Protein
Nanotechnology Applications
3) Brain Drug Targeting Polysorbate-coated NPs to enhance
penetration to the blood-brain barrier (BBB)
ndash Mechanism
ndash Binding of the NPs to the inner endothelial lining of the brain
capillaries (subsequently particles deliver drugs to the brain by
providing a large concentration gradient thus enhancing the passive
diffusion)
ndash Brain endothelial uptake by phagocytosis
_ A general surfactant effect characterized by a solubilization of the
endothelial cell membrane lipids that would lead to membrane fluidization
and an enhanced drug permeability through the BBB
_ The NPs could lead to an opening of the tight junctions between the
endothelial cells The drug could then permeate through the tight junctions
in free form or together with the NPs in bound form
Nanotechnology Applications
_The NPs may be endocytosed by the endothelial cells followed by the release of
the drugs within these cells and delivery to the brain
_The NPs with bound drugs could be transcytosed through the endothelial cell layer
_The polysorbate 80 used as the coating agent could inhibit the efflux system
especially P- glycoprotein (P-gp)
4) Semiconductor Nano Crystals or ldquoQUANTUM Dots TMrdquo or
Biodegradable bio polymers for ex-vivo optical diagnostics and
some form of hybrid biodegradable nano capsule with MRI
contrast agent core for in-vivo simultaneous diagnostics and
therapeutics (ldquotheragnosticsrdquo)
Nanotechnology Applications
Nanoelectromechanical System (NEMS) Sensors
minus NEMS technology enables creation of ultra small and highly sensitive sensors for various applications
minus The NEMS force sensor shown in the figure is applicable in pathogenic bacteria detection
Fig A NEMS bacteria sensor
Nanotechnology Applications
5) Nano medicine - Continuous Therapy for Preventing Cancer in Astronauts Engineered multilayered nano particles targeted to radiation-damaged cells can initiate repair of damaged DNA using DNA repair genes manufactured inside individual living cells under the control of molecular
biosensor switches
6) Nanoparticles in cancer therapy Increase in antitumor efficacy Reduction of systemic side-effects Selective delivery of oligonucleotides to tumor cells Reversion of multidrug resistance in tumor cells
7) Targeted delivery of antibiotics using nanoparticles Challenge is to design the means of carrying an antibiotic in a form that is able to be endocytosed by phagocytic cells and then released into these cells Nanoparticles are one of the main carriers developed for these logistic strategies
Nanotechnology Applications
Targeting of intracellular bacteria with antibiotic colloidal carriers liposomes or nanoparticles
Nanotechnology Applications- DNA Sequencing
8) In DNA Sequencing DNA molecules under the influence of an electric field are forced through nano-scale channels (~100 nm) on a
ldquogel biochiprdquo The molecules deform and stretch to pass through the small channels
This process separates DNA fragments by length
This is part of the method used to sequence the DNA in the human genome and in
identifying a unique DNA ldquofingerprintrdquo
Nanotechnology Applications - Immunoisolation for Cell-encapsulation therapy
9) Liver Dysfunction Encapsulation of Hepatic Cell
Pancreas Dysfunction Encapsulation of Islets of Langerhans
Disorders of the CNS Parkinsonrsquos Alzheimerrsquos
Pre-requisites for cell encapsulation
ndash continued and optimal tissuecell supply
ndash maintenance of cell viability amp function
ndash successful prevention of immune rejection
Nonporous Silicone-based biocapsules serves as Artificial Pancreas(Desai et al)
Nanotechnology Applications
10) Targeting Tumours laquo Smart Bombs raquo
Conventional Therapy Chemotherapy that poisons surrounding tissue
Strategy Block angiogenesis selectively at tumor site
Nanoparticle DNA + Cationic Polymer directed at tumourous cells
Starves blood cells
Nano engineering ndash Bio - analogous Structures
Bone-cartilage composite
Muscle
Brain-machine Interface
CHALLENGES amp Methods ofDrug Delivery
Prevention of drug from biological degradation (Oral dosage form)
Effective Targeting ( Inhalation)
Patient Compliance (Tran dermal)
Cost effectiveness (Implantation)
Product life extension (Injections)
Nanotechnology Applications
1) SiO2-Nanoparticles as a new platform for non-viral gene delivery (favourable size 10 - 50 nm controlled production possible excellent phys-chemical stability many possibilities for chemical modification) Probably cheaper and safer but presently not safer
2) Using Nanotechnology for New Medicines Eg Gene-Therapy
mRNA
Modified genevector
Therapeutic Protein
Nanotechnology Applications
3) Brain Drug Targeting Polysorbate-coated NPs to enhance
penetration to the blood-brain barrier (BBB)
ndash Mechanism
ndash Binding of the NPs to the inner endothelial lining of the brain
capillaries (subsequently particles deliver drugs to the brain by
providing a large concentration gradient thus enhancing the passive
diffusion)
ndash Brain endothelial uptake by phagocytosis
_ A general surfactant effect characterized by a solubilization of the
endothelial cell membrane lipids that would lead to membrane fluidization
and an enhanced drug permeability through the BBB
_ The NPs could lead to an opening of the tight junctions between the
endothelial cells The drug could then permeate through the tight junctions
in free form or together with the NPs in bound form
Nanotechnology Applications
_The NPs may be endocytosed by the endothelial cells followed by the release of
the drugs within these cells and delivery to the brain
_The NPs with bound drugs could be transcytosed through the endothelial cell layer
_The polysorbate 80 used as the coating agent could inhibit the efflux system
especially P- glycoprotein (P-gp)
4) Semiconductor Nano Crystals or ldquoQUANTUM Dots TMrdquo or
Biodegradable bio polymers for ex-vivo optical diagnostics and
some form of hybrid biodegradable nano capsule with MRI
contrast agent core for in-vivo simultaneous diagnostics and
therapeutics (ldquotheragnosticsrdquo)
Nanotechnology Applications
Nanoelectromechanical System (NEMS) Sensors
minus NEMS technology enables creation of ultra small and highly sensitive sensors for various applications
minus The NEMS force sensor shown in the figure is applicable in pathogenic bacteria detection
Fig A NEMS bacteria sensor
Nanotechnology Applications
5) Nano medicine - Continuous Therapy for Preventing Cancer in Astronauts Engineered multilayered nano particles targeted to radiation-damaged cells can initiate repair of damaged DNA using DNA repair genes manufactured inside individual living cells under the control of molecular
biosensor switches
6) Nanoparticles in cancer therapy Increase in antitumor efficacy Reduction of systemic side-effects Selective delivery of oligonucleotides to tumor cells Reversion of multidrug resistance in tumor cells
7) Targeted delivery of antibiotics using nanoparticles Challenge is to design the means of carrying an antibiotic in a form that is able to be endocytosed by phagocytic cells and then released into these cells Nanoparticles are one of the main carriers developed for these logistic strategies
Nanotechnology Applications
Targeting of intracellular bacteria with antibiotic colloidal carriers liposomes or nanoparticles
Nanotechnology Applications- DNA Sequencing
8) In DNA Sequencing DNA molecules under the influence of an electric field are forced through nano-scale channels (~100 nm) on a
ldquogel biochiprdquo The molecules deform and stretch to pass through the small channels
This process separates DNA fragments by length
This is part of the method used to sequence the DNA in the human genome and in
identifying a unique DNA ldquofingerprintrdquo
Nanotechnology Applications - Immunoisolation for Cell-encapsulation therapy
9) Liver Dysfunction Encapsulation of Hepatic Cell
Pancreas Dysfunction Encapsulation of Islets of Langerhans
Disorders of the CNS Parkinsonrsquos Alzheimerrsquos
Pre-requisites for cell encapsulation
ndash continued and optimal tissuecell supply
ndash maintenance of cell viability amp function
ndash successful prevention of immune rejection
Nonporous Silicone-based biocapsules serves as Artificial Pancreas(Desai et al)
Nanotechnology Applications
10) Targeting Tumours laquo Smart Bombs raquo
Conventional Therapy Chemotherapy that poisons surrounding tissue
Strategy Block angiogenesis selectively at tumor site
Nanoparticle DNA + Cationic Polymer directed at tumourous cells
Starves blood cells
Nano engineering ndash Bio - analogous Structures
Bone-cartilage composite
Muscle
Brain-machine Interface
CHALLENGES amp Methods ofDrug Delivery
Prevention of drug from biological degradation (Oral dosage form)
Effective Targeting ( Inhalation)
Patient Compliance (Tran dermal)
Cost effectiveness (Implantation)
Product life extension (Injections)
Nanotechnology Applications
3) Brain Drug Targeting Polysorbate-coated NPs to enhance
penetration to the blood-brain barrier (BBB)
ndash Mechanism
ndash Binding of the NPs to the inner endothelial lining of the brain
capillaries (subsequently particles deliver drugs to the brain by
providing a large concentration gradient thus enhancing the passive
diffusion)
ndash Brain endothelial uptake by phagocytosis
_ A general surfactant effect characterized by a solubilization of the
endothelial cell membrane lipids that would lead to membrane fluidization
and an enhanced drug permeability through the BBB
_ The NPs could lead to an opening of the tight junctions between the
endothelial cells The drug could then permeate through the tight junctions
in free form or together with the NPs in bound form
Nanotechnology Applications
_The NPs may be endocytosed by the endothelial cells followed by the release of
the drugs within these cells and delivery to the brain
_The NPs with bound drugs could be transcytosed through the endothelial cell layer
_The polysorbate 80 used as the coating agent could inhibit the efflux system
especially P- glycoprotein (P-gp)
4) Semiconductor Nano Crystals or ldquoQUANTUM Dots TMrdquo or
Biodegradable bio polymers for ex-vivo optical diagnostics and
some form of hybrid biodegradable nano capsule with MRI
contrast agent core for in-vivo simultaneous diagnostics and
therapeutics (ldquotheragnosticsrdquo)
Nanotechnology Applications
Nanoelectromechanical System (NEMS) Sensors
minus NEMS technology enables creation of ultra small and highly sensitive sensors for various applications
minus The NEMS force sensor shown in the figure is applicable in pathogenic bacteria detection
Fig A NEMS bacteria sensor
Nanotechnology Applications
5) Nano medicine - Continuous Therapy for Preventing Cancer in Astronauts Engineered multilayered nano particles targeted to radiation-damaged cells can initiate repair of damaged DNA using DNA repair genes manufactured inside individual living cells under the control of molecular
biosensor switches
6) Nanoparticles in cancer therapy Increase in antitumor efficacy Reduction of systemic side-effects Selective delivery of oligonucleotides to tumor cells Reversion of multidrug resistance in tumor cells
7) Targeted delivery of antibiotics using nanoparticles Challenge is to design the means of carrying an antibiotic in a form that is able to be endocytosed by phagocytic cells and then released into these cells Nanoparticles are one of the main carriers developed for these logistic strategies
Nanotechnology Applications
Targeting of intracellular bacteria with antibiotic colloidal carriers liposomes or nanoparticles
Nanotechnology Applications- DNA Sequencing
8) In DNA Sequencing DNA molecules under the influence of an electric field are forced through nano-scale channels (~100 nm) on a
ldquogel biochiprdquo The molecules deform and stretch to pass through the small channels
This process separates DNA fragments by length
This is part of the method used to sequence the DNA in the human genome and in
identifying a unique DNA ldquofingerprintrdquo
Nanotechnology Applications - Immunoisolation for Cell-encapsulation therapy
9) Liver Dysfunction Encapsulation of Hepatic Cell
Pancreas Dysfunction Encapsulation of Islets of Langerhans
Disorders of the CNS Parkinsonrsquos Alzheimerrsquos
Pre-requisites for cell encapsulation
ndash continued and optimal tissuecell supply
ndash maintenance of cell viability amp function
ndash successful prevention of immune rejection
Nonporous Silicone-based biocapsules serves as Artificial Pancreas(Desai et al)
Nanotechnology Applications
10) Targeting Tumours laquo Smart Bombs raquo
Conventional Therapy Chemotherapy that poisons surrounding tissue
Strategy Block angiogenesis selectively at tumor site
Nanoparticle DNA + Cationic Polymer directed at tumourous cells
Starves blood cells
Nano engineering ndash Bio - analogous Structures
Bone-cartilage composite
Muscle
Brain-machine Interface
CHALLENGES amp Methods ofDrug Delivery
Prevention of drug from biological degradation (Oral dosage form)
Effective Targeting ( Inhalation)
Patient Compliance (Tran dermal)
Cost effectiveness (Implantation)
Product life extension (Injections)
Nanotechnology Applications
_The NPs may be endocytosed by the endothelial cells followed by the release of
the drugs within these cells and delivery to the brain
_The NPs with bound drugs could be transcytosed through the endothelial cell layer
_The polysorbate 80 used as the coating agent could inhibit the efflux system
especially P- glycoprotein (P-gp)
4) Semiconductor Nano Crystals or ldquoQUANTUM Dots TMrdquo or
Biodegradable bio polymers for ex-vivo optical diagnostics and
some form of hybrid biodegradable nano capsule with MRI
contrast agent core for in-vivo simultaneous diagnostics and
therapeutics (ldquotheragnosticsrdquo)
Nanotechnology Applications
Nanoelectromechanical System (NEMS) Sensors
minus NEMS technology enables creation of ultra small and highly sensitive sensors for various applications
minus The NEMS force sensor shown in the figure is applicable in pathogenic bacteria detection
Fig A NEMS bacteria sensor
Nanotechnology Applications
5) Nano medicine - Continuous Therapy for Preventing Cancer in Astronauts Engineered multilayered nano particles targeted to radiation-damaged cells can initiate repair of damaged DNA using DNA repair genes manufactured inside individual living cells under the control of molecular
biosensor switches
6) Nanoparticles in cancer therapy Increase in antitumor efficacy Reduction of systemic side-effects Selective delivery of oligonucleotides to tumor cells Reversion of multidrug resistance in tumor cells
7) Targeted delivery of antibiotics using nanoparticles Challenge is to design the means of carrying an antibiotic in a form that is able to be endocytosed by phagocytic cells and then released into these cells Nanoparticles are one of the main carriers developed for these logistic strategies
Nanotechnology Applications
Targeting of intracellular bacteria with antibiotic colloidal carriers liposomes or nanoparticles
Nanotechnology Applications- DNA Sequencing
8) In DNA Sequencing DNA molecules under the influence of an electric field are forced through nano-scale channels (~100 nm) on a
ldquogel biochiprdquo The molecules deform and stretch to pass through the small channels
This process separates DNA fragments by length
This is part of the method used to sequence the DNA in the human genome and in
identifying a unique DNA ldquofingerprintrdquo
Nanotechnology Applications - Immunoisolation for Cell-encapsulation therapy
9) Liver Dysfunction Encapsulation of Hepatic Cell
Pancreas Dysfunction Encapsulation of Islets of Langerhans
Disorders of the CNS Parkinsonrsquos Alzheimerrsquos
Pre-requisites for cell encapsulation
ndash continued and optimal tissuecell supply
ndash maintenance of cell viability amp function
ndash successful prevention of immune rejection
Nonporous Silicone-based biocapsules serves as Artificial Pancreas(Desai et al)
Nanotechnology Applications
10) Targeting Tumours laquo Smart Bombs raquo
Conventional Therapy Chemotherapy that poisons surrounding tissue
Strategy Block angiogenesis selectively at tumor site
Nanoparticle DNA + Cationic Polymer directed at tumourous cells
Starves blood cells
Nano engineering ndash Bio - analogous Structures
Bone-cartilage composite
Muscle
Brain-machine Interface
CHALLENGES amp Methods ofDrug Delivery
Prevention of drug from biological degradation (Oral dosage form)
Effective Targeting ( Inhalation)
Patient Compliance (Tran dermal)
Cost effectiveness (Implantation)
Product life extension (Injections)
Nanotechnology Applications
Nanoelectromechanical System (NEMS) Sensors
minus NEMS technology enables creation of ultra small and highly sensitive sensors for various applications
minus The NEMS force sensor shown in the figure is applicable in pathogenic bacteria detection
Fig A NEMS bacteria sensor
Nanotechnology Applications
5) Nano medicine - Continuous Therapy for Preventing Cancer in Astronauts Engineered multilayered nano particles targeted to radiation-damaged cells can initiate repair of damaged DNA using DNA repair genes manufactured inside individual living cells under the control of molecular
biosensor switches
6) Nanoparticles in cancer therapy Increase in antitumor efficacy Reduction of systemic side-effects Selective delivery of oligonucleotides to tumor cells Reversion of multidrug resistance in tumor cells
7) Targeted delivery of antibiotics using nanoparticles Challenge is to design the means of carrying an antibiotic in a form that is able to be endocytosed by phagocytic cells and then released into these cells Nanoparticles are one of the main carriers developed for these logistic strategies
Nanotechnology Applications
Targeting of intracellular bacteria with antibiotic colloidal carriers liposomes or nanoparticles
Nanotechnology Applications- DNA Sequencing
8) In DNA Sequencing DNA molecules under the influence of an electric field are forced through nano-scale channels (~100 nm) on a
ldquogel biochiprdquo The molecules deform and stretch to pass through the small channels
This process separates DNA fragments by length
This is part of the method used to sequence the DNA in the human genome and in
identifying a unique DNA ldquofingerprintrdquo
Nanotechnology Applications - Immunoisolation for Cell-encapsulation therapy
9) Liver Dysfunction Encapsulation of Hepatic Cell
Pancreas Dysfunction Encapsulation of Islets of Langerhans
Disorders of the CNS Parkinsonrsquos Alzheimerrsquos
Pre-requisites for cell encapsulation
ndash continued and optimal tissuecell supply
ndash maintenance of cell viability amp function
ndash successful prevention of immune rejection
Nonporous Silicone-based biocapsules serves as Artificial Pancreas(Desai et al)
Nanotechnology Applications
10) Targeting Tumours laquo Smart Bombs raquo
Conventional Therapy Chemotherapy that poisons surrounding tissue
Strategy Block angiogenesis selectively at tumor site
Nanoparticle DNA + Cationic Polymer directed at tumourous cells
Starves blood cells
Nano engineering ndash Bio - analogous Structures
Bone-cartilage composite
Muscle
Brain-machine Interface
CHALLENGES amp Methods ofDrug Delivery
Prevention of drug from biological degradation (Oral dosage form)
Effective Targeting ( Inhalation)
Patient Compliance (Tran dermal)
Cost effectiveness (Implantation)
Product life extension (Injections)
Nanotechnology Applications
5) Nano medicine - Continuous Therapy for Preventing Cancer in Astronauts Engineered multilayered nano particles targeted to radiation-damaged cells can initiate repair of damaged DNA using DNA repair genes manufactured inside individual living cells under the control of molecular
biosensor switches
6) Nanoparticles in cancer therapy Increase in antitumor efficacy Reduction of systemic side-effects Selective delivery of oligonucleotides to tumor cells Reversion of multidrug resistance in tumor cells
7) Targeted delivery of antibiotics using nanoparticles Challenge is to design the means of carrying an antibiotic in a form that is able to be endocytosed by phagocytic cells and then released into these cells Nanoparticles are one of the main carriers developed for these logistic strategies
Nanotechnology Applications
Targeting of intracellular bacteria with antibiotic colloidal carriers liposomes or nanoparticles
Nanotechnology Applications- DNA Sequencing
8) In DNA Sequencing DNA molecules under the influence of an electric field are forced through nano-scale channels (~100 nm) on a
ldquogel biochiprdquo The molecules deform and stretch to pass through the small channels
This process separates DNA fragments by length
This is part of the method used to sequence the DNA in the human genome and in
identifying a unique DNA ldquofingerprintrdquo
Nanotechnology Applications - Immunoisolation for Cell-encapsulation therapy
9) Liver Dysfunction Encapsulation of Hepatic Cell
Pancreas Dysfunction Encapsulation of Islets of Langerhans
Disorders of the CNS Parkinsonrsquos Alzheimerrsquos
Pre-requisites for cell encapsulation
ndash continued and optimal tissuecell supply
ndash maintenance of cell viability amp function
ndash successful prevention of immune rejection
Nonporous Silicone-based biocapsules serves as Artificial Pancreas(Desai et al)
Nanotechnology Applications
10) Targeting Tumours laquo Smart Bombs raquo
Conventional Therapy Chemotherapy that poisons surrounding tissue
Strategy Block angiogenesis selectively at tumor site
Nanoparticle DNA + Cationic Polymer directed at tumourous cells
Starves blood cells
Nano engineering ndash Bio - analogous Structures
Bone-cartilage composite
Muscle
Brain-machine Interface
CHALLENGES amp Methods ofDrug Delivery
Prevention of drug from biological degradation (Oral dosage form)
Effective Targeting ( Inhalation)
Patient Compliance (Tran dermal)
Cost effectiveness (Implantation)
Product life extension (Injections)
Nanotechnology Applications
Targeting of intracellular bacteria with antibiotic colloidal carriers liposomes or nanoparticles
Nanotechnology Applications- DNA Sequencing
8) In DNA Sequencing DNA molecules under the influence of an electric field are forced through nano-scale channels (~100 nm) on a
ldquogel biochiprdquo The molecules deform and stretch to pass through the small channels
This process separates DNA fragments by length
This is part of the method used to sequence the DNA in the human genome and in
identifying a unique DNA ldquofingerprintrdquo
Nanotechnology Applications - Immunoisolation for Cell-encapsulation therapy
9) Liver Dysfunction Encapsulation of Hepatic Cell
Pancreas Dysfunction Encapsulation of Islets of Langerhans
Disorders of the CNS Parkinsonrsquos Alzheimerrsquos
Pre-requisites for cell encapsulation
ndash continued and optimal tissuecell supply
ndash maintenance of cell viability amp function
ndash successful prevention of immune rejection
Nonporous Silicone-based biocapsules serves as Artificial Pancreas(Desai et al)
Nanotechnology Applications
10) Targeting Tumours laquo Smart Bombs raquo
Conventional Therapy Chemotherapy that poisons surrounding tissue
Strategy Block angiogenesis selectively at tumor site
Nanoparticle DNA + Cationic Polymer directed at tumourous cells
Starves blood cells
Nano engineering ndash Bio - analogous Structures
Bone-cartilage composite
Muscle
Brain-machine Interface
CHALLENGES amp Methods ofDrug Delivery
Prevention of drug from biological degradation (Oral dosage form)
Effective Targeting ( Inhalation)
Patient Compliance (Tran dermal)
Cost effectiveness (Implantation)
Product life extension (Injections)
Nanotechnology Applications- DNA Sequencing
8) In DNA Sequencing DNA molecules under the influence of an electric field are forced through nano-scale channels (~100 nm) on a
ldquogel biochiprdquo The molecules deform and stretch to pass through the small channels
This process separates DNA fragments by length
This is part of the method used to sequence the DNA in the human genome and in
identifying a unique DNA ldquofingerprintrdquo
Nanotechnology Applications - Immunoisolation for Cell-encapsulation therapy
9) Liver Dysfunction Encapsulation of Hepatic Cell
Pancreas Dysfunction Encapsulation of Islets of Langerhans
Disorders of the CNS Parkinsonrsquos Alzheimerrsquos
Pre-requisites for cell encapsulation
ndash continued and optimal tissuecell supply
ndash maintenance of cell viability amp function
ndash successful prevention of immune rejection
Nonporous Silicone-based biocapsules serves as Artificial Pancreas(Desai et al)
Nanotechnology Applications
10) Targeting Tumours laquo Smart Bombs raquo
Conventional Therapy Chemotherapy that poisons surrounding tissue
Strategy Block angiogenesis selectively at tumor site
Nanoparticle DNA + Cationic Polymer directed at tumourous cells
Starves blood cells
Nano engineering ndash Bio - analogous Structures
Bone-cartilage composite
Muscle
Brain-machine Interface
CHALLENGES amp Methods ofDrug Delivery
Prevention of drug from biological degradation (Oral dosage form)
Effective Targeting ( Inhalation)
Patient Compliance (Tran dermal)
Cost effectiveness (Implantation)
Product life extension (Injections)
Nanotechnology Applications - Immunoisolation for Cell-encapsulation therapy
9) Liver Dysfunction Encapsulation of Hepatic Cell
Pancreas Dysfunction Encapsulation of Islets of Langerhans
Disorders of the CNS Parkinsonrsquos Alzheimerrsquos
Pre-requisites for cell encapsulation
ndash continued and optimal tissuecell supply
ndash maintenance of cell viability amp function
ndash successful prevention of immune rejection
Nonporous Silicone-based biocapsules serves as Artificial Pancreas(Desai et al)
Nanotechnology Applications
10) Targeting Tumours laquo Smart Bombs raquo
Conventional Therapy Chemotherapy that poisons surrounding tissue
Strategy Block angiogenesis selectively at tumor site
Nanoparticle DNA + Cationic Polymer directed at tumourous cells
Starves blood cells
Nano engineering ndash Bio - analogous Structures
Bone-cartilage composite
Muscle
Brain-machine Interface
CHALLENGES amp Methods ofDrug Delivery
Prevention of drug from biological degradation (Oral dosage form)
Effective Targeting ( Inhalation)
Patient Compliance (Tran dermal)
Cost effectiveness (Implantation)
Product life extension (Injections)
Nanotechnology Applications
10) Targeting Tumours laquo Smart Bombs raquo
Conventional Therapy Chemotherapy that poisons surrounding tissue
Strategy Block angiogenesis selectively at tumor site
Nanoparticle DNA + Cationic Polymer directed at tumourous cells
Starves blood cells
Nano engineering ndash Bio - analogous Structures
Bone-cartilage composite
Muscle
Brain-machine Interface
CHALLENGES amp Methods ofDrug Delivery
Prevention of drug from biological degradation (Oral dosage form)
Effective Targeting ( Inhalation)
Patient Compliance (Tran dermal)
Cost effectiveness (Implantation)
Product life extension (Injections)
Nano engineering ndash Bio - analogous Structures
Bone-cartilage composite
Muscle
Brain-machine Interface
CHALLENGES amp Methods ofDrug Delivery
Prevention of drug from biological degradation (Oral dosage form)
Effective Targeting ( Inhalation)
Patient Compliance (Tran dermal)
Cost effectiveness (Implantation)
Product life extension (Injections)
CHALLENGES amp Methods ofDrug Delivery
Prevention of drug from biological degradation (Oral dosage form)
Effective Targeting ( Inhalation)
Patient Compliance (Tran dermal)
Cost effectiveness (Implantation)
Product life extension (Injections)