Nanotechnology and Environmental ProtectionI. Introduction

Shu-Chi Chang, Ph.D., P.E., P.A.Assistant Professor1 and Division Chief2

1Department of Environmental Engineering2Division of Occupational Safety and Health,

Center for Environmental Protection and Occupational Safety and Health

National Chung Hsing University

9/16/2008

Outline

Instructor’s background Course overview and grading policy

Overview of this course Grading policy Textbook and references

Introduction of Nanotechnology and Environmental Protection

Instructor’s background

Ph.D., Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, U.S.A. (Ranked at the 3rd place in 2008)

Award Government Scholarship: Sole grantee in Environmental

Engineering in year 2000. Professional qualification

PE, Environmental Engineering (1989) PE, Industrial Safety Engineering (1997) CPA, ISO 14000 (1996, Naville & Clark) CPA, ISO 9000 (1997, Mercedes-Benz)

Professional Expertise Environmental microbiology and

nanobiotechnology (8 years) Bioremediation of contaminated soils and

groundwater (6 years) Integrated quality, environmental, safety, and health

management ( 5 year)

Dissertational Research

Rapid detection and enumeration of mycobacteria in metalworking fluids: technology development and validation

Tools Flow cytometry Fluorescent antibody and nucleic acid dyes Functionalized magnetic nanoparticle (dia. 25 nm

and 60 nm) Statistical data analysis

Contributions Shortened assay time by more than 95% Single colony-forming-unit sensitivity ~98% specificity Good correlation over 4 orders of magnitude Can effectively reduce health hazards and

environmental burdens

Extended Research

Peptide Nucleic Acid Probes Nano-emulsion: novel industrial fluid

formulations Flow-Genomics™: an ultrasensitive

and high-throughput single molecule detection platform

Instantaneous characterization of microbial ecosystems: rapid identification of structural and functional roles of numerous microorganisms in a microbial ecosystem

Award: Ms. Hsin-Yue Chen won the “Outstanding Research Award” granted by NSC, Taiwan.

Others

University of Michigan Dioxin Exposure Study (UMDES)

Soil, blood, dust, and questionnaire Data analysis

Modeling Pattern analysis Exposure pathway modeling

Flow GenomicsTM

Microbial fuel cell Environmental impact of nano-materials (EINM)

Bioremediation experience

Expert system programmer (Bioremediation Advisor)

Investigation Soil sampling and analysis Groundwater sampling and analysis Soil gas sampling and analysis

Remediation Off-site remediation On-site remediation In-situ remediation (pioneered the in-situ air sparging

bioremediation in Taiwan) Technology transfer

Speaker for a session on in-situ bioremediation technology transfer to Chinese Petroleum Corporation, Taiwan

Expert system illustration

Original fact pool 1

Evolved fact pool 1

Rule base or knowledge base

Evolved fact pool 2

Evolved fact pool 3

Evolved fact pool n

Evolved Rule base or knowledge base 1

Contaminated site

Drilling and sampling

Pilot study

Current Research

Applications of nanoemulsions Bioremediation of chlorinated solvent

contaminated sites Sustainable industrial fluid Growth enhancer Magnetite nanoparticle synthesis for arsenic

removal Environmental microfluidics

Single cell packaging High throughput genomic study platform

Overview of this course (1)

Teaching goals To gain basic understanding of nanotechnology. To review the technical areas of environmental

protection To learn the current applications to environmental

engineering and energy engineering To be familiar with the possible environmental

impacts due to nanomaterials

Overview of this course (2)

Main topics Short history of nanotechnology Basic rules about the nano-world Fabrication and characterization of

nanomaterials Nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes Nano-Sensors Ecological impacts of nanomaterials Nanotechnology application to remediation,

adsorption, and membrane processes Micro- and nano-fluidics

Overview of this course (3)

Style Fact and engineering oriented

Understanding first, memorization second

Quantification and calculation is necessary

Group learning and communication A short group oral presentation A group term project and presentation

Grading policy All lectures, assignments and exams will be in English. Short oral

presentation has to be in English. However, questions, term paper, and homework are allowed to be finished in either Chinese or English.

Homework will be handed out probably every three weeks and a term paper will be assigned to each group of students, usually 3 students in a group. Each group will also give a short presentation apart from the term project presentation.

Composition of final score Homework assignments: 10%, zero score for late submission. Short group oral presentation (15 minutes): 10% Term paper (Research proposal) + presentation: 25%, 7 pages min and 10 pages

max, not including references. Font in size 12 and double spaced. References should be no less than 7 citations. Preferably in English.

Midterm: 25% and Final: 25% Participation: 5%

Best Proposal Award: extra credit 5 points. (highest score99)

Group learning and presentation

Why Promotion of team spirit and interaction Chance to investigate the topic you are

most interested in environmental nanotechnology or environmental problems associated with nanomaterials

Getting familiar with the format of research proposal writing and oral presentation in an international symposium.

Environmental professionals need better communication skills than any other engineering disciplines

ScheduleWeek Date Topic

1 9/16 Overview of this course

2 9/23 Nanotechnology and the Environment (I)

3 9/30 Nanotechnology and the Environment (II)

4 10/7 Nanotechnology and energy, and Nanomaterial fabrication (I)

5 10/14 Nanomaterial fabrication (II)

6 10/21 Structural characterization of nanomaterials

7 10/28 Chemical characterization of nanomaterials

8 11/4 Midterm Exam (in-class, 2 hour exam)

9 11/11 Nanomaterial toxicity assessment

10 11/18 Nanomaterials for groundwater remediation

11 11/25 Membrane processes and adsorption

12 12/2 Environmental impacts of nanomaterials

13 12/9 Life-cycle assessment of nanomaterials (oral presentation)

14 12/16 Nanoemulsion for remediation (oral presentations)

15 12/23Microfluidics for medical and environmental applications (oral presentation)

16 12/30 Quantum dots (oral presentation)

17 1/6 Group term project presentation

18 1/13 Final Exam (take home for 24 hours)

Textbook and references

Textbook Wiesner & Bottero, 2007. Environmental

Nanotechnology. McGraw Hill Companies, New York, NY. (Not required)

References Course pack (handouts) Course slides (on-line available with password) Current journal articles (on-line available

through http://lib.nchu.edu.tw )

For lecturing slides, please refer to http://web.nchu.edu.tw/pweb/users/shucc

Office hours and others

Office hours: Thursday: 12pm (noon) ~ 1pm Other time: by appointment

Lab tour: electron microscope lab in NCHU (TBA)

Introduction to this course: “Nanotechnology and Environmental Protection”

Shu-Chi Chang, Ph.D., P.E., P.A.Assistant Professor1 and Division Chief2

1Department of Environmental Engineering2Division of Occupational Safety and Health,

Center for Environmental Protection and Occupational Safety and Health

National Chung Hsing University

9/16/2008

Outline

What is nanotechnology What is environmental protection The interface between nanotechnology

and environmental protection Environmental applications of nanotech Environmental impacts of nanotech A hands-on preparation on

nanostructured surface Summary

What is nanotehnology ？ Dimension < 100 nm Dr. Feynman’s talk on

nanotechnology Dr. Drexler’s book: “Nanosystems” Dr. Smalley’s Fullerene and Nano-

energy

There’s plenty of room at the bottom

The beginning of nanotehnology: Dr. Feynman’s talk --“What I want to talk about is the problem of manipulating and controlling things on a small scale.” (12/29/1959 at Caltech)

Questions: Why cannot we write the entire 24

volumes of the Encyclopedia Brittanica on the head of a pin? (write and read)

Physical way to chemical synthesis Learn from and incorporate with

biological entities

http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.html

There’s plenty of room at the bottom

Other possibilities Stored in 555 atoms as a bit as DNA

stored one bit in about 50 atoms Better electron microscope with

resolution at <0.1nm to see single atom Tiny robots to do what we want them to

do Making computer with line width at

around 40nm. How about chemical vapor deposition (CVD)?

Lubrication of tiny cars as small as 0.5mm

Swallow the surgeon into your body Nano mass production Bottom-up synthesis -> LED light Quantum dots?

There’s plenty of room at the bottom

Two high school prizes $1,000 to the first guy who can take

the information on the page of a book and put it on an area 1/25,000 smaller in linear scale in such manner that it can be read by an electron microscope.

another $1,000 to the first guy who makes an operating electric motor---a rotating electric motor which can be controlled from the outside and, not counting the lead-in wires, is only 1/64 inch cube.

http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.html

Overview (Cont’d)

Who is Dr. Feynman? Awards

Noble Prize Winner in 1965 Albert Einstein Award (1954, Princeton) Lawrence Award (1962).

Distinguished achievements in Quantum Electrodynamics

His research question actually started from his undergraduate study in MIT.

Very good at making complex things simple and popularize science to common audience.

http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.html

Drexler’s Nanosystems

Contents Preface Chapter 1. Introduction and Overview

PART I. PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES Chapter 2. Classical Magnitudes and Scaling

Laws Chapter 3. Potential Energy Surfaces Chapter 4. Molecular Dynamics Chapter 5. Positional Uncertainty Chapter 6. Transitions, Errors, and Damage Chapter 7. Energy Dissipation Chapter 8. Mechanosynthesis

PART II. COMPONENTS AND SYSTEMS Chapter 9. Nanoscale Structural

Components Chapter 10. Mobile Interfaces and Moving

Parts Chapter 11. Intermediate Subsystems Chapter 12. Nanomechanical

Computational Systems Chapter 13. Molecular Sorting,

Processing, and Assembly Chapter 14. Molecular Manufacturing

Systems PART III. IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES

Chapter 15. Macromolecular Engineering Chapter 16. Paths to Molecular

Manufacturing

Nanosystems: Molecular Machinery, Manufacturing, and Computation

Molecular machinery (1)

A pump selective for neon

http://www.ipt.arc.nasa.gov/gallery.html

Institute for Molecular Manufacturing (www.imm.org).

Molecular machinery (2)

A Molecular Differential Gear

Institute for Molecular Manufacturing (www.imm.org).

Molecular machinery (3)

A Fine-Motion Controller for Molecular Assembly

Institute for Molecular Manufacturing (www.imm.org).

Motion of bacterial flagellum

Dr. Smalley’s argument

The scientist first synthesized fullerene, C60.

Drexler's work on nanotechnology was criticized as naive by Nobel Prize winner Richard Smalley in a 2001 Scientific American article

Nobel laureate in 1996 Died at 62 years old in

2005.

Growth of nanotechnology

Nanotech is selling Intel is shipping <100 nm line-width

CPU chips Hard drives LED-based traffic signals CD players Low-friction coating

A irritating news about C60

Growth of nanotechnology

Fear: this tech has been growing too fast.

Size matters Surface atoms dominate Optical behavior and

chemical reactivity NNI quadrupled its budget

on nanotech since 2000. Nanotech economy -> 1

trillion in 2012

Growth of nanotechnology

Repeat of asbestos nightmare Environmental toxicity? C60 may be very good solar cell substrate and

may also convert oxygen and others into radicals

More and more evidences showed that nanomaterials do show high toxicity to some animals and human cells

Funding situation Predictive models are not adequate Labeling on products

Environmental protection

Environmental health as endpoint Human health Ecosystem health

Areas Toxicology: human body Surface water: waste water and drinking water Air: dispersion and deposition Soil: vadose zone Groundwater: aquifer, saturated with water

Interface

Nanotechnology

Air

Soil

Groundwater

Surfacewater

Environmental applications

Adsorption Membrane processes Groundwater remediation Nanoenergy Biosensors Micro- and nano-fluidics Nanoemulsion and nanosensor

Adsorption

Basic principles Nanoparticles offer >100m2/g specific surface

area Superparamagnetism for magnetically

assisted chemical separation (MACS)

Membrane processes

Groundwater remediation

Zero valent iron Biogenic iron oxide Iron oxide

synthesized in solution phase

Nanoenergy

Reactive oxygen species Solar cells

Generate hydrogen from water by using nanoparticles

ROS production by fullerene

Biosensors

Thin film (monolayer) Micro-cantilever Magnetic nanoparticles Quantum dots Nanowire Hydro-gel Biofunctionalized

nanoparticels Components and total

analysis system

Microscopes

Light microscope Electron microscope

Image Courtesy: Scott Robinson, ITG - Beckman Institute www.icob.sinica.edu.tw/pubweb/facility.htm

Nanoemulsion

Novel industrial fluids Drug delivery Nanoemulsion vaccine Nanoemulsion on

tumor cells Cosmetics Remediation Heat conductor Microreactor for

nanomaterial synthesis

Novel industrial fluids

Hypothesis Metastability Ostwald ripening Biodegradability at different

ranges of droplet sizes Size matters

Better stability -> longer shelf life

Low turbidity -> easier optical detection

Smaller size -> higher frequency of collision-> may also have higher fusion rate

Drug delivery

Nanoemulsion vaccine

Nanoemulsion on tumor cells

Cosmetics

Remediation

Heat conductor

Make your own nanosurface

Materials A paper cup A small amount of water A lighter A candle

Steps Observation

The nanosurface image

Most of the soot particles’ diameters range from 100 to 200 nm

Nanostructure on lotus leaf

http://www.informaworld.com/upload.wikimedia.org

Self-cleaning materials

http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=self-cleaning-materials

Conclusions

Nanotechnology is growing fast Funding in environmental impacts and toxicity is

still low comparing with funding to nanotech development

There are great potentials for environmental engineering application and cleaner energy generation