Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Nanotechnology Applicationsfor Clean Water
Solutions for Improving Water Quality
Second Edition
Edited by
Anita Street
US Department of Energy
Richard Sustich
Center of Advanced Materials for the Purification of Water with Systems,
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Jeremiah Duncan
Department of Atmospheric Science and Chemistry,
Plymouth State University
Nora SavageOffice of Research and Development, US Environmental
Protection Agency
Foreword by
George Gray
ELSEVIER
AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON
NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO
SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO
William Andrew is an imprinl of" lilscvicr
w
Contents
List of Contributors xxi
Foreword xxxi
Preface xxxiii
Acknowledgment xxx v
Introduction xxxvii
PART 1 CONTAMINANT SENSING TECHNOLOGIES
CHAPTER 1 Sensors Based on Carbon Nanotube Arrays and
Graphene for Water Monitoring 3
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 CNT-based electrochemical sensors 5
1.2.1 Various methods for preparation of CNT-based
sensors 5
1.2.2 Fabrication of aligned CNT NEA 6
1.2.3 Applications of CNT-based sensors for metal ion
monitoring 7
1.3 Graphene-based sensors 8
1.3.1 Graphene-based electrochemical sensors 8
1.3.2 Graphene sensors for pesticides 10
1.3.3 Graphene sensors for other pollutants 14
1.4 Conclusions and future work 15
Acknowledgments 16
References 16
CHAPTER 2 Advanced Nanosensors for Environmental
Monitoring 21
2.1 Introduction 21
2.2 Nanostructured sensing materials developed 23
2.2.1 Incorporation of metal nanoparticles in
photopolymerized organic conducting polymers 23
2.2.2 Nanostructured PAA membranes as novel electrode
materials 27
2.3 Chemical sensor arrays and pattern recognition 30
2.3.1 Data processing, pattern recognition, and support
vector machines 31
2.3.2 Integration of sensor array with chromatographic
systems 32
iii
iv Contents
2.4 Biosensing applications of nanostructured materials 33
2.4.1 Biosensors for polychlorinated biphenyls 33
2.4.2 Endocrine disrupting chemicals, chlorinated
organics, and other analytes 34
2.4.3 Multiarray electrochemical sensors for monitoring
pathogenic bacteria, cell viability, and antibiotic
susceptibility 39
2.5 Conclusions and future perspectives 41
Acknowledgments 41
References 42
CHAPTER 3 Electrochemical Biosensors Based on
Nanomaterials for Detection of Pesticides
and Explosives 47
3.1 Introduction 47
3.2 Nanomaterials-based biosensors for pesticides 49
3.2.1 Biosensor based on AChE 49
3.2.2 Biosensor based on ChO/AChE bienzyme 49
3.2.3 Biosensor based on LBL assembly of AChE on CNT 51
3.2.4 Biosensor based on OPH 53
3.3 NP-based electrochemical immunoassay of TNT 56
3.3.1 The principle of NP-based TNT sensor 56
3.3.2 The analytical performance of TNT sensor 57
3.4 Conclusions 60
Acknowledgments 60
References 61
CHAPTER 4 Dye Nanoparticle-Coated Test Strips for
Detection of ppb-Level Ions in Water 63
4.1 Introduction 63
4.2 Fundamental concept of dye nanoparticle-coated test strip 64
4.2.1 Structural features of dye nanoparticle-coated test strip ..64
4.2.2 Simple yet versatile fabrication methods of DNTSs 65
4.2.3 Detection characteristics with DNTS 67
4.3 The strategy to produce a suitable DNTS for a target ion 68
4.4 Detection of harmful ions in water with DNTSs 69
4.4.1 PAN nanofiber DNTS for Zn(II) detection 69
4.4.2 Dithizone nanofiber DNTS for Hg(II) detection 70
4.5 Conclusions and future perspectives 71
Acknowledgments 71
References 71
Contents v
CHAPTER 5 Functional Nucleic Acid-Directed Assembly of
Nanomaterials and Their Applications as
Colorimetric and Fluorescent Sensors for Trace
Contaminants in Water 735.1 Detection of trace contaminants in water 74
5.2 Functional nucleic acids for molecular
recognition 74
5.2.1 In vitro selection of functional nucleic acids
that are selective for a broad range of target
analytes 75
5.2.2 Analytes or contaminants recognized selectively
by functional nucleic acids 77
5.3 Functional nucleic acid-directed assembly of nanomaterials
for sensing contaminants 78
5.3.1 Fluorescent sensors 78
5.3.2 Colorimetric sensors 81
5.4 Simultaneous multiplexed detection using quantum dots and
gold nanoparticles 83
5.5 Sensors on solid supports 85
5.5.1 Dipsticks 85
5.5.2 Incorporation of sensors into devices 86
5.6 Other sensing schemes utilizing electrochemistry and
magnetic resonance imaging 86
5.7 Conclusions and future perspective 87
Acknowledgments 87
References 88
PART 2 SEPARATION TECHNOLOGIES
CHAPTER 6 Nanostructured Membranes for Water
Purification 95
6.1 Introduction 95
6.2 Conducting PAA membranes 97
6.2.1 PAA membranes for nanofillration
of ENPs 100
6.2.2 Application of PAA membranes for absolute
disinfection of drinking water 100
6.3 Conclusions 102
Acknowledgments 103
References 104
vi Contents
CHAPTER 7 Advances in Nanostructured Membranes for Water
Desalination 109
7.1 Introduction 1°9
7.2 Desalination technologies HO
7.2.1 State of the art in RO HO
7.2.2 State of the art in MD 111
7.3 Nanostructured membranes 112
7.3.1 Nanozeolite membranes 112
7.3.2 Clay nanocomposite membranes 113
7.3.3 CNT membranes 114
7.4 Application of nanostructured membranes 116
7.4.1 CNT membranes in RO 117
7.4.2 CNT membranes in MD 117
7.5 Commercial efforts to date 119
7.6 Future challenge of energy-efficient CNT membranes
for desalination 120
Acknowledgments 120
References 120
CHAPTER 8 Nanostructured Titanium Oxide Film- and
Membrane-Based Photocatalysis for Water
Treatment 123
8.1 Ti02 photocatalysis and challenges 123
8:2 Sol—gel synthesis of porous Ti02: surfactant
self-assembling 124
8.3 Immobilization of TiOz in the form of films
and membranes 125
8.4 Activation of Ti02 under visible light irradiation 127
8.5 Selective decomposition of target contaminants 128
8.6 Versatile environmental applications 129
8.7 Suggestions and implications 129
Acknowledgments 130
References 130
CHAPTER 9 Nanotechnology-Based Membranes for Water
Purification 133
9.1 Introduction 133
9.2 Zeolite-coated ceramic membranes 134
9.3 Inorganic—organic TFN membranes 137
Contents vii
9.4 Hybrid protein—polymer biomimetic membranes 140
9.5 Aligned CNT membranes 143
9.6 Self-assembled block copolymer membranes 145
9.7 Graphene-based membranes 146
9.8 Conclusions 148
References 149
CHAPTER 10 Multifunctional Nanomaterial-Enabled
Membranes for Water Treatment 155
10.1 Introduction 155
10.2 Nanostructured membranes with functional nanoparticles 156
10.2.1 Overview of recent progress in the development
of multifunctional membranes 157
10.2.2 Porous polymer nanocomposile membranes:
structural aspects 158
10.2.3 Example: effect of filler incorporation route
on the structure and biocidal properties of
polysulfone-silver nanocomposite membranes
of different porosities 159
10.2.4 Example: Self-cleaning membrane for
ozonation—ultrafiltration hybrid process 163
10.3 Potential future research directions 166
Acknowledgments 166
References 166
CHAPTER 11 Nanofluidic Carbon Nanotube Membranes:
Applications for Water Purification and
Desalination 173
11.1 Introduction: carbon nanotube membrane technologyfor water purification 174
11.2 Basic structure and properties of carbon nanotubes 174
11.3 Water transport in carbon nanotube pores: an MD
simulation view 176
11.3.1 Water inside carbon nanotubes 176
11.3.2 Carbon nanotubes as biological channel
analogs 177
11.4 Fabrication of carbon nanotube membranes 178
11.4.1 Polymeric/CNT membranes 178
11.4.2 Silicon nitride CNT membranes 178
11.4.3 CNT polymer network fabrication 180
viii Contents
11.5 Experimental observations of water transport in
double-wall and multi-wall carbon nanolube membranes 180
11.6 Nanofiltration properties of carbon nanotube membranes 182
11.6.1 Size exclusion experiments in the 1 — 10 nm size
range 182
11.6.2 Ion exclusion in carbon nanotube membranes 182
11.7 Altering transport selectivity by membrane
functionalization 183
11.8 Is energy-efficient desalination and water purification with
carbon nanotube membranes possible and practical? 184
Acknowledgments 186
References 186
CHAPTER 12 Design of Advanced Membranes and Substrates
for Water Purification and Desalination 189
12.1 Overview 189
12.2 Novel method to make a continuous micro-mesoporemembrane with tailored surface chemistry for use in
nanofiltration 191
12.3 Deposition of polyelectrolyte complex films under
pressure and from organic solvents 192
12.4 Solvent resistant hydrolyzed polyacrylonitrile
membranes 194
1-2.5 Polyimides membranes for nanofiltration 194
12.6 Conclusions 197
References 197
CHAPTER 13 Customization and Multistage Nanofiltration
Applications for Potable Water, Treatment, and
Reuse 201
13.1 Potable water 201
13.1.1 Nanofiltration membranes as a water
treatment solution 201
13.1.2 Nanofiltration of freshwater sources 202
13.1.3 Nanofiltration for seawater desalination 204
13.2 Water treatment and reuse 205
13.2.1 Nanofiltration for wastewater treatment
and reuse 205
Reference 207
Contents ix
CHAPTER 14 Commercialization of Nanotechnology for
Removal of Heavy Metals in Drinking Water 209
14.1 Issues that need to be addressed 209
14.2 General approaches 211
14.3 Specific technology used by CCT and results 214
14.3.1 Synthesis and characterization of materials 219
14.3.2 Metal binding tests 221
14.4 Moving technology to the next phase 224
References 225
CHAPTER 15 Water Treatment by Dendrimer-Enhanced
Filtration: Principles and Applications 227
15.1 Introduction 227
15.2 Dendrimers as recyclable ligands for cations 229
15.3 Dendrimers as recyclable ligands for anions 233
15.4 Dendrimer-enhanced filtration: overview
and applications 235
15.5 Summary and outlook 238
Acknowledgments 238
References 239
CHAPTER 16 Detection and Extraction of Pesticides
from Drinking Water Using Nanotechnologies 241
16.1 Introduction 242
16.2 The need for nanomaterials and nanotechnology 245
16.3 Earlier efforts for pesticide removal 246
16.3.1 Surface adsorption 246
16.3.2 Biological degradation 247
16.3.3 Membrane filtration 247
16.4 Nanomaterials-based chemistry: recent approaches 249
16.4.1 Homogeneous versus heterogeneous chemistry 249
16.4.2 Variety of nanosystems 251
16.5 Pesticide removal from drinking water: a case study 256
16.5.1 Noble metal nanoparticle-based mineralization
of pesticides 256
16.5.2 Detection of ultralow pesticide contamination
in water 260
16.5.3 Technology to product: a snapshot view 263
16.6 Future directions 264
16.7 Summary 266
x Contents
References 267
Further reading 269
CHAPTER 17 Nanomaterials-Enhanced Electrically Switched
Ion Exchange Process for Water Treatment 271
17.1 Introduction 271
17.2 Principle of the electrically switched ion exchange
technology 272
17.3 Nanomaterials-enhanced electrically switched ion
exchange for removal of radioactive cesium-137 273
17.4 Nanomaterials-enhanced electrically switched ion
exchange for removal of chromate and perchlorate 276
17.5 Conclusions 279
Acknowledgments 280
References 280
PART 3 TRANSFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES
CHAPTER 18 Nanometallic Particles for OligodynamicMicrobial Disinfection 283
18.1 Introduction 283
18.2 Economic impact of modern disinfection systems 284
18.3 Health impact of water disinfection shortfalls 285
1-8.4 Modern disinfection systems 286
18.5 Nanometallic particles in alternative disinfection
systems 286
18.5.1 Silver nanoparticles 288
18.5.2 Synthesis 288
18.5.3 Utility 288
18.6 Conclusions 293
References 293
CHAPTER 19 Nanostructured Visible-Light Photocatalysts for
Water Purification 297
19.1 Visible-light photocatalysis with titanium oxides 297
19.2 Sol—gel fabrication of nitrogen-doped titanium oxide
nanoparticle photocatalysts 300
19.3 Metal-ion-modified nitrogen-doped titanium oxide
photocatalysts 304
Contents xi
19.4 Nanostructured nitrogen-doped titanium-oxide-based
photocatalysts 310
19.5 Environmental properties of nitrogen-doped titanium-oxide-
based photocatalysts 311
19.6 Conclusions and future directions 313
References 314
CHAPTER 20 Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Disinfection
and Microbial Control: Merits and Limitations 319
20.1 Introduction 319
20.2 Current and potential applications 320
20.2.1 Nanosilver 321
20.2.2 Titanium oxide 322
20.2.3 Fullerenes 322
20.2.4 Combining current technologies with
nanotechnology 323
20.3 Outlook on the role of nanotechnology in microbial
control: limitations and research needs 324
References 326
CHAPTER 21 Possible Applications of Fullerene
Nanomaterials in Water Treatment and Reuse 329
21.1 Introduction 329
21.2 Chemistry of fullerene nanomaterials 330
21.3 Applications of fullerene nanomaterials 332
21.3.1 Membrane fabrication using fullerene
nanomaterials 332
21.3.2 Oxidation of organic compounds 334
21.3.3 Bacterial and viral inactivation 335
21.4 Summary 336
Acknowledgements 337
References 337
CHAPTER 22 Heterogeneous Catalytic Reduction for Water
Purification: Nanoscale Effects on CatalyticActivity, Selectivity, and Sustainability 339
22.1 Introduction 339
22.2 Catalytic hydrodehalogenation: iodinaled X-ray contrast
media 340
Contents
22.3 Selective catalytic nitrate reduction 343
22.4 Conclusions and prospects 346
References 347
CHAPTER 23 Enhanced Dechlorination of Trichloroethylene
by Membrane-Supported Iron and Bimetallic
Nanoparticles 351
23.1 Introduction 351
23.2 Nanoparticle formation 352
23.2.1 Solution and emulsion techniques 352
23.2.2 In situ formation of nanoparticles 354
23.2.3 Addition of secondary metals 354
23.2.4 Preserving zero-valence 355
23.3 Polymers 356
23.4 Composite material 357
23.5 Water treatment 359
23.5.1 Metal particle composition 360
23.5.2 Absorption in support polymer 364
23.6 Conclusions 365
References 366
CHAPTER 24 Synthesis of Nanostructured Bimetallic
Particles in Polyligand-FunctionalizedMembranes for Remediation Applications 369
24.1 Introduction 370
24.2 Nanoparticle synthesis in functionalized membranes 372
24.2.1 Polyvinylidene flouride membrane
functionalization with polyacrylic acid 372
24.2.2 Synthesis of fe-based bimetallic nanoparticlesin polyacrylic acid layers 373
24.3 Characterization of polyacrylic acid functionalized
membranes 375
24.4 Characterization of nanoparticles in membranes 378
24.4.1 Chelation interaction between ferrous ions and
polyacrylic acid 378
24.4.2 Fe/Pd nanoparticle characterization 379
24.5 Reactivity of membrane-based nanoparticles 381
24.5.1 Catalytic hydrodechlorination of
trichloroethylene 381
Contents xiii
24.5.2 Effect of dopant material and nanoparticle
structure 383
24.5.3 Catalytic hydrodechlorination of selected
polychlorinated biphenyls 385
24.5.4 Dechlorination efficiency of different
polychlorinated biphenyls 386
24.5.5 Catalytic activity as a function of palladium
coating content 388
24.6 Conclusions 390
Acknowledgments 391
References 391
CHAPTER 25 Magnesium-Based Corrosion Nano-Cells for
Reductive Transformation of Contaminants 395
25.1 Introduction 395
25.2 Magnesium-based bimetallic systems 396
25.3 Unique corrosion properties of magnesium 397
25.4 Doping nanoscale palladium onto magnesium—modifiedalcohol reduction route 398
25.5 Role of nanosynthesis in assuaging concerns from
palladium usage 400
25.6 Challenges in nanoscaling magnesium 400
25.7 Other environmental applications 401
Acknowledgments 401
References 402
PART 4 STABILIZATION TECHNOLOGIES
CHAPTER 26 Multifunctional Materials Containing Nanoscale
Zerovalent Iron in Carbon Microspheres for the
Environmentally Benign Remediation of
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons 407
26.1 Introduction 407
26.2 Materials synthesis 409
26.2.1 Adsorption and reactivity studies 412
26.3 Stability and transport characteristics 415
26.4 Partitioning at TCE-water interfaces 417
26.5 Summary 418
Acknowledgments 419
References 419
xiv Contents
CHAPTER 27 Water Decontamination Using Iron and Iron Oxide
Nanoparticles 423
27.1 Introduction 423
27.2 Synthesis and properties of iron and iron oxide
nanoparticles 424
27.2.1 Iron nanoparticles 424
27.2.2 Iron oxide nanoparticles 425
27.3 Removal of pollutants through sorption/dechlorination
by iron/iron oxide nanoparticles 426
27.3.1 Removal of arsenic in water 427
27.3.2 Removal of chromium in water 430
27.3.3 Removal of phosphates in water 430
27.3.4 Removal of chloro-organics in water 432
27.3.5 Removal of E. coli in Water 436
27.4 Conclusions 438
References 438
CHAPTER 28 Nanotechnology for Contaminated Subsurface
Remediation: Possibilities and Challenges 441
28.1 Introduction 441
28.2 Sources of groundwater contamination and
remediation costs 442
28.3 Remediation alternatives 443
28.4 Contaminated site remediation via reactive
nanomaterials 444
28.5 Example of contaminated site remediation
via reactive nanometals 446
28.6 Summary 452
References 453
CHAPTER 29 Green Remediation of Hexavalent Chromium
Using Naturally Derived Flavonoids and
Engineered Nanoparticles 457
29.1 Introduction 457
29.2 Nanotechnologies for site remediation and wastewater
treatment 460
29.2.1 Bimetallic nanoparticles remediation
approach 461
29.2.2 Remediation of chromium using
nanotechnology 463
Contents xv
29.2.3 Determination of Cr(VI) concentration 465
29.2.4 Removal of Cr(VI) from complex aqueous media 466
29.3 Naturally occurring flavonoids as reducing agents
for hexavalent chromium 466
29.4 Conclusions 469
Acknowledgments 469
References 470
CHAPTER 30 Physicochemistry of Polyelectrolyte CoatingsThat Increase Stability, Mobility, and
Contaminant Specificity of Reactive
Nanoparticles Used for Groundwater
Remediation 473
30.1 Challenges of using reactive nanomaterials for in situ
groundwater remediation 474
30.2 Polymeric surface modification/functionalization 474
30.2.1 Definitions and materials 474
30.2.2 Nanoparticle surface modification approaches 476
30.3 Effect of surface modifiers on the mobility of
nanomaterials in the subsurface 478
30.3.1 Colloidal forces and
Derjaguin—Landau—Verwey—Overbeek theory 478
30.3.2 Adsorbed layer characterization 483
30.4 Contaminant targeting of polymeric functionalized
nanoparticles 484
30.5 Effect of surface modification/functionalization on
contaminant degradation 486
30.6 Remaining challenges and ongoing research and
development opportunities 487
References 488
CHAPTER 31 Stabilization of Zero-Valent Iron Nanoparticlesfor Enhanced In Situ Destruction of Chlorinated
Solvents in Soils and Groundwater 491
31.1 Introduction 491
31.2 Stabilization of zero-valent iron nanoparticles using
polysaccharides 493
31.3 Reactivity of starch- or carboxymethyl-cellulose-stabilizedzero-valent iron nanoparticles 496
References 499
xvi Contents
CHAPTER 32 Reducing Leachability and Bioaccessibilityof Toxic Metals in Soils, Sediments, and
Solid/Hazardous Wastes Using Stabilized
Nanoparticles 503
32.1 Reductive immobilization of chromate in soil
and water using stabilized zero-valent iron nanoparticles 503
32.1.1 Introduction 503
32.1.2 Reduction and removal of Cr(VI) in water 504
32.1.3 Reduction and immobilization of Cr(VI)
sorbed in soil 505
32.2 In situ immobilization of lead in soils using stabilized
vivianite nanoparticles 508
32.3 Mechanisms of nanoparticle stabilization by
carboxymethyl cellulose 509
32.4 Conclusions 510
References 510
PART 5 SOCIETAL ISSUES
CHAPTER 33 Introduction to Societal Issues: The
Responsible Development of Nanotechnologyfor Water 515
References 517
CHAPTER 34 Nanotechnology in Water: Societal, Ethical,and Environmental Considerations 519
34.1 Introduction 519
34.2 Responsible development: ethical, social, and
environmental concerns 520
34.2.1 Access, parity, and effects of technology
deployment 521
34.2.2 Human health and environmental effects 523
34.3 Public engagement: what role should the public have? 525
34.4 Conclusions 527
References 527
CHAPTER 35 Competition for Water 529
35.1 Introduction 530
35.2 Population and technological impacts on water 531
Contents xvii
35.3 Water access 532
35.4 Corruption, mismanagement, and overconsumplion 534
35.5 Climate change and global warming 535
35.6 Patents: parity and access issues 535
35.7 Political demands 536
35.8 Conflict 536
35.9 Biofuels 537
35.9.1 Biofuels introduction 537
35.9.2 Worldwide biofuels policy 538
35.9.3 Biofuels: solution to or creation of a problem? 540
35.9.4 Possible ways forward for biofuels 545
35.10 Bottled water 547
35.11 Future trends 548
35.12 Conclusions 549
Notes 550
References 550
CHAPTER 36 A Framework for Using Nanotechnologyto Improve Water Quality 557
36.1 Introduction 557
36.2 Superordinate goals 559
36.3 Trading zones 560
36.3.1 Interactional expertise 561
36.3.2 Boundary object 561
36.4 Moral imagination 563
36.5 Adaptive management 564
36.6 Anticipatory governance 565
36.6.1 Expert elicitation as a method for facilitating
anticipatory governance 566
36.6.2 Potters for peace 567
36.7 Conclusions 568
Acknowledgments 570
References 570
CHAPTER 37 International Governance Perspectives on
Nanotechnology Water Innovation 573
37.1 Introduction 573
37.2 Diagnosing the need 574
37.3 The role for policy 576
37.4 Conclusions 580
References 580
xviii Contents
CHAPTER 38 Nanoscience and Water: Public Engagementat and below the Surface 583
38.1 Introduction 583
38.2 Water and the public 584
38.3 Nanotechnology treatment strategies 586
38.4 Modalities 587
38.4.1 Municipal systems 587
38.4.2 Point-of-use systems 588
38.4.3 Targeted systems 588
38.5 Water and public engagement 589
38.5.1 Municipal systems 590
38.5.2 Point-of-use strategies 591
38.6 Conclusions 593
Acknowledgments 593
Notes 593
References 593
CHAPTER 39 How Can Nanotechnologies Fulfill the Needs
of Developing Countries? 595
39.1 Nanotechnologies and developing countries 595
39.2 How can nanotechnologies deliver public value? 596
39.3 Nanodialogues in Zimbabwe 598
39.4 Balancing risk and opportunity 606
39.5 Future directions 607
References 608
CHAPTER 40 Challenges to Implementing NanotechnologySolutions to Water Issues in Africa 611
40.1 Introduction 611
40.2 Community involvement or ownership 612
40.3 Community need for the technology 613
40.4 Community water quality monitoring 616
40.5 Infrastructure 617
40.6 Capacity development 618
40.7 Improvements in quality of life 618
40.8 Commercialization of nanotechnologies 619
40.9 Conclusions 620
References 620
Contents xix
CHAPTER 41 Life Cycle Inventory of Semiconductor Cadmium
Selenide Quantum Dots for Environmental
Applications 623
41.1 Introduction 623
41.2 Applications and synthesis of quantum dots 626
41.3 Methodology 629
41.4 Life cycle inventory of synthesis of CdSe quantum
dots 632
41.5 Conclusions and future perspective 639
Acknowledgments 639
References 639
PART 6 OUTLOOK
Nanotechnology Solutions for Improving Water Quality 647
Index 651
