Nanotechnology for Environment and Health: Risks and Promises
Nanotechnology Basics BioE298/Module 1 Prof. Dipanjan Pan
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E MERGENCY R ESPONSE R ECOMMENDATIONS In an emergency in this
building, well have three choices: RUN (get out), HIDE (find a safe
place to stay inside), or FIGHT (with anything available to
increase our odds for survival). First, take a few minutes this
week and learn the different ways to leave this building. If theres
ever a fire alarm or something like that, youll know how to get
out, and youll be able to help others get out too. Second, if
theres severe weather and leaving isnt a good option, go to a low
level in the middle of the building, away from windows. If theres a
security threat, such as an active shooter, well RUN out of the
building if we can do it safely or we will HIDE by finding a safe
place where the threat cannot see us. We will lock or barricade the
door and we will be as quiet as possible, which includes placing
our cell phones on silent. We will not leave our area of safety
until we receive an Illini-Alert that advises us it is safe to do
so. If we cannot run out of the building safely or we cannot find a
place to hide, we must be prepared to fight with anything we have
available in order to survive. Remember, RUN away or HIDE if you
can, FIGHT if you have no other option. Finally, if you sign up for
emergency text messages at emergency.illinois.edu, youll receive
information from the police and administration during these types
of situations. If you have any questions, go to
police.illinois.edu, or call 217-333-1216.
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NoWeekMondayWednesdayHomework 108/25Introduction: Course
overviewLecture: Nanotechnology basics 209/01Holiday Lecture:
Nanotechnology for agriculture, food and nutrition HW #1 Due 9/15
309/8 Discussion: Primary paper, group presentation (Group 1)
Paper: - Additional Review Reading Lecture: Nanotechnology for
electronics 409/15 Discussion: Primary paper, group presentation
(Group 2) Paper: - Additional Review Reading Research Project
Introduction Lecture: Nanotechnology for energy and environment HW
#2 Due 9/29 HW #1 Solutions 509/22 Discussion: Primary paper, group
presentation (Group 3) Paper: - Additional Review Reading Lecture:
Nanotechnology for health: Imaging 609/29 Discussion: Primary
paper, group presentation (Group 4) Paper: - Additional Review
Reading Lecture: Nanotechnology for health: Therapy HW #3 Due 10/13
HW #2 Solutions 710/6 Discussion: Primary paper, group presentation
(Group 5) Paper: - Additional Review Reading Lecture: Potential
risks with nanotechnology 810/13 Discussion: Primary paper, group
presentation (Group 6) Paper: - Additional Review Reading Research
Project: Carle Foundation Hospital HW #4 Due 10/27 HW #3 Solutions
10/27Research Project: Carle Foundation HospitalExam Break HW #4
Solutions Exam WeekExamProject Presentation (Group 1-6)
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4 CONTENTS Introduction The origin and history of
nanotechnology Theory Vision Applications Health and Environment
The Future of Nanotechnology
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5 Definition of Nanotechnology Nanotechnology is the
understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to
100 nanometers, where unique phenomena enable novel applications.
Encompassing nanoscale science, engineering and technology,
nanotechnology involves imaging, measuring, modeling, and
manipulating matter at this length scale. -National Nanotechnology
Initiative
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What is Nanotech? NanoTechnology Art and science of
manipulating atoms and molecules to create new systems, materials,
and devices. Nanomeasurement Size Nanomanipulation Building from
the bottom up.
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7 Why Nanotechnology? At the nanoscale, the physical, chemical,
and biological properties of materials differ in fundamental and
valuable ways from the properties of individual atoms and molecules
or bulk matter. Nanotechnology R&D is directed toward
understanding and creating improved materials, devices, and systems
that exploit these new properties.
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8 What Exactly is Nano? Tata-Nano The worlds cheapest car $2000
Arguably worlds most popular music player iPod-Nano
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9
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A nanometre (Greek: , nanos, "dwarf"; , metrn) is a unit of
length in the metric system, equal to one billionth of a meter
(i.e., 10 -9 m or one millionth of a millimeter). Real world
scenario: Humans are 10,000,000 times smaller than the earth. A 100
nm sized particle, is 10,000,000 times smaller than a human. The
World of Nano At scales on the order of 100s of nm, novel materials
properties emerge, enabling the development of new class of
materials. It can create opportunities for paradigm shifting
results, creating new preventive, diagnostic and therapeutic
approaches to cancer
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11 The Importance of Size
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University of Illinois
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Whats the BIG deal about something so SMALL ? Materials behave
differently at this size scale. Its not just about miniaturization.
At this scale---its all about INTERFACES Color depends on particle
size Quantum dots 3.2 nm in diameter have blue emission Quantum
dots 5 nm in diameter have red emission
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14 Working at the atomic, molecular and supra-molecular levels,
in the length scale of approximately 1 100 nm range, through the
control and manipulation of matter at the atomic and molecular
level in order to design, create and use materials, devices and
systems with fundamentally new properties and functions because of
their small structure.
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15 Richard Feynmans famous presentation Theres Plenty of Room
at the Bottom was in the 1959 at the American Physical Society.
Here he asked: Why cant we manipulate materials atom by atom? Why
cant we control the synthesis of individual molecules? Why cant we
write all of human knowledge on the head of a pin? Why cant we
build machines to accomplish these things? Nobel Prize in Physics
1965
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16 Nanotechnology: A Blast from Past? How old is nanotechnology
in human history? Lead sulfide crystals (5 nm) Blonde hair It's
over 4000 years old. Goes back in ancient Egyptian and Persian
times The astounding qualities of nano-gold were understood by the
ancients, who devoted massive amounts of time and energy to alchemy
and labeled a primitive form of Nanogold the Elixir of Life. Silver
nano-colloids were used by Persians, Babylonian and Greek
civilizations as antiobiotics
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17 History of Nanotechnology
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Nanotechnology Through History: Carbon-based Nanoparticles from
Prehistory to Today 17,000-year old cave paintings from the Lascaux
caves in southwestern France. The pigments resemblance of soot is
no accident.
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Since our early ancestors first learned to make fires, humans
have been producing carbon-based nanoparticles. The smoke and soot
from their campfires contained nanoparticles known as fullerenes
and carbon nanotubes, along with many other combustion by-
products. They must have thought the very crude nanoparticle
preparations they created were a bit of a nuisance (depending on
how concerned they were about cleanliness), until they decided they
could use them in art. Little did they realize that some of the
structures in the smudgy black stuff they made would some day help
solve our energy problems. The Oldest Nanoparticle in History
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Thousands of years later, in the 11th to 13th centuries C.E.,
the Crusaders encountered unusually strong and sharp sword blades
when then fought against Muslims. Part of the reason for the
exceptional strength, remarkable sharpness, and beautiful patterns
on the surface of the Damascus steel sword blades used by Saladins
troops may have been the presence of carbon nanotubes in the steel
used. Scientists looking at such sword blades under the electron
microscope have seen evidence of carbon nanotubes (and other
nanomaterials) in Damascus steel.
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21 New tools for atomic-scale characterization New capabilities
for single atom/molecule manipulation Computational access to large
systems of atoms and long time scales Convergence of
scientific-disciplines at the nanoscale Why Now?
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22 Technology Momentum Reminders "There is no reason anyone
would want a computer in their home." (Ken Olsen, Digital Equipment
Corp, 1977) "Computers in the future may weigh no more than 1.5
tons." (Popular Mechanics, 1949) "I think there is a world market
for maybe five computers." (IBM's Thomas Watson, 1943)
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23 Nanotechnology: Applications
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24 Nanotechnology Applications
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Benefits of Nanotechnology The power of nanotechnology is
rooted in its potential to transform and revolutionize multiple
technology and industry sectors, including aerospace, agriculture,
biotechnology, homeland security and national defense, energy,
environmental improvement, information technology, medicine, and
transportation. Discovery in some of these areas has advanced to
the point where it is now possible to identify applications that
will impact the world we live in. -National Nanotechnology
Initiative
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Understanding the Challenges of the Nanoscale There are many
length and time scales that are important in nanotechnology. Length
scale goes from 10 to 10 4 ---- this corresponds to 10 2 to 10 11
particles Time scales ranging from 10 -15 s to several seconds The
temporal scale goes linearly in the number of particles N, the
spatial scale goes as (NlogN), yet the accuracy scale can go as
high as N 7 to N! with a significant pre-factor.
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Challenges of this Size Scale A critical issue for
nanotechnology is that components, structures, and systems are in a
size regime about whose fundamental behavior we have little
understanding. They are: too small for direct measurements too
large to be described by current rigorous first principle
theoretical and computational methods exhibit too many fluctuations
to be treated monolithically in time and space too few to be
described by a statistical ensemble.
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National Science and Technology Council, 2000 Nanoscience will
change the nature of almost every human-made object in the next
century.
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Economic Impact of Nanotechnology Market Size Predictions
(within a decade)* $340B/yrMaterials $300B/yr Electronics $180B/yr
Pharmaceuticals $100B/yr Chemical manufacture $ 70B/yr Aerospace $
20B/yr Tools $ 30B/yr Improved healthcare $ 45B/yr Sustainability
$1 Trillion per year by 2015 *2007 Estimates by industry groups,
source: NSF
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Economic Impact of Nanotechnology According to The
Nanotechnology Opportunity Report (NOR), 3rd Edition Cientifica
Ltd., published in June 2008 The market for products enabled by
nano- technologies will reach US$ 263 billion by 2012. The highest
growth rates will be in the convergence between bio- and
nanotechnologies in the healthcare and pharmaceutical sectors.
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National Investment The 2010 Budget provides $1.6 billion,
reflecting steady growth in the NNI investment. Fiscal YearNNI
2000$270M 2001$464M 2002$697M 2003$862M 2004$989M 2005$1,200M
2006$1,303M 2007$1,425M 2008$1,491M 2009$1,527M The US investment
in nano- technology represents about of the world R&D
investment.
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Source: The Fredonia Group 32 U.S Market Nanomaterials
Projections
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33 Examples of Current Research and Applications Materials
Science Powders, Coatings, Carbon Nano-Materials, C-NanoFabrics
EnergySolar Power and PhotoVoltaics, Hydrogen Fuel Cells, LED White
Light Medicine/BiotechGenomics, Proteomics, Lab on a Chip,
C-Nanotubes, BuckyBalls ElectronicsMRAM, NRAM, Q-Dots, Q-Bits
DevicesLithography, Dip Pen Lithography, AFM, MEMS
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Modeling, Characterization and Fabrication are Inseparable for
Nanoscale DevicesCharacterization Simulation Fabrication
Applications Courtesy: NASA
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Sporting Goods
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Cosmetics, Clothes and Food
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Clean and Cheap Energy Solid oxide fuel cell Courtesy: Steve
McIntosh, UVA Laser-textured silicon for solar cells Courtesy: Mool
Gupta, UVA Computational catalysis Courtesy: Matthew Neurock,
UVA
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Courtesy of NASA
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39 Disruptive Apps - Materials Fiber that is stronger than
spider web Metal 100 xs stronger than steel, 1/6 weight Catalysts
that respond more quickly and to more agents Plastics that conduct
electricity Coatings that are nearly frictionless (Shipping
Industry) Materials that change color and transparency on demand.
Materials that are self repairing, self cleaning, and never need
repainting. Nanoscale powders that are five times as light as
plastic but provide the same radiation protection as metal.
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40 Disruptive Apps - Energy Fuel cell technology becomes cost
effective within 3 years. Batteries that store more energy and are
much more efficient Plastics and paints that will store solar power
and convert to energy for $1 per watt.
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41 Disruptive Apps - Computing Silicon is hitting its size
limit, Moores law reaches maximum in 2007 SuperChips Combination of
Silicon and Galium Arsenide create wireless chips Plastic
semiconductors manufactured by regular printing devices cheaply
produced. Electronic Paper
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42 Disruptive Apps Bio Medicine Cosmetics that can penetrate
the skin Cures for Aids, Cancers, Alzheimer's, Diabetes Ability to
view cells In vivo - Fast Drug Creation Nanomaterials that can see
inside vessels for plaque buildup Technology that can re-grow bone
and organs NanoSensors for disease detection 10xs faster and
100,000 xs more accurate Nano filters will help create impurity
free drugs
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Definition A particle having one or more dimensions of the
order of 100nm (10 -7 m) or less From
http://www.malvern.com.cn/LabChi/industry/nanot
echnology/nanoparticle_defiition.htm 96nm 154nm 101nm 116nm 101nm
201nm
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Gecko feet are covered with nano-size hairs that use
intermolecular forces, allowing the lizards to stick firmly to
surfaces. By replicating this scientists have developed an adhesive
that can seal wounds or patch a hole caused by a stomach ulcer. The
adhesive is elastic, waterproof and made of material that breaks
down as the injury heals. Taking Inspiration from Mother
Nature
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45 Key Terms You Need to Know BuckyBalls Carbon Nanotubes MEMS
Quantum Dots Molecular Self Repair/Assembly MRAM/Spintronics
Lithography Metal nanoparticles Imaging Therapy
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46 Carbon Nanotubes 4 nm width (smaller diameter than DNA)
100xs stronger than steel 1/6 weight Thermal/electrically
conductive Metallic and Semi- Conductive
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47 BuckyBalls C 60 Roundest and most symmetrical molecule known
to man Compressed becomes stronger than diamond Third major form of
pure carbon Heat resistance and electrical conductivity
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48 MEMS and Quantum Dots Micro Sized Motor Quantum Dot
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49 Obstacles and Hurdles Mass Production/Throughput and Cost
Constraints Safety- Unknown Regulatory Issues Funding Requires
Long-Term Investments Intellectual Property Issues - Patent Office
that is Overwhelmed and Under-Qualified
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50 Resources Must Read Books As the Future Catches You Juan
Enriquez Investors Guide to Nanotechnology and Micromachines Glenn
Fishbine Next Big Thing Is Really Small: How Nanotechnology Will
Change the Future of Your Business Jack Uldrich, Deb Newberry
Hacking Matter Will McCarthey Periodicals Forbes/Wolfe Nanotech
Report MIT Technology Review Science Nature Web
www.nanotechgroup.org
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References http://www.nanotechproject.org/inventories/consumer
/http://www.nanotechproject.org/inventories/consumer / An inventory
of nanotechnology-based consumer products currently on the market.
Productive Nanosystems A Technology Roadmap, 2007, Battelle
Memorial Institute and Foresight Nanotech Institute. IWGN Workshop
Report: Nanotechnology Research Directions: Vision for
Nanotechnology in the Next Decade, 2000, Edited by M.C. Roco, R.S.
Williams, and P. Alivisatos, Springer. www.nano.gov
www.science.doe.gov/nano www.nnin.org