NanoTechnology in the NanoTechnology in the Field of Medicine Field of Medicine

By By

Suchitha Koneru Suchitha Koneru

Outline Outline

Introduction Introduction Cell repair Machines Cell repair Machines FeaturesFeatures Applications of Cell Repair Machines Applications of Cell Repair Machines

Limits and Feasibility of Cell Repair MachinesLimits and Feasibility of Cell Repair Machines Nano Medicine Nano Medicine RespirocytesRespirocytes Ongoing Research Ongoing Research Nano Horrors Nano Horrors

Cell Repair MachinesCell Repair Machines

Medical Nano RobotsMedical Nano Robots (Molecular(Molecular technology and AI)technology and AI) Will change medicine at its foundations Will change medicine at its foundations A system including nanocomputers and molecular scale sensors A system including nanocomputers and molecular scale sensors

and tools, programmed to repair damage to cells and tissues and tools, programmed to repair damage to cells and tissues A fundamental break through : these machines will free medicine A fundamental break through : these machines will free medicine

from the reliance of self repair as the only path to healing from the reliance of self repair as the only path to healing Selective Destruction : example cancerous cells , recognize and Selective Destruction : example cancerous cells , recognize and

destroy a specific kind of cell destroy a specific kind of cell Nature's own cell repair machines are limited in their ability Nature's own cell repair machines are limited in their ability

Features Features Size Size

micron scale robot with nano scale parts , parts would be from micron scale robot with nano scale parts , parts would be from

1 to 100 nm , the actual machine would be 0.5 to 3 microns 1 to 100 nm , the actual machine would be 0.5 to 3 microns Bio Compatibility Bio Compatibility

Passive Diamond coating , because of its inert nature , not attacked by Passive Diamond coating , because of its inert nature , not attacked by the immune system the immune system

Powering Powering Metabolize local glucose and oxygen for energy Metabolize local glucose and oxygen for energy Clinical environment acoustic energy Clinical environment acoustic energy

Communication Communication Broadcast acoustic type messages Broadcast acoustic type messages Device similar to an Ultra Sound ProbeDevice similar to an Ultra Sound Probe Acoustic sensors Acoustic sensors Internal communication networkInternal communication network

Navigation :Navigation : a navigational network with station a navigational network with station

keeping navigational elements keeping navigational elements providing high positional accuracy providing high positional accuracy

Accurate positions could be Accurate positions could be reported to the physician using the reported to the physician using the internal communication network internal communication network

Applications of cell Repair Applications of cell Repair Machines Machines

Drug Delivery Drug Delivery Sophisticated waysSophisticated ways

• Target specific ,enable the use of Target specific ,enable the use of lower doses of medicine lower doses of medicine

• Side effects may be minimized Side effects may be minimized and stronger medicine could be and stronger medicine could be used used

• Trigger based , will release Trigger based , will release medicine when needed example medicine when needed example Insulin delivery Insulin delivery

Correcting Genetic Disorders Correcting Genetic Disorders Comparing the strand of nucleotides Comparing the strand of nucleotides

segment by segment segment by segment Changing the nucleotides within a DNA Changing the nucleotides within a DNA

so that it matches a correct pattern so that it matches a correct pattern

Anesthesia plusAnesthesia plus interrupting metabolism of the body for hours, days or years resulting in a interrupting metabolism of the body for hours, days or years resulting in a

condition of bio statis( a stoppage or stable state)condition of bio statis( a stoppage or stable state) Bio statis provides deep anesthesia , thereby physicians can work for more time Bio statis provides deep anesthesia , thereby physicians can work for more time Used in the case of emergencies Used in the case of emergencies Can be achieved using molecular machines Can be achieved using molecular machines

• Molecular machines injected into the blood stream enter each cell , block the molecular Molecular machines injected into the blood stream enter each cell , block the molecular machinery for metabolism , the water is displaced using other molecular devices machinery for metabolism , the water is displaced using other molecular devices

Reversing bio statisReversing bio statis• When it is time to wake up the patient , the process of resuscitation is started by the When it is time to wake up the patient , the process of resuscitation is started by the

doctor , repair machines remove packing around molecules replace it with water and doctor , repair machines remove packing around molecules replace it with water and unblock the metabolic machinery unblock the metabolic machinery

• Astronauts as a one way travel Astronauts as a one way travel

Establishing Health Establishing Health State of health is established State of health is established

Recognize the differences between the Recognize the differences between the healthy tissue and the diseased tissue healthy tissue and the diseased tissue and rectify those differences and rectify those differences

Immune systemImmune system the body’s immune system is limited in the body’s immune system is limited in

its capabilities its capabilities Immune machines :-Immune machines :- Medical nano Medical nano

machines, which could be programmed machines, which could be programmed to respond to anything encountered by to respond to anything encountered by the world of medicine .the world of medicine .

Disease of Aging Disease of Aging Damaged molecular machinery Damaged molecular machinery Misarranged structures , low enzymes Misarranged structures , low enzymes

Limits and Feasibility of Cell Repair Limits and Feasibility of Cell Repair machines machines

Developing cell repair machines Developing cell repair machines requires great effort ,knowledge requires great effort ,knowledge and skill, tremendous and skill, tremendous development in Artificial development in Artificial IntelligenceIntelligence

An exact answer cannot be given An exact answer cannot be given to the question “ when will cell to the question “ when will cell repair machines be available “repair machines be available “

Loss of information through Loss of information through obliteration of structure imposes obliteration of structure imposes the most important fundamental the most important fundamental limit to the repair of tissue limit to the repair of tissue

Cell repair Cell repair machine machine destroying a destroying a cancer cell cancer cell

NanoMedicine NanoMedicine Nano medicine is an interdisciplinary field of science , even a simple Nano medicine is an interdisciplinary field of science , even a simple

project needs contributions from physicists, engineers , material project needs contributions from physicists, engineers , material chemists , biologist and end users such as an orthopedic surgeon chemists , biologist and end users such as an orthopedic surgeon

Molecular nano technology and molecular manufacturing are key Molecular nano technology and molecular manufacturing are key enabling technologies enabling technologies

Analyzing and repairing human body just as we repair any other Analyzing and repairing human body just as we repair any other machine machine

Applications Applications Miniaturizing surgery Miniaturizing surgery Tissue reconstruction Tissue reconstruction Eliminating all common diseases , all the medical pain and suffering Eliminating all common diseases , all the medical pain and suffering

Respirocyte Respirocyte A proposed nano robot , artificial red blood cell A proposed nano robot , artificial red blood cell Of the order of 1 micron Of the order of 1 micron Spherical nano robot made of 18 billion atomsSpherical nano robot made of 18 billion atoms A pressure tank which can be pumped upto 9 billion Oxygen OA pressure tank which can be pumped upto 9 billion Oxygen O2 2 and COand CO2 2

molecules molecules By the virtue of its pressure sensors it releases Oxygen or Carbon DioxideBy the virtue of its pressure sensors it releases Oxygen or Carbon Dioxide The bottom line is that mimics the action of hemoglobin filled red blood cells The bottom line is that mimics the action of hemoglobin filled red blood cells

and can deliver 236 times more oxygen per unit volume than a natural red and can deliver 236 times more oxygen per unit volume than a natural red blood cell blood cell

Applications Applications Treatment of Anemia Treatment of Anemia Transfusions and perfusions Transfusions and perfusions Fetal and Child Related disorders Fetal and Child Related disorders

On Going Research On Going Research

Making Tiny Plastic Particles to Making Tiny Plastic Particles to deliver Lifesaving Medicinedeliver Lifesaving Medicine

Many medications such as therapeutic Many medications such as therapeutic DNA, insulin and human growth hormone DNA, insulin and human growth hormone must enter the body through painful must enter the body through painful injections, but a Johns Hopkins researcher injections, but a Johns Hopkins researcher is seeking to deliver the same treatment is seeking to deliver the same treatment without the sting without the sting

Justin Hanes an assistant professor at the Justin Hanes an assistant professor at the Department of Chemical and BioMolecular Department of Chemical and BioMolecular Engineering wants to pack the drug into Engineering wants to pack the drug into microscopic plastic spheres which can be microscopic plastic spheres which can be inhaled inhaled

new type of porous polymer particles new type of porous polymer particles capable of releasing drugs in an capable of releasing drugs in an environment resembling the deep lungs environment resembling the deep lungs

http://www.jhu.edu/news_info/news/home03http://www.jhu.edu/news_info/news/home03/sep03/hanes.html/sep03/hanes.html

DNA Nanotechnology DNA Nanotechnology Self-Assembly of Metallic Nanoparticles Self-Assembly of Metallic Nanoparticles

Arrays by DNA ScaffoldingArrays by DNA Scaffolding.. This NSF-funded project is a done under the This NSF-funded project is a done under the

supervision of :supervision of :• Profs. Richard Kiehl (Electrical Engineering) Profs. Richard Kiehl (Electrical Engineering)

• Karin Musier-Forsyth (Chemistry), Karin Musier-Forsyth (Chemistry),

• Prof Nadrian Seeman (New York University).Prof Nadrian Seeman (New York University).

The objective of this exciting multi-The objective of this exciting multi-disciplinary research project is to use two-disciplinary research project is to use two-dimensional DNA crystals as a scaffolding dimensional DNA crystals as a scaffolding for the self-assembly of arrays of metallic for the self-assembly of arrays of metallic nanoparticles for the development of new nanoparticles for the development of new electronic devices. electronic devices.

Chemical Imaging Chemical Imaging University of Michigan University of Michigan

• Raoul Kopelman , Ph.D student Raoul Kopelman , Ph.D student (Department Of Chemistry)(Department Of Chemistry)

• Optical nano sensors for real time Optical nano sensors for real time chemical imaging of cellular membranes chemical imaging of cellular membranes and intracellular processes , these and intracellular processes , these sensors will monitor pH, calcium , sensors will monitor pH, calcium , magnesium , sodium , potassium , magnesium , sodium , potassium , chloride , oxygen concentrations within chloride , oxygen concentrations within the cellsthe cells

Nano Horrors Nano Horrors

Self replicating Nano Self replicating Nano Robots Robots

A threat to the A threat to the existence of human existence of human beings beings

References References http://www.foresight.org/NanoRev/index.htmlhttp://www.foresight.org/NanoRev/index.html http://www.ornl.gov/doe/doe_nsrc_workshop/talks/4_Schloss.pdf http://www.ornl.gov/doe/doe_nsrc_workshop/talks/4_Schloss.pdf

( for research at National institute of health and other universities)( for research at National institute of health and other universities)

http://www.brightsurf.com/news/sept_03/EDU_news_092903_b.phphttp://www.brightsurf.com/news/sept_03/EDU_news_092903_b.php http://www.pettribune.com/2000/090100/petpost2.htmlhttp://www.pettribune.com/2000/090100/petpost2.html

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(nano medicine faq)(nano medicine faq) http://www.chem.umn.edu/groups/musier-forsyth/dnagold.htmlhttp://www.chem.umn.edu/groups/musier-forsyth/dnagold.html http://www.jhu.edu/news_info/news/home03/sep03/hanes.htmlhttp://www.jhu.edu/news_info/news/home03/sep03/hanes.html http://www.foresight.org/Nanomedicine/index.html#NMResComOrg http://www.foresight.org/Nanomedicine/index.html#NMResComOrg http://www.foresight.org/Nanomedicine/index.html#PubDatehttp://www.foresight.org/Nanomedicine/index.html#PubDate

(for nano medicine )(for nano medicine )

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