NanotechnologyNanotechnology

Redefining “One small step for man, Redefining “One small step for man, one one giant leapgiant leap for mankind.” for mankind.”

Jonathan Finn-GaminoCOSMOS - UC Santa Cruz

July 22, 2005

Background courtesy of Sandia Labs

What is the nanoscale?What is the nanoscale?

What is Nanotechnology?

nan·o·tech·nol·o·gy (nan'-oh-tek-no"l*-jee )n.

1. The science and technology of building electronic circuits and devices from single atoms and molecules.

2. Any fabrication technology in whichobjects are designed and built by the specification and placement of individual atoms or molecules or where at least one dimension is on a scale of nanometers.

A nanometer is a unit of spatial measurement that is 10-9 of a meter, or one billionth of a meter.

Nanotechnology has been around for more than a millennium (i.e. Maya Blue) but only been really understood within the last half of a century…

Nanotechnology is naturally occurring- nanostructures such as cells, viruses, other nano-systems, etc. found in nature.

Maya Blue

Courtesy of Foresight Institute Courtesy of Foresight InstituteCourtesy of PBS

DNA

~2-1/2 nm diameter

Things NaturalThings Natural Things ManmadeThings Manmade

Fly ash~ 10-20m

Atoms of siliconspacing ~tenths of nm

Head of a pin1-2 mm

Quantum corral of 48 iron atoms on copper surfacepositioned one at a time with an STM tip

Corral diameter 14 nm

Human hair~ 60-120m wide

Red blood cellswith white cell

~ 2-5 m

Ant~ 5 mm

Dust mite

200 m

ATP synthase

~10 nm diameterNanotube electrode

Carbon nanotube~1.3 nm diameter

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The Challenge

Fabricate and combine nanoscale building blocks to make useful devices, e.g., a photosynthetic reaction center with integral semiconductor storage.

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0.1 nm

1 nanometer (nm)

0.01 m10 nm

0.1 m100 nm

1 micrometer (m)

0.01 mm10 m

0.1 mm100 m

1 millimeter (mm)

1 cm10 mm

10-2 m

10-3 m

10-4 m

10-5 m

10-6 m

10-7 m

10-8 m

10-9 m

10-10 m

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1,000,000 nanometers =

Zone plate x-ray “lens”Outer ring spacing ~35 nm

Office of Basic Energy SciencesOffice of Science, U.S. DOE

Version 10-07-03, pmd

The Scale of Things – Nanometers and MoreThe Scale of Things – Nanometers and More

MicroElectroMechanical (MEMS) devices10 -100 m wide

Red blood cellsPollen grain

Carbon buckyball

~1 nm diameter

Self-assembled,Nature-inspired structureMany 10s of nm

The “Fathers” of Nanotechnology

Richard FeynmanRichard Feynman Courtesy of LASSP Cornell UniversityCourtesy of LASSP Cornell University

K. Eric DrexlerK. Eric DrexlerCourtesy of Foresight InstituteCourtesy of Foresight Institute

A Timeline of Nanotechnology• 1959 - Feynman gives lecture titled “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom” describing molecular machines building with atomic precision

• 1974 - Taniguchi uses term "nano-technology" in paper on ion-sputter machining.• 1977 - Drexler originates molecular nanotechnology concepts at MIT.• 1981 - Drexler gives the first technical paper on molecular engineering to build with atomic precision; Scanning Tunneling Microscope

invented.• 1985 - Buckyball discovered.• 1986 - First book published- “Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology” by Eric Drexler; Atomic Force Microscope

invented, First organization formed- the Foresight Institute.• 1987 - First protein engineered, First university symposium• 1988 - First university course• 1989 - IBM logo spelled in individual atoms, First national conference• 1990 - First nanotechnology journal, Japan's STA begins funding nanotech projects• 1991 - Japan''s MITI announces bottom-up "atom factory,“ IBM endorses bottom-up path, Japan's MITI commits $200 million, Carbon

nanotube discovered• 1992 - First textbook published, First Congressional testimony• 1993 - First Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology awarded, First coverage of nanotech from White House, "Engines of Creation" book

given to Rice administration, stimulating first university nanotech center• 1994 - Nanosystems textbook used in first university course, US Science Advisor advocates nanotechnology• 1995 - First think tank report, First industry analysis of military applications• 1996 - $250,000 Feynman Grand Prize announced, First European conference, NASA begins work in computational nanotech, First

nanobio conference• 1997 - First company founded: Zyvex, First design of nanorobotic system• 1998 - First NSF forum, held in conjunction with Foresight Conference, First DNA-based nanomechanical device• 1999 - First Nanomedicine book published, First safety guidelines, Congressional hearings on proposed National Nanotechnology

Initiative• 2000 - President Clinton announces U.S. National Nanotechnology Initiative, First state research initiative: $100 million in California• 2001 - First report on nanotech industry, U.S. announces first center for military applications• 2002 - First nanotech industry conference, Regional nanotech efforts multiply• 2003 - Congressional hearings on societal implications, Call for balancing NNI research portfolio, Drexler/Smalley debate is published in

Chemical & Engineering News• 2004 - First policy conference on advanced nanotech, First center for nanomechanical systems• 2005 - At Nanoethics meeting, Roco announces nanomachine/nanosystem project count has reached 300

How is nanotechnology used?• Common uses

– Nanopowders (paint, insulation, magnets, video displays) and nanomaterials (pants, sunscreen)

Other, less common uses include…• Molecular precision (placing individual molecules, or even atoms),

solar cells, light emitting diodes

• Scanning Tunneling Microscope, Atomic Force Microscope, electron microscopes, nanomanipulators, nanotweezers (nanotube chopsticks), nanotubes

• Processes: plasma arcing, vapor deposition, ball milling, self-assembly, nano-lithography, protein folding and interaction (self-assembly), biomimicry/small rod logic

Courtesy of SPS Createc

Courtesy of Allheart.com

Courtesy of 3D Visualization System Venus Courtesy of Howstuffworks

Nanotechnology today

In the media– Magazines, periodicals, etc.

– Books

– Television, movies

Other–Conferences, like EuroNano Form 2005

–Organizations

Courtesy of Small Times

Courtesy of Ushering in Banality

Courtesy of Heise Medien Gruppe

Courtesy of Wiley

IGovernment backing

– December 3, 2003- President bush signs into law the 21st Century Nanotechnology Research and Development Act.

– In Fiscal Year (FY) 2004, the President requested $849 million for nanotechnology R&D across 10 federal agencies--a 10% increase over the amount requested in FY 2003.

– Nanotechnology research has been a priority for the Administration for the last three years. Overall funding for nanotechnology research has increased by 83% since 2001.

Future of nanotechnology knows no Future of nanotechnology knows no limits… there are endless benefits.limits… there are endless benefits.

• Benefit humanity greatly- fight disease, lengthen life, Benefit humanity greatly- fight disease, lengthen life, end starvation, etc.end starvation, etc.

• Industrial Revolution? Industrial Revolution?

• Nanotechnology spills over into virtually every field…Nanotechnology spills over into virtually every field…

Courtesy of Zeitlinien

In conclusion…

“The four stages of response to any new and revolutionary development:

1. It’s crazy!

2. It may be possible- so what?

3. I said it was a good idea all along.

4. I thought of it first.”- Arthur C. Clarke

Works Cited

• The Foresight Institute

http://www.foresight.org • American Institute of Physics

http://www.aip.org• Dictionary.com

http://dictionary.reference.com• Jonathan Trent• Miguel Aznar