Napoleon Forges an Empire

Edmund Burke’s Prediction:True or False?Edmund Burke (1729-1797) was a British parliamentarian and political philosopher sometimes referred to as the ‘father of conservatism’. Written straight after the French Revolution began Burke’s Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790) was strongly antirevolutionary, arguing that revolution would destroy also all that was good in society, create disorder, and lead ultimately to the comming to power of a tyrant seen as capable of restoring order.

Revolution

Napoleon I

Louis XVI

Do Now

• Take out your French Rev Movie Questions

• Pick up guided notes for the section on Napoleon

• DO NOT LOSE THEM – you will need them for the entire chapter.

The Age of Napoleon

• From 1799 – 1815 Napoleon Bonaparte would dominate France and Europe.

• Looked at as a hero to some and an evil force to others

• Would become the final phase of the French Revolution

Coup D’Etat• The government was

unsettled in 1799.

• Napoleon took advantage of this and suddenly seized power or coup d’état.

• The term is French for "a (sudden) blow (or strike) to a state.

Napoleon Takes Power as First Council1799

• Napoleon and his brother, Lucien, overturned the government and set up a Roman-style Consulate

• Two of the consuls had to be elected, as in Roman times, but Napoleon was First Consul for life

• Similar to how Julius Caesar ruled

• After some royalists attempted to assassinate him, Napoleon declared himself Emperor.

• (almost exactly how Julius Caesar operated)

• Napoleon - History Channel

Do NowNapoleon Crossing the St. Bernard Pass.French painting, 1801

Read the background information and complete the two questions.

• Tax collection was made more

fair and orderly so France could rely

on a steady supply of money.

• Dishonest government

workers were removed.

•Free & fair constitution with

ministers appointed by

Napoleon

• He started lycées - a new public school for ordinary

citizens.

• He gave the church back some of its

power

• signed a concordat (or agreement)

with the pope to gain support

of the organized

church.

 

• He wrote a new set of laws called the Napoleonic

Code which guaranteed rights

for all (except women, they were kept strictly under

male control.)

• strict censorship of the press and extensive secret

police work

• Free speech was limited and slavery was

restored in the French colonies.

Napoleon’s Changes

Napoleonic Code

• The Napoleonic Code, or Code Civil, entered into force on March 21, 1804.

• The code forbade privileges based on birth

• allowed freedom of religion

• specified that government jobs go to the most qualified

The Louisiana Purchase• Napoleon hoped to expand his

empire in Europe and the New World.

• 1803 = major setback

• army was sent to re-conquer Haiti and establish a base was destroyed by yellow fever &fierce resistance.

• French possessions in North America were now indefensible

• Facing war with Britain, he sold them to the United States

• The Louisiana Purchase (1803)

– Sold to U.S. for $15 million

– less than three cents per acre.

– $234 million in 2014 dollars, less than 42 cents per acre

Napoleon’s Wars: The Truce Doesn’t Last

• 1803-1805• Napoleon defeats the Austrians at Ulm (1805) • Then defeated Austrians & Russians, at

Austerlitz (1805), his greatest victory. – Ends Third Coalition Austria, Portugal, Russia– Defeats Holy Roman Empire– Est. confederation of the Rhine

The Battle of Trafalgar in 1805

• Humiliating defeat for France• The defeat prevented any possibility of

an invasion of England for Napoleon• Horatio Nelson – British War Hero• Sunk both the French and Spanish fleets

Mistake #1In 1806

Napoleon attempted to

blockade British ports to

hurt their economy. This

Continental System was to

make the continent more self sufficient.

The British Navy put their own blockade around Europe

which weakened Europe’s economy.

Mistake #2 Napoleon made his brother King of Spain in 1808.

The Spanish people were loyal to their

own king. The peasant fighters called guerrillas fought against Napoleon in a war called The

Peninsular War.

The Collapse of

Napoleon’s Empire

Mistake #3In 1812

Napoleon attempted to

conquer Russia.The Russians

retreated and followed a

scorched-earth policy leaving no livestock or grain for the

French Army. The onset of

Winter, attacks and deserters

left only 10,000 of the original

400,000 troops.

Napoleon is Exiled

• 1813: Battle of Leipsig• Russia, Austria, Prussia attempt to stop

what is left of the Grand Army• Napoleon retreats to France

– SURRENDER

• He is exiled sent to the island of Elba, just off the Italian coast.

• Louis XVIII takes the throne

“The Hundred Days”• ESCAPED Ten months after his exile

• Destination city of Paris.

– He gained support along his route to Paris.

• Marched into Paris with a thousand of his old soldiers and new supporters.

• He took over the city and was back in power for a short period of time that is now known as "The Hundred Days".

• Napoleon's return led him to a final campaign in Belgium.

• The allies acted fast. The British and the Prussians defeat Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo, 1815.

Napoleon’s Lost War• After defeat at Waterloo, Napoleon tried to throw

himself on the mercy of the British• London wasn’t interested

• sent to St. Helena hundreds of miles off the coast of Africa• Spent time dictating a highly inaccurate version of his

life story & hiding from the guards to make them think he’d escaped again

• Controversy over Napoleon’s death • The French like to think the British poisoned him, possibly

with arsenic in the wallpaper – (but why didn’t it kill anyone else?)

• More likely, and less dramatic, Napoleon died of cancer

EXIT TICKET

• Make a T-Chart and list the changes that Napoleon made, both positive and negative.

Downfall of Napoleon

Do Now Thursday

• Was Napoleon Murdered – video

Do Now

• Have your homework out• Take a Social Studies Course Selection Sheet• Look over the electives and circle the courses

that you are interested in for next year

• Have guided notes out:• Finish Notes• Painting Analysis

The Bourbons Are Back• The great powers of Europe had to decide who

was going to rule France.• Couldn’t be Napoleon or anyone in his family • Couldn’t be a republic – no more guillotine. • This leaves the Bourbons.• In 1814, Louis XVI’s brother, the Duke of

Provence, came home from his comfortable exile in England and took the throne as Louis XVIII.

• After all that trouble, France was a monarchy again.

Congress of Vienna• The Congress of Vienna met for the purpose of

restoring order to Europe.• Met for 10 months – September 1814 to June 1815• Hosted by Austrian Emperor Francis I• The work fell to Prince Clemens von Metternich of

Austria, Tsar Alexander I of Russia, and Lord Robert Castlereagh of Britain.

Congress Strives for Peace• Main goal was to create a lasting peace by establishing a

balance of power & protecting the system of monarchy.• Metternich – restore order to 1792• Alexander I – “holy alliance” of Christian monarchs to suppress

future revolutions• Lord Castlereagh – prevent revival of French military power• The peacemakers redrew the map of Europe• Legitimacy – restoring hereditary monarchies that the French

Revolution or Napoleon had unseated.• They put Louis XVIII on the French throne before the Congress

even met• Restored legitimate monarchs in Portugal, Spain and the Italian

states.

Congress Fails to See Traps Ahead

• Austria, Russia, Prussia, and Great Britain extend their alliance into the postwar era.

• Pledge to act together to preserve the balance of power and suppress revolutionary uprisings.

• Known as the Concert of Europe – powers met periodically to discuss any problems affecting the peace of Europe.

• Their decisions influenced European politics for the next 100 years

• Would not see another war on a Napoleonic scale until 1914• Failed to see how nationalism would shake the foundations of

Europe

Klemens von Metternich’sKlemens von Metternich’s3 goals3 goals

Metternich's three goals for the congress:

1Make sure the French would not attack

another country again

2He wanted a balance of power so no one

country would be a threat to another.

3He wanted to return legitimacy back to the

kings Napoleon had driven out.

Czar Alexander of Russia, Emperor Francis I of Austria and King Frederick William III of

Prussia formed the HOLY ALLIANCE

The Concert of Europe was the broad cooperation between Europe's great

powers after 1815. Its purpose was to maintain the peace settlement

concluded at the Congress of Vienna following the defeat of Napoleonic

France. The Concert of Europe was also known as the Congress System, and the person at the forefront of the Concert

of Europe was Klemens Wenzel von Metternich of Austria. Specifically, the aim of the Concert of Europe was for

the leading nations in Europe - Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia - to work together to prevent the outbreak of

revolution in each nation.

Europe's great

powers after 1815

The Effects of The French Revolution

These were felt in several ways in countries outside France.  Due to the people's revolt against the monarchy, the Russians succeeded in overthrowing the Czar and transferring from an Absolute Monarchy to Communism.  England also benefited from this.  The people rebelled against the monarchy and caused the English monarchs to lose all power and control over the people. "The French Revolution was a step towards replacing traditional aristocratic forms of government with more open, elective systems. Along with the American Revolution, it inspired

reformers throughout the western world."    

Napoleon’s Wars• 1806-1807: Napoleon destroys the Prussians and

Russians – he now controls much of the continent • 1806: closes every port in Europe to British ships• 1807: Britain blocks any port joining the Continental

System, so no one can trade with anyone• 1808: Spanish stage massive anti-French rising. Peninsula

Wars last for 6 years. British help the Spanish. Drain the French of men and morale.

• 1812: Napoleon invades Russia and captures Moscow. Russians promptly burn the city down, so Napoleon’s men have to retreat. Most of them die on the way – Napoleon flees to France.