Napoleon’s Empire in 1810

Napoleon’s Family Rules!e Jerome Bonaparte King of Westphalia.e Joseph Bonaparte King of Spaine Louise Bonaparte King of Hollande Pauline Bonaparte Princess of Italye Napoléon Francis Joseph

Charles (son) King of Rome

e Elisa Bonaparte Grand Duchess of Tuscany

e Caroline Bonaparte Queen of Naples

The “Big Blunder” -- Russiaa The retreat from Spain came

on the heels of Napoleon’s disastrous Russian Campaign (1812-1813).

a In July, 1812 Napoleon led his Grand Armee of 614,000 men eastward across central Europe and into Russia.

The Russians avoided a directconfrontation with Napoleon.

They retreated to Moscow, drawing the French into the interior of Russia [hoping that it’s size and the weather would act as “support” for the Russian cause].

The Russian nobles abandoned their estates and burned their crops to the ground, leaving the French to operate far from their supply bases in territory stripped of food.

Napoleon’s Troops at the Gates of Moscow

a September 14, 1812 Napoleon reached Moscow, but the city had largely been abandoned.

a The Russians had set fire to the city.

Napoleon’s Retreat from Moscow (Early 1813)

100,000 French troops retreat—40,000 survive!

The 6th Coalition Britain, Russia. Spain, Portugal, Prussia, Austria, Sweden, smaller German states

France 1813-1814:

Napoléon’sDefeat

Napoleon’s Defeat at Leipzig(October 16-17, 1813)

“Battle of the Nations” Memorial

Napoleon Abdicates!e Allied forces occupied Paris on March 31,

1814.e Napoléon abdicated on April 6 in favor of

his son, but the Allies insisted on unconditional surrender.

e Napoléon abdicated again on April 11.e Treaty of Fontainbleau exiles Napoléon

to Elba with an annual income of 2,000,000 francs.

e The royalists took control and restored Louis XVIII to the throne.

“The War of the 7th Coalition”

Britain, Russia. Prussia, Austria, Sweden, smaller

German states

France 1815: Napoleon’s“100 Days”

e Napoléon escaped Elba and landed in France on March 1, 1815 the beginning of his 100 Days.

e Marie Louise & his son were in the hands of the Austrians.

Napoleon’s Defeat at Waterloo

(June 18, 1815)

Dukeof

Wellington

Prussian General Blücher

What is What is NapoleoNapoleo

n’s n’s Legacy?Legacy?

Europe in 1812

Main Objectivese It’s job was to undo everything that

Napoléon had done:V Reduce France to its old boundaries

her frontiers were pushed back to 1790 level.

V Restore as many of the old monarchies as possible that had lost their thrones during the Napoléonic era.

e Supported the resolution: There is always an alternative to conflict.

Key Players at Vienna

The “Host”Prince Klemens von Metternich

(Aus.)

Foreign Minister, Viscount Castlereagh

(Br.)Tsar Alexander I

(Rus.)

King Frederick William III (Prus.) Foreign Minister, Charles

Maurice de Tallyrand (Fr.)

Key Principles Established at Vienna

V Balance of PowerV LegitimacyV Compensation

e Coalition forces would occupy France for 3-5 years.

e France would have to pay an indemnity of 700,000,000 francs.

V France was deprived of all territory conquered by Napoléon.

V Russia was given most of Duchy of Warsaw (Poland).

V Prussia was given half of Saxony, parts of Poland, and other German territories.

V A Germanic Confederation of 30+ states (including Prussia) was created from the previous 300, under Austrian rule.

V Austria was given back territory it had lost recently, plus more in Germany and Italy.

V The House of Orange was given the Dutch Republic and the Austrian Netherlands to rule.

Changes Made at Vienna (1)

The Germanic Confederation, 1815

Changes Made at Vienna (2)V Norway and Sweden were joined.V The neutrality of Switzerland was guaranteed.V Hanover was enlarged, and made a kingdom.V Britain was given Cape Colony, South Africa,

and various other colonies in Africa and Asia.V Sardinia was given Piedmont, Nice, Savoy,

and Genoa.V The Bourbon Ferdinand I was restored in the

Two Sicilies.V The Duchy of Parma was given to Marie

Louise.V The slave trade was condemned (at British

urging).V Freedom of navigation was guaranteed for

many rivers.

Europe After the Congress of Vienna

What was the legacy

of the Congress of

Vienna?