NARC Publication No: 00392-205/2016/017 Annual …nmrp.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Annual-Report...NARC Publication No: 00392-205/2016/017 Annual Report 2072/73 (2015/16) Time

National M

aize Research Program

(NM

RP), R

ampur, C

hitwan

Annual R

eport 2072/73 (2015/16)Government of Nepal

Nepal Agricultural Research Council

National Maize Research ProgramRampur, Chitwan

2016

NARC Publication No: 00392-205/2016/017

Annual Report2072/73 (2015/16)

Time isolation management for maize seed production

Vareities proposed for registration

Joint monitoring of Multi-National Hybrid Maize by different stake holdersVerital improvement activities at NMRP, Rampur

Maize Exhibition on NARC Day at Khumaltar

HTMA Trial visit on farmer's field, Bara

Fertilizer trial on maize, at NMRP Rampur

Agriculture Development Minister and ED NARC visited the NMRP field

Annual Report2072/73 (2015/16)

Government of NepalNepal Agricultural Research Council

National Maize Research ProgramRampur, Chitwan

2016

NARC Publication No: 00392-205/2016/017

ii

© National Maize Research Program, NARC, Rampur, Chitwan, 2016

National Maize Research Program (NMRP)Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC)Rampur, Chitwan, NepalTelephone : 00977-56-591001Email : [email protected] : http:// www.nmrp.gov.np

Editors:1. Dr. S. Neupane2. Mrs. R. Sharma3. Mrs. S. Sharma4. Mr. J. Shrestha

Printed at:Subha General Order Suppliers, Narayangarh, Chitwan, NepalTel.: +977-56-570985Email: [email protected]

Citation:NMRP, 2016. Annual Report 2072/73 (2015/16). National Maize Research Program, NARC, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal

Cover Page Photo:National Maize Research Program Office at Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal

iii

Foreword

It is with great pleasure that I forward an informative annual report that collectively reflects all the on-station and on-farm research, production, financial and administrative activities carried out by the National Maize Research Program (NMRP), Chitwan in the fiscal year 2015/16. NMRP seek to generate high yielding maize based technological packages that contribute to the food, feed, nutritional security, employment generation and livelihood improvement of the Nepalese people. It focuses on seed production, maintenance of high yielding varieties and development of improved maize based cropping system to overcome the present productivity in collaboration with national and international stake holders.

On behalf of the program, I would like to thank NARC management especially Executive director, Director for Crops and Horticulture, Director for Planning and Commission, Director for Administration, Director for Finance and Director for Livestock and Fisheries for their technical and financial support, guidance and encouragement to improve the efficiency and performance of this program.

It is important to acknowledge that this annual report is a collaborative achievement, and we express here our appreciation of all those who have contributed to its publication. In particular, this report is only possible because of the joint efforts and cooperation of the collaborators from RARSs, ARSs, and Commodity Programs, disciplinary divisions, CIMMYT, DADOs, CBOs, I/NGOs, cooperative and agricultural groups. I would like to appreciate the hard work and painstaking efforts made by all the scientists, technical officers, technicians, support staff and farmers in conducting research activities, source seed production, data compilation and analysis and report writing. We are also indebted to the administrative and financial staffs for their contribution in carrying out research activities smoothly and effectively.

I would like to thank our entire workforce for their hard work and dedication. Without them, our success in 2015/16 would not have been possible. Our thanks also go to those helping hands directly or indirectly who have supported the Program’s objectives to be met. I hope this publication would provide the clear and transparent progress made on maize research for increased productivity in Nepal and useful to stakeholders. Constructive comments and noble suggestions from the readers will be highly appreciated to improve our upcoming maize research activities.

Govind K. C.National Maize Coordinator National Maize Research Program, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal

iv

Abbreviation and Acronyms

ABD Agriculture Botany Division ARS Agriculture Research Station ASI Anthesis Silking IntervalBLSB Banded Leaf and Sheath Blight CFFT Co-ordinated Farmer’s Field Trial CIMMYT International Maize and Wheat Improvement

CenterCV Coefficient of VariationCVT Coordinated Variety TrialDADO District Agricultural Development OfficeDAS Days after sowingFAT Farmers Acceptance TestGLS Gray Leaf SpotGRP Ginger Research ProgramHCRP Hill Crop Research ProgramHC Husk CoverIET Initial Evaluation TrialIYT Intermediate Yield TrialKUBK Kisan ka lagi Unnat Biu KaryakramLSD Least Significant DifferenceMNCH Multinational Company HybridNLB Northern Leaf BlightNMRP National Maize Research ProgramNSB Nepal Seed BoardOPV Open Pollinated VarietiesOR Outreach ResearchCA Conservation AgriculturePVS Participatory Varietal SelectionRCBD Randomized Complete Block DesignRCT Resource Conservation TechnologyRFFT Regional Farmer’s Field TrialRARS Regional Agriculture Research StationSD Standard DeviationSE Standard ErrorSLB Southern Leaf BlightTIT Terai and Inner TeraiWVD Wheat Varietal Display

v

Table of Content1. WORKING CONTEXT 182. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT 20

2.1 Plant Breeding 202.1.1 Hybrid Maize Research and Development 2015/16 202.1.2 Evaluation of CIMMYT hybrids in heat stress condition 412.1.3 Evaluation of selected HTMA hybrids under multilocation trials

(MLTs) in on-farm conditions42

2.1.4 Early and Extra Early Maturing Maize Variety for CVT, IYT and CFFT on 2072 winter and spring.

42

2.1.5 Maintenance and evaluation of maize inbred lines (winter) 462.1.6 Evaluation of maize genotypes under weekly planted condition

(summer)50

2.1.7 Development of quality protein maize genotype for terai and mid hills of Nepal

52

2.1.8 Development of drought tolerant maize varieties for Terai and mid hills of Nepal.

61

2.1.9 Development of Maize Varieties for Karnali Region 652.1.10 Development of Open Pollinated Full Season Maize Varieties for

Nepal68

2.1.11 Maintenance of released maize varieties: 762.2 Agronomy 772.2.1 Conservation Tillage Influenced the System Yields, Soil Properties

and Economics of Maize based System in Terai, Nepal77

2.2.2 Genotypic performance under various tillage methods and planting densities (geometries), 2072/73.

80

2.2.3 Evaluating and Verification of the Conservation Agriculture based Crop Management Practices under Rice-Maize System in Nepal

82

2.2.4 Enhancing the livelihood of farmers through intercropping rice- maize based system

85

2.2.5 Verification and demonstration of intercropping of Maize and rajma beans in the Farmer's field of Rice-based Maize in low land in terai.

91

2.3 Soil Science 922.3.1 Updating the fertilizer dose for hybrid maize RML86/RML96 922.3.2 Fertilizer dose response study on hybrid maize RML95/RML96. 932.3.3 Fertilizer management for inbred lines RML32 and RML17 942.3.4 Variety cum fertilizer trial (VCFT) on improved maize genotypes 962.4 Plant Pathology 1002.4.1 Gray leaf spot (GLS) 1022.4.2 Turcicum leaf blight 105

vi

2.4.3 Banded leaf and sheath blight (BLSB) 1062.4.4 Ear rot 1072.4.5 Southern leaf blight (SLB) 1082.5 Entomology 1102.5.1 Maize stem borer management in field condition 1102.5.2 Biological parameters of maize insect pest 1142.5.3 Stem borer management on glasshouse condition 1152.5.4 Evaluation of Trichogramma wasp in maize stem borer management 1182.5.5 Storage pest management 1192.5.6 Armyworm management 121

2.6 OUTREACH RESEARCH 1232.6.1 Participatory technology verification and dissemination at NMRP

outreach research sites123

2.7 Multilocation Experiments 1292.7.1 Rice 1292.7.2 Wheat 132

3. Source seed production 1403.1 Seed Production of Maize, Rice, Wheat and Sun hemp 140

4. SPECIAL PROJECTS 1414.1 AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY PROJECT (AFSP) 1414.2 KISAN KA LAGI UNNAT BIU BIJAN KARYAKRAM (KUBK) 142

5. Technology Transfer and Services 1445.1 Key Technologies 1445.1.1 Varietal 1445.1.2 Crop management 1445.1.3 Plant protection 1455.1.4 Soil fertility management 145

vii

List of TablesTable 1. List of NMRP developed hybrid maize experiments conducted

during 2015/16 20

Table 2. Mean yield and other characters of Observation Nursery on Hybrid Maize (OBNH-1) tested at RARS, Parwanipur 2015/16 winter

22

Table 3. Mean yield and other characters of Test Cross Hybrid-1 (TCH-1) tested at NMRP, Rampur 2015/16 winter

23


26


27


29

Table 7. Mean yield and other characters of Coordinated Hybrid Trial (CHT) tested at NMRP, Rampur 2015/16 winter

31

Table 8. Mean yield and other characters of Coordinated Hybrid Trial (CHT) tested at Tarahara 2015/16 winter

32

Table 9. Mean yield and other characters of Coordinated Hybrid Trial (CHT) tested at Parwanipur 2015/16 winter

33

Table 10. Mean yield and other characters of Coordinated Hybrid Trial (CHT) tested at Belachapi 2015/16 winter

34

Table 11. Combined Means yield and other characters of Coordinated Hybrid Trial (CHT) over Parwanipur & Tarahara 2015/16 winter

35

Table 12. Mean yield and other characters of Coordinated Hybrid Trial (CHT) at Dailekh 2015/16 summer

36

Table 13. Mean yield and other characters of Coordinated Hybrid Trial (CHT) at Pakhribas 2015/16 summer

37

Table 14. Mean yield and other characters of Coordinated Hybrid Trial (CHT) at Khumaltar 2015/16 summer

37

Table 15. Mean yield and other characters of Coordinated Hybrid Trial (CHT) at Surkhet 2015/16 summer

38

Table 16. Mean yield and other characters of Coordinated Hybrid Trial (CHT) at Doti 2015/16 summer

38

Table 17. Mean yield and other characters of Coordinated Hybrid Trial (CHT) at Nepalgunj 2015/16 summer

39

Table 18. Mean yield and other characters Results of Coordinated Farmer's Field Trial on Hybrid (CFFT-H) at Tarahara 2015/16 summer

40

Table 19. Mean yield and other characters of Coordinated Farmer's Field Trial on Hybrid (CFFT-H) at Belachapi 2015/16 winter

40

viii

Table 20. Mean yield and other characters of Coordinated Farmer's Field Trial on Hybrid (CFFT-H) at Rampur 2015/16 winter

40

Table 21. Mean yield and other characters of Coordinated Farmer's Field Trial on Hybrid (CFFT-H) at Khumaltar 2015/16 summer

41

Table 22. Mean yield and other characters of Coordinated Farmer's Field Trial on Hybrid (CFFT-H) at Pakhribas 2015/16 summer

41

Table 23. Mean grain yield and agronomic traits of early maturing maize cultivar in CVT at NMRP Rampur, 2072 spring

43

Table 24. Mean grain yield and agronomic traits of early maturing maize cultivars in CVT at NMRP Rampur, 2072 winter

44

Table 25. Mean grain yield and agronomic traits of early maize in IYT at NMRP Rampur, 2072 winter

45

Table 26. Mean grain yield and agronomic traits of early maize varieties in FFT at NMRP Rampur, 2072 winter

45

Table 27. Mean grain yield and other traits of early maize varieties in FFT at NMRP Rampur, 2072 spring

46

Table 28. List of QPM lines maintained along with their seed quantity (g) at NMRP Rampur, Chitwan during 2015 winter season

46

Table 29. Grain yield and yield attributing traits of inbred evaluated under different sowing dates

48

Table 30. Grain yield and yield attributing traits of inbred evaluated during winter

48

Table 31. Grain yield evaluation of QPM hybrid at NMRP Rampur during winter 2015

49

Table 32. Interaction effect of different maize genotypes and planting time on grain yield (kg/ha)

50

Table 33. Interaction effect of different maize genotypes and planting time on maturity day

51

Table 34. Interaction effect of different maize genotypes and planting time on tasseling day at NMRP Rampur in 2015 Winter

51

Table 35. Interaction effect of different maize genotypes and planting time on silking day

52

Table 36. Combined analysis of grain yield (kg/ha) under IYT at Kabre, Rampur and Lumle in 2015 summer season

53

Table 37. Analysis of Variance derived from AMMI Analysis (IYT-combined)

54

Table 38. Combined analysis of QPM genotypes for grain yield (kg/ha) under CVT at Kabre, Pakhribas, Khumaltar, Salyan, Dailekh and Lumle in 2015 summer season

55

Table 39. Analysis of variance derived from AMMI Analysis (CVT-Hill) 56

ix

Table 40. Combined analysis of QPM genotypes for grain yield (kg/ha) under CVT at Rampur and Surkhet in 2015 summer season

57

Table 41. Combined analysis of CFFT-QPM genotypes for grain yield (kg/ha) at Doti, Rampur, Madi and Surkhet in 2014-15 summer season

58

Table 42. Analysis of Variance derived from AMMI Analysis (CFFT-Terai) 59Table 43. Combined analysis of CFFT-QPM genotypes for grain yield

(kg/ha) at Pakhribas, Khumaltar, Kabre and Lumle in 2014-15 summer season

59

Table 44. Analysis of Variance derived from AMMI Analysis (CFFT-Hill) 60Table 45. Performance of maize genotypes on CVT- Drought tolerant maize

at NMRP, Rampur, during 2072/7362

Table 46. Performance of maize genotypes on CFFT- Drought tolerant maize at NMRP, Rampur, during 2072/73

63

Table 47. Performance of maize genotypes on CVT-Drought tolerant maize at RARS, Doti during 2072/73

63

Table 48. Performance of maize genotypes on CVT- Drought tolerant maize at ARS, Surkhet during 2072/73

64

Table 49. Performance of maize genotypes on CVT- Karnali region at ARS Jumla during 2071/72

66

Table 50. Performance of maize genotypes on CFFT- Karnali region at ARS Jumla during 2071/72

67

Table 51. Performance of maize genotypes on CVT- Karnali set at NMRP, Rampur, Winter, 2072

68

Table 52. Grain Yield (kg/ha) of different genotypes at different locations in IYT of full season hill set in 2015

70

Table 53. Grain Yield (kg/ha) of different genotypes at different locations in CVT of full season hill set in 2015

71

Table 54. Grain Yield (kg/ha) of different genotypes at different locations in CFFT of full season hill set in 2015

73

Table 55. Grain Yield (kg/ha) of different genotypes at different locations in IYT of full season terai set in 2015

74

Table 56. Grain Yield (kg/ha) of different genotypes at different locations in CVT of full season terai set in 2015

75

Table 57. Grain Yield (kg/ha) of different genotypes at different locations in FFT of full season terai set in 2015

76

Table 58. Genotypic performance under various tillage methods and planting densities (geometries), 2015/16

81

Table 59. Effect of tillage method, residue management, nutrient management and their interactions on Yield parameters 2072/73

82

x

Table 60. Effects of tillage, residue and nutrient management on grain yield parameters of maize, 2072/73

83

Table 61. Maize with various intercrop and their interaction 86Table 62. Effect of different intercrop combination on the performance of

maize 2072/7387

Table 63. Effect of intercrop combination on the performance of Rajma 2072/73

87

Table 64. Effect intercrop combination on the performance of Potato 2072/73

88

Table 65. Effect of intercrop combination on the performance of pea 2072/73

88

Table 66. Effect of intercrop combination on the performance of lentil 2072/73

89

Table 67. Land equivalent ratio of maize sole and maize intercropping 90Table 68. Benefit cost ratio of Rajma, Potato, Pea, and Lentil with Maize 90Table 69. Cost of cultivation of Maize and different Intercrop 91Table 70. Improved intercropping practice 91Table 71. Farmers' intercropping practice 92Table 72. Average of yield attributing characters of pipeline hybrid RML86/

RML96 as affected by different dozes of chemical fertilizers during winter seasons of 2015 /016 at Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal

93

Table 73. Average of yield attributing characters of pipeline hybrid RML95/ RML96 as affected by different dozes of major chemical fertilizers during winter seasons of 2015 /016 at Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal

94

Table 74. Average of yield attributing characters of inbred lines RML 32 and RML17 as affected by different dozes of major chemical fertilizers during winter seasons of 2015 /016 at Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal

95

Table 75. Average of yield and yield attributing characters of different maize genotypes as affected by different dozes of major chemical fertilizers during winter season of 2015/016 at Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal

97

Table 76. Disease symptoms, severity scale and susceptibility reaction for foliar diseases (TLB, SLB, GLS etc.)

101

Table 77. Disease symptoms, severity scale and susceptibility reaction BLSB disease using CIMMYT system

101

Table 78. Disease symptoms, severity scale and susceptibility reaction for ear rot disease (Reid & Hamilton, 1996)

101

Table 79. Response of maize genotypes tested against gray leaf spot (GLS) 2015 summer at Kabre

102

xi

Table 80. Response of maize genotypes tested against gray leaf spot (GLS) 2015 summer at Pakhribas

103

Table 81. Response of maize genotypes tested against gray leaf spot (GLS) 2015 summer at Salyan

104

Table 82. Response of maize genotypes tested against Turcicum leaf blight (TLB) 2015/16 winter at Rampur

105

Table 83. Response of maize genotypes tested against banded leaf & sheath (BLSB) 2015/16 summer at Rampur

107

Table 84. Response of maize genotypes tested against ear rot disease 2015/16 summer at Rampur

108

Table 85. Response of maize genotypes tested against southern leaf blight (SLB) disease 2015/16 summer at Rampur

109

Table 86. Susceptibility of maize genotypes to maize stem borer (Chilo partellus Swinhoe) in field condition at Rampur Chitwan during 2015/16

110

Table 87. Effect of different pesticides to control maize stem borer at Rampur, Chitwan during 2072/73

113

Table 88. Frequency of maize stem borer trapped through light trap at NMRP, Rampur, Chitwan during 2072/73

115

Table 89. Susceptibility of maize genotypes to maize stem borer (Chilo partellus Swinhoe) under glasshouse condition at Rampur Chitwan during 2015/16

117

Table 90. Summary of C. cephalonica emergence record under lab condition at Rampur Chitwan during 2015/16

118

Table 91. Application of Trichogramma in maize seed production block at NMRP during 2073

119

Table 92. Response of botanicals on maize weevil management 120Table 93. Response of different storage structures and moisture level (12%)

against the maize weevil121

Table 94. Response of different storage structures and moisture level (15%) against the maize weevil

121

Table 95. Efficacy of different pesticides against the armyworm (Mythimna separata)

122

Table 96. Detail of experiments carried out at outreach sites during 2072/73 123Table 97. Performance of Early maize genotypes at Madi, Chitwan in

2072/073 124

Table 98. Performance of Hybrid maize genotypes at different locations of Chitwan in 2072/073

125

Table 99. Performance of CFFT Maize (Hill set) at Suping, Makwanpur in 2072/073

125

xii

Table 100. Performance of CFFT Maize (Full season) at different locations of Makwanpur in 2072/073

126

Table 101. Result of grain yield of CFFT normal set Rice during summer in 2072/73

126

Table 102. Result of grain yield of CFFT Early set Rice at NMRP command district during 2072/73

127

Table 103. Result of grain yield of CFFT-FAR (Fine and Aromatic) set of rice during 2072/73 at NMRP –OR sites

128

Table 104. Performance of CFFT wheat at different locations of NMRP Command districts in 2072/73

128

Table 105. Performance of rice genotypes-normal set under coordinated varietal trial (CVT-Normal) at NMRP Rampur in 2015 summer

129

Table 106. Performance of rice genotypes-early set under coordinated farmer’s field trial (CVT-Early) at NMRP Rampur in 2015 summer

131

Table 107. Performance of rice genotypes-fine and aromatic under coordinated farmer’s field trial (CVT-FAR) at NMRP Rampur in 2015 summer

132

Table 108. Performance of wheat genotypes for agronomic traits under initial evaluation trial (IET) at NMRP Rampur in 2015 Winter

133

Table 109. Performance of wheat genotypes for agronomic traits under coordinated farmer’s field trial (CVT) at NMRP Rampur in 2015 winter

134

Table 110. Performance of wheat genotypes under Nepal rainfed nursery (NRN) at NMRP Rampur in 2015 winter

135

Table 111. Performance of wheat genotypes at varietal display (WVD) at NMRP Rampur in 2015 winter

138

Table 112. Seed production of different maize varieties at NMRP, Rampur in 2072/73

140

Table 113. Seed production of rice, wheat and sunhemp at NMRP, Rampur in 2072/73

140

Table 114. Breeder and foundation seed produced under the AFSP in 2072/73 at NMRP

141

Table 115. Maize breeder and foundation seed sold/distributed to the districts of AFSP command areas in 2072/73

141

Table 116. Name of the CBSP and number of participants of the training. 142Table 117. Materials supported to the CBSP groups 143Table 118. Name of the maize, rice and wheat varieties tested in the

Participatory Varietal Selection (PVS) trials143

xiii

List of FiguresFigure 1. Stability of QPM genotypes in Initial Yield Trials (IYTQ)

across the tested locations.54

Figure 2. Grain yield of QPM genotypes from CVT at Rampur and Surkhet in 2015 summer

55

Figure 3. Stability of QPM genotypes in coordinated varietal trial (CVT) across hill locations.

56

Figure 4. Stability of QPM genotypes in Coordinated Farmer’s Field Trials (CFFTQ) across the tested terai locations

58

Figure 5. Stability of QPM genotypes in Coordinated Farmer’s Field Trials (CFFTQ) across the tested hills locations.

60

Figure 6. Effect of residue retention on maize grain yield, 2014-2015 78Figure 7. Effect of cropping system on soybean yield, 2014-2015 78Figure 8. Residue levels affect the grain yield of wheat, 2014-2015 79Figure 9. Cropping systems affect the grain yield of wheat, 2014-2015 79Figure 10. Cropping system affect the system, 2014-15 80Figure 11. Residue levels affect BC ratio of maize based system, 2014-15 80Figure 12. Tillage methods affect the grain yield of maize, 2072 84Figure 13. Nutrient levels affect the grain yield of maize, 2072 84

xiv

AnnexesAnnex 1 Area, production and yield of maize in Nepal. 147Annex 2. Information on maize hybrids released in 2016 with their

cultivation practices148

Annex 2.1 Maize hybrids released in 2016 148Annex 2.2 Cultivation practices for newly released hybrids 148Annex 3. Monthly Agro-meteorological Data of the Station

(Temperature, Precipitation and Humidity)149

Annex 4. Human Resources in 2072/73 (2015/16) 150Annex 5. Summaries of NARC Research Projects and Activities in

2072/73153

Annex 6. Training/ Workshop/Seminar organized in FY 2072/73 154Annex 7. Publications in FY 2071/72 155Annex 8. Paper Published in FY 2071/72 156Annex 9. Regular annual budget and expenditure record of FY 2072/73

(2015/16)157

Annex 10. Special project budget and expenditure record of FY 2072/73 (2015/16)

157

Annex 11. Revenue status of FY 2072/73 157Annex 12. Beruju status of FY 2072/73 157

Annual Report 2072/73 (2015/16), NMRP, Rampur

1

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/fli6«o ds}afnL cg';Gwfg sfo{qmdåf/f ljsf; ul/Psf ds}sf rfF8} kfSg] hftx?sf] ljleGg txx?df k/LIf0f ul/Psf] lyof] . h:t} z"?jftL pTkfbg k/LIf0f -cfO{= jfO{= 6L=_, ;dGjofTds pTkfbg k/LIf0f -l;=le=6L=O{=_ . oL k/LIf0fx? km/s df};d÷Ct"x?df /f]lkPsf] lyof] . h:t} lxp+b] / a;Gt] Ct"df . oL Ct"df /f]Kg"sf] p2]Zo g]kfn el/sf] nflu rf+8} kfSg], /f]u tyf sL/fx? ;xg ;Sg] ds}sf hftx? vf]hL ug"{ jf kQf nufpg" lyof] . h;df -cfO{=jfO{=6L=_ cln{ld8 s6dgL (@)%) ls=u|f=÷x]=_, SO3TEY÷LN -@#*) ls=u|f=÷x]=_ / ZN-423 -@#*) ls=u|f=÷x]=_ /fd|f] ePsf]n] ;dGjofTds pTkfbg k/LIf0f -;L=eL=6L=O{=_ df n}hfg' kg]{ b]lvof] . To:t} lxp+b] l;hgdf ;+rflnt ;dGjofTds pTkfbg k/LIf0f -;L=eL=6L=O{=_ df sDkf];–NIPB

2


-@&)) ls=u|f=÷x]=_, SO3TEY÷LN -@#%) ls=u|f=÷x]=_ / SO3TEY–LN/PP -@@@) ls=u|f=÷x]=_ ;fy} a;Gt]df NO3TEY÷LN -$^)) ls=u|f=÷x]=_, sDkf]; NEPB -#*!) ls=u|f=÷x]=_ / NO3TEY–LN/PP -$#&) ls=u|f=÷x]=_ /fd|f] b]lvof] / o;nfO{ s[ifssf] v]tdf hftLo k/LIf0f -;L=Pkm=Pkm=6L=O{=_ df k"n–!% -$@!@ ls=u|f=÷x]=_ / EEYC -@*^( ls=u|f=÷x]=_ tyf a;Gt]df POOL-15 -%### ls=u|f=÷x]=_, POOL-16 -$&)@ ls=u|f=÷x]=_, SO3TEY-FN -#@@& ls=u|f=÷x]=_ /fd|f] b]lvPsf] 5 . POOL-15 -;]tf] w]/} l56f] kfSg]_ / SO3TEY-FN -kx]Fnf] rfF8} kfSg]_ nfO{ s[ifssf] v]t af/Ldf v]tL ug{sf] nflu n}hfg' k5{ .

/fli6«o ds}afnL cg';Gwfg sfo{s|d, /fdk'/ lrtjgdf ;+rflnt k/LIf0fsf] glthfdf ds}nfO{ ebf}sf] t];|f] xKtfdf -;]K6]Dj/ @ b]lv ;]K6]Dj/ !@_ df /f]Kbf al9 pTkfbg lbPsf] kfO{of] . csf]{ Ps k/LIf0fdf ds}sf O{Ga|]8x?nfO{{ c;f/ dlxgfsf] bf];f] xKtfdf /f]Kbf a9L pTkfbg lbPsf] kfO{of] . lxFpb] k/LIf0fdf kf]l;nf] ds}sf] xfO{la|8x?df VH141732, VH141733 / VH141730 n] a9L pTkfbg lbPsf] kfO{of] . k|f/lDes pTkfbg k/LIf0fx? -cfO{= jfO{= 6L=_ sf] ;+o'Qm ljZn]if0f ubf{ RampurS13FQ02, RampurS13FQ06, RampurS13FQ01/ RPOPYQ-4 hftx? pTkfbgsf] lx;fan] /fd|f] kfO{of] . ;dGjfoTds hftLo k/LIf0fx? -;L=le=6L=_ cGt{ut t/fO{df S03TLYQ-AB-01 -@@@# s]=lh=÷x]=_, SOOTLYQ-B -@!() ls=u|f=÷x]=_ / S03TLYQ-AB-02 -@!%^ ls=u|f=÷x]=_ tyf kxf8df S00TLWQ-B -%(!@ ls=u|f=÷x]=_, S99TLWQ-B -%%#* ls=u|f=÷x]=_, SO1SIYQ -%$&# ls=u|f=÷x]=_ hftx?n] a9L pTkfbg lbPsf] kfOof] . ls;fgsf] v]tjf/Ldf ul/g] k/LIf0fx? -;L=Pkm=Pkm=6L=_ cGt{ut S99TLYQ-B -$!(( ls=u|f=÷x]=_, S99TLYQ-HG-AB -#&!% ls=u|f=÷x]=_ / S03TLYQ-AB-01 -###^ ls=u|f=÷x]=_ t/fO{df / S99TLYQ-B -$%$& ls=u|f=÷x]=_ / S03TLYQ-AB-01 -$#^% ls=u|f=÷x]=_ kxf8df pTkfbgsf] lx;fan] /fd|f] hftx? /x]sf] kfO{of] .

nfdf] ;dodf kfSg] hftx?sf] kxfl8 ;]6sf] kflv|af;\, sfa|], v'dn6f/ / n'Dn]df ul/Psf] k|f/lDes pTkfbg k/LIf0fx?sf] ;+o'Qm ljZn]if0f ubf{ dgsfdgf–# n] ;a}eGbf al9 -^@%# ls=u|f=÷x]=_ pTkfbg lbPsf] kfOof] . To;kl5 al9 pTkfbg lbg]df s|dzM /fdk'/ RampurS13F28 -%(*$ ls=u|f=÷x]=_ / RampurF03F08 -%&&$ ls=u|f=÷x]=_ b]lvof] . nfdf] ;dodf kfSg] hftx?sf] kxfl8 ;]6sf] ;dGjofTds hflto k/LIf0fx?sf] ;+o'Qm ljZn]if0f ubf{ KSYN10 n] ;a}eGbf a9L -%$%* s]=hL÷x]=_ pTkfbg lbPsf] kfOof] . To;kl5 a9L pTkfbg lbg]df s|dzM KSYNF10 -%)(( ls=u|f=÷x]=_ / 05SADVI -%)@# ls=u|f=÷x]=_ b]lvof] . nfdf] ;dodf kfSg] hftx?sf] kxfl8 ;]6sf] ls;fgsf] v]tdf ul/Psf] ;dGjofTds hflto k/LIf0fx?sf] ;+o'Qm ljZn]if0f ubf{ dgsfdgf–# n] ;a}eGbf al9 -$(@@ ls=u|f=÷x]=_ pTkfbg lbPsf] kfOof] . To;kl5 al9 pTkfbg


3

lbg]df s|dzM Across 9942/Across 9944 -$^(! ls=u|f=÷x]=_ / TLBR-07F-16 -$^*& ls=u|f=÷x]=_ b]lvof] .

nfdf] ;dodf kfSg] hftx?sf] t/fO{ ;]6sf] 8f]l6, ;'v]{t / /fdk'/df ul/Psf] k|f/lDes pTkfbg k/LIf0fx?sf] ;+o'Qm ljZn]if0f ubf{ RPOP-2 n] ;a}eGbf al9 -%@(& ls=u|f=÷x]=_ pTkfbg lbPsf] kfOof] . To;kl5 al9 pTkfbg lbg]df s|dzM S018 -$&*( ls=u|f=÷x]=_ / S97 TLYGAH-YB (3) -$^$! ls=u|f=÷x]=_ b]lvof] . nfdf] ;dodf kfSg] hftx?sf] t/fO{ ;]6sf] ;dGjofTds hflto k/LIf0fx?sf] ;+o'Qm ljZn]if0f ubf{ HG-A n] ;a}eGbf al9 -#&)@ ls=u|f=÷x]=_ pTkfbg lbPsf] kfOof] . To;kl5 al9 pTkfbg lbg]df s|dzM AGUAAFRIA S0031 -#^$% ls=u|f=÷x]=_ / RPOP-1 -#%(* ls=u|f=÷x]=_ b]lvof] . nfdf] ;dodf kfSg] hftx?sf] t/fO{ ;]6sf] s[ifssf] v]tdf ul/Psf] ;dGjofTds hflto k/LIf0fx?sf] ;+o'Qm ljZn]if0f ubf{ Rampur S-13F24 n] ;a}eGbf al9 -&)^^ ls=u|f=÷x]=_ pTkfbg lbPsf] kfOof] . To;kl5 al9 pTkfbg lbg]df s|dzM HB-AB -^*)( ls=u|f=÷x]=_ / Rampur S-13F26 -^&(( ls=u|f=÷x]=_ b]lvof] .

sDkf]lh6 / b]ptLdf lu|8 5gf}6 k'/f ul/of] . To;}u/L, c?0f–@, dgsfdgf–# / kf]lifnf] ds}–! df xfkm l;a km]ldln 5gf}6 k'/f u/L s|dzM # s]=hL=, $ s]=hL= / #= % s]=hL= Go'lSno; aLp pTkfbg ul/of] .

afnL lj1fgds}df z'Go hf]tfO{ / 5fkf] -gn, 9f]+8, k/fn_ sf] Joj:yfkgdf ul/Psf] k|of]un] ;a}eGbf pRrtd lj?jfsf] ;+Vof / pRrtd 3f]uf ;+Vof lbg] glthf b]vfof] eg] 9n]sf] af]6sf] ;+Vof Go"gtd b]lvof] . ds} / e6df;sf] cGt/afnLdf 5fkf] xfNbf, 5fkf] gxfn]sf] / Psn afnLsf] eGbf pRrtd pAhgL lbg] glthf b]vfof] .

To;}u/L, k|ltaf]6 sf]zfsf] ;+Vofsf] xsdf z'Go s[lifdf eGbf k/Dk/fut s[lifdf pRr b]lvof] . e6df;sf] pAhgL Psn afnLsf] ?kdf nufpFbf pRrtd b]lvof] .

ux'Fsf] pAhgL / gnsf] pTkfbg, pTkfbg ;'rf+s / hldg dflysf] afnLsf] tf}n 5fkf] /fv]sf] ux'Fdf w]/} b]lvof] h;sf] v]tL ds} / e6df;sf] cGt/afnL kl5 ul/Psf] lyof] .

ljleGg hf]tfO{sf ljlwx?, afnLsf hftx? / af]6b]lv af]6sf] b"/Ldf ul/Psf] cWoogdf hf]tfO{sf] tl/sfn] ds}afnLsf] pAhgLnfO{ cy{k"0f{ c;/ ug]{ b]lvof] eg] z'Go hf]tfO{df (!%@=@ ls=u|f=÷x]= pAhgL b]lvg cfof] . To;}u/L, pAhgLnfO{ ljleGg af]6x? larsf] b'/Ln] klg c;/ ug]{ glthfn] b]vfof] . t/ hftx?sf] sf/0fn] eg] pAhgLdf c;/ b]lvPg . ^) ;]=dL= × !(=% ;]=dL= b"/Ldf nufOPsf] ds}sf] pAhgL clwstd\

4


-(&(!=@ ls=u|f=÷x]=_ /]s8{ ul/of] eg] ^) ;]=dL= × !^=% ;]=dL= sf] b"/Ldf nufOPsf] ds}sf] pAhgL (!$(=( ls=u|f=÷x]= b]lvof] .

;+/If0f s[lifsf k|ljlwx? cGtu{t tLg ljlwx? hf]tfO{ -z'Go hf]tfO{ / kf/Dkl/s hf]tfO{_, 5fkf] -/flvPsf] / g/flvPsf]_ / vfBtTjsf] Joj:yfkg -l;kmfl/z ul/Psf] vfBtTjsf] dfqf M !@)M^)M$) gfO6«f]hg, kmf]:kmf]/; / kf]6f; ls=u|f=÷x]= ds}df / !))M#)M#) gfO6«f]hg, kmf]:kmf]/; / kf]6f; ls=u|f=÷x] wfgdf clg ls;fgn] k|of]u ug]{ vfBtTjsf] dfqf M !) 6g dnvfb ± &)M#)M%) gfO6«f]hg, kmf]:kmf]/; / kf]6f; ls=u|f=÷x]= ds}df / !) 6g dnvfb ± %)M@)M)) gfO6«f]hg, kmf]:kmf]/; / kf]6f; wfgdf_ k|of]u u/L k/LIf0f ul/of] . glthf cg';f/ hf]tfO{, 5fkf] / vfBtTjsf] Aoj:yfkg clg ltlgx? larsf] cGt/lqmofsf] c;/ pAhgL / pAhgLsf c? dfksx?df cy{k"0f{ b]lvof] . z'Go hf]tfO{df 5fkf] xfn]/ s[ifsn] k|of]u ug]{ vfBtTjsf] dfqf k|of]u ubf{ k|lt x]S6/ ds}sf] 3f]uf ;+Vof, k|lt 3f]uf bfgfsf] ;+Vof, xhf/ bfgfsf] tf}n / ds}sf] pAhgL ;a}eGbf pRrtd b]lvof] .

cGt/afnL k/LIf0f–k/Dk/fut ?kdf cGt/afnL ug]{ rng ePtf klg of] cGt/afnL k/LIf0f cfh–ef]nLsf s[ifssf] cfjZostf cg';f/ ljsf; ul/Psf] xf] . s[ifssf] v]t lbgfg'–lbg 6's|Lb} ;fgf]–;fgf] xF'b} hfg', s[ifssf] cfjZostf lbgfg'–lbg a9b} hfg' / l;ldt afnLn] s[ifssf] cfjZostf k'/f gug{] ePsf]n] l;ldt afnLsf] pTkfbgnfO{ g36fO{ kmf/ddf ljsf; ul/Psf] k|ljlwnfO{ s[ifs :t/df k'¥ofpg] p2]Zosf ;fy o; afnL lj1fg zfvf /fdk'/n] wfgafnL nufPsf] v]tdf wfg sf6]kl5 sflQs÷d+l;/df ds} -/fdk'/–sDkf]lh6_ ;Fu cGt/afnLx? qmdzM /fhdf, cfn', s]/fp / d';'/f] afnLx? ds} !–! ld6/ xf/–xf/sf] b'/Ldf / af]6–af]6sf] b'/L @% ;]dLdf !–! af]6 tyf %) ;]dLdf @–@ af]6 ds} /f]lkPsf] k/LIf0fdf ;aeGbf a9L ds}sf] pTkfbg ds} ± cfn', ds} ± s]/fpdf eof] eg] ;a}eGbf a9L v]tsf] e/k'/ pkof]u -LER_ ds} ± d;'/f]–@ / ds} ± d;'/f]–! n] s|dzM !=*#( / !=&() To:t} ds} + cfn'–@ n]–!=^%^ ds} + cfn'–! n] !=^)* / ds} + s]/fp–@ n] !=%&% / ds} + /fhdf–@ n] !=##^ -LER_ k|fKt eof] .

df6f] lj1fg ;g\ @)!%÷)!^ sf] lxpFb] df};ddf ds}sf rf/ ljleGg hftx? / dnsf ljleGg b/x? k|of]u u/L ul/Psf] ;+o'Qm k/LIf0f (VCFT) df RML32 × RML17, RML4 × RML17, Across 9331 / S99TLYQ-B n] ;a}eGbf a9L pTkfbg qmdzM *!^* ls=u|f=÷x]= -!%)M&%M%) gf=kmf]=kf]=ls=u|f=÷x]= b/df k|of]u ubf{_, &*&^ ls=u|f=÷x]= -!*)M()M^) gf=kmf]=kf]= ls=u|f=÷x]= b/df k|of]u ubf{_, ^!^) ls=u|f=÷x]= -!%)M&%M%)


5

gf=kmf]=kf]= lsnf]÷x]= b/df k|of]u ubf{_, %^#* ls=u|f=÷x]= -!%)M&%M%) gf=kmf]=kf]= ls=u|f=÷x]= b/df k|of]u ubf{_ lbPsf] kfO{of] .

To;}u/L lxpFb] df};ddf /fdk'/df gfO{6«f]hg, kmf]:kmf]/; / kf]6f;sf ljleGg dfqfx? k|of]u u/L ul/Psf] xfO{la|8 hftsf] ds} RML86/RML96 sf] k/LIf0fdf RML86/RML96 n] %!$# ls=u|f=÷x]=-!@)M^)M$) gf=kmf]=kf]= ls=u|f=÷x]= b/df k|of]u ubf{_ b]lv &)^@ ls=u|f=÷x]=-@!)M^)M$) gf=kmf]=kf]= ls=u|f=÷x]= b/df k|of]u ubf{_ pTkfbg lbPsf] kfOof] . h;df dnsf kfFrj6f b/x? k|of]u u/L k/LIf0f ul/Psf] lyof] .

To;}u/L dnsf ljleGg dfqfx? k|of]u u/L ul/Psf] xfO{l|a|8 hftsf] ds} RML95/ RML96 sf]] k/LIf0fdf RML95/RML96 n] %@@% ls=u|f=÷x]= -!@)M^)M$) gf=kmf]= kf]= ls=u|f=÷x]= b/df k|of]u ubf{_ b]lv *#(* ls=u|f=÷x]= @))M-^)±@)_M$)_ gf=kmf]=kf]= ls=u|f=÷x]= b/df k|of]u ubf{_ pTkfbg lbPsf] kfOof] . h;df dnsf cf7 j6f b/x? k|of]u u/L k/LIf0f nufOPsf] lyof] . o; k/LIf0fdf l;kmfl/; kmf]:kmf]/;sf] dfqfnfO{ hldg tof/Lsf] ;do / klxnf] uf]8fO{ kl5 k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof] .

lxpFb] df};ddf /fdk'/df ul/Psf] kfFrj6f O{Ga|]8 nfO{gx?sf] k/LIf0fdf O{Ga|]8 nfO{gx? RML 32, RML 17, RML95, RML96 / RML4 n] ;a}eGbf a9L pTkfbg qmdzM !(%( ls=u|f=÷x] -!*)M^)M$) gf=kmf]=kf]= ls=u|f=÷x]= b/df k|of]u ubf{_, @*!( ls=u|f=÷x] -!*)M*)M$) gf=kmf]=kf]= ls=u|f=÷x]= b/df k|of]u ubf{_, @)^& s]=u|f=÷x] -!%)M^)M$) gf=kmf]=kf]= ls=u|f=÷x]= b/df k|of]u ubf{_, @^)# ls=u|f=÷x] -!%)M^)M$) gf=kmf]=kf]= ls=u|f=÷x]= b/df k|of]u ubf{_ / !(@$ ls=u|f=÷x] -!%)M*)M^) gf=kmf]=kf]= ls=u|f=÷x]= b/df k|of]u ubf{_ lbPsf] kfOof] .

/f]u Joj:yfkgds}sf ljleGg /f]ux?dWo] t/fO{ / kxf8df ds}df nfUg] d"Vo d"Vo /f]ux?sf] Joj:yfkgsf] nflu ljleGg ds}sf hftx?nfO{ k/LIf0f dfkm{t /f]u cj/f]w hft kQf nufpgsf] nflu b]zsf ljleGg efux?af6 k|fKt glthf cg';f/ ds}sf] Wjf+;], y]Un] (GLS) /f]u gnfUg]÷;xg ;Sg] hftx?df s|dzM ZM-627, Rampur SO3FO8, Rampur 28 / dgsfdgf–# kfOof] . To:t} pTt/L kft 89'jf (TLB), wAa] /f]usf] (BLSB) / blIf0fL kft 89'jf (SLB) /f]ux?sf] k/LIf0fsf] glthf cg';f/ s'g} klg ds}sf hftx? /f]u cj/f]ws kfOPg t/ 3f]uf / bfgf s'lxg] /f]usf] k/LIf0fsf] glthf cg';f/ b'O{j6f hftx? s|dzM ZM-401 / Across 9331 RI x? /f]u ca/f]ws kfOof] .

6


sL6 lj1fg 6«fOsf]u|fdf Ps lsl;dsf] jf?nf] xf] . h;n] k'tnL ;d'xsf sL/fx?sf k'mnnfO{ vfP/ jfnLlj?jfdf tL sL/fx?af6 x'g] xfgLaf6 arfpF5 . log} k/hLjLsf] k|of]u aLp pTkfbgdf u/L sL/fsf] Iflt k|ltzt 36fpg] p2]Zo cg'?k /fdk'/df Pp6f k/LIf0f ;+rfng ul/Psf] lyof], h;df !) ju{ ld6/ rf/j6f Kn6dWo] # Jf6f Kn6df 6«fOsf]sf8{ 6«fOs|f]u|fdf jf?nf !)),)))÷x]= @ k6s, ! Jf6fdf vfnL sf8{ /flvof] . ;fy} sf8{ /fVg'k"j{ sL/fsf] Iflt k|ltzt / /fv]kl5 sL/fsf] Iflt x]bf{ 6«fOsf]sf8{ /fv]sf] Kn6df sL/fsf] ;+Vof pNn]vlgo ?kdf 36]sf] kfOof] .

@)&@÷&# df /fli6«o ds}afnL cg';Gwfg sfo{qmd, /fdk'/df $) j6f /fd|f blvPsf hftx?nfO{ ds}df nfUg] ws]{ ujf/f]sf] cj/f]ws hftx?sf] 5gf}6 k/LIf0f /flvPsf] lyof] . h;df S00TLYQ-B, S03TLYQ-AB, Rampur S10F18, c?0f–$ hftx?df cGo hftsf] t'ngfdf ujf/f]sf] Iflt sd ePsf] kfOof] . To;} u/L pQm sL/f lgoGq0fsf nflu ahf/df k|rngdf cfPsf ljleGg ljiffbLsf k/LIf0f ul/Psf] lyof] . h;df :kLgf]:of8 $%Ü EC )=% ld=nL=÷ln6/ / OdL8fSnf]/f]kL8 !&=*Ü )=% ld=nL=÷ln6/ kfgLsf] b/n] k|of]u ubf{ glthf /fd|f] kfOof] . To;} u/L !$ j6f ds}sf hftx?nfO{ lzzf 3/leq ws]{ ujf/f]nfO{ 5f8]/, ltgLx?df lglxt ujf/f] cj/f]ws hftx?sf] 5gf}6 k/LIf0f ;+rfng ul/Psf] lyof] . h;dWo] S99TLYQAB, b]ptL, kf]lifnf] ds} hftx?df cGo hftsf] t'ngfdf ujf/f]sf] Iflt sd ePsf] kfOof] .

:yfgLo :t/df kfOg] ljleGg jg:kltsf] k/LIf0fdf, af]´f]sf] h/fsf] w'nf] !) u|f=÷ls=u|f= ds}, ds}sf] 3'g Joj:yfkgsf] nflu pQd kfOPsf] 5 . To:t} ds}sf] 3'g Joj:yfkgsf] nflu k|of]u ul/Psf] ljleGg e08f/0f efF8fx?df ;'k/ u|]g AofUf / PICS AofUf b'j} !@Ü / !%Ü lr:ofgdf /fd|f] kfOPsf] 5 . kmf}hLsL/f Joj:yfkgsf] nflu ul/Psf] ljleGg ljiffbLx?sf] k/LIf0fdf, :kLgf]:of8 )=% ld=ln=÷nL6/ kfgLsf] k|of]un] kmf}hLsL/fsf] /fd|f] Joj:yfkg ePsf] e]l6Psf] 5 . ls;fgsf] ds}jfnLdf u/]sf] ;j]{If0fdf kmf}hL sL/fsf] IftL 3'F8f–3'F8f cj:yfdf eGbf wfg rdf/ 5f]8\g' cufl8sf] cj:yfdf a9L e]l6Psf] 5 .

jf≈o cg';Gwfgs[ifssf] v]tdf ul/Psf] rf8}+ kfSg] ds}sf] ;xeflutfd'ns hftLo k/LIf0fsf] glthfnfO{ x]bf{ ;a}eGbf al9 pTkfbg SO3TEY-FM -%&&!=*! ls=u|f=÷x]=_ / SO3TEY/LN -%$$(=$% ls=u|f=÷x]=_ n] lbOPsf] kfOof] . o:t} u/L ds}sf] j0f{zs+/ hftx? ul/Psf] k/LIf0fdf RML-95/RML-96 -&^!%=^( ls=u|f=÷x]=_ / RML-4/RML-17


7

-&#!@=%( ls=u|f=÷x]=_ hftx? pTs[i6 b]lvP . nfdf] ;dodf kfSg] ds}sf hftx?sf] kxfl8 ;]6sf] pTkfbgnfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ ;a} pGgt hftsf ds}sf] pTkfbg :yfgLo hft eGbf al9 ePsf] kfOof] . pQm k/LIf0f ul/Psf hftx? dWo] dgsfdgf–# n] ;j}eGbf al9 pTkfbg -^(*&= ^$ ls=u|f=÷x]=_ lbof] . o;} u/L ds}sf] k'/f ;dodf kfSg] hftx?sf] k/LIf0fdf gf/fo0fL hftsf] pTkfbg -^(*&= ^$ ls=u|f=÷x]=_ ;a}eGbf al9 kfOPsf] lyof] .

;xeflutfd"ns hftLo k/LIf0f cGt{ut wfgsf] pko'Qm ;dodf kfSg] hftx?sf] k/LIf0fdf IR-81826-B-B-57 sf] af]6sf] prfO{ ;a}eGbf a9L -!))=%^ ;]=dL=_ x'g'sf] ;fy} pTkfbg klg lgs} a9L -%=! 6g÷x]=_ ePsf] kfOof] . o:t} u/L 5f]6f] ;dodf kfSg] wfgsf hftx?sf] k/LIf0fdf /fwf–$ n] ;a}eGbf a9L pTkfbg -#=^! 6g÷x]=_ lbPsf] lyof] . To:t} csf]{ dl;gf] tyf jf:gfbf/ wfgsf] k/LIf0fdf IR-77537-24-1-3 n] ;a} eGbf al9 pTkfbg -$=$@ 6g÷x]=_ lbPsf] lyof] . o;} u/L ux'Fsf] ;dGojfTds hftLo k/LIf0fdf pTs[i6 b]lvPsf hftx?df BL-4407 -$=@& 6g÷x]=_ , BL-4341 -$=!^ 6g÷x]=_, BL-4463 -#=(! 6g÷x]=_ /x]sf lyP .

;dGjofTds hftLo k/LIf0f

wfg

wfg afnLdf cf= a= @)&@÷&# df hDdf tLg j6f hflto k/LIf0fx? / Pp6f /f]u ;DalGw k/LIf0f nufO{Psf] lyof] . hflto k/LIf0fx? dWo]df pko'St ;dodf kfSg] ;dGjofTds hflto ;]6 (CVT-Normal) df @$ j6f wfgsf hftx? ;dfj]z ul/Psf] lyof] . k/LIf0fsf] glthf cg';f/ cfO{= cf/= (^#@@–#$–@)@–aL–@–!@ -%=@* 6g k|lt x]=_, cfO{=cf/= (^#@!–!)((–@@&–aL–#–!–# -$=%* 6g k|lt x]=_ / Pg= cf/= @!%&–#@–@–!–!–!–! -$=!!& 6g k|lt x]=_ x? a9L pTkfbg lbg] kfOPsf] 5 . To:t} csf]{ k/LIf0fsf] ;]6df dl;gf] tyf jf:gfbf/ ;]6 (CVT-FAR) nufO{Psf] lyof] h;df !^ j6f hftx? ;dfj]z ul/Psf] lyof] / o; dWo] a9L pTkfbg lbg] tyf pTs[i6 hftx? cfO{= cf/= **(^$–!!–@–@ -%=)!# 6g k|lt x]=_, cfO{= cf/= *@^#%–aL–aL–@%–$ -$=&$@ 6g÷x]_ / cfO{= cf/= !) Pn !%! -$=^!* 6g÷x]_ /x]sf 5g . To:t} csf]{ wfgsf] k/LIf0fdf rf8f] kfSg] (CVT-RLE) @) j6f hftx? dWo] Pr= Pr= h]8= !@–jfO{$–jfO{!–8L6LcfO{ -^=$*& 6g÷x]_, cfO{= cf/= *##&#–la–aL–@%–# -%=%$ 6g÷x]_ / Pg= cf/= @!@$–$#–#–!–!–! -%=$*& 6g÷x]_ n] a9L pTkfbg lbPsf] 5 . wfgafnLdf 89'jf /f]u (NRBN) ;DalGw k/LIf0fdf ;+nUg ### wfgsf hftx? dWo] SER1B//KAUZ/HEVO/3/AMAD * 2/4/KIRITATI/5/IWA 8600211//2 * PBW343 * 2/KUKUNA(55) and /KEA//PF85487/3/DUCULA/4/WBLL1 *

8


2/TUKURU/5/ IWA8600211//2 * PBW343 * 2/KUKUNA(63) hft x?df 89'jf /f]usf] cfs|d0f kfOPg eg] NELOKI/3/IWA8600211//2 * PBW343 * 2/KUKUNA, TRCH/SRTU//KACHU/3/IWA8600211//2 * PBW343 * 2/KUKUNA/BAJ#1 * 2//ND643/2 * WBLL1 hftx?df /f]usf] k|sf]k clt Go"g dfqdf /x]sf] kfOof] .

ux“'ux'FF afnLdf cf= j= @)&@÷&# df hDdf rf/ j6f hflto k/LIf0fx? / Pp6f /f]u ;DalGw k/LIf0f nufO{Psf] lyof] . hflto k/LIf0fx? dWo]df k|f/lDes d"NofÍg (IET) df #) j6f hftx? ;dfj]z ul/Psf]df a9L pTkfbg lbg] hftx? s|dz Pg= Pn= !@&@ -#=)*# 6g÷x]=_, Pg= Pn= !@^$ -@=*($ 6g÷x]=_ / Pg= Pn= !@%* -@=*!( 6g÷x]=_ kfOPsf] 5 . To:t} ;dGjofTds hflto k/LIf0f (CVT) df @) j6f ux'Fsf hftx? ;dfj]z ul/Psf] lyof] . k/LIf0fsf] glthf cg';f/ la= Pn= $$)^ -#=%%& 6g÷x]=_, uf}td -#=$(* 6g÷x]=_ / Pg= Pn= !@%# -#=$#@ 6g÷x]_ hftx? ;a}eGbf a9L pTkfbg lbg] kfO{Psf] lyof] . csf]{ ux'Fsf] k/LIf0f cGtu{t hflto k|bz{gL (WVD) df $# hftx? ;dfj]z ul/Psf]df ;a}eGbf a9L Pg=Pn !!^$ -%=)& 6g k|lt x]=_, aL=Pn= #^@( -$=$%$ 6g k|lt x]=_ / la= Pn= #^@# -$=)%@ 6g k|lt x]=_ pTkfbg lbPsf] kfO{Psf] lyof] . To:t} csf]{ Ps k/LIf0f cGtu{t ;'Vvf ;xg ;Sg] (NRN) ;]6df !)) j6f hftx? ;dfj]z ul/Psf]df a9L pTkfbg lbg] hftx? s|dz OG6«L g+= !)) -$=#** 6g÷x]=_, O{G6«L g+= %! -#=)^( 6g÷x]=_ / OG6«L g+= ^! / &$ -@=(!! 6g÷x]=_ kfOPsf] lyof] . ux'Fsf] /f]u ;DalGw k/LIf0fdf (NWDSN) #$* j6f hftx? ;dfj]z ul/Psf]df ^ j6f hftx? ;fljqL, IR 12L-110, WAS122-IDSA14-WASB-FKRI, IR10F 559, IR10F 616, IRO6N102 df kft 89\g] /f]u clt sd kfOof] eg] !^ j6f hftx? /f]u ;xg ;Sg] vfnsf] kfOof] .

>f]t aLp pTkfbg$^=)%&% 6g ds}sf] aLp pTkfbg ePsf] lyof] . /fdk'/ sDkf]hL6 hftsf] @@^@ ls=u|f= k|hgg\ aLp, !)))) ls=u|f= d"naLp / $&&&=% ls=u|f= pGgt aLp pTkfbg ePsf] lyof] . To;} u/L c?0f–@ hftsf] ^!% ls=u|f= k|hgg\ aLp, $#)) ls=u|f= d"naLp / !(@% ls=u|f= pGgt aLp pTkfbg ePsf] lyof] . dgsfdgf–# hftsf] @*%@ ls=u|f= k|hgg\ aLp, !),($* ls=u|f= d"naLp / @)&* ls=u|f= pGgt aLp pTkfbg ePsf] lyof] . To;} u/L b]ptL hftsf] @%) ls=u|f= k|hgg\ aLp, $()) ls=u|f= d"naLp / (!) ls=u|f= pGgt aLp pTkfbg ePsf] lyof] . kf]lifnf] ds} hftsf]]]] !)) ls=u|f=, k|hgg\ aLp / !$) ls=u|f= d"naLp pTkfbg ePsf] lyof] . To;} u/L


9

wfg, uxF' / ;gx]Dk afnLsf] @^,$*) ls=u|f=, #,))) ls=u|f= / !#%) ls=u|f= d"naLp pTkfbg ePsf] lyof] .

s[lif tyf vfB ;'/Iff cfof]hgfds}sf] #$@) ls=u|f= k|hgg\ aLp / !&^%=% ls=u|f= d"naLp s]Gb|leq pTkfbg ePsf] lyof] . !%%) ls=u|f= k|hgg\ aLp tyf !#!) ls=u|f= d"naLp s[lif tyf vfB ;'/Iff cfof]hgf cGtu{tsf lhNnfx?nfO{ ljs|L ul/Psf] lyof] . cb'jf cg';Gwfg s]Gb|, ;Nofgdf bzj6f ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t aLp pTkfbs ;d"xx?nfO{ b'O{ lbg] ds}sf] aLp pTkfbg tflnd lbO{Psf] lyof] . ds}df Plss[t afnL ;+/If0f ;DalGw Pp6f k'l:tsf k|sflzt ul/Psf] lyof] .

ls;fgsf nflu pGgt lap aLhg sfo{s|dds}sf] d"nlap pTkfbg &*=% x]= df tyf wfgsf] d'n lap pTkfbg !( x]= df ;~rfng ug{ ;xof]u ul/Psf] lyof] . k|hgg\ aLp, l8PkL, o'l/of, kf]6f;, l;8 lag, lqkfn, h'6sf] af]/f l;nfpg] d]lzg tyf ljB'lto ds} 5f]8fpg] d]lzg lap pTkfbs ;d'xx?nfO{ lbOPsf] lyof] . cf7j6f ds} lap pTkfbg tflnd, b'O{j6f wfg lap pTkfbg tflnd / Pp6f cGts{[of tyf e|d0f sfo{s|d ;~rfng ul/Psf] lyof] . 5 j6f lk le P; ds}sf] tyf b'O{ b'O{j6f wfg / ux'Fsf] s] o' la s] sf lhNnfx?df ;~rfng ul/Psf] lyof] . uxF'sf] lk le P; df ;a}eGbf a9L pTkfbg BL 3629 -$*@% ls=u|f=÷x]_ n] lbPsf] lyof] eg] To;kl5 al9 lbg]df NL 1006 -$!)) ls=u|f=÷x]_ .

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Plant Breeding

National Maize Research Program is focused on both the hybrid and OPV maize research and development. Under this project several activities were carried out in on-farm and on-stations across the terai and hill environments. From different stages of expirements both on-stations and on-farm results, two hybrid maize varities ie. RH-4 (NML-4/NML-5) and RH-6 (NML-3/NML-5) have been released in this year for general cultivation. From inbred testing and evaluation the selected best inbred were; NML-1, NML-2, RML-4, RML-5, RML-6, RML-7, RML-8, RML-18, RML-19, RML-20, RML-32, RML-36, RML-62, RML-86, RML-95, RML-96, RML-97, RML-118, RML-119, KYM-33, KYM-35, RL-100, RL-105, RL-107, RL-140, CLA-12, CLA-83, CLA-105, CLA-111, CLA-44 and CLA-160. From OBN and test cross experiments the selected high yielding hybrids were; RML-57/RL-107, RL-1/RL-107, RML-55/RL-105, RML-4/RL-107, RML-101/RL-107, RML-108/RML-96, RML-76/RML-96, RML-55/RL-105, RL-14/RL-197, RL-37/RL-197 and RL-13/RL-197. From CVTH across the terai and hills the promising high yielding genotypes were; RML-80/RML-197, RML-4/RL-111, RL-150/RL-111, RML-98/RL-105, RML-4/RML-17, RL-19/RL-111, RML-87/RL-105 and RML-95/RML-96. From the result of CFFTH, the promising and high yielding hybrids were RML-32/RML-17 and RML-95/RML-96. CIMMYT hybrids were evaluated under heat stress conditions at Rampur and Nepalgunj in various stage experiments. The selected few hybrids were tested in farmers field in different terai parts and among the tested genotypes CAH151 and CAH153 were recorded highest yielder across the locations and also preferred by the farmers and these hybrids will be the next candidate for release very soon.

A number of field experiments (IYTE,CVTE, CFFTE, Population improvement) were conducted at different season during winter and spring of 2072 at NMRP, Rampur field with the objective of to identify and develop high yielding, insect pest free, early maturing and matching to cropping system (as three crops for a year) maize varieties for hills, terai and inner terai of Nepal In IYTE, the genotypes earlymid katamani (2450 kg/ha) SO3TEY/LN (2380 kg/ha), ZM-423 (2380 kg/ha) were promising in yield and maturity and promoted to CVT. In CVTE winter, the genotypes COMPOSZ-NIPB (2700 Kg/ha), SO3TEY/LN (2350 kg/ha) and SO3TEY-LN/PP (2220 Kg/ha) were noted high yielding with earlier maturity over winter season and in spring season SO3TEY/LN (4600 kg/ha), COMPOSZ-NIPB (3810 kg/ha) and SO3TEY-LN/PP (3470 kg/ha) gave higher yield than other genotypes. So, these should promote to CFFTE. In CFFTE winter, the genotypes POOL-15 (4212 kg/ha) and EEYC1(2869 kg/ha) and in spring CFFTE, POOl-15 (5333 kg/ha) POOL-16 (4702 kg/ha) and SO3TEY-FM ® (3227 kg/ha) were superior over other genotypes and Pool-15 is


11

the earliest in maturity. Hence, POOL-15 (white extra early) and SO3TEY-FM ® (yellow) can promote to general cultivation of early maize.

At NMRP Rampur, Chitwan the maize planting from September 2 to September 12 increased the yield. Further delay in planting i.e. planting on September 22 reduced the yield of the genotypes. Therefore September 2-12 day (winter) of planting is suitable for highest grain yield. The QPM hybrids namely VH141732, VH141733 and VH141730 were found high yielding QPM hybrids at IYT at Rampur in 2015 winter. In IYT the pooled analysis of genotypes over terai and hills showed that RampurS13FQ02, RampurS13FQ06, RampurS13FQ01, RPOPYQ-4 were found high yielding genotypes across locations. The combined analysis of CVT over Terai locations showed that S03TLYQ-AB-01 (2223 kg/ha) produced the highest grain yield followed by followed by SOOTLYQ-B (2190 kg/ha), S03TLYQ-AB-02 (2156 kg/ha) and S01SIWQ-2 (2098 kg/ha) respectively. The pooled analysis of CVT over hill locations showed that S00TLWQ-B (5912 kg/ha) produced the highest grain yield followed by followed by S99TLWQ-B (5538kg/ha), SO1SIYQ (5473 kg/ha), and S03TLYQ-AB-01 (4796 kg/ha) respectivley. The pooled analysis of CFFT trials over terai locations the genotypes S99TLYQ-B (4199 kg/ha) produced the highest grain yield followed by S99TLYQ-HG-AB (3715 kg/ha), S03TLYQ-AB-01 (3336 kg/ha) respectively. The combined analysis of CFFT over hill locations showed that S99TLYQ-B (4547 kg/ha) produced the highest grain yield followed by S03TLYQ-AB-01 (4365 kg/ha).

On the basis of grain yield, some superior and selected from CVT-drought tolerant maize genotypes were; Entry#22, Entry#28, Entry#37, Entry#38, Rampur SO3F08, and Rampur POP3, These genotypes found high yielder and performed best at across the locations i.e. Rampur, Doti and Surkhet. Similarly, in CFFT–DTM at Rampur, the highest gain yield was obtained from Entry#22 (3756 kg/ha) followed by Rampur SO3F08 (3140 kg/ha), Entry#38 (2973 kg/ha) and Entry#24 (2263 kg/ha).

The highest grain yield was one of the basic criteria for identifying high yielding varieties. The genotypes KKT-01(4236 kg/ha) followed by Ganesh-1 (4040 kg/ha) , Jumka Pop (3773 kg/ha), KLW-Pop (3739 kg/ha) KKT-03 (3644 kg/ha), and Karnali Pool Yellow (3610 kg/ha), were found superior in their grain yield potentiality in Jumla district condition as compared to checks varieties. The genotype KKT-01, Ganesh-1, Jumka Pop and KLW-Pop was found best in Jumla district in terms of grain yield. So these genotypes were found suitable genotypes for Karnali region.

The combined analysis of IYT full season hill set across Pakhribas, Khumaltar, Lumle and Kabre showed that Manakamana-3 produced the highest yield (6253 kg/ha) followed by Rampur S13F28 (5984 kg/ha) and Rampur S03F08 (5774

12


kg/ha)respectively.Combined analysis of CVT full season hill set showed that KSYN10 produced the highest yield (5458 kg/ha) followed by KSYNF10 (5099 kg/ha) and 05SADVI (5023 kg/ha) respectively.Combined analysis of CFFT full season hill set showed that Manakamana-3 produced the highest yield (4922 kg/ha) followed by Across 9942/Across 9944 (4691 kg/ha) and TLBRS07F16 (4687 kg/ha) respectively.

The combined analysis of IYT full season teraiset across Doti, Surkhet and Rampur showed that R POP-2 produced the highest yield (5297 kg/ha) followed by S0128 (4789 kg/ha) and S97TLYGH"AYB(3) (4641 kg/ha) respectively. Combined analysis of CVT full season teraiset showed that HG-A produced the highest yield (3702 kg/ha) followed by AGUA FRIA S0031 (3645 kg/ha) and RPOP-1 (3598 kg/ha) respectively. Combined analysis of CFFT full season teraiset showed that Rampur S13F24 produced the highest yield (7066 kg/ha) followed by HG-AB (6809 kg/ha) and Rampur S13F26 (6799 kg/ha) respectively.

Grid selection was completed in Rampur Composite and Deuti. Half sib family selection was completed in Arun-2, Manakamana-3 and Poshilo Makai-1and 3 kg, 4 kg and 3.5 kg nucleus seed was produced in those varieties respectively.

Agronomy

In a system optimization experiment of maize, no tillage and residue retained practices produced the highest number of plants and ears and the lowest number of lodged plants per hectare. Residue retained and intercropping of maize with soybean produced the highest grain yield of maize against the residue removed and sole cropping systems. Similarly, number of pods per plant was higher in conventional tillage than no tillage methods but the residue levels. Soybean seed yield was higher in sole cropping system of soybean. Grain and straw yield, harvest index and above ground biomass in wheat was more under residue kept and Maize and soybean intercropping followed by wheat system.

An experiment having various tillage methods, genotypes and cropping geometries revealed that, the tillage significantly affected the grain yield of maize and was higher in no tillage with 9152.2 kg/ha compared to 8242.3 kg/ha. Similarly, the yield was influenced by various planting geometries but the genotypic variation was not observed. The highest grain yield of 9791.2 kg/ha was recorded in D3 (60 cm X 19.5 cm) and was at par with D4 (60 cm X 16.5 cm) having 9149.9 kg/ha.

Another experiment in maize under CA based technologies comprising three factors of tillage (no till and conventional tillage), residue (kept and removed) and nutrient management (recommended doses of nutrients i.e 120 : 60:40 NPK kg/ha in maize and 100 : 30:30 NPK kg/ha in rice and farmers practice of 10


13

t FYM + 70:30:50 NPK kg/ ha in maize and 10 t FYM + 50:20:0 NPK kg /ha in rice) were tested.The results depicted that the effects of tillage, residue and nutrient management and their interaction effects were found significant for grain yield and related parameters of maize. No-tilled, residue kept and recommended doses of nutrients surpassed the number of ears per hectare, number of grains /cob, thousand grain weight and grain yield of maize.

The field experiment was conducted at the VDC Khairahani Parsa ward no.1 of the farmer Rajander Chaudhary during the 26 December 2015 on the rice based maize intercropping with Rajma in low land. It is the field selection 5 x 8m (40m2) for low land intercropping of Maize and rajma. The variety of the Maize was Rampur composite and Rajma PDR -14 Sowing row to row 1 meter and plant to plant 25 cm of the maize and rajma are sowing two row in the middle of the maize. The intercropping maize produced 4.5 ton/ha and Rajma gave 2.2 ton/ha yield. Farmer practices on the (40m2) in same variety of maize yield 3.1 ton/ha and Rajma 1.6 Ton/ha.

Soil Science

Variety cum fertilizer trial in winter season 015/16, the highest grain yield in RML32*RML17, RML4*RML17, Across 9331 and S99TLYQ-B was 8168 kg/ha with the application of 150:75:50 NPK kg/ha, 7876 kg/ha with the application of 180:90:60 NPK kg/ha, 6160 kg/ha with the application of 150:75:50 NPK kg/ha and 5638 kg/ha with the application of 150:75:50 NPK kg/ha recorded respectivly.

Hybrid trial RML86/RML96 the grain yield ranged from 5142.80 kg/ha (120:60:40 NPKkg/ha) to 7061.09 kg/ha (210:60:40 NPK kg/ha). In this trial five levels of fertilizer doses were used.

Hybrid trial RML95/RML96 the grain yield ranged from 5225 kg/ha (120:60:40 NPK kg/ha) to 8398 kg/ha (200:(60+20):40) NPK kg/ha). In this trial eight levels of fertilizers were used and phosphorous was also used in split doses at the time of land preparation and knee height stage.

The highest grain yield of inbred line RML32 was found 1958.74 kg/ha with the application of 180:60:40 NPK kg/ha and highest grain yield of inbred RML17 was found 2818.62 kg/ha with the application of 180:80:40 NPK kg/ha .

The highest grain yield of inbred line RML95 was found 2067.17 kg/ha with the application of 150:60:40 NPK kg/ha. Similarly, the highest grain yield of inbred RML96 was found 2603.43 kg/ha with the application of 150:60:40 NPK kg/ha and highest grain yield of inbred RML4 was found with the application of 150:80:60 NPK kg/ha (1924.41 kg/ha).

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Pathology

Maize genotypes were screened against major diseases as gray leaf spot (GLS), northern leaf blight (NLB), southern leaf blight (SLB), banded leaf and sheath blight (BLSB) and ear rot in summer and winter during 2015/16 across the disease hot spot of the country under replicated conditions both on hybrid and OPVs maize genotypes. Among the tested genotypes for GLS resistant, four genotypes as ZM-627, RAMPUR SO3F08, RAMPUR-28 and Manakamana-3 reacted resistant/moderately resistant reactions. For TLB, BLSB and SLB diseases none of the tested genotypes reacted resistant/moderately resistant reactions. In ear rot disease screening nursery two genotypes; ZM-401 and Across-9331RE were free (highly resistant) from this disease.

Entomology

The Trichogramma are minute wasps, potential biocontrol agent whose adult female lays its eggs into stemborer eggs. A total of four fields (each of 10 m2) on maize seed production block at NMRP were selected and laboratory -reared Trichogramma @ 100000/ha were released on three plots out of 4 during the month of Baisakh 2073. The percent damage before release of Trichogramma was ranged from (22.5-34 %) while it ranged (8-14.6 %) after release. In case of control plot the percent damage was recorded in increasing order from 23.2 to 36.5 %.

An experiment composed of Forty elite maize genotypes were sown evaluated at NMRP, Rampur during 2072/73 spring season to find out the resistance source of maize stem borer. Out of 40 screened maize genotypes, the minimum damage percentage of stem borer was recorded on RML-95/RML-96 (14.17%) followed by Arun-4 (17.85%), SOOTLYQ-B (18.40%), Rampur SO3FO4 (18.47%) and RL-151/RML-18 (19.13%) at knee height stage (Table 1). Genotypes SO1SIWQ-1 (9.29%), SO3TLYQ-AB-01 (9.54%), RML-68/RML-101 (9.69%) and Arun 2 (9.98%) respectively fetched the minimum damage percentage at tasseling stage. The high yielding maize genotypes were SOOTLYQ-B (2.44 t/ha), Arun-4 (2.39 t/ha), SOOTLYQ-AB (2.20 t/ha) and Rampur S1OF22 (2.02 t/ha). Maize genotypes SOOTLYQ-B, SO3TLYQ-AB, Rampur SO3FO4 and Arun-3 showed resistant against maize stem borer and scored 2.00 in of 0-9 scale. At glass house condition, range of visual score at vegetative stage was (1-3.6) whereas (1-2.7) was recorded at tasseling stage. Thus majority of genotypes were scored resistant to moderately resistant reaction (1-3 score) except RML96, RML86 and RML 17. Percent of damage were noticed more in knee height stage (9-36.36 %) than tasseling stage (9.09-27.27%). Average tunnel length was found (1.6-7.4 cm) where as average number of exit hole were found (0.2-3.8cm). Similarly, The lower percent damage (4.32%) was observed at the plot sprayed after spinosad 45% EC at 0.5 ml /l of water with higher crop yield (4.58 t/ha) and lowest insect score (1.00) followed by the plot


15

treated with imidacloropid 17.8% @ 0.5 ml/l of water with percent damage of 5.55%, crop yield (3.38 t/ha) and insect score 1.50. The highest percent damage (20.63%) was observed in the control plot with lower yield (0.95 t/ha) and highest insect score (6.00).

Among the tested botanicals, Bojho rhizome dust @10gm/kg of maize seed was found effective against the maize weevil and on the other part, Super grain bag and PICS (Purdue Improved Crop Storage) bag was found superior against the maize weevil at both 12% and 15% level of moisture, kept for a period of six months. On a trial conducted for the management of armyworm (Mythimna separata), Spinosad @0.5ml/lit water was found most effective against the armyworm. A higher damage of armyworm was observed in before tasseling stage compared to knee height stage in a survey carried out in farmer’s field.

Outreach research

Among the tested genotypes of maize early set, SO3TEY-FM produced significantly higher grain yield (5771.81 kg/ha) followed by SO3TEY/LN (5449.45 kg/ha) as compared to Std. check variety-Arun-6 (3788.83 kg/ha). Similarly, in the CFFT Hybrid Maize trial conducted at Chitwan, genotype RML-95/RML-96 produced significantly the higher yield (7615.69 kg/ha) followed by RML-4/RML-17 (7312.59 kg/ha). In CFFT Maize Hill set, all improved genotypes showed greater yield as compared to the farmers' local variety. Among them Mankamana -3 produced significantly higher yield (6987.64 kg/ha). The maize genotype Narayani was identified as the promising genotype for full season as it produced comparatively higher yield (7065.33 kg/ha).

In rice CFFT normal set, the genotype IR-81826-B-B-57 showed higher yield i.e 5.10 t/ha with the significantly higher plant height (100.56cm). Likewise, the genotype Hardinath took statistically shorter period to flowering i.e. 74 days with very low yield (2.82 t/ha). The higher production was observed with Radha-4 (3.61 t/ha). Similarly, among the tested genotypes in CFFT Rice fine and aromatic, IR-77537-24-1-3 produced higher yield i.e 4.42 t/ha followed by farmers' variety (4.10 t/ha) and IR-77512-128-2-1-2 (4.09 t/ha). The taller plant height (101.75 cm) was recorded with the genotype of TOX322-6-5-2-2-2-2. In CFFT Wheat, the genotype BL-4407 produced higher yield (4.27 t/ha) followed by BL-4341 (4.16 t/ha) and BL-4463 (3.91 t/ha) .

Collaborative experimentsRice

A total of 24 genotypes were included in CVT-Normal set and out of tested genotypes IR9632-34-202-B-2-1-2 (5.28 t/ha) produced the highest grain yield followed by IR96321-1099-227-B-3-1-3 (4.580 t/ha) and NR257-32-2-1-1-1-1

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(4.117 t/ha). A total of 20 genotypes were included in CVT-Early set and out of tested genotype IR88964-11-2-2 (5.013 t/ha) produced the highest grain yield followed by IR82635-B-B-25-4 (4.742 t/ha), IR 1OL 151 (4.618 t/ha). In CVT-FAR trial, a total of 16 genotypes were included. Out of tested genotypes HHZ12-Y4-Y1-DTI (6.487 t/ha) produced the highest grain yield followed by IR83373-B--B-25-3 (5.540 t/ha) and NR2124-43-3-1-1-1 (5.487 t/ha).

This experiment includes 333 wheat genotypes and planted for screening against major wheat diseases and especially for leaf blight of wheat and planted in single rows of 1m length. Among the tested genotypes two genotypes namely; SERI.1B//KAUZ/HEVO/3/AMAD * 2/4/KIRITATI/5/IWA 8600211//2 * PBW343 * 2/KUKUNA (55) and /KEA//PF85487/3/DUCULA/4/WBLL1 * 2/TUKURU/5/ IWA 8600211//2 * PBW343 * 2/KUKUNA (63) reacted resistant and three genotypes; NELOKI/3/IWA 8600211//2 * PBW343 * 2/KUKUNA, TRCH/SRTU//KACHU/3/IWA 8600211//2 * PBW343 * 2/KUKUNA and BAJ #1 * 2//ND643/2 * WBLL1 reacted moderately resistant against leaf blight disease. Other remaining genotypes reacted susceptible to highly susceptible reactions.

Wheat

At NMRP, under IET, the highest wheat grain yield was obtained by NL-1272 (3.083 t/ha) followed by NL-1264 (2.894 t/ha) and NL-1258 (2.819 t/ha) respectively. In case of CVT, the highest grain yield was obtained by BL-4406 (3.557 t/ha) followed by Gautam (3.498 t/ha) and NL-1253 (3.432 t/ha) respectively. While in NRN, the highest grain yield was obtained by Entry100 (4.388 t/ha) followed by Entry 51 (3.069 t/ha) and Entry61 and Entry 74 (2.911 t/ha) respectively. The highest grain yield was obtained by NL-1164 (5.070 t/ha) followed by BL-3629 (4.454 t/ha) and BL-3623 (4.052 t/ha) respectively in WVD.

This blast screening experiment included 348 entries with Sabitri as resistant and Sankharika as susceptible checks. The experimental plot was created for ideal disease epidemics environment planted with Dhaincha (4 rows) and Masuli rice (4 rows) around the plot as border. The experiment was planted in 2072/04/02 in direct seeded conditions. Among the tested entries none of the genotypes were free from blast disease. However, six genotypes namely; Sabitri, IR 12L 110, WAS122-IDSA14-WASB-FKRI, IR 10F 559, IR 10F 616 and IR06N 102 reacted resistant and 16 genotypes reacted moderately resistant and 48 genotypes were highly susceptible against this disease.


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Source seed Production

46.0575 tons of maize seed was produced. In case of Rampur Composite, 2262 kg breeder seed, 10000 kg foundation seed and 4777.5 kg improved seed was produced. In case of Arun-2, 615 kg breeder seed, 4300 kg foundation seed and 1925 kg improved seed was produced. Similarly, in case of Manakamana-3, 2852 kg breeder seed, 10948 kg foundation seed and 2078 kg improved seed was produced. In case of Deuti, 250 kg breeder seed, 4900 kg foundation seed and 910 kg improved seed was produced. In case of Poshilo Makai-1, 100 kg breeder seed and 140 kg foundation seed was produced. Foundation seed production in rice, wheat and sun hemp was 26480 kg, 3000 kg and 1350 kg respectively.

Special Projects1. Agriculture and Food Security Project (AFSP)

3420 kg breeder seed and 1765.5 kg foundation seed of maize was produced in our station.1550 kg of Breeder Seed and 1310 kg of foundation seed was sold to the districts of AFSP command area. Two days maize seed production training was provided to the participants of 10 CBSP groups at Ginger Research Program (GRP), Salyan. One booklet was published about integrated crop protection in maize.

2. Kisankalagi Unnat Biubijan Karyakram (KUBK)

Maize foundation seed production program was supported in 78.5 ha and rice foundation seed production program was supported in 19 ha. Breeder seed, DAP, Urea, Potash, seed bins, tarpaulins, shelling machines and sewing machines were provided to the CBSP. Eight maize seed production trainings, two rice seed production trainings and one interaction cum visit program was organized. Six participatory varietal selection (PVS) trials of maize and two trials each of rice and wheat were conducted in the command districts of KUBK. In case of wheat, BL 3629 (4825 kg/ha) produced the highest yield followed by NL 1006 (4100 kg/ha).

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1. WORKING CONTEXT

Introduction

The National Maize Research Program (NMRP) was evolved as a part of the Rapti Valley Development Project (RVDP) in the year 2013 B.S. (1956 AD) with a view to rehabilitate the flood victims of 2011 B.S. (1954 AD) and to test, develop and recommend a package of farming system technologies to newly settled farmers. However, the systematic research activities were initiated from the year 2020 B.S. (1963). With the inception of commodity research program in 2029 B.S. (1972 AD), this office was mandated for the research and development of maize and maize based cropping system. After the establishment of Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC) in 2048 B.S. (1991 AD), this station was renamed as the National Maize Research Program (NMRP) and mandated to develop appropriate maize and maize based technologies for various agro-ecological zones of the country. NMRP, Rampur is located about 10 km west of Bharatpur, the district headquarter of Chitwan, in inner terai (Siwalik Dun Valley) region of Nepal. The geographical location is 27o 40'N latitude, 84o 19' E longitude at an altitude of 228 meter above sea level.

Goal

Increase production and productivity of maize and maize based cropping system in sustainable manner for improving national food, feed and nutritional security.

Objectives

• To collect, characterize, utilize and conserve different local and exotic maize germplasms.

• To develop high yielding, disease and insect resistant early, extra early and full season OPVs of maize suitable for different agro-environments

• To develop high yielding disease and insect tolerant single cross, double cross and top cross hybrids for terai and foot hill valleys

• To undertake basic, applied and adaptive research work on maize and maize based cropping system

• To conduct different outreach research activities on maize based cropping system in three districts Chitwan, Makawanpur and Nawalparasi with active participation of related stakeholders.

• To develop/test different agriculture implements/machineries in order to increase maize production with reduced cost and drudgery.

• To generate maize based conservation agriculture technologies for improving soil health/fertility and increasing maize productivity in a sustainable manner.


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• To work as national institute for research, training and education in maize and maize based cropping system.

• To work as repository of information on maize and maize based technologies.• To disseminate maize and maize based technologies to the different

stakeholders through electronic media, booklets, folders, leaflets and posters • To establish and strengthen national and international linkages for e×change

of knowledge, research materials and collaborative research works • To produce source seeds of maize (BS, FS), rice and wheat (FS) and distribute

to different clients according to their demands (balance sheet of NSB) • To publish research findings, recommend verified technologies and

collaborate with disseminating partners for its wider dissemination Geography and climate

The geographical location of National Maize Research Program (NMRP), Rampur, Chitwan is 27˚40' N latitude, 84˚19' E longitude at an altitude of 228 meter above sea level. It has humid and subtropical climate with cool winter and hot summer. The soil is generally acidic (pH 4.6-5.7), light textured and sandy loam. The average total annual rainfall of 14 years (2000-2014 AD) was 2210.35 mm with a distinct monsoon period (>75% of annual rainfall) from mid-June to mid-September. The command area covers Chitwan and Siwalik valley of Nawalparasi and Makawanpur districts. The main objective of outreach research is to reduce the yield gap between on-station and on-farm in maize.

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2. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT

2.1 Plant Breeding

2.1.1 Hybrid Maize Research and Development 2015/16

Maize (Zea mays L.) is second staple food crop of Nepal and the principal food, feed, fodder, fuel crop and source of energy in hills. It is widely grown in all the three agro zones of Nepal: Terai and Inner Terai (below 900 msl), the mid hills (900-1800 msl) and high hills (above 1800 msl). Hybrid maize technology has made significantly yield advances and increased profitability and to some extent provided employment opportunity. There is demand of locally developed hybrid varieties in Nepal. National Maize Research Program has so far released four single cross hybrids and among them “Gaurav” could not reach in farmer’s field due to some technical problems and other three hybrids; Rampur Hybrid-2, Rampur Hybrid-4 and Rampur Hybrid-6 are being getting popular and some seed companies so far have been started seed production. Farmers have been demanding F1 hybrid seeds and a number of multinational hybrid varieties are being marketed every year across the Terai and Inner Terai regions of Nepal. Farmers are being compelled to purchase hybrid seeds from these multi national hybrid seed companies based in India due to open boarder. National Maize Research Program has been conducted hybrid research and development activities to develop locally adapted, disease resistant and high yielding maize hybrids. A number of inbred and hybrids were evaluated in a series of experiments during 2015/16. The objective of the study was to develop and identify suitable best inbred and high yielding disease and pest resistant hybrids for Terai and Inner Terai of Nepal.

Table 1. List of NMRP developed hybrid maize experiments conducted during 2015/16

S.N. Name of experiments Locations No of entries

Planting area, Design and replication

1 Fixed Inbred testing, evaluation, char-acterization & seed production

Rampur 241 6 rows of 5m length

2 Advancement & evaluation of S2-S6 inbred lines


3 Observation Nursery on Hybrid Maize (OBNH-1)

Belachapi, Parwanipur

30 2 rows of 3 m length with RCBD 2 replica-tion

4 Evaluation of Test cross hybrids-1 Rampur 89 2 rows of 3 m length with RCBD 2 replica-tion



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S.N. Name of experiments Locations No of entries

Planting area, Design and replication



8 Coordinated Varietal Trial on Hybrid maize (CVTH)

Rampur, Belachhapi, Tarahara, Parwanipur, Nepalgunj


9 Coordinated Varietal Trial on Hybrid maize-hill set (CVTH)

Khumaltar, Dailekh, Pakhribas, Surkhet, Doti


10 Coordinated farmer's field trial on hybrid (CFFTH)

Rampur, Belachapi, Pakhribas, Tarahara, Khumaltar

6 rows of 5 m length farmer as a replication

11 Seed production of released inbred lines in large plots


12 Evaluation of CIMMYT Hybrid Maize trials (HTMA)

Rampur, Nepalgunj

1035, 1275

1-3 rows of 4m length

13 Evaluation of best-bet HTMA hybrids in on-farm (MLTs)

Dumarwana, Nijgadh, Dadu-wa, Anandpur, Gaidakot, Rampur, Bardiya

10 & 20 (winter & spring)

8-10 rows of 5m length

Inbred evaluation, characterization and seed production

A total of 241 fixed inbred were evaluated for diseases, insects and per se performance as well as seed production for maintenance and crossing applying controlled pollination at Rampur during winter season. The selected best hybrid parents were NML-1, NML-2, RML-4, RML-5, RML-6, RML-7, RML-8, RML-18, RML-19, RML-20, RML-32, RML-36, RML-62, RML-86, RML-95, RML-96, RML-97, RML-118, RML-119, KYM-33, KYM-35, RL-100, RL-105, RL-107, RL-140, CLA-12, CLA-83, CLA-105, CLA-111, CLA-44 and CLA-160.

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Advancement & evaluation of S2-S6 inbred lines

Newly developing selfed lines were planted including 924 lines in two rows and diseased, insect infested and per se poor performed lines were discarded. A total of 10% poor lines were deleted and other good to fair lines were selfed to advance for next generation. Some early generation crosses were made with S5 and S6 lines using NMRP developed testers.

Observation Nursery on Hybrid Maize (OBNH)

This experiment was planted at RARS, Parwanipur and ARS. Belachapi & included 30 single cross hybrids in 2 replications in 2 rows of 3m plot size. Highly significant results were found in grain yield production anthesis, silking and ear height and rest of the traits were found non significant among the tested genotypes (Table-2). However, the highest grain yield was observed in RML-57/RL-107 (9.5 t/ha) followed by RL-1/RL-107 (8.5 t/ha) and RML-55/RL-105 (7.9 t/ha), respectively.

Table 2. Mean yield and other characters of Observation Nursery on Hybrid Maize (OBNH-1) tested at RARS, Parwanipur 2015/16 winter

SN Genotypes GY (t/ha)

50% Flowering (day)ASI

Ht. in cm Aspects(1-5)Anthesis Silking PHT EHT PA EA HC

1 RL-112/RL-197 5.6 107 111 4 168 82 3.5 3.0 2.02 RML-8/RL-107 5.4 106 110 4 161 74 2.5 3.5 1.53 RML-84/RML-61 7.6 106 110 5 166 74 2.0 3.5 3.54 RML-87/RL-105 5.0 107 111 4 147 68 3.0 3.0 2.55 RML-55/RL-105 7.9 102 106 4 164 84 2.0 2.5 1.56 RL-195/RML-18 5.0 107 110 3 157 76 3.5 4.5 2.57 RL-151/RML-18 5.2 104 109 5 156 83 2.5 3.5 2.58 RML-83/RL-197 6.4 108 112 4 161 81 2.5 2.5 4.09 RL-153/RL-105 5.7 107 111 4 170 70 5.0 3.0 2.510 RML-4/RML-32 5.3 106 110 4 138 47 1.5 1.5 2.011 RML-17/RL-107 8.4 104 109 5 152 84 3.0 1.5 1.512 RML-76/RL-107 7.6 105 109 4 158 67 1.0 2.0 1.513 RML-11/RL-107 7.4 105 109 4 160 71 2.5 3.0 2.014 RL-1/RL-107 8.5 105 109 4 164 57 1.0 1.5 1.015 RL-164/RL-107 6.3 104 108 4 162 68 3.5 3.0 1.516 RL-5/RL-105 6.3 107 111 4 164 78 2.0 2.0 2.017 RML-17/RML-96 7.8 105 109 4 386 78 1.5 2.5 1.518 RML-64/RML-96 6.5 105 110 5 146 86 3.0 3.0 2.019 RL-36/RL-107 6.6 107 111 4 175 68 2.5 2.5 1.520 RML-99/RL-107 6.8 105 110 5 151 59 1.5 2.5 2.521 RL-35A/RL-107 6.5 104 108 4 165 81 3.5 4.0 3.0


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50% Flowering (day)ASI

Ht. in cm Aspects(1-5)Anthesis Silking PHT EHT PA EA HC

22 RML-6/RL-107 6.3 105 108 3 158 61 4.0 2.5 2.523 RML-57/RL-107 9.5 104 109 5 172 69 2.0 2.0 2.524 RML-105/RL-107 7.1 104 108 4 155 75 2.0 1.5 1.525 RML-95/RML-96 7.3 105 109 4 169 67 1.5 1.5 2.526 RML-86/RML-96 6.6 107 110 3 169 77 2.5 3.0 2.027 RML-95/RML-96 6.9 107 111 4 162 57 3.0 4.0 2.028 RML-4/RML-17 7.8 107 109 2 170 83 1.5 1.5 1.029 RML-32/RML-17 5.8 107 112 5 153 64 3.0 3.0 2.530 Rampur Hybrid-2 4.6 108 112 4 152 73 2.0 2.0 2.0 Grand mean 6.6 106 109 3.8 168 72 2.5 2.6 2.1

F-test ** ** ** Ns ns ** ns ns NsCV% 1.9 1.2 2.5 22 36.6 12.4 41.7 42.3 42LSD0.05 14 2.6 1.1 1.7 125 18.3 2.1 2.3 1.8

Test cross Hybrid-1

This experiment included 89 single cross hybrids developed with the use of RL-107 as a tester and planted in two replicated conditions at Rampur. Except E. turcicum disease all other recorded traits were found significantly difference (Table-3). Among the tested entries the grain yield was varied from 1.3 t/ha to 7.9 t/ha. Significantly highest grain yield was produced by RML-4/RL-107 (7.9 t/ha) followed by RML-141/RL-107 (7.8 t/ha) and RML-140/RL-107 (7.6 t/ha), respectively.


SN Genotypes50% Flowering (day) Ht. in cm Scores (1-5) GY

(t/ha)Anthesis Silking PHT EHT PA EA HC E. tur1 RML-110/RL-107 66 67 192 122 2.7 2.8 2.0 2.3 4.12 NML-2/RL-107 62 66 183 110 2.5 2.7 2.5 2.0 4.33 RML-19/RL-107 67 71 200 101 2.2 3.2 1.7 1.7 6.94 RML-89/RL-107 63 67 190 113 2.2 2.0 1.7 2.2 4.65 RML-142/RL-107 66 71 182 103 2.0 2.3 2.3 1.8 6.66 RML-115/RL-107 65 67 193 108 2.0 2.2 1.8 1.5 7.37 RML-11/RL-107 65 70 197 115 2.3 2.8 1.7 1.8 5.58 RL-36/RL-107 66 71 213 120 2.7 3.0 2.0 2.0 4.69 RL-21-1/RL-107 68 72 193 110 2.0 2.2 1.7 2.0 5.910 RML-12/RL-107 66 71 187 107 2.3 2.5 2.2 2.2 5.511 RML-17/RL-107 66 71 190 102 2.7 2.7 2.3 1.8 5.512 RML-92/RL-107 63 67 210 113 2.3 2.7 2.7 2.5 5.1

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(t/ha)Anthesis Silking PHT EHT PA EA HC E. tur13 RML-18/RL-107 64 68 207 113 2.3 2.7 2.0 2.5 4.614 RL-152/RL-107 65 69 217 123 2.5 3.0 1.7 2.2 4.015 RML-107/RL-107 66 70 183 107 1.8 2.5 2.3 2.0 5.116 RML-86/RL-107 66 70 173 87 2.0 2.2 2.2 1.8 5.817 RL-1/RL-107 65 69 153 120 2.0 2.3 2.3 2.0 6.618 RML-83/RL-107 65 69 190 100 2.5 2.8 2.7 2.2 5.219 RML-108/RL-107 65 69 190 103 2.3 2.5 1.5 1.8 5.720 RML-93/RL-107 65 69 210 113 2.8 3.0 3.2 2.0 4.621 RML-113/RL-107 64 68 197 112 1.8 2.2 1.5 2.2 6.822 RL-182/RL-107 65 69 200 117 2.7 2.8 2.2 2.5 2.823 RML-140/RL-107 65 69 183 127 2.2 2.7 2.5 2.0 7.624 RML-57/RL-107 68 72 180 90 2.8 3.3 2.2 1.8 5.125 RML-105/RL-107 65 70 190 107 2.7 3.3 2.2 2.3 4.726 RML-13/RL-107 66 71 193 100 3.2 3.3 3.0 2.0 3.727 RML-28/RL-107 63 66 188 93 2.8 2.5 2.7 2.3 4.028 RL-194/RL-107 66 71 203 100 2.4 2.9 2.0 2.2 1.329 RL-151/RL-107 64 69 203 113 2.7 2.8 1.7 2.2 4.330 RL-173/RL-107 63 69 173 110 2.2 2.8 1.7 2.2 5.331 RL-180/RL-107 63 67 179 101 3.1 3.2 2.1 2.8 2.032 RL-153/RL-107 65 69 173 90 2.2 2.7 1.7 1.8 3.733 RML-35/RL-107 66 71 180 90 2.5 2.8 1.7 2.2 5.134 RML-5/RL-107 68 74 187 103 2.5 2.3 1.8 1.5 5.335 RL-160/RL-107 64 68 207 110 2.5 2.2 2.3 2.0 6.236 RML-76/RL-107 66 69 193 103 1.8 2.2 1.5 1.3 5.237 RML-65/RL-107 66 70 180 80 3.0 4.0 4.0 2.0 2.238 RL-5-1/RL-107 69 73 170 97 2.3 2.2 1.8 1.8 4.039 RL-150/RL-107 63 69 207 110 2.7 2.7 1.7 1.8 4.640 RML-139/RL-107 69 73 177 87 1.8 2.2 2.3 1.3 6.741 RML-84/RL-107 68 72 200 117 2.0 2.7 2.7 1.8 5.942 RML-95/RL-107 66 70 188 107 2.0 2.7 1.8 1.7 6.343 RML-24/RL-107 68 72 175 87 2.5 2.8 1.7 2.0 4.944 RML-141/RL-107 67 72 187 103 2.2 2.3 1.8 1.8 7.845 RML-14/RL-107 66 70 197 110 2.5 2.8 1.7 2.3 4.246 RL-162/RL-107 66 66 200 113 2.2 2.0 1.5 2.0 4.047 RML-52/RL-107 65 70 217 117 2.3 2.7 2.0 1.7 6.848 RL-187/RL-107 63 67 187 100 2.2 2.3 2.2 1.7 6.249 RL-35-A/RL-107 66 71 190 97 2.5 2.5 1.8 2.0 6.450 RML-104/RL-107 65 69 193 103 2.3 2.8 2.7 2.7 4.651 RML-64/RL-107 64 69 197 113 2.5 3.2 2.2 2.0 5.652 RL-192/RL-107 63 67 193 93 2.3 2.5 2.0 2.3 4.553 RML-90/RL-107 66 71 177 103 2.2 2.2 2.7 1.8 5.7


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(t/ha)Anthesis Silking PHT EHT PA EA HC E. tur54 RL-37/RL-107 63 67 180 93 3.2 3.1 3.5 2.2 3.955 RML-167/RL-107 66 70 193 103 2.5 3.0 1.8 2.3 3.456 RML-4/RL-107 67 71 163 87 1.8 2.2 1.5 1.8 7.957 RLL-172/RL-107 62 67 207 120 2.2 2.7 2.2 1.8 5.058 RML-68/RL-107 65 70 210 103 2.3 2.7 1.7 2.0 3.759 RML-135/RL-107 64 68 177 120 2.2 2.7 1.8 1.7 5.960 RML-6/RL-107 66 71 207 117 2.8 4.0 2.5 2.2 4.161 RML-87/RL-107 68 73 177 97 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.7 5.762 RL-187/RL-107 64 68 170 117 2.7 2.8 2.5 2.2 5.463 RL-17/RL-107 66 70 193 97 2.2 2.5 2.0 2.0 4.664 RL-103/RL-107 67 71 180 97 1.8 1.8 1.7 2.0 2.765 RML-114/RL-107 65 69 200 110 1.8 2.3 1.5 1.5 7.566 RL-30-1/RL-107 65 69 203 123 2.8 3.0 2.3 1.8 6.367 RL-14/RL-107 65 70 183 90 2.3 2.2 2.2 1.7 3.968 RL-180/RL-107 66 71 213 117 2.5 3.2 1.7 2.5 4.269 RML-8/RL-107 67 71 197 103 2.7 3.2 3.0 2.2 3.870 RML-75/RL-107 65 69 207 120 2.8 3.0 1.7 1.8 4.271 RML-7/RL-107 62 68 193 103 3.0 3.0 2.2 2.2 4.572 RML-55/RL-107 65 69 190 110 2.8 3.2 2.3 2.3 3.773 RML-144/RL-107 68 73 187 112 2.3 2.5 2.5 1.7 5.674 RL-164/RL-107 66 69 210 117 2.5 2.5 3.2 1.7 4.275 RML-97/RL-107 65 69 183 103 2.3 2.2 1.8 1.8 4.876 RML-98/RL-107 65 69 200 97 2.0 2.2 1.5 2.0 6.177 RL-13/RL-107 66 71 193 107 2.0 2.2 1.5 2.0 3.278 RML-137/RL-107 67 72 170 87 2.2 2.2 3.0 2.0 5.679 RL-57/RL-107 65 70 210 100 3.2 2.8 3.2 2.0 5.480 RML-99/RL-107 63 67 197 113 1.8 2.2 2.2 1.8 7.481 RL-171/RL-107 64 67 190 87 2.3 2.2 2.7 1.8 5.682 RML-102/RL-107 65 69 200 103 2.0 2.3 1.7 1.5 6.583 RL-21/RL-107 65 69 183 97 2.7 2.5 2.5 2.0 5.484 RL-150/RL-107 66 69 197 107 2.5 2.8 2.0 2.3 2.885 RML-20/RL-107 66 71 203 117 2.7 2.8 2.7 1.7 4.786 RL-174/RL-107 66 71 227 123 2.5 3.0 1.8 2.2 5.087 RML-32/RML-17 66 72 173 73 2.5 2.5 2.5 1.7 7.188 RML-4/RML-17 68 73 197 120 1.7 2.2 1.8 2.2 5.389 Rampur Hybrid-2 67 71 177 87 2.3 2.5 2.2 1.8 4.9 Grand mean 65 70 192 105 2.4 2.6 2.1 2 5.1

F-test ** ** * * ** ** ** ns **CV% 2.5 3 104 12.8 20.1 20.9 28.3 22 26.3LSD0.05 2.6 3.4 32 22 0.8 0.9 1 0.7 2.1

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Test cross Hybrid-2

This experiment included 42 single cross hybrids developed with the use of RML-96 as a tester and planted in two replicated conditions at Rampur. Except ear height all other recorded traits were found significantly difference (Table-4). Among the tested entries the grain yield was varied from 3.7 t/ha to 8.5 t/ha. Significantly highest grain yield was produced by RML-108/RML-96 (9.2 t/ha) followed by RML-76/RML-96 (8.5 t/ha) and RML-98/RL-107 (7.9 t/ha), respectively.


SN Genotypes 50% Flowering (day) Ht. in cm Scores (1-5) GY (t/ha)Anthesis Silking PHT EHT PA EA HC E.tur

1 RML-136/RML-96 67 71 211 117 2.7 2.8 3.0 2.5 5.32 RML-90/RML-96 71 75 183 100 1.8 1.8 2.2 1.7 7.43 RML-4/RML-96 68 72 186 90 2.0 1.8 2.2 1.7 6.54 RML-142/RML-96 68 71 170 88 2.0 2.0 2.2 2.8 6.75 RML-97/RML-96 67 72 178 82 2.7 2.3 3.3 2.2 4.16 RML-25/RML-96 65 69 217 108 2.7 2.8 1.7 2.8 4.27 RML-102/RML-96 68 72 207 107 2.5 2.3 3.3 2.2 5.68 RML-102/RML-96 67 71 200 102 2.0 2.0 1.8 1.7 6.19 RML-105/RML-96 69 73 189 105 2.5 2.8 1.7 2.5 5.510 RML-78/RML-96 68 73 175 85 2.2 2.2 2.7 2.2 5.411 RML-57/RML-96 67 69 213 98 2.3 2.3 2.7 2.3 6.512 RML-89/RML-96 68 71 178 88 1.8 1.8 2.3 2.0 3.813 RML-6/RML-96 67 72 168 85 2.3 2.2 3.0 1.8 4.814 RML-68/RML-96 67 71 223 110 2.7 2.2 2.7 2.5 7.415 RML-24/RML-96 69 72 200 105 2.3 2.5 1.8 1.7 6.916 RML-8/RML-96 67 71 200 107 2.2 2.2 3.0 2.2 5.617 RML-98/RML-96 69 72 183 97 1.7 1.8 1.5 1.5 7.918 RML-5/RML-96 67 69 205 97 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.4 5.519 RML-99/RML-96 67 70 195 95 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.2 3.720 RML-138/RML-96 68 71 187 97 2.2 2.0 1.5 2.2 7.021 RML-107/RML-96 67 71 187 110 2.2 1.8 1.8 2.2 6.022 RML-108/RML-96 66 68 200 103 2.0 1.8 2.0 2.3 9.223 RML-55/RML-96 65 68 203 125 2.7 2.5 2.7 2.2 5.524 RML-64/RML-96 64 68 222 105 2.8 2.5 2.5 2.5 7.025 RL-143/RML-96 64 67 193 103 3.0 3.0 2.5 3.0 6.726 RML-88/RML-96 68 71 195 105 1.8 1.7 1.5 1.7 7.427 RML-86/RML-96 70 74 167 87 2.0 2.3 1.8 2.3 6.728 RML-85/RML-96 69 73 203 97 2.5 2.5 3.0 2.3 7.8


27

SN Genotypes 50% Flowering (day) Ht. in cm Scores (1-5) GY (t/ha)Anthesis Silking PHT EHT PA EA HC E.tur

29 RML-19/RML-96 69 72 200 102 2.5 2.5 2.3 1.8 6.530 RML-52/RML-96 68 71 217 110 1.8 1.8 2.0 1.7 5.131 RML-11/RML-96 68 72 182 90 1.7 1.7 1.5 1.7 6.732 RML-18/RML-96 67 70 228 118 2.5 2.3 2.7 2.2 5.533 RML-111/RML-96 66 69 158 97 1.8 2.0 2.3 1.7 6.634 RML-17/RML-96 68 71 188 93 2.3 2.3 3.2 1.8 5.635 RML-20/RML-96 68 71 192 87 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.5 5.036 RML-76/RML-96 66 69 217 107 2.0 2.0 2.2 1.7 8.537 RML-13/RML-96 68 72 185 80 1.8 1.8 2.5 1.7 4.238 RML-110/RML-96 68 70 197 118 2.3 2.2 2.2 1.7 4.639 RML-32/RML-17 69 72 162 92 2.2 2.3 2.0 2.0 5.740 RML-4/RML-17 70 73 182 92 2.0 2.2 1.7 1.5 6.241 RML-95/RML-96 68 70 178 95 1.8 2.0 2.7 2.2 6.842 Rampur Hybrid-2 69 73 192 110 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 7.5 Grand mean 68 71 193 100 2.2 2.2 2.3 2 6.1

F-test ** ** * ns ** ** ** ** **CV% 2.6 3.1 12 15.3 18.9 19.2 26.8 23.2 26.8LSD0.05 2.8 8.6 38 25 0.7 0.7 1 0.8 2.7

Test cross Hybrid-3

This experiment included 39 single cross hybrids developed with the use of RL-105 as a tester and planted in two replicated conditions at Rampur. Significantly differences were observed for all the recorded traits among the tested genotypes (Table-5). For grain yield the differences among the genotypes varied from 2.2 t/ha to 9.9 t/ha. Significantly highest grain yield was produced by RML-55/RL-105 (9.9 t/ha) followed by RML-76/RML-96 (8.5 t/ha) and RML-98/RL-107 (7.9 t/ha), respectively.


SN Genotypes 50% Flowering (days) Ht. in cm Scores (1-5) GY (t/ha)Anthesis Silking PHT EHT PA EA HC E TUR

1 RML-55/RL-105 67 72 209 115 2.7 2.5 2.5 1.7 9.92 RML-11/RL-105 74 77 144 74 2.2 2.3 2.2 2.2 6.93 RL-36/RL-105 70 75 210 100 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.8 7.84 RL-185/RL-105 66 70 220 95 2.5 2.3 2.0 2.3 8.25 RL-131/RL-105 70 75 158 89 2.2 1.4 1.5 1.6 4.66 RML-135/RL-105 69 73 197 95 2.7 2.5 2.8 1.5 5.67 RML-19/RL-105 69 74 189 87 2.0 2.2 2.7 1.7 8.4

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SN Genotypes 50% Flowering (days) Ht. in cm Scores (1-5) GY (t/ha)Anthesis Silking PHT EHT PA EA HC E TUR

8 RML-76/RL-105 71 76 198 97 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.5 5.89 RML-62/RL-105 73 77 145 68 2.3 2.3 2.0 1.7 4.910 RL-5/RL-105 71 74 180 100 2.2 2.2 2.3 1.7 5.411 RML-68/RL-105 71 74 152 85 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.2 6.312 RML-110/RL-105 68 73 196 88 2.2 2.2 1.8 2.2 4.713 RL-148/RL-105 74 79 165 69 2.4 2.2 1.5 1.8 5.914 RML-97/RL-105 72 76 162 75 2.0 2.0 2.5 1.5 7.415 RML-86/RL-105 75 80 135 67 3.0 3.0 2.7 3.0 2.216 RML-64/RL-105 69 73 188 105 2.3 2.0 2.2 2.5 5.317 RL-172/RL-105 71 75 132 58 3.0 3.5 2.2 2.9 0.418 RML-85/RL-105 73 77 195 112 1.8 1.7 2.7 1.8 6.919 RML-32/RML-4 68 72 147 62 2.2 2.3 1.5 2.2 6.420 RML-4/RML-32 67 70 126 55 1.8 2.0 1.5 1.7 4.721 RL-195/RL-105 68 73 210 93 2.7 2.3 2.3 2.5 4.822 RML-138/RL-105 72 76 213 100 2.3 2.5 1.5 2.7 5.023 RL-197/RL-105 69 74 222 108 2.3 1.8 1.8 2.0 5.724 RML-88/RL-105 70 76 180 103 2.3 2.2 3.0 2.2 5.825 NML-1/RL-105 74 78 172 74 2.7 2.7 2.2 1.8 2.626 RML-108/RL-105 69 75 186 98 2.0 2.0 1.8 1.8 5.027 RML-96/RL-105 70 74 157 85 2.2 2.2 2.0 2.3 5.028 RL-164/RL-105 70 74 172 85 2.3 2.3 2.8 2.3 5.929 RML-95/RL-105 70 75 155 82 2.0 2.3 1.7 2.5 6.130 RML-52/RL-105 68 72 194 102 2.5 2.2 2.0 2.3 4.631 RML-103/RL-105 68 72 182 75 2.3 2.2 2.0 2.0 6.932 RML-142/RL-105 73 77 178 80 2.2 2.5 2.8 2.2 4.933 RL-177/RL-105 71 77 171 85 2.3 2.5 2.0 2.2 5.134 RL-7/RL-105 67 71 142 67 1.7 2.0 1.7 1.8 4.935 RML-32/RML-17 69 73 150 67 2.3 2.0 1.8 2.0 5.236 RML-4/RML-17 71 75 153 80 2.0 1.8 1.7 2.2 5.937 RML-95/RML-96 69 72 167 87 1.8 2.5 1.7 2.0 6.138 RML-86/RML-96 68 72 165 83 2.7 2.2 2.7 2.7 5.139 Rampur Hybrid-2 68 71 175 92 2.0 2.3 1.5 1.7 6.3 Grand mean 70 74 174 86 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.1 5.6

F-test ** ** ** ** * * ** ** **CV% 3.3 3.4 14.4 22.3 19.7 21.5 22.4 22.2 32.7LSD0.05 3.8 4.1 40.8 31.2 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.7 3


29

Test cross Hybrid-4

This experiment included 24 single cross hybrids developed with the use of RL-197 as a tester and planted in two replicated conditions at Rampur. Among the tested genotypes, significant differences were observed most of the traits except E. turcicum disease (Table-6). For grain yield the differences among the genotypes varied from 4.0 t/ha to 11.6 t/ha. Significantly highest grain yield was produced by RL-14/RL-197 (11.6 t/ha) followed by RL-37/RL-197 (9.5 t/ha) and RL-13/RL-197 (9.4 t/ha), respectively.


SN Genotypes 50% Flowering (days) Ht. in cm Scores (1-5) GY (t/ha)Anthesis Silking PHT EHT PA EA HC E. tur

1 RL-14/RL-197 68 72 202 95 1.7 1.7 2.2 1.8 11.62 RL-5-1/RL-197 72 76 187 88 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.0 8.23 RL-36/RL-197 69 75 200 102 2.7 2.7 2.2 2.2 6.44 RL-95/RL-197 67 71 180 92 2.3 2.5 2.3 2.2 6.65 RL-103/RL-197 71 76 180 92 2.2 2.3 2.5 2.3 7.06 RL-114/RL-197 71 76 205 102 2.8 2.3 2.3 1.8 6.17 RL-108/RL-197 66 69 195 110 2.0 1.8 1.8 2.2 8.28 RL-5/RL-197 72 76 183 102 2.3 2.0 3.0 2.7 9.29 RL-101/RL-197 67 71 198 83 2.5 2.2 3.0 2.7 7.310 RL-17/RL-197 70 74 165 62 2.5 2.7 3.0 2.8 4.011 RL-57/RL-197 70 74 180 78 2.2 2.5 3.0 2.2 9.512 RL-112/RL-197 72 78 160 80 2.7 2.3 2.3 1.7 6.813 RL-80/RL-197 68 74 177 80 2.7 2.8 1.8 2.0 3.714 RL-1/RL197 72 76 188 95 2.7 2.7 2.7 1.8 5.215 RL-7/RL197 69 73 190 87 2.5 2.3 1.7 2.3 6.616 RL-12/RL197 70 73 168 80 2.0 1.8 2.2 2.3 7.517 RL-35A/RL197 68 72 172 88 2.3 2.0 2.5 2.5 8.318 RL-13/RL197 68 70 190 92 1.8 2.2 2.5 2.3 9.419 RL-37/RL197 72 77 160 85 2.5 2.5 3.0 1.8 7.520 RL-107/RL197 65 69 180 93 2.5 2.3 2.0 2.3 5.221 RL-46/RL197 72 73 178 95 2.7 2.3 2.7 2.0 8.122 RML-83/L-197 71 75 168 88 2.2 2.3 2.8 2.5 5.623 RML-4/RML-17 71 75 143 75 2.0 1.8 1.5 1.5 8.624 Rampur Hybrid-2 70 74 150 73 2.2 1.8 1.7 2.0 6.8 Grand mean 70 74 179 88 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.2 7.2

F-test ** ** ** * ** * ** ns **CV% 2.7 2.9 9.2 15 14.7 18 17.8 22.3 29.4LSD0.05 3.1 3.5 27 22 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.8 3.5

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Coordinated Hybrid Trial (CVTH)-Terai set

This experiment was conducted across the terai regions of Nepal. Treatments were allocated differently as Rampur 25 and other locations 15 in three replicated conditions, respectively. At Rampur conditions except plant height and ear height, all other traits were found significantly different (Table-7). For grain yield the differences among the genotypes varied from 0.9 t/ha to 5.7 t/ha. Significantly highest grain yield was produced by Rampur Hybrid-2 (5.7 t/ha) followed by RML-98/RL-105 (5.5 t/ha) and RML-55/RL-105 (4.9 t/ha), respectively. The lowest yield was recorded from Rajkumar (0.9 t/ha). Among the tested genotype at Tarahara only plant height was found significantly difference (Table-8). However, for grain yield RML-80/RML-197 (10.2 t/ha) followed by RML-4/RL-111 (10.1 t/ha) and RL-150/RL-111 (9.6 t/ha), respectively. At Parwanipur conditions, except ASI, PA & EA all other traits were found significantly different (Table-9). For grain yield production significantly highest was recorded on RML-4/RL-111 (10.6 t/ha) followed by RML-98/RL-105 (10.4 t/ha) and RML-4/RML-17 (9.9 t/ha), respectively. At Belachapi the experiment was not satisfactory and the data was recorded from only one replications that the analysis is not carried out and the result is presented in Table-10. However, RML-83/RL-105 was recorded for highest yielder (8.77 t/ha). The combined result over the locations (Parwanipur & Tarahara) revealed that genotypes were signicantly difference over the locations but environment and the interaction between genotype and environment were non significant (Table-11). For grain yield production over the locations the hybrid RML-4/RL-111 (10.3 t/ha) followed by RML-83/RML-197 (9.4 t/ha) and RML-86/RML-96 (9.3 t/ha), respectively.


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Table 7. Mean yield and other characters of Coordinated Hybrid Trial (CHT) tested at NMRP, Rampur 2015/16 winter

SN Genotypes 50% Flowering (days) Ht in cm Scores (1-5) GY (t/ha)Anthesis Silking PHT EHT PA EA E. tur HC

1 RML-87/RL-105 68 69 183 95 2.7 3.2 2.8 2.5 3.5

2 RML-95/RL-105 67 71 178 85 2.0 2.8 2.5 2.0 4.2

3 RML-83/RL-197 67 71 200 98 3.2 2.8 2.2 3.5 3.4

4 RML-19/NML-2 68 73 197 93 2.7 2.5 2.2 3.0 4.5

5 RML-68/RL-101 61 65 178 95 3.0 2.8 2.5 2.0 3.1

6 RL-21/RL-101 67 70 192 95 2.3 2.5 2.0 2.5 4.1

7 RL-36/RL-197 70 74 202 103 2.7 3.0 2.0 2.3 2.2

8 RL-125/RML-18 64 69 193 92 3.0 3.2 2.7 3.3 2.6

9 RML-4/RL-111 69 72 173 92 1.8 2.5 2.2 1.7 2.8

10 RL-151/RL-111 63 68 217 103 2.8 3.0 2.5 2.0 3.8

11 RL-150/RL-111 63 69 208 103 3.2 3.3 2.3 1.7 4.5

12 RML-98/RL-105 67 72 203 88 1.8 1.8 2.2 1.3 5.5

13 RML-5/RL-105 68 71 168 77 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.5 4.5

14 RL-180/RL-105 65 69 200 100 1.7 2.2 2.2 1.3 4.2

15 RML-55/RL-105 65 70 222 127 3.0 2.7 2.2 1.2 4.9

16 RML-85/RL-105 69 73 197 98 2.2 2.3 2.5 2.3 4.2

17 RML-57/RL-105 68 72 192 80 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.5 4.1

18 RML-115/RML-96 67 71 170 87 2.3 2.2 2.0 1.3 3.8

19 RML-6/RML-19 68 70 182 92 3.0 4.7 2.0 2.2 3.9

20 RML-4/RL-105 68 73 158 77 2.3 2.8 2.0 2.0 3.7

21 RL-84/RML-62 65 70 192 83 2.5 2.8 2.8 2.7 3.0

22 RL-153/RL-105 68 70 188 88 2.5 2.3 1.8 3.0 3.5

23 RML-95/RML-18 65 70 205 90 4.2 3.8 3.5 2.3 1.8

24 R.H-2 68 71 161 85 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.5 5.7

25 Rajkumar 66 70 203 85 2.4 3.5 2.3 2.4 0.9

Grand mean 67 70 191 93 2.5 2.7 2.3 2.1 3.7

F-test ** * ns Ns ** ** ** ** **

CV% 1.8 3.6 11.5 17 21.7 19.4 18.1 27.3 34.6

LSD0.05 2 4.2 36 26 0.9 0.9 0.8 1 2.1

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Table 8. Mean yield and other characters of Coordinated Hybrid Trial (CHT) tested at Tarahara 2015/16 winter

SN Genotypes50% Flowering (days) Ht. in cm Scores(1-5) %

rotten ears

GY (t/ha)Anthesis Silking PHT EHT PA EA HC

1 RML-95/RL-105 107 110 186 92 3.3 1.7 2.7 6.7 8.2

2 RML-83/RL-105 107 110 199 101 3.0 2.0 2.7 6.8 6.9

3 RL-125/RML-18 107 110 191 97 3.3 2.7 3.7 10.9 6.8

4 RML-83/RML-197 106 108 193 108 2.7 2.3 2.3 6.8 10.2

5 RML-4/RL-111 107 111 178 89 2.0 2.3 1.7 7.1 10.1

6 RL-151/RL-111 106 110 185 93 2.7 1.7 2.7 4.8 8.7

7 RL-150/RL-111 104 107 191 94 2.7 2.0 3.0 3.3 9.6

8 RML-98/RL-105 108 107 187 86 3.3 2.7 2.0 7.3 6.9

9 RML-5/RL-105 106 109 186 86 3.0 1.7 2.3 4.8 7.5

10 RML-115/RML-96 106 109 147 70 3.7 2.0 2.3 6.1 7.6

11 RML-4/RL-105 107 108 178 89 2.0 1.0 1.7 3.8 8.6

12 RML-86/RML-96 109 111 181 84 3.0 2.7 2.0 7.8 9.0

13 RML-32/RML-17 107 110 158 67 2.7 3.0 2.7 7.2 7.7

14 RML-4/RML-17 109 110 162 79 2.7 2.7 2.0 11.2 8.5

15 Rampur Hybrid-2 107 110 161 80 3.0 2.0 3.0 9.3 6.3

Grand mean 107 109 179 88 2.1 2.2 2.4 6.9 8.2

F-test Ns Ns ** ns ns ns Ns ns Ns

CV% 4.2 10.9 7.2 15.8 24.9 38.6 30.8 49 21.5

LSD0.05 2.4 30 27.7 23.1 1.2 1.4 1.3 5.7 2.9


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Table 9. Mean yield and other characters of Coordinated Hybrid Trial (CHT) tested at Parwanipur 2015/16 winter


50% Flowering (days) ASI Ht. in cm Aspects(1-5)Anthesis Silking PHT EHT PA EA HC

1 RML-95/RL-105 7.4 109 112 3 158 69 1.3 2.0 2.0

2 RML-83/RL-105 8.4 109 111 2 162 80 2.7 3.0 3.3

3 RL-125/RML-18 7.5 107 110 3 151 71 2.7 3.3 2.0

4 RML-83/RML-197 8.7 109 112 3 162 74 2.0 2.7 4.3

5 RML-4/RL-111 10.6 109 111 2 143 65 1.0 1.7 1.0

6 RL-151/RL-111 8.1 105 109 3 155 71 2.0 2.0 1.7

7 RL-150/RL-111 7.7 105 109 4 164 74 1.0 1.3 1.0

8 RML-98/RL-105 10.4 108 111 3 159 64 2.0 1.3 1.0

9 RML-5/RL-105 6.9 109 113 4 151 59 1.7 2.3 2.7

10 RML-115/RML-96 7.6 107 110 3 138 58 1.7 1.7 1.0

11 RML-4/RL-105 8.0 109 111 2 153 69 1.3 1.7 1.0

12 RML-86/RML-96 9.5 108 110 2 174 69 2.0 1.7 2.0

13 RML-32/RML-17 6.9 108 110 2 142 52 1.7 3.0 1.0

14 RML-4/RML-17 9.9 109 112 2 143 59 2.0 3.0 1.3

15 Rampur Hybrid-2 7.9 109 112 3 153 66 2.3 3.0 1.7

Grand mean 8.4 1.8 11 3 153 67 1.8 2.2 1.8

F-test * ** ** ns ** ** NS NS **

CV% 16.1 1.1 1.2 52 6 9.9 52 38.8 48

LSD0.05 2.3 1.9 2.2 2 15.2 11 1.6 1.5 1.5

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Table 10. Mean yield and other characters of Coordinated Hybrid Trial (CHT) tested at Belachapi 2015/16 winter

Trt Genotypes GY (t/ha)

50% Flowering (days) Ht. in cm Scores(1-5)Anthesis Silking PHT EHT HC PA EA

1 RML-15/RL-105 4.81 110 118 201 75 4 3 2

2 RML-83/RL-105 8.77 106 113 223 85 4 2 2

3 RL-125/RML-18 5.04 106 113 230 95 4 3 3

4 RML-83/RML-197 6.03 110 116 217 69 4 2 3

5 RML-4/RL-111 6.02 108 114 179 74 3 3 2

6 RL-151/RL-111 6.04 108 114 203 81 4 3 3

7 RL-150/RL-111 5.66 109 114 197 68 4 3 3

8 RML-98/RL-105 2.42 118 123 188 52 4 3 2

9 RML-5/RL-105 3.13 118 122 180 47 3 4 2

10 RML-115/RML-96 1.74 118 123 156 40 3 3 3

11 RML-4/RL-105 1.55 118 123 158 55 4 3 3

12 RML-86/RML-96 4.88 116 122 206 65 4 3 2

13 RML-32/RML-17 5.08 118 123 193 59 3 3 2

14 RML-4/RML-17 2.3 116 121 173 53 4 3 2

15 Rampur Hybrid-2 0.95 117 122 163 46 4 3 3


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Table 11. Combined Means yield and other characters of Coordinated Hybrid Trial (CHT) over Parwanipur & Tarahara 2015/16 winter


50% Flowering (days) ASI Ht. in cm Aspects(1-5)Anthesis Silking PHT EHT PA EA HC

1 RML-95/RL-105 7.8 108 111 3.2 172 81 2.3 1.8 2.3

2 RML-83/RL-105 7.6 108 111 2.2 181 91 2.8 2.5 3.0

3 RL-125/RML-18 7.1 107 110 3.2 171 84 3.0 3.0 2.8

4 RML-83/RML-197 9.4 108 110 2.3 177 91 2.3 2.5 3.3

5 RML-4/RL-111 10.3 108 111 2.7 161 77 1.5 2.0 1.3

6 RL-151/RL-111 8.4 106 109 3.8 170 82 2.3 1.8 2.2

7 RL-150/RL-111 8.7 104 108 3.7 178 84 1.8 1.7 2.0

8 RML-98/RL-105 8.7 108 109 0.7 173 75 2.7 2.0 1.5

9 RML-5/RL-105 7.2 107 111 3.3 168 73 2.3 2.0 2.5

10 RML-115/RML-96 7.6 107 110 3.0 143 64 2.7 1.8 1.7

11 RML-4/RL-105 8.3 108 110 1.5 165 79 1.7 1.3 1.3

12 RML-86/RML-96 9.3 108 111 2.2 178 76 2.5 2.2 2.0

13 RML-32/RML-17 7.3 108 110 2.5 150 60 2.2 3.0 1.8

14 RML-4/RML-17 9.2 109 111 2.0 153 69 2.3 2.8 1.7

15 Rampur Hybrid-2 7.1 108 112 3.3 149 73 2.7 2.5 2.3

Grand mean 8.3 107 110 2.6 166 77 2.3 2.2 2.1

Genotype(G) * * ns ns ** ** Ns * **

Environ.(E) ns ** ** ns ** ** ** ns **

GxE ns Ns ns ns Ns Ns Ns ns **

LSD0.05 2.7 3.6 3 2.9 20.8 20.5 1.4 1.4 1.4

CV% 19.6 2 1.7 17.9 7.7 16.3 35.6 38.6 39.3

Coordinated Hybrid Trial (CVTH)-Foot hill & hill set

Single cross hybrids were evaluated in coordinated trials across the hills and foot hills regions in summer season at Dailekh, Pakhribas, Khumaltar, Surkhet and Doti for the identification of superior high yielding, disease and insect resistant genotype. A total of nine genotypes were evaluated in three replications. The research result from Dailekh revealed that only the grain yield was significantly different and all other traits were non-significant (Table-12). The hybrid RML-95/RL-105 was found significantly superior for grain yield production (9.73 t/ha) followed by Rampur Hybrid-2 (9.6 t/ha) and RL-84/RML-62 (9.49 t/ha), respectively. Details of results from Pakhribas have been presented in Table-13. Among the tested genotypes RML-57/RL-197 was found significantly

36


superior for grain yield production (7.1 t/ha) followed by RML-95/RL-105 (6.9 t/ha) and RML-57/RL-105 (6.8 t/ha), respectively. Moreover at Khumaltar conditions tested genotypes were significantly different for grain yield, anthesis, plant height, husk cover and E. turcicum disease and other traits were insignificant (Table-14). For grain yield RL-151/RL-111 was significantly superior (6.4 t/ha) followed by RML-87/RL-105 (5.8 t/ha) and RML-19/NML-2 (5.4 t/ha), respectively. The result from Surkhet revealed that only anthesis and silking were observed significantly difference and other traits were insignificant (Table-15). All the tested genotypes produced lower grain yield than other locations. However, RML95/RL-105 produced 3.66 t/ha followed by Rajkumar (3.61 t/ha) and RML-95/RML-96 (3.23 t/ha), respectively. Among the tested genotypes at Doti, anthesis, silking and plant aspect were significantly different while other traits were insignificant (Table-16). The hybrid RML-95/RML-96 produced highest grain yield (5.0 t/ha) followed by RML-57/RL-105 (4.7 t/ha) and RML-19/NML-2 (4.6 t/ha), respectively. From the result of Nepalgunj, RML-95/RML-96 yielded significantly highest grain yield (4.2 t/ha) followed by RML-95/RL-105 (4.0 t/ha) and RML-87/RL-105 (3.8 t/ha), respectively. The details of result have been presented in Table-17.

Table 12. Mean yield and other characters of Coordinated Hybrid Trial (CHT) at Dailekh 2015/16 summer

SN Genotypes GY (t/ha) 50% Flowering (days) Ht. in cm % stem lodAnthesis Silking PHT EHT

1 RML-95/RL-105 9.73 74 76 234 125 17.62 RML -87/RL-105 7.74 75 77 220 123 8.33 RML -57/RL-105 7.75 73 75 234 126 7.44 RL- 84/RML 62 9.49 72 74 227 116 7.45 RL-36/RL-197 8.78 75 77 230 114 4.66 RML-57/RL-197 7.63 74 76 234 119 0.97 RML -151/RL-111 7.75 69 71 238 125 4.68 Rampur Hybrid-2 9.60 75 77 224 121 3.79 Rajkumar 7.75 70 72 224 115 6.5 Grand mean 8.47 73 75 230 120 6.8

F-test * ns ns ns Ns NsCV% 11.5 5.8 5.5 3.7 5.5 -LSD0.05 1.7 7.3 7.2 14.6 11.4 11.3


37

Table 13. Mean yield and other characters of Coordinated Hybrid Trial (CHT) at Pakhribas 2015/16 summer


50% Flowering

(days) ASI Ht. in cm Aspects (1-5)

Disease score (1-5)

Lodging (1-5)

Anthesis Silking PHTEHT PA EA HC GLSTLB CR(1-5) RL SL1 RML-95/RL-105 6.9 66 69 3 227 122 1.5 1.7 1.7 2.0 2.0 2.7 2.0 1.72 RML -87/RL-105 6.2 64 68 4 217 121 1.5 1.7 1.7 1.7 2.7 3.3 2.0 1.73 RML -57/RL-105 6.8 66 69 3 241 121 1.5 1.0 1.3 1.7 2.3 2.0 1.3 0.74 RL- 84/RML 62 5.4 61 64 3 234 123 1.7 1.7 2.2 2.7 1.3 2.7 1.7 1.05 RL-36/RL-197 6.5 61 64 4 225 119 1.5 1.3 1.8 1.3 2.0 2.7 3.0 1.76 RML-57/RL-197 7.1 61 65 4 233 124 1.2 1.5 1.8 1.3 1.7 3.3 2.0 0.37 RML -151/RL-111 6.0 62 66 4 232 128 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.3 2.0 2.3 1.0 3.08 Rampur Hybrid-2 5.8 66 69 3 211 116 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.7 4.0 1.3 1.7 1.09 Rajkumar 5.9 57 61 4 219 109 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.3 2.0 3.7 1.7 3.3 Grand mean 6.3 63 66 3.6 227 120 1.5 1.5 1.7 1.7 2.2 2.7 1.7 1.6

F-test ** ** ** Ns ** ns * ** ** Ns ** * Ns nsCV% 7.4 2 1.9 14.8 3.3 5.9 16.216.7 15 31.6 30 26.1 72 74.6LSD0.05 0.8 2.2 2.1 0.9 13 12.3 0.4 6.4 0.4 0.9 1.2 1.2 2.2 2.1

Table 14. Mean yield and other characters of Coordinated Hybrid Trial (CHT) at Khumaltar 2015/16 summer

SN Genotypes50% Flowering

(days) Ht. in cm Aspects (1-5) Disease scores (1-5) GY

(t/ha)Anthesis Silking PHT EHT PA EA HC BLSB GLS E.tur1 RML-95/RL-105 71 73 270 144 2.0 3.0 2.0 1.5 1.0 1.8 4.42 RML-87/RL-105 71 72 265 149 2.0 3.0 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.5 5.83 RML-57/RL-105 71 72 288 146 1.8 3.0 1.3 1.7 1.0 1.3 3.94 RL-84/RML-62 70 73 256 140 2.3 3.0 2.0 1.3 1.0 1.7 2.25 RL-36/RL-197 70 72 269 137 1.8 3.0 1.2 1.5 1.0 1.5 4.06 RML-19/NML-2 68 69 272 150 2.0 2.7 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.5 5.47 RL-151/RL-111 67 71 280 144 2.7 2.7 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.8 6.48 Rampur Hybrid-2 71 73 236 128 2.3 3.0 1.3 1.5 1.0 2.2 2.79 Rajkumar 65 70 261 144 1.7 2.7 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.5 4.0 Grand mean 69 72 266 143 2.1 2.9 1.4 1.5 1 1.6 4.3

F-test ** Ns * Ns Ns ns * ns ** **CV% 2.4 2.8 6.1 8 21.6 11.5 31 9.6 11.1 27.5LSD0.05 2.9 3.4 28 20 0.8 0.6 0.7 2.5 0.3 2

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Table 15. Mean yield and other characters of Coordinated Hybrid Trial (CHT) at Surkhet 2015/16 summer

SN Genotypes 50% Flowering (days) Ht. in cm GY (t/ha)Anthesis Silking pht eht1 RML-95/RL-105 58 61 231 128 3.662 RML-87/RL-105 58 61 207 103 2.243 RML-75/RL-105 56 60 235 118 3.034 RL-84/RML-62 57 62 230 109 2.125 RML-95/RML-96 56 59 223 103 3.236 RML-19/NML-2 57 60 210 100 2.627 RL-151/RL-111 54 61 243 128 3.078 Rampur Hybrid-2 61 64 235 125 2.769 Rajkumar 52 56 216 102 3.61 Mean 57 60 226 113 2.93

F-test ** ** ns Ns NsCV% 3.2 2.8 8.1 130 28.4LSD0.05 3.1 2.9 31.5 25.5 1.4

Table 16. Mean yield and other characters of Coordinated Hybrid Trial (CHT) at Doti 2015/16 summer

SN Genotypes50% Flowering (days) Ht. in cm Aspects (1-5) GY

(t/ha)Anthesis Silking pht eht Pa ea1 RML-95/RL-105 56 60 305 151 3.0 2.0 4.12 RML-87/RL105 56 59 286 147 2.3 2.7 3.83 RML-57/RL105 57 60 326 148 2.7 2.3 4.74 RL-84/RML-62 56 58 310 159 2.3 2.0 3.75 RML-95/RML-96 57 61 307 157 2.0 2.3 5.06 RML-19/NML-2 55 58 295 143 2.0 2.3 4.67 RL-151/RL-111 53 58 309 160 2.0 2.3 3.58 Rampur Hybrid -2 58 61 300 157 2.0 2.3 4.39 Rajkumar 53 57 283 134 2.0 2.7 4.4 Mean 56 59 303 151 2.3 2.3 4.2

F-test ** ** ns Ns * ns NsCV% 1.7 1.4 5.8 7.9 15.4 21.4 21.8LSD0.05 1.6 1.5 30.5 20.6 0.6 0.9 1.6


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Table 17. Mean yield and other characters of Coordinated Hybrid Trial (CHT) at Nepalgunj 2015/16 summer

SN Genotypes GY (t/ha) 50% Flowering (days) Ht. in cmAnthesis Silking PHT EHT

1 RML-95/RL-105 4.0 54 57 196 1062 RML-87/RL-105 3.8 55 58 167 903 RML-57/RL-105 3.4 53 57 174 774 RL-84/RML-62 3.5 52 54 172 905 RML-95/RML-96 4.2 53 55 185 986 RML-19/NML-2 3.7 51 54 180 1007 RL-151/RL-111 2.9 52 58 190 1068 Rampur Hybrid-2 2.7 57 59 177 979 Rajkumar 3.3 51 55 174 85 Mean 3.5 53 56 180 94

F-test Ns ** ns Ns **CV% 23.5 2.8 3.4 7.1 6.4LSD0.05 1.4 2.6 34 22 10.5

Coordinated Farmer's Field Trial on Hybrid (CFFT-H)

Promising five single cross hybrid with one check entry were included in coordinated farmer's field trial in different aro-ecozones of Nepal under on-station as well as on-farm conditions. At Tarahara RML-95/RML-96 produced highest grain yield (9.4 t/ha) followed by check entry Rampur Hybrid-2 (9.0 t/ha) (Table-18). Similarly at Belachapi (Table-19) the check hybrid Rampur Hybrid-2 was superior for grain yield production (7.6 t/ha) followed by RML-32/RML-17 (5.6 t/ha). Moreover, at Rampur again RML-32/RML-17 was recorded highest grain yielder (11.1 t/ha) followed by RML-95/RML-96 (9.7 t/ha) (Table-20). The result from Khumaltar revealed that lower grain yield was recorded from all the tested genotypes (Table-21). However, RML-95/RML-96 yielded 4.6 t/ha which is followed by RML-4/RML-17 (3.7 t/ha). The same hybrid RML-95/RML-96 also produced highest grain yield (4.9 t/ha) at Pakhribas and is followed by Rajkumar (4.4 t/ha) (Table-22).

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Table 18. Mean yield and other characters Results of Coordinated Farmer's Field Trial on Hybrid (CFFT-H) at Tarahara 2015/16 summer

SN Genotypes50% Flowering (days) Height cm GY

(t/ha)Scores (1-5)

Anthesis Silking PHT EHT HC P A E A1 RML-95/RML-96 107 108 150 65 9.4 2 2 32 RML-86/RML-96 108 110 135 60 6.8 3 3 43 RML-6/RML-19 111 114 138 50 4.1 2 4 24 RML-32/RML-17 112 115 128 54 4.0 2 4 35 RML-4/RML-17 113 114 160 75 7.1 1 2 26 Rampur Hybrid-2 110 111 150 67 9.0 2 3 2

Table 19. Mean yield and other characters of Coordinated Farmer's Field Trial on Hybrid (CFFT-H) at Belachapi 2015/16 winter

SN Genotypes GY(t/ha)

50% Flowering (days) Ht. in cm Aspects (1-5)Anthesis Silking PHT EHT HC PA EA

1 RML-95/RML-96 2.47 120 124 187 50 4 3 32 RML-86/RML-96 3.0 119 123 183 63 4 3 23 RML-6/RML-19 3.6 119 116 195 63 3 3 24 RML-32/RML-17 5.6 120 123 192 63 4 2 25 RML-4/RML-17 3.5 119 118 191 77 4 3 26 Rampur Hybrid-2 7.6 119 116 157 50 4 2 2

Table 20. Mean yield and other characters of Coordinated Farmer's Field Trial on Hybrid (CFFT-H) at Rampur 2015/16 winter

SN Genotypes50% Flowering (days) Ht. in cm

GY (t/ha)Anthesis Silking PHT EHT

1 RML-95/RML-96 70 76 170 90 9.72 RML-86/RML-96 72 77 155 90 6.03 RML-6/RML-19 76 80 145 60 4.24 RML-32/RML-17 74 78 130 60 11.15 RML-4/RML-17 75 79 150 80 7.86 Rampur Hybrid-2 74 77 150 75 8.0


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Table 21. Mean yield and other characters of Coordinated Farmer's Field Trial on Hybrid (CFFT-H) at Khumaltar 2015/16 summer

SN Genotypes Ht. in cm Aspects(1-5) GY (t/ha)PHT EHT PA EA HC1 RML-95/RML-96 200 87 2.0 2.3 1.5 4.62 RML-86/RML-96 197 87 1.8 2.8 1.8 3.03 RML-6/RML-19 184 79 3.3 3.5 1.5 1.64 RML-32/RML-17 185 95 1.8 2.5 1.3 3.55 RML-4/RML-17 228 111 1.8 2.3 1.3 3.76 Rajkumar 212 108 2.5 1.8 1.5 3.2 Grand mean 201 94 2.2 2.5 1.5 3.3

F-test Ns * ns Ns ns NsCV% 6 7.6 20.6 23 35.7 27.6LSD0.05 31 18.5 1.2 1.5 1.3 23

Table 22. Mean yield and other characters of Coordinated Farmer's Field Trial on Hybrid (CFFT-H) at Pakhribas 2015/16 summer

SN Genotypes GY (t/ha)50% Flowering (days) Ht. in cmAnthesis Silking PHT EHT

1 RML-95/RML-96 4.9 73 77 199 1062 RML-86/RML-96 3.9 78 83 206 1083 RML-6/RML-19 3.3 77 81 176 824 RML-32/RML-17 2.9 76 81 185 955 RML-4/RML-17 4.3 79 84 213 1196 Rajkumar 4.4 69 74 221 119 Grand mean 3.9 75 80 200 105

F-test Ns ** ** ns **CV% 21.1 3 3.2 8.7 10.5LSD0.05 1.5 4.2 4.6 31.6 20.1

2.1.2 Evaluation of CIMMYT hybrids in heat stress condition

Different research activities were conducted under the CIMMYT project '' Heat Tolerant Hybrids for Asia (HTMA)''. Hybrid experiments were carried out at Rampur and Nepalgunj in spring season. A series of experiments were included in this activity that stage-I to stage-III hybrids were evaluated in alpha-lattice design with replicated conditions. At Rampur conditions a total of 17 experiments included 1035 entries each planted in two replications. Moreover, at Nepalgunj a total of 14 experiments included 1275 entries planted in two replicated conditions. From the result of different experiments at Rampur and Nepalgunj the selected genotypes for further verifications are; ZH 138061, ZH141592, ZH15405, ZH1615, VH121062 & VH123050, VH112944, ZH15421, ZH1610,

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ZH1611, ZH15272, ZH16887, ZH16882, ZH138077, VH112881, ZH111948, ZH16997, ZH16997, ZH16831, ZH16834, ZH138098, ZH15347, ZH15421, VH112944,VH142085, ZH15437, ZH16851, ZH137413, ZH15317, ZH15432, ZH16819, ZH16821, ZH15445, ZH138061, ZH15405, ZH16527, ZH16615, ZH16616, ZH16162, ZH16153, ZH16131, ZH16624, ZH16633, ZH16656, ZH16712, ZH16310, ZH16304, ZH16224, ZH16171, ZH16345, ZH16372, ZH16471, ZH16450 and ZH16441.

2.1.3 Evaluation of selected HTMA hybrids under multilocation trials (MLTs) in on-farm conditions

Two sets of on-farm experiments including 10 and 20 entries were carried out in multilocations; Dumarwana, Nijgadh, Anandapur, Rampur, Gaidakot, Daduwa and Bardiya. In first set 8 and second set 12 genotypes were from HTMA and other were included as check entries from NMRP developed and from multinational company hybrids. The selected and high yielding genotypes across the locations were; ZH114228, CAH153, CAH1515, CAH1511, ZH15445, ZH1621, ZH141592, ZH15374, CAH1513, CAH1515, CAH1521 and CAH151. Among these selected hybrids two hybrids namely; CAH151 and CAH153 have been decided for registration and CIMMYT Hyderabad has already sent the seed of parents of these hybrids for seed multiplication and crossing for coming season.

2.1.4 Early and Extra Early Maturing Maize Variety for CVT, IYT and CFFT on 2072 winter and spring.

A number of field experiments (IYTE,CVTE, CFFTE, Population improvement) were conducted at different season during winter and spring of 2072 at NMRP, Rampur field with the objective of to identify and develop high yielding, insect pest free, early maturing and matching to cropping system (as three crops for a year) maize varieties for hills, terai and inner terai of Nepal In IYTE, the genotypes earlymid katamani (2450 kg /ha) SO3TEY/LN (2380 kg /ha), ZM-423 (2380 kg /ha) were promising in yield and maturity and promoted to CVT. In CVTE winter, the genotypes COMPOSZ-NIPB (2700 Kg/ha), SO3TEY/LN (2350 kg /ha) and SO3TEY-LN/PP (2220 Kg /ha) were noted high yielding with earlier maturity over winter season and in spring season SO3TEY/LN (4600 kg /ha ), COMPOSZ-NIPB (3810 kg /ha ) and SO3TEY-LN/PP (3470 kg /ha ) gave higher yield than other genotypes. So, these should promote to CFFTE. In CFFTE winter, the genotypes POOL-15 (4212 kg /ha) and EEYC1(2869 kg /ha) and in spring CFFTE, POOl-15 (5333 kg /ha ) POOL-16 (4702 kg /ha ) and SO3TEY-FM ® (3227 kg /ha ) were superior over other genotypes and Pool-15 is the earliest in maturity. Hence, POOL-15 (white extra early) and SO3TEY-FM ® (yellow) can promote to general cultivation as extra early and early.


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Table 23. Mean grain yield and agronomic traits of early maturing maize cultivar in CVT at NMRP Rampur, 2072 spring.

Genotype50%flowering (Days) Plant

Ht cmEar

Ht cmY (t/ha)

husk cover

Plant as-

pect

Ear as-

pectDisease Insect Male Female

Earlymid katamani 56.00 59.67 145.0 51.67 2.17 2.50 2.33 2.33 2.33 2.33P15QC7SRC1 56.67 60.33 120.0 46.67 1.82 2.67 2.67 2.67 2.67 2.67S97TEYGHAYB(3) 55.67 58.33 138.33 53.33 2.04 2.33 2.33 2.33 2.33 2.33POP-445/ POP-446 54.67 58.00 141.0 53.33 2.08 2.17 2.33 2.50 2.33 2.50COMPOZ-NIPB 59.67 63.33 161.67 55.00 3.81 2.33 2.33 2.33 2.33 2.33R.C./POOL-17 55.67 59.00 160.0 73.33 1.73 2.67 2.33 2.50 2.50 2.33SO3TEY/LN 59.33 62.67 140.00 68.33 4.60 2.17 2.50 2.33 2.50 2.33ARUN-4 (Std Chk) 56.00 59.33 165.67 68.33 2.07 2.17 2.33 2.00 2.17 2.17FARMERS VAR 57.67 61.00 161.67 71.67 2.26 2.00 2.00 2.17 2.17 2.00ZM-621/Pool-15 56.00 59.67 145.00 55.00 2.44 2.33 2.33 2.00 2.33 2.00S03TEY-FM(R) 57.00 60.33 144.33 63.33 2.91 2.00 2.17 2.17 2.00 2.33SO3TEY-LN/PP 60.00 63.00 151.67 71.67 3.47 2.67 2.00 2.17 2.00 2.17SO3TEY-PO-BM 59.00 62.33 141.67 58.33 3.24 2.33 2.33 2.50 2.33 2.50Across-99402 60.00 63.33 126.00 44.67 1.70 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00G Mean 57.38 6.738 145.85 59.61 2.59 2.31 2.28 2.28 2.28 2.28CV% 2.50 2.621 8.32 16.68 25.82 20.19 20.42 19.81 20.12 20.12F Value 0.002 0.0010 0.0024 0.0111 0.00 0.63 0.9070.788 0.854 0.854LSD 0.05 2.407 2.675 20.36 16.68 1.12 0.78 0.78 0.760 0.77 0.77

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Table 24. Mean grain yield and agronomic traits of early maturing maize cultivars in CVT at NMRP Rampur, 2072 winter

Genotype50%flowering

(days) Plant Ht cm

Ear Ht cm Y t/ha husk

coverPlant aspect

Ear aspect Disease Insect

Male FemaleEarlymid katamani 52.33 55.67 145.00 65.00 1.80 1.67 2.00 2.00 2.00 1.83P15QC7SRC1 54.33 58.00 120.00 56.67 1.60 2.00 2.50 2.00 2.00 2.33S97TEYGHAYB(3) 53.33 57.00 127.33 53.33 1.16 2.67 2.83 2.50 2.50 2.00POP-445/ POP-446 55.33 58.67 133.33 46.67 1.09 2.17 2.17 1.83 1.83 2.50COMPOZ-NIPB 54.67 58.67 140.00 64.00 2.70 1.83 1.67 1.50 1.50 2.17R.C./POOL-17 55.00 58.67 160.00 73.33 1.58 1.83 2.33 2.17 2.17 1.83SO3TEY/LN 57.67 61.00 140.00 63.33 2.35 2.17 1.67 1.83 1.83 1.83ARUN-4 (Std Chk) 52.33 56.00 143.33 63.33 2.08 2.17 2.67 2.33 2.33 2.33FARMERS VAR 53.67 57.33 163.33 80.00 1.73 2.00 2.33 2.17 2.17 2.17ZM-621/Pool-15 56.33 59.67 141.67 60.00 1.96 2.67 1.83 2.00 2.00 2.67S03TEY-FM(R) 54.33 58.00 153.33 75.00 1.91 2.17 1.67 1.83 1.83 2.00SO3TEY-LN/PP 55.33 59.00 156.67 63.67 2.22 1.67 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.50SO3TEY-PO-BM 54.33 58.00 156.67 76.67 2.06 2.67 2.17 2.33 2.33 2.33Across-99402 56.00 59.67 136.67 56.67 1.47 2.67 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.17G Mean 54.643 58.238 144.095 64.119 1.836 2.167 2.131 2.036 2.19 2.19CV 3.67 3.03 9.59 19.39 29.08 26.59 27.74 20.89 24.03 30.19F Value 0.1383 0.0636 0.0211 0.1115 0.0547 0.3108 0.3452 0.4189 0.0734 0.908LSD 0.05 3.368 2.958 23.196 20.863 0.896 0.967 0.992 0.714 0.883 1.11


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Table 25. Mean grain yield and agronomic traits of early maize in IYT at NMRP Rampur, 2072 winter

Genotype50%flowering

(days) Plant Ht cm

Ear Ht cm

Y (t/ha)

husk cover

Plant aspect

Ear aspect Disease Insect

Male FemaleS03TEY-FM (ER) 55.67 59.67 131.67 56.67 1.82 1.83 1.67 1.67 2.00 1.17S03TEY-SEQ 56.67 60.67 135.00 63.33 2.27 2.50 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.33Earlymid katamani 56.33 59.67 121.00 61.67 2.45 2.00 2.00 2.33 1.50 2.50SO3TEY/LN 57.00 60.33 138.33 63.33 2.38 2.33 1.83 1.50 2.00 1.67A C O - 2 4 0 1 / ACO2402 58.00 62.00 143.33 65.00 1.79 2.33 2.33 1.83 2.00 1.83

02SADVI 57.67 61.33 135.00 60.00 2.06 1.67 2.17 2.00 2.00 1.67P15QC7SRC1 54.67 58.33 133.33 60.00 1.44 2.17 2.50 2.17 1.83 2.00SO3TEY-PO-BM 56.67 60.00 121.67 54.00 1.77 1.67 1.83 1.83 2.33 1.83Farmers' Variety. 53.33 56.67 156.67 76.67 2.71 2.00 2.00 2.17 1.83 1.67Rajahar local 57.00 60.67 160.00 83.33 1.46 2.00 2.33 2.00 2.33 1.50EEYC1 55.00 58.33 131.67 63.33 2.04 2.67 2.17 2.00 1.83 1.33ZM-621/Pool-15 54.33 58.00 148.33 77.33 1.92 2.00 2.17 1.83 1.83 1.33Aru-4 st ck 55.00 58.67 148.33 60.00 2.38 1.67 2.00 2.00 2.17 1.50ZM-423 59.33 62.33 153.33 68.33 2.38 2.33 2.00 1.83 2.33 1.67 RC/Pool-17 56.00 58.67 156.67 65.00 1.89 1.83 1.83 2.00 1.67 1.83G Mean 56.178 59.689 140.956 65.2 2.051 2.067 2.044 1.933 1.967 1.656CV% 3.6 3.82 11.64 17.7 28.65 23.43 24.03 21.19 23.08 38.92F Value 0.0928 0.1956 0.1 0.18290.33140.29160.78770.6943 0.5879 0.6736LSD 0.05 3.386 3.817 27.437 19.3 0.983 0.81 0.822 0.685 0.759 1.078

Table 26. Mean grain yield and agronomic traits of early maize varieties in FFT at NMRP Rampur, 2072 winter

Genotypes 50% flowering

(days) Height cm Scores(1-5) HC

Aspect(1-5) Plant Ear Y (t/ha)

Male Female Plant EarEEYC1 56 59 115 40 2 2.5 2 2.869Pool-15 55 59 150 80 2.5 1.5 2 4.212Pool-16 57 60 125 60 2 1.5 1.5 2.692S03TEY-FM ® 56 59 130 50 2 2.5 1.5 2.757Arun-4 st ck 52 55 150 70 1.5 2 2 1.084FARMERS VAR 51 55 160 72 1.5 2 2 3.873G Mean 54.5 57.83 138 62 1.917 2.083 1.83 2.914

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Table 27. Mean grain yield and other traits of early maize varieties in FFT at NMRP Rampur, 2072 spring

Genotypes 50% Flowering (days) Height cm Lodging % Root

Aspect(1-5) Y (t/ha)Male Female Plant Ear Plan Ear

ACROSS-99402 58 61 110 35 2 3.5 3 2.104Pool-15 53 56 150 75 0 2 2.5 7.333Pool-16 54 58 155 70 0 2 2 4.702S03TEY-FM ® 56 58 132 70 2 2.5 2.5 3.227Arun-6 st ck 54 56 120 55 2 3 3.5 2.422FARMERS VAR 54 58 128 45 0 2 2 1.055G Mean 54.83 57.83 133 58.3 1 2.5 2.58 3.474

2.1.5 Maintenance and evaluation of maize inbred lines (winter)

Maintenance:

To maintain the highest level of purity, QPM lines were planted in small plot so that they can be managed easily. The size of plot is 10 rows of 5 m length and spacing was 75 cm x 25 cm. In total 39 QPM genotypes were maintained during 2015 winter through controlled bulk pollination method and their seeds were preserved safely for future experiments.

Table 28. List of QPM lines maintained along with their seed quantity (g) at NMRP Rampur, Chitwan during 2015 winter season

S.N Genotype No.of lines Quantity of seed (g)1 S03TLYQ-AB-01 10 19002 S03TLYQ-AB-02 10 35003 S99TLYQ-B 10 29004 S99TLYQ-HG-AB 10 44005 S01SIYQ 10 25006 Poshilo Makai-1 10 50007 Rampur S13FQ-08 10 42008 Rampur S13FQ-06 10 41419 Rampur S13FQ-02 10 580010 Rampur S13FQ-10 10 430011 Rampur S13FQ-04 10 250012 Rampur S13FQ-01 10 120013 R-POPYQ-08 10 530014 R-POPYQ-06 10 430015 R-POPYQ-12 10 530016 R-POPYQ-10 10 4600


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S.N Genotype No.of lines Quantity of seed (g)17 R-POPYQ-02 10 470018 R-POPYQ-04 10 230019 R-POPYQ-14 10 290020 S01SIWQ-02 10 170021 S00TLYQ-B 10 260022 S99TLWQ-B 10 440023 S99TLYQ-A 10 500024 CORRALJOS002SIYQ 10 460025 CORRALJO99SIWQ 10 340026 S00TLWQ-B 10 340027 S00TLYQ-AB 10 150028 SO3SIWQ 10 250029 S00TLYQ-A 10 451530 OBATANPA 10 560031 S03TLWQ-05 4 50032 S03TLYQ-AB-05 4 30033 S02G29TQ 3 90034 Rampur Composite/S03TLYQ-AB-05 2 20035 Mankamana-3/S03TLWQ-05 2 10036 S99TLYQ HG-B(CIMMYT) 10 420037 S06TLWQ HGAB-02 10 50038 S13TWQHZNHGAB-01 10 560039 S07TLWQ AB 10 1700

Evaluation of inbreed in different planting dates:

A field experiment was conducted at National Maize Research Program, Rampur, Chitwan to analyze the effect of sowing dates on grain yield and other agronomic traits on maize inbred lines. Seven maize inbred lines namely NML-2, RML-17, RML-32, RML-4, RML-86, RML-95 and RML-96 were sown on three different dates (sept 02, sept 12, sep 22) during winter of 2015. The plot size was 2 rows of 3 m length, spacing of 60 cm x 25 cm and design was randomized complete block design with two replication.

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Table 29. Grain yield and yield attributing traits of inbred evaluated under different sowing dates

Date Cob length(cm)

Cob diameter(cm)

No. of rows per cob

No.of grains per row

Tes weight (g)

Grain yield (t/ha)

Sep 2 10.28a 3.769a 13.07a 22.57b 345.8b 1.695c Sep 12 11.22b 4.118b 13.79a 22.93b 390.4c 2.41a Sep 22 10.01a 3.812a 13.71a 21.29a 339.9a 2.174b F-test <0.01 <0.01 0.198 0.004 <0.01 <0.01 LSD0.05 0.2988 0.1010 0.875 0.926 0.2243 0.069

Table 30. Grain yield and yield attributing traits of inbred evaluated during winter

Inbred Cob length(cm)

Cob diameter(cm)

No. of rows per cob

No.of grains per row Tes weight Grain yield

(t/ha) NML-2 10.5bc 4.17c 13.17bc 21.33b 429.3g 1.557f RML-17 12d 4.128c 12.67ab 27e 382.7e 2.933a RML-32 10.73c 3.298a 11.33a 23.5d 329.3c 1.69e RML-4 9.25a 4.217c 14.33c 19.17a 421.8f 2.375c RML-86 10.16b 3.9b 14.33c 21.83bc 313.3b 2.515b RML-95 9.32a 3.755b 14.5c 19.83a 269.3a 1.848d RML-96 11.55d 3.83b 14.33c 23.17cd 350.8d 1.734e F-test <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01LSD0.05 0.4564 0.1544 1.336 1.414 0.3427 0.106CV% 3.6 3.3 8.2 5.3 0.1 4.2

Inbreed Evaluation for yield:

The grain yield and yield attributing characters were significantly affected by various planting day. The maize inbred line namely RML-17 produced the highest grain yield while NML-2 produced the lowest grain yield. The highest yield of the genotypes was obtained when planted on September 12. The lowest yield was obtained when the genotypes were planted in September 2.

QPM Hybrid Evaluation

The 19 QPM hybrids were evaluated at IYT during winter (Magh 12, 2072 or January 26, 2016) at NMRP Rampur, Chitwan. The plants were planted on gross plot area of 10 rows of 5 meter length. The net plot size was 4 rows of 5 m length, spacing of 60 cm x 25 cm and design was randomized complete block design with two replications. The trial was affected heavily by long drought and resulted very lower yield. Therefore varieties performed in this trail may perform in drought affected condition.


49

Table 31. Grain yield evaluation of QPM hybrid at NMRP Rampur during winter 2015

SN QPM Hybrid plant height (cm)

Ear height (cm)

Tasseling day Silking day GY (kg/ha)

1 VH133376 175 100 79 80.5 19902 VH133414 165 100 76 78 5003 VH133545 210 125 71.5 73.5 20404 VH133552 165 80 80.5 82.5 9205 VH133634 185 115 78.5 80.5 5006 VH141730 190 110 75.5 77.5 54207 VH141732 200 95 70.5 72.5 58208 VH141733 195 105 75.5 77.5 55469 VH141734 165 85 80.5 82.5 284010 VH141735 200 105 72.5 74.5 100011 VH141782 115 55 85 87.5 126012 VH141794 180 85 82.5 84.5 528013 VH141798 175 100 80.5 83.5 83014 VH141856 185 95 75.5 77.5 224015 VH141883 155 90 78.5 79.5 321016 VH141910 180 90 72 74 155017 VH141950 165 80 82.5 84.5 472018 VH141986 200 105 78.5 80.5 50019 VH142004 190 95 76.5 78.5 4990 F-test ** ** ** ** ** LSD0.05 19.74 25.25 3.77 3.79 660.1 CV% 5.3 12.6 2.3 2.3 11.7

The results of the study showed the grain yield (kg/ha) varied from 500 to 5820 kg/ha. The hybrid VH141732 (5820 kg/ha), VH141733 (5546 kg/ha), VH141730 (5420 kg/ha) and VH142004 (4990 kg/ha) were high yielding hybrids respectively. The hybrids were highly significant for grain yield. The tasseling day varied from 70.5 day (VH141732) to 85 (VH141782). Similarly the silking day varied from 72.5 day (VH141732) to 87 day (VH141782). The hybrids were highly significant for tasseling and silking day. The plant height varied from 115 day (VH141782) to 210 day (VH133545). Similarly ear height varied from 55 day (VH141782) to 125 day (VH133545). The hybrids were highly significant for plant height and ear height.

50


2.1.6 Evaluation of maize genotypes under weekly planted condition (summer)

Four maize genotypes namely RML-86/RML-96, RML-95/RML-96, ACROSS9331(RE), and S03TEYLN) planted under weekly planting condition (summer) were evaluated at National Maize Research Program, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal. The plot size was 2 rows of 5m length, spacing of 75 cm x 25 cm and design used was randomized complete block design with two replications. The first planting done on June 17, 2015 and second, third and fourth planting done at interval of 1 week respectively.

The result of experiment showed that the highest grain yield was recorded in RML-86/RML-96 (3476 kg/ha), followed by RML-95/RML-96 (3352 kg/ha) and S03TEYLN (2031kg/ha) respectively when they were planted in third week of June. Therefore, third week of June was right time of maize planting to obtain higher grain yield. The days to 50% tasseling and 50% silking was found to be relatively higher in late planting than earlier planting. Similarly plants from first week planting took longer time to mature than later week plantings and last week plantings matured earliest. Thus planting date was also found to play a crucial role in the yield of maize and other quantitative and yield attributing traits.

Table 32. Interaction effect of different maize genotypes and planting time on grain yield (kg/ha)

June/July 2015 S03TEYLN RML-86/ RML-96

RML-95/ RML-96

Across9331 (RE) Mean

Week1 1885 5004 3814 2101 3201Week 2 1724 2943 4768 1674 2777.25Week3 1911 2573 1943 1796 2055.75Week4 2603 3384 2882 1351 2555Mean 2030.75 3476 3351.75 1730.5CV% 19LSD0.05 1070.3F-test 0.003

No any significant was observed in maturity day considering the planting date. Early maturation was observed when genotypes were planted in third week of plantation. Second, third and fourth week were found at par in terms of maturity days.


51

Table 33. Interaction effect of different maize genotypes and planting time on maturity day


RML-95/ RML-96 Across9331 (RE) Mean

Week1 78.50 86.00 86.50 79.00 82.5Week 2 77.00 84.00 82.50 77.50 80.25Week3 76.00 82.50 81.50 76.00 79Week4 76.00 83.00 82.50 75.00 79.125Mean 76.875 83.875 83.25 76.875CV% 1.1LSD0.05 1.884F-test 0.435

No significant difference was found in between the genotypes considering days to 50% tasseling. Fifty percent tasseling. occurred latest in the genotype S03TEYLN . The 50% tasseling occurred fastest in the genotype S03TEYLN which is at par with Across9331(RE) . The genotypes RML-86/RML-96 and RML-95/RML-96 were found at par in terms of days to 50% tasseling. Highly significant difference was found considering the planting dates on days to 50% silking. The 50% tasseling occurred fastest when the genotypes were planted in second week.

Table 34. Interaction effect of different maize genotypes and planting time on tasseling day at NMRP Rampur in 2015 Winter


RML-95/ RML-96 Across9331(RE) Mean

Week1 47.5 51.5 51 46 49Week 2 46.5 51.5 49 46.5 48.5Week3 46.5 52 51 47 49.12Week4 47.5 53.5 52 48 50.38Mean 47 52.12 51 46.88CV% 1.7LSD0.05 1.815F-test 0.59

Highly significant difference was found considering the planting dates on days to 50% silking. The 50% silking occurred fastest when the genotypes were planted in second week.

52


Table 35. Interaction effect of different maize genotypes and planting time on silking day


RML-95/ RML-96 Across9331(RE) Mean

Week1 51.5 53.5 53 49 51.75Week 2 47.5 54.5 50.5 48.5 50.25Week3 47.5 53.5 52.5 49.5 50.75Week4 49.5 55.5 54.5 51.5 52.75Mean 49 54.25 52.625 49.625 51.375CV% 1.1LSD0.05 1.231F-test <0.001

2.1.7 Development of quality protein maize genotype for terai and mid hills of Nepal

Initial yield trial (IYT) was conducted at Kabre and Lumle, coordinated varietal trial (CVT) at Khumaltar, Salyan, Dailekh, Surkhet, and Pakhribas and coordinated farmer’s field trial (CFFT) at Khumaltar, Doti, Rampur, Madi and Pakhribas. The individual plots were 2 rows of 5 m length for IYT , 4 rows of 3 m length for for CVT and 4 rows of 3 m length for CFFT.The spaces between row to row and plant to plant were 75 and 25 cm, respectively. The design used was randomized complete block design. Two seeds per hill were planted and thinned to a single plant per hill after first weeding. Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 120:60:40 kg ha-1 N: P2 O5,: K2 O, respectively in addition to 15 t farmyard manure per hectare. Half dose of N and full doses of P and K were applied basally and remaining half of N was applied as side dressing at knee-high stage. The plots were kept free of weeds manually. Same levels of inputs and cultural practices were provided at all the locations. Grain yield (kg ha-1) at 15% moisture content was calculated using fresh ear weight with the help of the below formula:

Grain Yield (kg/ha) =Field weight (kg) * (100 - moisture %) * S * 10,000

(Net harvested area m2 * 85)

Where,

F.W. = Fresh weight of ear in kg per plot at harvest. Moisture (%) = Grain moisture content at harvest. 85= Required moisture percentage 15%. S= Shelling co-efficient (0.80). Harvested area= net harvested plot size, m2


53

2.1.7.1 Initial Yield Trial:

Table 36. Combined analysis of grain yield (kg/ha) under IYT at Kabre, Rampur and Lumle in 2015 summer season

SN Genotype Kabre Rampur Lumle Combined 1 RampurS13FQ01 6679bcd 2453a 7447c 55262 RampurS13FQ02 6567abcd 3440a 6749bc 55853 RampurS13FQ04 4430a 3273a 4390ab 40314 RampurS13FQ06 7868d 3493a 5325abc 55625 Rampur S13FQ08 7075bcd 3302a 5511abc 52966 RampurS13FQ010 7553cd 3286a 3787ab 48757 RPOPYQ-2 6223abcd 2569a 3604a 41328 RPOPYQ-4 6680bcd 2580a 6708bc 53229 RPOPYQ-6 5091ab 2955a 3596a 3883

10 RPOPYQ-8 4917ab 2558a 4606abc 402711 RPOPYQ-10 5823abcd 2255a 5501abc 452612 RPOPYQ-12 6084abcd 3618a 3872ab 452513 RPOPYQ-14 5362abc 3578a 6405abc 511514 Posilo Makai-1 5565abc 2655a 5105abc 444115 Farmer's Variety 7513cd 2650a 3999ab 4720

F-test, Gen 0.046 0.957 0.078 0.275Loc <0.001 Gen x Loc 0.45CV % 14.7 35.7 23.8 27.69

LSD0.05 1967.3 2277.1 2605.8 2663 (Loc x Gen)

Genotypes found promising in IYT at NMRP were RampurS13FQ02 (5585 kg/ha), RampurS13FQ06 (5562 kg/ha), RampurS13FQ01 (5526 kg/ha), RPOPYQ-4 (5322 kg/ha) respectively. The location was found highly significant for genotypes whereas genotypes and genotype x location interaction was found non significant.

54


-40 -20 0 20

-200

2040

PC1 (68.8)

PC2 (

31.2)

Kabre

Lumle

Rampur

1

10

11

1213

14

15

2

3

4

5 6

7

8

9

Figure 1. Stability of QPM genotypes in Initial Yield Trials (IYTQ) across the tested locations.

The figure indicated that the performance of RPOPYQ-6 , RPOPYQ-12 seemed better for Rampur. Similarly, RampurS13FQ06, RampurS13FQ010, Rampur S13FQ08, RPOPYQ-2, Farmer's Variety for Kabre and RampurS13FQ01, RampurS13FQ02, RPOPYQ-4, RPOPYQ-10 for Lumle condition.

The pooled analysis of variance for grain yield (Table 36) showed that the effect of replication within environment was highly significant but the effect of environment, genotypes and genotype x environment effect was non-significant. This clearly indicates that effect of replication is more influential than others.

Table 37. Analysis of Variance derived from AMMI Analysis (IYT-combined)

Source DF SumSq MeanSq F value Pr(>F)ENV 2 163645159 81822580 8.5301 0.0578335REP(ENV) 3 28776663 9592221 8.3534 0.0001802*** GEN 14 30593406 2185243 1.903 0.054407ENV:GEN 28 50559564 1805699 1.5725 0.0901438Residuals 42 48228852 1148306

Signif. codes: ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05

2.1.7.2 Coordinated varietal trial:

The combined analysis of CVT over Terai locations showed that S03TLYQ-AB-01 (2223 kg/ha) produced the highest grain yield followed by followed by SOOTLYQ-B (2190 kg/ha), S03TLYQ-AB-02 (2156 kg/ha) and S01SIWQ-2 (2098 kg/ha) excluding Check variety (Posilo Makai-1) and Farmer’s Variety.


55

The genotypes produced different grain yield in different location i. e. Rampur and Surkhet. This information was shown in below figure.

Figure 2. Grain yield of QPM genotypes from CVT at Rampur and Surkhet in 2015 summer

Table 38. Combined analysis of QPM genotypes for grain yield (kg/ha) under CVT at Kabre, Pakhribas, Khumaltar, Salyan, Dailekh and Lumle in 2015 summer season

SN Genotype Kabre Pakhribas Khumaltar Salyan Dailekh Lumle Combined1 S00TLWQ-B 6679ab 6024c 1430a 4287ab 7449b 6063bc 59122 S01SIWQ-2 6567ab 4266abc 2670a 3878ab 6161ab 3068a 44983 CORRALJOS99SIWQ 4430b 2877a 2200a 4335ab 6154ab 5739bc 45514 S00TLYQ-B 7868a 4834bc 2106a 4109ab 5578ab 3745ab 44875 S99TLWQ-B 7075ab 5693bc 3651a 5452b 5749ab 5005abc 55386 S03TLYQ-AB-01 7573a 5527bc 3319a 4364ab 5152ab 4407abc 47967 S01SIYQ 6222ab 5678bc 4002a 6303b 5793ab 5579bc 54738 S03TLYQ-AB-2 6680ab 4082ab 2318a 2497b 5815ab 3984abc 39579 Posilo Makai -1 5097ab 4923bc 2775a 6033b 6215ab 4819abc 5284

10 Farmer’s Variety 4917ab 2689a 2905a 4076ab 4206a 6134c 4728F-test, Gen 0.385 0.011 0.678 0.116 0.243 0.09 <0.001Loc <0.001Gen x Loc 0.05CV % 19.6 15.5 26.8 23.1 15.8 19.4 19.06LSD0.05 2512.6 1636.7 2898.5 2369.3 2081.8 2133.8 2179

56


The combined analysis of CVT over hill locations showed that S00TLWQ-B (5912 kg/ha) produced the highest grain yield followed by followed by S99TLWQ-B (5538kg/ha), SO1SIYQ (5473 kg/ha), and S03TLYQ-AB-01 (4796 kg/ha) excluding Check variety (Posilo Makai-1) and Farmer’s Variety. The genotypes and location were found highly significant and genotypes x location interaction was found significant.

-40 -20 0 20 40

-40-20

020

PC1 (38.2)

PC2 (

27.3)

Dailekh

Kabre

Khumaltar

LumlePakhribas

Salyan

1

10

2 34

56

7

8

9

Figure 3. Stability of QPM genotypes in coordinated varietal trial (CVT) across hill locations.

The figure indicated that the performance of CORRALJOS99SIWQ seemed better for Lumle. Similarly, S01siwQ-2, S00TLYQ-B , S03TLYQ-AB-2 for Pakhribas, S99TLWQ-B for Salyan, and S01SIYQ Posilo Makai -1 for Khumaltar condition.

The pooled analysis of variance for grain yield (Table 38) showed that the effect of replication within environment was significant. Similarly the effect of environment and genotype x environment effect was significant, and genotypes were highly significant. This clearly indicates that effect of enviroment is more influential for genotypes.

Table 39. Analysis of variance derived from AMMI Analysis (CVT-Hill)

Source DF SumSq MeanSq F value Pr(>F)ENV 5 77282327 15456465 6.2965 0.049466* REP(ENV) 4 9819082 2454770 3.5723 0.014904* GEN 9 32849175 3649908 5.3115 0.000128*** ENV:GEN 45 65464590 1454769 2.117 0.011065* Residuals 36 24738375 687177

Signif. codes: ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05


57

Table 40. Combined analysis of QPM genotypes for grain yield (kg/ha) under CVT at Rampur and Surkhet in 2015 summer season

SN Genotype Rampur Surkhet Combined 1 S00TLWQ-B 3411a 2844cd 21902 S01SIWQ-2 2452a 2297b 20983 CORRALJOS99SIWQ 2739a 2457bc 21134 S00TLYQ-B 3576a 2606bcd 19705 S99TLWQ-B 3306a 3129d 20116 S03TLYQ-AB-01 3149a 3003cd 22237 S01SIYQ 2878a 2878cd 17328 S03TLYQ-AB-2 2642a 1696a 21569 Posilo Makai -1 3452a 2687bcd 210110 Farmer’s variety 3149a 2813bcd 2067

F-test, Gen 0.835 0.004 <0.001 Loc 0.01 Gen x Loc 0.01 CV% 19.05 8.3 7.5 LSD0.05 1260.86 497.4 84.57 (loc x gen)

The combined analysis of CVT over terai locations showed that S03TLYQ-AB-01 (2223 kg/ha) produced the highest grain yield followed by followed by S00TLWQ-B (2190 kg/ha), S03TLYQ-AB-02 (2156 kg/ha) and CORRALJOS99SIWQ (2113 kg/ha) excluding Check variety (Posilo Makai-1) and Farmer’s variety. The genotypes were highly significant. The location and genotype x location interaction was found significant.

58


2.1.7.3 Coordinated farmer’s field trial:

Table 41. Combined analysis of CFFT-QPM genotypes for grain yield (kg/ha) at Doti, Rampur, Madi and Surkhet in 2014-15 summer season

SN Genotypes Doti Rampur Madi Surkhet Combined 1 SO3TLYQ-AB-01 1258a 2162a 4539a 5080a 33362 SOTLYQ-AB-02 1467a 3392ab 4781a 3956ab 29373 S99TLYQ-B 1572ab 3241ab 5737a 3383ab 41994 S99TLYQ-HG-AB 1664ab 2959ab 4014a 4182ab 37155 Poshilo Makai-1 1979b 3390ab 4594a 1905b 32506 Farmer’s Variety 2563c 4167b 4053a 3967ab 4490 F-test, Gen <.001 0.310 0.932 0.0139 0.577 Loc 0.062 Gen x Loc 0.926 CV % 13.2 30 20.30 30.38 31.96 LSD0.05 421.9 1756.3 2122.2 2574.6 4996 (loc x gen)

The combined analysis of CFFT over terai locations showed that S99TLYQ-B (4199 kg/ha) produced the highest grain yield followed by S99TLYQ-HG-AB (3715 kg/ha), S03TLYQ-AB-01 (3336 kg/ha) excluding Farmer’s Variety. The genotypes, location and genotype x location interaction were non significant.

.

-40 -20 0 20

-30-20

-100

1020

PC1 (67.4)

PC2 (

30)

Doti

Madi

Rampur

Surkhet

1

2

3

4

5

6

Figure 4. Stability of QPM genotypes in Coordinated Farmer’s Field Trials (CFFTQ) across the tested terai locations


59

The figure 4 indicated that the performance of SOTLYQ-AB-02, POSHILO MAKAI -1 seemed better for Doti and Rampur. Similarly, S99TLYQ-B , SO3TLYQ-AB-01 for Surkhet condition

Table 42. Analysis of Variance derived from AMMI Analysis (CFFT-Terai)

Source DF SumSq MeanSq F value Pr(>F)ENV 3 34162654 11387551 6.07E+05 0.000943*** REP(ENV) 1 19 19 0.00E+00 0.997749GEN 5 8889211 1777842 8.34E-01 0.57668ENV:GEN 15 12576434 838429 3.93E-01 0.926219Residuals 5 10662756 2132551

The pooled analysis of variance for grain yield (Table) showed that the effect of replication within environment was non significant. Similarly the effect of genotype and genotype x environment effect was non significant, and environment was significant. This clearly indicates that effect of environment is more influential for grain yield.

Table 43. Combined analysis of CFFT-QPM genotypes for grain yield (kg/ha) at Pakhribas, Khumaltar, Kabre and Lumle in 2014-15 summer season

SN Genotypes Pakhribas Khumaltar Kabre Lumle Combined 1 SO3TLYQ-AB-01 4441a 2979ab 3101a 5594a 43652 SOTLYQ-AB-02 3866a 1987a 2305a 6013ab 40263 S99TLYQ-B 4569a 2927ab 4683a 4975bc 45474 S99TLYQ-HG-AB 4208a 3304ab 2343b 4669bcd 38475 Poshilo Makai-1 5454a 3989b 5629bc 5482cd 53406 Farmers Variety 4196a 3980b 6389c 3865d 4549 F-test, Gen 0.687 0.068 <0.001 0.002 0.032 Loc <0.001 Gen x Loc 0.011 CV % 26.9 23.7 10.8 8.8 20.71 LSD0.05 2176.8 1378.5 1189.4 820.3 1950 (loc x gen)

The combined analysis of CFFT over hill locations showed that S99TLYQ-B (4547 kg/ha) produced the highest grain yield followed by S03TLYQ-AB-01 (4365 kg/ha) excluding Check variety (Posilo Makai-1) and Farmer’s Variety. The genotypes were significant. The genotype x location was significant.

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-40 -20 0 20 40

-10

010

2030

PC1 (87.9)

PC2

(10.

6)

Kabre

Khumaltar

Lumle

Pakhribas

1

2

3

4

5

6

Figure 5. Stability of QPM genotypes in Coordinated Farmer’s Field Trials (CFFTQ) across the tested hills locations.

The figure 5 indicated that the performance of SO3TLYQ-AB-01 seemed better for Pakhribas Similarly, SOTLYQ-AB-02 for Lumle and POSHILO MAKAI -1 and S99TLYQ-B for Kabre condition.

Table 44. Analysis of Variance derived from AMMI Analysis (CFFT-Hill)

Source DF SumSq MeanSq F value Pr(>F)ENV 3 18749637 6249879 3.495 0.10576REP(ENV) 5 8941208 1788242 2.5662 0.05253GEN 5 12247819 2449564 3.5152 0.015257* ENV:GEN 15 34329473 2288632 3.2843 0.004211** Residuals 25 17421184 696847

The pooled analysis of variance for grain yield (Table 44) showed that the effect of replication within environment was non significant. But the effect of genotype was significant and genotype x environment effect was highly significant, and environment was non significant. This clearly indicates that effect of environment is more influential for genotypes.


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Summary:

Delay in planting from September 2 to September 12 increased the yield. Further delay in planting i.e. planting on September 22 reduced the yield of the genotypes. Therefore September 12th day (winter) of planting is suitable for highest grain yield for .maize inbred lines. The third week of June was right time (summer) of maize planting to obtain higher grain yield. VH141732, VH141733 and VH141730 were found high yielding QPM hybrids at IYT at Rampur in 2015 winter. In total 40 QPM genotypes were maintained through controlled bulk pollination method and their seeds were preserved for future trials/research. In IYT RampurS13FQ02, RampurS13FQ06, RampurS13FQ01, RPOPYQ-4 were found high yielding genotypes across locations. In CVT, S00TLWQ-B, S01SIYQ, S99TLWQ-B, S01SIWQ-2, S00TLYQ-B, S03TLYQ-AB-01and S03TLYQ-AB-02 were found high yielding genotypes across locations.

In CFFT S99TLYQ-B, S99TLYQ-HG-AB and S03TLYQ-AB-01 were found superior for grain yield genotypes across locations. Superior varieties in CVT should be further tested in CFFT and superior varieties in CFFT should be forwarded for release and be recommended to farmers of hill districts of Nepal for general cultivation.

2.1.8 Development of drought tolerant maize varieties for Terai and mid hills of Nepal.

The objective of this project is to identify drought tolerant maize genotypes and to screen out adaptive maize genotypes for potential threat of climate change.

2.1.8.1 Coordinated Varietal Trial (CVT) on Drought Tolerant Maize 2072/73.

This is multi location trial, altogether 12 genotypes including CIMMYT Drought Tolerant material were tested under CVT-DTM at NMRP, Rampur, RARS, Nepalganj, ARS, Surkhet and RARS, Doti during spring, 2072/73. The experiment was designed in RCBD with three replications. Plot size was 4 rows of 4 meter long providing 75 cm x 25 cm row to row and plant to plant spacing. Evaluation of genotypes at two terminal drought stress (flowering and grain filling) period and stress environment was created through cut off irrigation 15 days before flowering.

The trial CVT- Drought tolerant maize was planted in 2072/11/7. The experiment was designed in RCBD with three replications. Plot size was 4 rows of 5 meter long providing 60 cm x 25 cm row to row and plant to plant spacing at NMRP, Rampur during 2072/73 where, the results were statistically highly significant on days to tasseling, silking, and significant on grain yield and ear height and non significant for plant height.

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Table 45. Performance of maize genotypes on CVT- Drought tolerant maize at NMRP, Rampur, during 2072/73.

SN Genotypes 50% Flowering (day) Plant height (cm)

Ear height (cm) GY (kg/ha)tasseling Silking

1 ENTRY#22 58 61 130.0 60.0 2724 2 ENTRY#25 60 63 160.0 78.3 21603 ENTRY#26 62 66 136.7 73.3 22954 ENTRY#27 61 65 140.0 73.3 21955 ENTRY#28 63 66 145.0 76.7 26346 ENTRY#32 64 67 173.3 91.0 15947 ENTRY#36 65 69 153.3 63.3 1744.8 ENTRY#37 62 65 166.7 90.0 23369 ENTRY#38 66 70 137.3 63.3 1698

10 RPOP3 62 68 133.3 73.3 246411 RAMPURSO3FO8 66 70 153.3 90.0 182912 TLBRSO7F16 65 68 120.0 70.0 1904 Grand Mean 62.92 66.56 145.8 75.2 2132

F-test <.001 < .001 0.126 0.027 0.021 LSD 0.05 3.185 3.156 35.12 19.39 667.1 CV % 3.0 2.8 14.2 15.2 18.5

Grain Yield

The highest gain yield was given by Entry#22 (2724 kg/ha) followed by Entry#28 (2634 kg/ha), RPop3 (2464 kg/ha), Entry #37 (2336 kg/ha) and Entry # 26 (2295 kg/ha) respectively in CVT –DTM

2.1.8.2 Coordinated Farmers FieldTrial (CFFT) on Drought Tolerant Maize at NMRP, Rampur, 2072/73

The trial CVT- Drought tolerant maize was planted in 2072/11/7. The experiment was designed in RCBD with three replications. Plot size was 6rows of 5 meter long providing 60 cm x 25 cm row to row and plant to plant spacing at NMRP, Rampur during 2072/73 where, the results were statistically highly significant on days to tasseling, silking, and non significant on grain yield, plant height and ear height .


63

Table 46. Performance of maize genotypes on CFFT- Drought tolerant maize at NMRP, Rampur, during 2072/73.

SN Genotypes 50% Flowering (day) Plant height (cm)

Ear height (cm) GY (kg/ha)tasseling Silking

1 ENTRY#22 60 64 165.0 67.5 37562 ENTRY # 24 64 68 165.0 80.0 22633 ENTRY # 34 63 67 165.0 80.0 19694 ENTRY # 36 65 68 150.0 65.0 21875 ENTRY # 37 61 65 140.0 75.0 20586 ENTRY # 38 67 70 150.0 75.0 29737 Rampur So3Fo8 65 68 160.0 65.0 3140 Grand Mean 63.29 67.00 156.4 72.50 2621

F-test 0.001 <.001 0.679 0.903 0.099 LSD 0.05 1.925 1.361 41.70 40.27 1335.6 CV% 1.2 0.8 10.9 22.7 20.8

Grain Yield of CFFT-DTM at Rampur

In CFFT-DTM at Rampur, the highest gain yield was given by Entry#22 (3756 kg/ha) followed by RampurSO3FO8 (3140 kg/ha) , Entry#38 (2973 kg/ha) and Entry#24 (2263 kg/ha) respectively.

2.1.8.3 Coordinated Varietal Trial (CVT) on Drought Tolerant Maize at RARS. Doti, 2072/73

The trial CVT- Drought tolerant maize was planted in 2072/3/17. The experiment was designed in RCBD with three replications. Plot size was 4 rows of 4 meter long providing 75 cm x 25 cm row to row and plant to plant spacing at RARS. Doti during 2072/73 where, the results were statistically highly significant on days to tasseling, silking, and significant on grain yield and 1000 grain yield and non significant plant and ear height.

Table 47. Performance of maize genotypes on CVT-Drought tolerant maize at RARS, Doti during 2072/73.

SN Genotypes50% Flowering (day) Plant

height (cm)

Ear height (cm)

Husk Cover (1-5)

1000 grain wt

(gm)

GY(kg/ha)Tasseling Silking

1 ENTRY#22 50 54 261.0 96.7 2.667 289.7 34152 ENTRY#25 49 51 215.7 80.3 2.667 288.7 19373 ENTRY#26 52 55 240.3 76.3 2.333 238.3 22874 ENTRY#27 51 53 235.3 87.0 2.333 282.0 35475 ENTRY#28 51 54 266.7 109.3 3.333 246.7 5053. 6 ENTRY#32 53 55 261.7 105.3 2.333 267.0 4409.

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height (cm)

Ear height (cm)

Husk Cover (1-5)

1000 grain wt

(gm)


7 ENTRY#36 49 52 249.0 93.0 2.333 274.3 23888 ENTRY#37 53 55 259.7 91.7 3.000 278.7 37049 ENTRY#38 54 56 265.7 91.3 3.333 255.0 367410 RPOP3 52 55 263.7 104.7 2.667 259.7 317111 RAMPURSO3FO8 52 55 240.3 95.0 2.667 267.3 2958. 12 TLBRSO7F16 52 54 242.3 96.3 2.333 324.3 3115. Grand Mean 51.42 54.06 250.1 93.9 2.667 272.6 3305

F-test <.001 0.001 0.503 0.191 0.196 0.068 0.057 LSD 0.05 1.933 1.970 46.78 23.19 0.8965 46.32 1750.2 CV % 2.2 2.2 11.0 14.6 19.9 10.0 31.3

Grain Yield

The highest grain yield was given by ENTRY#28 (5053 kg/ha) followed by ENTRY#32 (4409 kg/ha), ENTRY#37 (3704 kg/ha), ENTRY#38 (3674 kg/ha), ENTRY#27 (3547 kg/ha) and ENTRY#22 (3415 kg/ha), respectively.

Coordinated Varietal Trial (CVT) on Drought Tolerant Maize at ARS. Surkhet, 2072/73

The trial CVT- Drought tolerant maize was planted in 2072/3/17. The experiment was designed in RCBD with three replications. Plot size was 4 rows of 4 meter long providing 75 cm x 25 cm row to row and plant to plant spacing at ARS. Surkhet, during FY 2072/73. Where, the results were found statistically highly significant on days to 50 % tasseling, silking, and grain yield. Also significant result was obtained for ear height and non significant for plant height.

Table 48. Performance of maize genotypes on CVT- Drought tolerant maize at ARS, Surkhet during 2072/73.

SN Genotypes50% Flowering (day) Plant height

(cm)Ear height

(cm)GY

(kg/ha)Tasseling Silking1 ENTRY#22 49.00 54.00 220.0 96.7 47702 ENTRY#25 48.33 54.67 188.0 83.3 39213 ENTRY#26 51.00 55.33 202.7 91.0 38914 ENTRY#27 52.33 56.00 215.7 97.0 44005 ENTRY#28 52.00 57.67 193.0 92.0 48406 ENTRY#32 52.33 57.67 237.7 112.3 4060.7 ENTRY#36 55.33 61.00 228.7 98.7 36738 ENTRY#37 53.67 56.67 213.7 95.3 47509 ENTRY#38 55.67 57.67 200.3 88.3 5138


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SN Genotypes50% Flowering (day) Plant height

(cm)Ear height

(cm)GY

(kg/ha)Tasseling Silking10 RPOP3 51.00 54.33 198.7 107.0 572311 RampurSO3F8 52.67 56.00 222.3 114.3 596812 TLBRSO7F16 53.67 58.00 216.7 103.0 4562 Grand Mean 52.25 56.58 211.4 98.2 4641.

F-test <.001 <.001 0.154 0.046 <.001 LSD 0.05 2.549 2.302 34.32 18.25 925.7 CV % 2.9 2.4 9.6 11.0 11.8

Grain Yield

The highest grain yield was given by RampurSO3FO8 (5968 kg/ha) followed by RPOP3 (5723kg/ha), ENTRY#38 (5138 kg/ha), ENTRY#28 (4840 kg/ha), ENTRY#22 (4770 kg/ha) and ENTRY#37 (4750 kg/ha), respectively.

On the basis of grain yield, some superior and selected from CVT-drought tolerant maize genotypes were; Entry#22, Entry#28, Entry#37, Entry#38, Rampur SO3FO8, and Rampur POP3, These genotypes found high yielder and performed best at across the locations i.e. Rampur, Doti, and Surkhet. Similarly, in CFFT –DTM at Rampur, the highest gain yield was obtained from Entry#22 (3756 kg/ha) followed by RampurSO3FO8 (3140 kg/ha), Entry#38 (2973 kg/ha) and Entry # 24 (2263 kg/ha).

2.1.9 Development of Maize Varieties for Karnali Region

2.1.9.1 Coordinated Varietal Trial (CVT)-Karnali at ARS, Jumla (2071/72).

Ten maize genotypes (including Ganesh-1) during spring season of 2015 as CVT- Karnali region at ARS Jumla was tested in plot size of 4 rows of three meter length in randomized block design with three replications and plant spacing of 75 x 25 cm2. These genotypes were KKT-01, KKT-Pop, Karnali Pool Yellow, Karnali Pool Whit, KLW Pop, Ganesh-1 (check variety) and Farmers' Variety. All intercultural operations were carried out as per NMRP recommendations. The agronomical traits namely days to 50 % tasseling, days to 50% silking, plant height, ear height, and grain yield were recorded. Data was analyzed by Genstat program and statistical analysis was done at 5% level of significance.

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Table 49. Performance of maize genotypes on CVT- Karnali region at ARS Jumla during 2071/72.


height (cm)

Ear height (cm)

HuskCover(1-5)


1 KKT-01 113 118 202.7 96.3 1.33 4236 2 KKT-Pop 112 118 210.0 103.3 1.00 2936 3 Karnali Pool Yellow 114 119 216.7 129.7 1.00 3610 4 Karnali Pool White 113 118 227.7 142.7 1.33 3443 5 KLW-Pop 116 122 236.7 150.0 1.33 3739 6 Jumka Pop 111 117 224.3 121.0 1.00 3773 7 KLY Pop 117 122 222.7 109.7 1.33 31978 KKT-03 108 109 215.0 103.7 2.00 36449 Ganesh-1 114 119 230.0 138.7 1.33 4040 10 Farmers' Variety 101 106 213.3 109.7 1.67 3865 Grand Mean 112 116 219.9 120.5 2.33 3648

F-test <.001 0.001 0.009 0.012 0.39 0.235 LSD 0.05 5.766 6.480 15.84 - 9.21 941.6 CV % 3 3.2 4.2 14.6 - 15

The results of CVT- Karnali at ARS, Jumla showed that the genotypes were found non significant for grain yield. Other traits namely, days to 50% tasseling, silking ,plant height and ear height were highly significant. Grain yield ranged from 2936 kg/ha (KKT-Pop) to 4236 kg/ha (KKT-01). The grain yield was highest in KKT-01(4236 kg/ha) followed by Ganesh-1 (4040 kg/ha) , Jumka Pop (3773 kg/ha),KLW-Pop (3739 kg/ha) KKT-03 (3644 kg/ha), and Karnali Pool Yellow (3610 kg/ha), as compared to farmers local (3865 kg/ha) respectively (Table 49).

The highest grain yield was one of the basic criteria for identifying high yielding varieties. The genotypes KKT-01(4236 kg/ha) followed by Ganesh-1 (4040 kg/ha),Jumka Pop (3773 kg/ha),KLW-Pop (3739 kg/ha) KKT-03 (3644 kg/ha), and Karnali Pool Yellow (3610 kg/ha), were found superior in their grain yield potentiality in Jumla district condition as compared to checks varieties. The genotype KKT-01, Ganesh-1, Jumka Pop and KLW-Pop was found best in Jumla district in terms of grain yield. So these genotypes were found suitable genotypes for Karnali region.


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2.1.9.2 Coordinated Farmers Field Trial (CFFT)-Karnali at ARS, Jumla (2071/72).

The CFFT- Karnali sets were plated at different locations of OR sites of ARS, Jumla, where altogether 7 genotypes including farmers' variety were tested in plot size of 6 rows of three meter length in three replications (farmers as replicated) and plant spacing of 75 x 25 cm2. Among the tested 3 locations, the data was received from only one set. The trial was planted at 2071/12/24, in Gaya Prasad Neupane’s field. The observations were taken in different traits namely, days to 50% tasseling , silking, plant height, ear height, diseases, husk cover and grain yield in kg/plot. Due to received singe replication data, statistically not analyzed and calculated mathematically as maximum, minimum and average.

Table 50. Performance of maize genotypes on CFFT- Karnali region at ARS Jumla during 2071/72

Ent No Genotypes

50% Flowering (day) plant height (cm)

Ear height (cm)

Disease scoring (1-5)

Husk cover (1-5)

GY (kg/ha)Tasseling Silking

1 Jumla-pop 118 123 212 101 1 1 37772 KLW-pop 116 122 240 138 1 1 36503 KLY-pop 115 120 230 103 1 1 36284 Karnali pool White 114 118 225 149 1 2 37595 Karnali pool Yellow 120 126 215 135 1 2 33466 Ganesh-1 120 126 240 146 3 2 35687 Farmers' Variety 114 118 205 97 2 2 3338

Average 117 122 224 124 1.43 1.57 3581Maximum 120 126 240 149 3 2 3777Minimum 114 118 205 97 1 1 3338

Among the tested seven genotypes including Ganesh-1 and Farmers' variety in CFFT-Karnali at Jumla, there was not found significantly more differences in grain yield. Even though the highest grain yield was obtained from the genotype Jumlka-pop (3777 kg/ha) followed by Karnali pool White (3759 kg/ha), KLW-pop (3650 kg/ha), KLY-pop (3628 kg/ha) as compared to standard check Ganesh-1(3568 kg/ha) and Farmer’s local (3338 kg/ha).

2.1.9.3 Coordinated Varietal Trial (CVT)-Karnali set at NMRP, Rampur, 2072, winter.

Ten maize genotypes (including Ganesh-1) during winter season of 2015/16 as CVT- Karnali region at NMRP, Rampur was tested in plot size of 4 rows of Five meter length in randomized block design with three replications and plant spacing of 60 x 25 cm2. These genotypes were KKT-01, KKT-Pop, Karnali Pool Yellow, Karnali Pool White, KLW Pop, Ganesh-1 (check variety) and

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Farmers' Variety. The trial was planted in 2072/6/21 at Rampur research field. All intercultural operations were carried out as per NMRP recommendations.

The results of CVT- Karnali set at NMRP, Rampur showed that the genotypes were found highly significant for days to tasseling, silking, ear aspect,H. Turcicum and grain yield. Other traits namely, plant height and ear height was no significant differences.

Table 51. Performance of maize genotypes on CVT- Karnali set at NMRP, Rampur, Winter, 2072.


height (cm)

Ear height (cm)

Plant aspect (1-5)

Ear aspect (1-5)

H. Turcicum

(1-5)

GY (kg/ha)Tasseling Silking

1 KKT-01 59.00 62.67 140.0 68.3 1.67 1.67 2.00 19622 KKT-Pop 67.00 72.67 176.7 96.7 1.83 2.50 1.67 20813 Karnali Pool Yellow 58.67 63.67 151.7 85.0 2.00 2.00 1.83 18034 Karnali Pool White 60.67 65.00 165.0 75.0 2.00 2.33 1.66 17825 KLW-Pop 57.00 59.00 153.3 73.3 1.83 1.83 1.83 30756 Jumka Pop 63.67 67.67 175.0 83.3 2.00 2.17 1.83 14537 KLY Pop 56.00 59.00 153.3 75.0 1.83 1.83 2.00 22098 KKT-03 68.00 72.00 153.3 86.7 2.00 2.00 1.00 1521 9 Ganesh-1 77.00 81.67 168.3 90.0 1.83 1.83 1.00 1986 10 Farmers' Variety 78.00 82.33 166.7 86.7 1.50 1.50 1.00 1537 Grand Mean 64.5 68.57 160.3 82.0 1.85 1.97 1.58 1941

F-test <.001 <.001 0.086 0.534 0.021 0.010 0.008 <.001 LSD 0.05 1.291 1.312 24.07 27.26 0.281 0.476 0.641 545.9 CV% 1.2 1.1 8.8 19.4 8.9 14.10 23.6 16.4

In CVT-Karnali set at NMRP, Rampur, the highest grain yield was obtained from the genotype KLW-Pop (3075 kg/ha) followed by KLY Pop (2209 kg/ha) and KKT-Pop (2081 kg/ha) as compared to Ganesh-1 (1986kg/ha)

2.1.10 Development of Open Pollinated Full Season Maize Varieties for Nepal

Identifying high yielding open pollinated full season white and yellow maize varieties for Nepal was the objective of the study. To find the performance of open pollinated maize varieties, a series of trials such as IYT, CVT and CFFT were carried out at Pakhribas, Kabre, Khumaltar, Lumle, Salyan and Dailekh for hill set and Surkhet, Doti, and Rampur for the terai set during summer season of 2015. Randomized Complete Block Design with 3 replication was used for each trial. In IYT, there were two rows per plot. In CVT, there were four rows per plot. In CFFT, there were four rows per plot. Length of rows was


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three meter. The row to row and plant to plant distances were 75 cm and 25 cm respectively. Other agronomic practices were conducted according to the recommended packages.

2.1.10.1 IYT Full Season Hill Set

IYT Full season hill set at HCRP, Kabre:

Among the 14 genotypes evaluated at HCRP, Kabre during summer, 2015, the genotype RAMPUR S10F18 produced the highest yield (4713 kg/ha) followed by Manakamana-3 (4712 kg/ha) and R-POP-2 (4267 kg/ha) respectively. (Table-52).

IYT Full season hill set at ABD, Khumaltar:

In total 14 genotypes were evaluated at Khumaltar during summer season of 2015, the genotypes Rampur S03F08 produced the highest grain yield (8772 kg/ha) followed by Farmer's variety (7882 kg/ha) and Rampur S10F20 (7555 kg/ha) (Table-52).

IYT Full season hill set at ARS, Pakhribas:

Statistical analysis of 14 genotypes evaluated at ARS, Pakhribas during summer 2015 showed that the genotype Manakamana-3 produced the highest yield (5455 kg/ha), followed by Rampur S13F28 (4974 kg/ha) and Rampur S03F08 (4238 kg/ha) respectively (Table-52).

IYT Full season hill set at RARS, Lumle:

The analysis of the 14 genotypes evaluated at RARS, Lumle during summer, 2015 showed that the genotype Rampur S13F28 produced the highest yield (7208 kg/ha) followed by Rampur S10F18 (7093 kg/ha) and Manakamana-3 (7002 kg/ha) respectively (Table-52).

IYT Full season hill set combined analysis:

The combined analysis of IYT full season hill set across Pakhribas, Khumaltar, Lumle and Kabre showed that Manakamana-3 produced the highest yield (6253 kg/ha) followed by Rampur S13F28 (5984 kg/ha) and Rampur S03F08 (5774 kg/ha) respectively (Table 52). Genotypes were highly significant for grain yield, plant height, ear height and number of ears per plot. Locations were significant for grain yield, plant height, ear height and non significant for number of ears per plot. Interactions were significant for plant height and ear height but non-significant for number of plants per plot and number of ears per plot.

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Table 52. Grain Yield (kg/ha) of different genotypes at different locations in IYT of full season hill set in 2015.

S.N. Genotypes Locations AverageKabre Khumaltar Lumle Pakhribas1 BLBSRS07F10 2413 5813 6437 2040 45282 BLSBRS07F12 3838 4986 5284 3856 46223 Farmers' Variety 2533 7882 6697 3400 56474 HGA/HG-AB 1592 7225 6205 3317 51835 KLYPOP 1606 6779 6206 3314 50506 MANAKAMANA 3 4712 6816 7002 5455 62537 RAMPUR S03F08 3598 8772 5038 4238 57748 RAMPUR S10F18 4713 6095 7093 3892 55959 RAMPUR S10F20 3824 7555 4710 2901 493210 RAMPUR S13F01 324 4847 3583 3149 350611 RAMPUR S13F28 2530 6922 7208 4974 598412 RAMPUR S13F30 1508 4710 4040 1928 335413 R-POP-2 4267 6871 5173 2764 486914 ZM627 2756 6179 5760 3733 4977

2.1.10.2 CVT Full Season Hill Set

CVT Full season hill set at ARS, Parkhribas:

Ten genotypes were evaluated under CVT at ARS, Parkhribas during summer 2015. Manakamana-3 produced the highest yield (5257 kg/ha) followed by 05SADVI (4935 kg/ha) and KSYN10 (4891 kg/ha) respectively (Table-53).

CVT Full season hill set at HCRP, Kabre:

The analysis of 10 genotypes evaluated at HCRP, Kabre during summer 2015 showed that the Farmer's variety produced the highest grain yield (5001 kg/ha) followed by P501SRCO/P502SRCO (4821 kg/ha) and Rampur S10F22 (4615 kg/ha) respectively (Table-53).

CVT Full season hill set at ADB, Khumaltar:

Evaluation of 10 genotypes at ADB, Khumaltar showed highest yield by KSYN10 (5631 kg/ha) followed by Rampur S03F06 (4799 kg/ha) and Rampur S03F04 (4171 kg/ha) respectively (Table-53).

CVT Full season hill set at RARS, Lumle:

Among 10 genotypes under the CVT, at RARS, Lumle, KSYNF10 produced the highest yield (6906 kg/ha) followed by KSYN10 (6549 kg/ha) and ZM 401 (6298 kg/ha) respectively (Table-53).


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CVT Full season hill set at ARS, Dailekh:

Ten genotypes were evaluated at ARS, Dailekh under CVT. KSYNF10 produced the highest yield (6102 kg/ha) followed by P501SRCO/P502SRCO (5987 kg/ha) and KSYN10 (5868 kg/ha) respectively (Table-53).

CVT Full season hill set at GRP, Salyan:

Under CVT, 10 genotypes were evaluated at GRP, Salyan. Manakamana-3 produced the highest yield (7544 kg/ha) followed by 05SADVI (6093 kg/ha) and KSYN10 (5675 kg/ha) respectively (Table-53).

CVT Full season hill set combined analysis:

Combined analysis of CVT full season hill set showed that KSYN10 produced the highest yield (5458 kg/ha) followed by KSYNF10 (5099 kg/ha) and 05SADVI (5023 kg/ha) respectively (Table-53). Genotypes and locations both are significant for days to tasseling, number of plants per plot, plant height, ear height and grain yield. Interaction was highly significant for days to tasseling, number of plants per plot and ear height. Interaction was significant for days to silking and plant height. Interaction was non-significant for grain yield and ear height.

Table 53. Grain Yield (kg/ha) of different genotypes at different locations in CVT of full season hill set in 2015.

S.N. Genotypes Locations GY (kg/ha)Kabre Khumaltar Lumle Pakhribas Salyan Dailekh

1 05SADVI 4182 3777 5973 4935 6093 5179 50232 Farmers' Variety 5001 3822 6212 2106 3716 4110 41613 KSYN10 4132 5631 6549 4891 5675 5868 54584 KSYNF10 3884 4140 6906 4461 5103 6102 50995 Manakamana-3 4585 3130 4628 5257 7544 4973 50206 P501SRCO/P502SRCO 4821 2541 5561 4672 4657 5987 47077 RAMPURS03F04 4132 4171 5012 4315 4953 4752 45568 RAMPURS03F06 4342 4799 5104 3732 5227 4324 45889 RAMPURS10F22 4615 3907 5873 4312 5473 5277 490910 ZM401 4513 3218 6298 4717 5212 5774 4955

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2.1.10.3 CFFT Full Season Hill Set

CFFT Full season hill set at ARS, Parkhribas:

Six genotypes were evaluated under CFFT at ARS, Parkhribas during summer 2015. Manakamana-3 produced the highest yield (5283 kg/ha) followed by Across 9942/Across9944 (4708 kg/ha) and TLBRS07F16 (4508 kg/ha) respectively (Table-54).

CFFT Full season hill set at HCRP, Kabre:

The analysis of 6 genotypes evaluated at HCRP, Kabre during summer 2015 showed that the genotype 07SADVI produced the highest grain yield (8246 kg/ha) followed by Manakamana-3 (8096 kg/ha) and Across 9942/Across 9944 (7537 kg/ha) respectively (Table-54).

CFFT Full season hill set at ADB, Khumaltar:

Evaluation of 6 genotypes at ADB, Khumaltar showed highest yield by TLBRS07F16 (4146 kg/ha) followed by 07SADVI (3812 kg/ha) and Across 9942/Across 9944 (3660 kg/ha) respectively (Table-54).

CFFT Full season hill set at RARS, Lumle:

Among 6 genotypes under the CFFT, at RARS, Lumle, Manakamana-3 produced the highest yield (5941 kg/ha) followed by BGBYPOP (5654 kg/ha) and TLBRS07F16 (5564 kg/ha) respectively (Table-54).

CFFT Full season hill set at GRP, Salyan:

Under CFFT, 6 genotypes were evaluated at GRP, Salyan. BGBYPOP produced the highest yield (5647 kg/ha) followed by Manakamana-3 (4334 kg/ha) and TLBRS07F16 (4256 kg/ha) respectively (Table-54).

CFFT Full season hill set combined analysis:

Combined analysis of CFFT full season hill set showed that Manakamana-3 produced the highest yield (4922 kg/ha) followed by Across 9942/Across 9944 (4691 kg/ha) and TLBRS07F16 (4687 kg/ha) respectively (Table-54). Genotypes were highly significant for days to silking, number of plants per plot, ear height and grain yield. Interaction was highly significant for days to tasseling, number of ears per plot and ear height. Interaction was significant for days to tasseling and ear height. Interaction was non-significant for grain yield, plant height and ear height.


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Table 54. Grain Yield (kg/ha) of different genotypes at different locations in CFFT of full season hill set in 2015.

S.N.Genotypes Locations GY (kg/ha)Kabre Khumaltar Lumle Pakhribas Salyan

1 07SADVI 8246 3812 5034 4438 3869 46612 Across 9942/Across 9944 7537 3660 5185 4708 3922 46913 BGBYPOP 7049 3047 5654 4379 5647 46444 Farmer's local 6188 2390 4008 2634 3338 32615 Manakamana-3 8096 2898 5941 5283 4334 49226 TLBRS07F16 4486 4146 5564 4508 4256 4687

2.1.10.4 IYT Full Season Terai Set

IYT Full season terai set at RARS, Doti:

Among the 14 genotypes evaluated at RARS, Doti during summer, 2015, the genotype R POP-2 produced the highest yield (5832 kg/ha) followed by S0128 (5259 kg/ha) and S97TLYGH:AYB(3) (4917 kg/ha) respectively (Table-55).

IYT Full season terai set at NMRP, Rampur:

Statistical analysis of 14 genotypes evaluated at NMRP, Rampur during summer 2015 showed that the genotype R POP-2 produced the highest yield (4761 kg/ha), followed by S97TLYGH"AYB(3) (4365 kg/ha) and S0128 (4320 kg/ha) respectively (Table-55).

IYT Full season terai set combined analysis:

The combined analysis of IYT full season terai set across Doti, Surkhet and Rampur showed that R POP-2 produced the highest yield (5297 kg/ha) followed by S0128 (4789 kg/ha) and S97TLYGH"AYB(3) (4641 kg/ha) respectively (Table-55) Genotypes were significant for grain yield, ear height and number of plants per plot. Locations were highly significant for grain yield, plant height and non significant for number of plants per plot. Interactions were non-significant for plant height and ear height but significant for number of plants per plot.

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Table 55. Grain Yield (kg/ha) of different genotypes at different locations in IYT of full season terai set in 2015.

S.N. GenotypesLocations

GY (kg/ha)Doti Rampur

1 Farmers' Variety 2072 2039 20552 PHRAPHUTTABAT-SOO31 4221 2601 34113 POZARICA 9531 4832 3763 41914 POZARICA-S9627(RE) 4167 3280 37235 R POP-2 5832 4761 52976 R POP-3 3620 4213 39167 R POP-4 4471 4107 42898 Rampur Composite 3849 2538 31939 RAMPUR SO3FO2 4409 3280 392510 RAMPUR SO3FO6 4911 3706 430911 RAMPUR SO3FO8 4694 3804 424912 S97TLYGH"AYB(3) 4917 4365 464113 SIN-IBP-UTYF 3660 2089 287414 SO128 5259 4320 4789

CVT Full Season Terai SetCVT full season terai set at RARS, Doti:

Evaluation of 10 genotypes at RARS, Doti showed highest yield given by AGUA FRIA S0031 (3729 kg/ha) followed by R POP-1 (3151 kg/ha) and TAKFA-S9536 (3002 kg/ha) respectively (Table-56).

CVT full season terai set at NMRP, Rampur:

Among 10 genotypes under the CVT, at NMRP, Rampur, TERAI POOL YELLOW produced the highest yield (2955 kg/ha) followed by HG-A (2935 kg/ha) and R POP-1 (2293 kg/ha) respectively (Table-56).

CVT full season terai set at ARS, Surkhet:

Ten genotypes were evaluated at ARS, Surkhet under CVT. R POP-1 produced the highest yield (5350 kg/ha) followed by HG-A (5313 kg/ha) and R COMP (STD CHK) (5264 kg/ha) respectively (Table-56).

CVT full season terai set combined analysis:

Combined analysis of CVT full season terai set showed that HG-A produced the highest yield (3702 kg/ha) followed by AGUA FRIA S0031 (3645 kg/ha) and RPOP-1 (3598 kg/ha) respectively (Table-56).


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Table 56. Grain Yield (kg/ha) of different genotypes at different locations in CVT of full season terai set in 2015.


GY (kg/ha)Doti Rampur Surkhet

1 ACROSS 9331RE 2847 2081 3472 28002 AGUA FRI SOO31 3729 1975 5231 36453 CEL-OHGYA-CE-OHGYB 2621 2098 4577 30994 FARMER VARIETY (L CHK) 1023 1702 4013 22465 HG-A 2859 2935 5313 37026 NARAYANI 2864 2280 3675 29407 R COMP (STD CHK) 2732 1335 5264 31108 RPOP-1 3151 2293 5350 35989 TAKFA-S9536 3002 2080 3693 292510 TERAI POOL YELLOW 2667 2955 4310 3311

CFFT Full Season Terai SetCFFT full season terai set at RARS, Doti:

Among 7 genotypes under the CVT, at RARS, Doti, Rampur S13F24 produced the highest yield (6891 kg/ha) followed by farmer's variety (6577 kg/ha) and Rampur S13F26 (6121 kg/ha) respectively (Table-57).

CFFT full season terai set at NMRP, Rampur:

Seven genotypes were evaluated at NMRP, Rampur under CVT. HG-AB produced the highest yield (6025 kg/ha) followed by Upahar (4658 kg/ha) and Across 9331 RE (4505 kg/ha) respectively (Table-57).

CFFT full season terai set at ARS, Surkhet:

Under CFFT, 7 genotypes were evaluated at ARS, Surkhet. Rampur S13F24 produced the highest yield (8604 kg/ha) followed by HG-AB (8473 kg/ha) and Rampur S13F26 (8437 kg/ha) (Table-57).

CFFT full season terai set combined analysis:

Combined analysis of CFFT full season terai set showed that Rampur S13F24 produced the highest yield (7066 kg/ha) followed by HG-AB (6809 kg/ha) and Rampur S13F26 (6799 kg/ha) respectively (Table-57). Genotypes were significant for days to silking, number of plants per plot, ear height and grain yield. Interaction was highly significant for days to tasseling, number of plants per plot and plant height. Interaction was significant for days to silking, ear height and plant height. Interaction was non-significant for grain yield and plant height.

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Table 57. Grain Yield (kg/ha) of different genotypes at different locations in FFT of full season terai set in 2015.


GY (kg/ha)Doti Rampur Surkhet

1 Across 9331 RE 6106 4505 7409 64912 Farmers' Variety 6577 2804 5672 54963 HG-AB 4705 6025 8473 68094 HG-B 5330 3694 5700 52425 Rampur S13F24 6891 2804 8604 70666 Rampur S13F26 6121 3239 8437 67997 Upahar 4365 4658 7686 6074

2.1.11 Maintenance of released maize varieties:

For the maintenance of released maize varieties, in first year, we conducted grid selection and in the second year, we conducted half sib family selection. In grid selection, we prepared 100 grids and selection of 6 ears was done in each grid. In each grid, there were 6 rows and from each row one ear was selected. Length and width of each grid was 5m and 4.5m respectively. In half sib family selection, male and female lines were planted in 1:3 ratio. Male lines were prepared by bulking seeds of all ears and each selected ear was used as a female line. After crossing, selected ears of the female lines were bulked to make nucleus seed.

Grid selection was completed in Rampur Composite and Deuti. Half sib family selection was completed in Arun-2, Manakamana-3 and Poshilo Makai-1. Nucleus seed was produced in those varieties.


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2.2 Agronomy

2.2.1 Conservation Tillage Influenced the System Yields, Soil Properties and Economics of Maize based System in Terai, Nepal

Agricultural intensification from intensive tillage-based production systems generally has had a negative effect on the quality of many of the essential natural resources such as soil, water, terrain, biodiversity and the associated ecosystem services provided by nature (Friedrich et al, 2012). Nepalese agriculture is facing a severe problem of land fragmentation, declining labor availability due to out-migration (Karki et al. 2015). It has led to the emergence of Conservation Agriculture (CA) as an alternative sustainable agriculture system.

Inclusion of legumes with cereals reduces soil erosion increases soil organic matter and available nitrogen content and also smothers weed growth (Giller and Wilson, 1991). However, both of the components have not been reported yet under the maize based system of Nepal. Therefore, to identify the appropriate tillage method with or without residue and intercropping system an experiment was carried out at Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal.

A two seasons experiment was carried out during the summer season of 2014 and completed on winter season of 2015 at National Maize Research Program, Rampur, Chitwan. The experiment was tested in split-split plot design with three factors, of which tillage as main factor having two levels with CT (Conventional tillage) and NT (No tillage), residue as sub factor with RR (Residue removed) and RK (Residue kept) and cropping system as sub-sub factor M-W (maize–wheat) and MS-W (maize + soybean-wheat) replicated four times. In sole maize, planting was done at 75X25cm spacing and in intercropping crop geometry was maintained at 100cm between rows and 50cm between hills and in each hill 2 plants were planted. Soybean was planted at the spacing of 33cm between rows and 10cm between plants i.e 3 rows of soybean in between two rows of maize. Maize and soybean were intercropped during rainy season and wheat during winter. Rest of the crop management practices were managed as per the recommended package of practices for each component crop and their intercrop combinations. Observations were recorded for crop phenology, grain yield and related parameters, stover yield, harvest index, plant and ear height, stalk lodging in maize, days to maturity and seed yield parameters of soybean. Similarly, in wheat crop phenology and yield parameters were recorded. A separate economics of each treatment was also done. Wheat and soybean yields were converted to maize grain yield equivalent yield (MGYEY) and systems yield (SY) was also derived. ANOVA was prepared by GENSTATC. Discovery version.

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Grain yield and related parameters, lodging severity of maize

No tillage and residue retained practices produced the highest number of plants and ears and the lowest number of lodged plants per hectare. Residue retained and intercropping of maize with soybean produced the highest grain yield of maize against the residue removed and sole cropping systems.

Soybean seed yield and related parameters

Number of pods per plant was higher in conventional tillage than no tillage methods but the residue levels Soybean seed yield was higher in sole cropping of soybean .

Figure 6. Effect of residue retention on maize grain yield, 2014-2015

Figure 7. Effect of cropping system on soybean yield, 2014-2015

Soybean seed yield and related parameter

Number of pods per plant was higher in conventional tillage than no tillage methods but the residue levels. Soybean seed yield was higher in sole cropping system of soybean.

Grain yield and related parameters of wheat

Grain and straw yield, harvest index and above ground biomass in wheat was more under residue kept and MS-W cropping system. The effect of residue retention was obvious; it might be due to the increased soil nutrient status as affected by residue retention, since the experiment has been carried-out from 2012 summer season. Similar was the finding due to the various cropping system and the highest yield was recorded in soybean-wheat system, straw yield was higher in maize-wheat system, however harvest index did not vary due to cropping systems.


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Figure 8. Residue levels affect the grain yield of wheat, 2014-2015

Figure 9. Cropping systems affect the grain yield of wheat, 2014-2015

System yield and Benefit cost ratio

The system yield was only affected by different cropping systems and the highest yield was found in maize+soybean-wheat and the least was recorded in maize-wheat cropping system. Benefit cost ratio was significantly the highest in no-tilled and residue kept field.

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Figure 10. Cropping system affect the system, 2014-15

Figure 11. Residue levels affect BC ratio of maize based system, 2014-15

Intercropping of soybean with maize under not tillage with residue retention tillage (Conservation agriculture) seems promising technology in maize based systems of Nepal.

Integration of other leguminous species with maize under conservation agriculture is the further areas of studies in Nepal.

The CA technologies along with various intercropping combinations need to be further verified across the maize growing ecologies.

2.2.2 Genotypic performance under various tillage methods and planting densities (geometries), 2072/73.

An experiment on winter maize having three factors viz. NMRP developed hybrids (Hybrid 1 = RML32/RML17 and Hybrid 2 = RML4/RML17; tillage methods (conventional tillage and no tillage methods), planting geometries (D1 = 60 cm X 30 cm (12 plants/row), D2 = 60 cm X 24 cm (15 plants/row), D3 = 60 cm X 19.5 cm (18 plants/row) and D4 = 60 cm X 16.5 cm (22 plants/row). Experiment was laid out in Split split plot design with three replications. Plot size was of 6x3.6m2. Except the treatment deployment, the other field operations were carried out as per the recommended package of practices.

Grain yieldNo of ears per hectare

No of ears per hectare were not affected significantly due to various genotypes and tillage methods, but varied due to various planting geometries. Obviously the highest number of ears was found in D4 followed by D3, D2 and D1. It was in accordance with the planting densities and seemed to be affected directly by the number of plants per hectare.


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No of grains per ear

Tillage and planting geometries did not affect the number of grains per ear, but RML4/RML17 had the higher number of 345 grains per ear compared to 320 in RML32/RML17.

Table 58. Genotypic performance under various tillage methods and planting densities (geometries), 2015/16.

Treatments Grain yield (kg/ha) No of ears/ha No of grains/ear Plant height (cm)Tillage CT 8242.3 98956 332 152.18NT 9152.2 101159 334 151.88F test * NS NS NSLSD 726.1 - - -GenotypeRML32/RML17 8880.3 102162 320 151.98RML4/RML17 8620.4 97954 345 152.08F test NS NS * NSLSD - - 17.89 -Plant densityD1 7466.5 77085 349 149.70D2 8546.7 92536 321 151.73D3 9791.2 108052 332 152.74D4 9149.9 122557 329 153.95F test ** ** NS **LSD 1026.9 8622.3 - 1.034Grand mean 8738.6 100058 332 152.03CV % 14.0 10.3 9.1 3.8

Plant height

Plant height of maize was not affected by tillage methods. Variation due to the tested two genotypes was also not observed. However, it was significantly affected by various planting geometries. The tallest plant height was measured in D4 with 153.95cm followed by 152.74 cm in D3 and 151.73cm in D2 and 149.70cm in D1.

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2.2.3 Evaluating and Verification of the Conservation Agriculture based Crop Management Practices under Rice-Maize System in Nepal

Table 59. Effect of tillage method, residue management, nutrient management and their interactions on Yield parameters 2072/73.

Treament No of ears/ha No of grains/cob Thousand grain weight (g) GY (Kg/ha)

Tillage methodsCT 60736 259 266.9 4686.4NT 64745 285 267.0 5570.3F tset * NS NS *LSD 3028 187.3Residue managementRR 55817 255 263.2 4337.5RK 69665 290 270.8 5919.3F test ** ** * **LSD 5031 3 1.2 127.7Nutrient managementFD 47123 178 252.7 2152.1RD 78358 367 281.3 8104.7F test ** ** ** **LSD 3150.1 5 1.233 147Grand mean 62741 272.1 266.96 5128.2CV % 5.3 4 1.1 7InteractionsTxR NS ** NS NSTxN NS * * *RXN * * * *TxRxN NS * NS NS

Declining factor productivity, increasing production cost and unwillingness of the younger generation towards agriculture are the major constraints of present day agriculture in Nepal. Conservation agriculture has been considered as one of the best possible ways to arrest these constraints and its scope is significantly increasing day by day. In order to generate, verify and promote the CA based crop management technologies under rice-maize system of Terai and Inner Terai, it needs to be implemented at NMRP as On-Station and in farmer’s field as On-Farm participatory research. Therefore, an experiment in maize under CA based technologies comprising three factors of tillage (no till and conventional tillage), residue (kept and removed) and nutrient management (recommended doses of nutrients i.e 120 : 60:40 NPK kg/ha in maize and 100 : 30:30 NPK kg/ha in rice and farmers practice of 10 t FYM + 70:30:50 NPK kg/ ha in


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maize and 10 t FYM + 50:20:0 NPK kg /ha in rice) were tested under strip-split design in Rampur, Chitwan during winter season of 2072 for maize and summer season of 2072 for rice. Individual plot size was 34.02 m2. Rampur-Hybrid-2 and Ram dhan were the genotypes of used for maize and rice in the experiment. Observations were recorded for yield attributing parameters of both the crops. The effects of tillage, residue and nutrient management and their interaction effects were found significant for grain yield and related parameters of maize. No-tilled, residue kept and recommended doses of nutrients surpassed the number of ears per hectare, number of grains/cob, thousand grain weight and grain yield of maize (Table 59, Fig 12 and 13). It is due to the cumulative effect of mainly residue retention for a long-term trial tested since past seven seasons.

Table 60. Effects of tillage, residue and nutrient management on grain yield parameters of maize, 2072/73.

TreatmentsGrain yield and attributing traits

Effective tillers/m2 No. of Panicles/0.6m2 Test wt (g) Grain yield (Mt/ha)TillageCT 205.0 39.8 19.8 2.281NT 280.3 40.0 20.2 3.668LSD 30.0 1.4 4.8 0.476SEm± 5.3 0.2 0.2 0.935ResidueRR 205.0 40.3 20.1 2.2RK 280.3 39.5 19.9 3.7LSD 36.8.1 4.8 2.8 0.084SEm± 4.5 0.7 0.2 0.043NutrientFD 152.5 39.0 20.1 1.412RD 333.2 40.8 19.9 4.536LSD 19.2 1.5 4.1 0.242SEm± 5.5 0.5 0.1 0.070CV% 7.9 4.9 1.5 8.15Grand mean 242.8 40.21 20.4 2.974

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Figure 12. Tillage methods affect the grain yield of maize, 2072

Figure 13. Nutrient levels affect the grain yield of maize, 2072

Grain yield and yield attributing traits of rice

Tillage affected significantly all the yield and related attributes and no-tilled (Direct Seeded Rice) out-yielded the conventionally tilled (transplanted rice). Number of effective tillers and panicles per hill, test weight and grain yield were higher in DSR than in TPR. Similarly, significantly higher values of these parameters were recorded due to residue retention and recommended doses of nutrients in rice (Table 60).


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2.2.4 Enhancing the livelihood of farmers through intercropping rice- maize based system

To identify the appropriate intercropping combinations under the maize based system

On experiment was conducted during the winter season of 2072 (20th Dec 2015) crop were sown at the agronomy farm of the National Maize Research Program Rampur Chitwan . The soil of experimental field was generally acidic .Soil pH4.6 with-5.7 light in texture and sandy loam. The experiment consisted of 4 different combination in maize. Maize was planted at 2 (Two) spacing of 25 cm plant to plant and 50 cm (2 plant /hill) and 1 meter row spacing crop was planted in 3 Replication .Plot size of 5x3m (15 m2) and 3 row s of maize between 2 and 2 row were intercrop are in between planted the maize. Fertilizer was applied @ 120;60;60 NPK kg/ha. Nitrogen half does, with Phosphorus and potash in full doses were applying on the sowing time , Remaining half dose of N was divided into two, parts half at 45 days after sowing, and remaining half was applied at the 70 days after sowing. Other inter culture operation were done on the timely .The data were recorded in crop standing period and during crop harvesting .Analysis of variance was worked out for all agronomical data collected during the crop period .Data were analyzed by using GENSTAT-WIN-32.

Maize Rampur composite and different intercrop rajma potato pea, lentil varities are (PDR-14, Cardinal small pea and simal) were planted in between maize.

Maize sole crop produced grain yield 2933kg/ha. Maize 25 cm plant to plant and 1 m row spacing gave low grain yield of maize under rajma, and pea but potato and lentil produced the high grain yield. Planting of maize at apart 50 cm and 2 hill/plants will at 1 m row spacing yield the higher grain yield of f Maize, Rajma and Pea but low yield of potato and lentil. (Table 61).

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Table 61. Maize with various intercrop and their interaction

Treatment Plant No.

Inter crop plant no.

Plant ht. (cm) Cob Length (cm)

pod Length (cm)

No of Pods/ plant

Tiller/ branch

GY (kg/ha)

Maize Inter Maize Inter crop

Maize Sole 97 - 158 23.5 - - - 2933Rajma Sole - 148 - 37.7 - - 14.7 6 - 1955Potato Sole - 122 - 24 - - - 4.67 - 3250Pea Sole - 208 - 99.3 - 4.67 47 1 - 2000Lentil Sole - 1448 - 53 - - 148.7 14 - 1933M+Rajma-1 71 48 166 37.7 20.7 10.67 31.3 7.33 2200 878M+Rajma-2 71 46 174 38.3 20.9 11 27.3 7.67 2467 967M+Potato-1 67 36 176 21.7 22.1 - - 4.67 2278 2702M+Potato-2 73 38 182 21.3 20.8 - - 4.56 2582 2522M+Pea-1 67 205 150 95.7 18.1 4 23 1 2213 1178M+Pea-2 70 210 170 97 18.6 4 14 1 2502 1444M+Lentil-1 67 298 180 52 19.1 - 137 14 2149 2044M+Lentil-2 74 290 173 60 20.9 - 152 13 2358 2000

Intercropping of maize with different crops and their performances

Planting geometries significant affected the grain yield of maize cob length and plant height were not significantly and varied but the number of plants significant varies. Under the 1 meter row , two hill 50 cm space of maize +Potato-2 in between 2 rows produced highest maize yield of 2582 kg /ha and 2522 kg /ha of potato .Similarly M+Pea-2 produced2502 kg/ha and Pea yield 1444 kg/ha and M+Rajma-2 produced 2467kg/ha of maize and rajma 967 kg/ha. (Table -62).


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Table 62. Effect of different intercrop combination on the performance of maize 2072/73

Treatments Entry No Plant No. Plant ht.cm Cob Length cm Maize Yield (kg/ha)Sole Maize 1 97 158 23.47 2933M+Rajma-1 6 71 166 20.67 2200M+Rajma-2 7 71 174 20.93 2467M+Potato-1 8 67 176 22.13 2278M+Potato-2 9 73 182 20.8 2582M+Pea-1 10 67 150 18.13 2213M+Pea-2 11 70 170 18.6 2502M+Lentil-1 12 67 180 19.13 2149M+Lentil-2 13 74 173 20.93 2358Mean 73 169.8 20.53 2409F-test ** Ns Ns *Lsd 5% level 5.235 33.28 5.391 409.7cv% 4.1 11.3 15.2 9.8

0.001 0.554 0.546 0.021

Maize and Rajma intercropping

Different treatments of maize and rajma intercropping did not vary for plant height, pod length,no of pods/plant,no of seed/pod and no of branch/plant .Seed yield of rajma under sole cropping was 1955 kg/ha in combination with maize was 878kg/ha in m+r-1 and 967 kg/ha in Maize +rajma – 2 similarly maize yield of 2200 kg and 2467kg/ha was recorded in M+rajma-1 and M+rajma-2 (Table-63).

Table 63. Effect of intercrop combination on the performance of Rajma 2072/73

Treatment Entry No Plant ht.cm Pods length Pods /plant Seed/pod Branch/

plantYield kg/

haRajma Sole 2 37.7 10.67 14.7 5.67 6 1955M+Rajma-1 6 37.7 10.67 31.3 6.67 7.33 878M+Rajma-2 7 38.3 11 27.3 7 7.67 967Mean 37.7 10.78 24.4 6.44 7 1267F-test Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns *LSD 5% level 8.97 37.78 26.72 3.023 6.27 612CV % 10.5 15.5 48.2 20.7 39.6 21.3

0.92 0.961 0.303 0.506 0.75 0.01

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Maize and Potato intercropping

Different treatments of maize and potato intercropping did not vary for plant height, no of branch/plant .Seed yield of potato under sole cropping was 3250 kg/ha in combination with maize was 2707kg/ha in m+potato-1 and 2522 kg/ha in Maize +potato – 2 similarly maize yield of 2278 kg and 2582kg/ha was recorded in M+potato-1 and M+potato-2 (Table-64).

Table 64. Effect intercrop combination on the performance of Potato 2072/73

Activies Entry No Plant ht.cm Branch/plant Yield kg/haPotato Sole 3 24 4.67 3250M+Potato-1 8 21.7 4.67 2702M+Potato-2 9 21.3 4.56 2522Mean 22.3 4.56 2825F-test Ns Ns NsLSD 5% level 8.53 5.68 568.8CV % 16.9 55 8.9

0.668 0.983 0.051

Maize and Pea intercropping

Different treatments of maize and pea intercropping did not vary for plant height, pod length, no of pods/plant, no of seed/pod and no of branch/plant .Seed yield of pea under sole cropping was 2000 kg/ha in combination with maize was 1178 kg/ha in m+p-1 and 1444 kg/ha in Maize +pea - 2 similarly maize yield of 2213 kg and 2502 kg/ha was recorded in M+p-1 and M+p-2 (Table-65).

Table 65. Effect of intercrop combination on the performance of pea 2072/73

Treatment Entry No. Plant ht.cm Pods length Pods/plant Seed/pod Branch/

plantYield

(kg/ha)Pea Sole 4 99.3 4.67 47 4.67 14 2000M+Pea-1 10 95.7 4 23 3.67 14 1178m+Pea-2 11 97 4 14 3.33 13 1444Mean 97.3 4.22 28 3.89 13.9 1541F-test NS NS NS NS NS *LSD 5% level 18.32 1.511 69.1 8.67 3.02 560.9CV % 8.3 15 52.7 17.7 9.6 16.1

0.92 0.961 0.303 0.767 0.75 0.014


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Maize and lentil intercropping

Different treatments of maize and lentil intercropping did not vary for plant height, number of plant, no of pods/plant, no of branch or tiller/plant no of seed/pod .Seed yield of lentil under sole cropping was 1933 kg/ha in combination with maize was 2044 kg/ha in m+l-1 and 2000 kg/ha in Maize +lentil- 2 similarly maize yield of 2149 kg and 2358 kg/ha was recorded in M+l-1 and M+l-2 (Table-66)

Table 66. Effect of intercrop combination on the performance of lentil 2072/73

Activies Entry No. No. of Plant Plant ht.cm Pods/plant Branch/plant Yield (kg/ha)Lentil Sole 5 234 53 148.7 14 1933M+Lentil-1 12 139 52 137 14 2044M+Lentil-2 13 143 60 152 13 2000Mean 172 55.3 145.9 13.89 1993F-test Ns Ns Ns Nslsd 5% level 91.1 14.72 67.5 3.023 651.4cv% 23.4 11.7 20.4 9.6 14.4

0.819 0.663 0.896

Land-equivalent ratio

The LER from intercrop was always higher then sole crop. The highest LER from Maize+Lentil-2 (1.839) and Maize+Lentil-1(1.790), follow by Potato gave second higher LER –Maize+Potato-2 (1.656) , Maize+Potato-1(1.608) and Maize+Pea-2 gave (1.557), Maize+Pea-1 (1.344).

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Table 67. Land equivalent ratio of maize sole and maize intercropping

Treatment Entry No. M.Yield Inter Crop Yield LERMaize Sole 1 2933 - 1Rajma Sole 2 - 1955 1Potato Sole 3 - 3250 1Pea Sole 4 - 2000 1Lentil Sole 5 - 1933 1M+Rajma-1 6 2200 878 1.199M+Rajma-2 7 2467 967 1.336M+Potato-1 8 2278 2702 1.608M+Potato-2 9 2582 2522 1.656M+Pea-1 10 2213 1178 1.344M+Pea-2 11 2502 1444 1.575M+Lentil-1 12 2149 2044 1.790M+Lentil-2 13 2358 2000 1.839

Benefit Cost Ratio

Intercropping Rajma, Potato, Pea, lentil with maize at all the proportion established at definite increase in net return. Maize+Lentil-2 and Maize+Lentil-1 gave highly benefit then Maize+ Pea-2 and Maize+Pea-1 Similarly Maize+ Potato-2 and Maize+ Potato-1 are more benefit (Table-68) .

Table 68. Benefit cost ratio of Rajma, Potato, Pea, and Lentil with Maize

Treatment Entry No. M.Yield Maize+Inter Income

Rs/haMaize & other crop Cost/ha

Net return Rs/ha BCR

Maize Sole 1 2933 70392 70392 70000 392 Rajma Sole 2 0 +1955 0+117300 117300 86700 30600 0.353Potato Sole 3 0+3250 0+195000 195000 86700 108300 1.249Pea Sole 4 0+2000 0+120000 120000 86700 33300 0.384Lentil Sole 5 0+1933 0+144975 144975 86700 58275 0.672M+Rajma-1 6 2200+878 52800+52680 105480 70000+16700 18780 0.217M+Rajma-2 7 2467+967 59208+58020 117228 70000+16700 30528 0.352M+Potato-1 8 2278+2702 54672+54040 108712 70000+16700 22012 0.254M+Potato-2 9 2582+2522 61968+50440 112408 70000+16700 25708 0.297M+Pea-1 10 2213+1178 53112+70680 123792 70000+16700 37092 0.428M+Pea-2 11 2502+1444 60048+86640 146688 70000+16700 59988 0.692M+Lentil-1 12 2149+2044 51576+122640 174216 70000+16700 87516 1.009M+Lentil-2 13 2358+2000 56592+120000 176592 70000+16700 89892 1.037

Production cost;- Maize / katha- Rs2333.00 Maize with Rajma, Potato, Pea, Lentil / katha Rs2890


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Table 69. Cost of cultivation of Maize and different Intercrop

Work description No /Time Rate Total investmentField preparation Tractor 10 minute 2 time Rs20/ minute Rs400.00Manure 1-Tailor Rs3000/ Rs3000.00Fertilizer-DAP,Urea,Potash 3.5,6,4 kg 40/-,25/-,30/kg Rs410.00Seed-Maize,Rajma,Potato, 2 kg 4 kg 20kg 50/110/40/75/110/kg Rs1710.00Pea,Lentil 2 kg,2kgInteroperation 10 Labour Rs280/- Rs2800.00Insecticide(Action-500) 500 ml Rs 700/- Per liter Rs 350.00Total Rs 8670

Seed are buying or parches in the reliable agro vet except Maize. Manure (cow dung) from farmer cow-set and fertilizer are from AIC.

NMRP selling rate- Mix Maize Rs 24/-,Rajma and Pea Rs60/-Potato Rs 20/-Lentil Rs75/- Labor charge Rs280/- (Per 8 hours).The cost are limitation until June 2016(Jest Masanta).

The experiment expresses that 1 meter row space and plant to plant 50 cm (2 hills)/ space gave higher yield both crop of intercrop as well as enter crop.

Participatory Technology Verification and Dissemination

2.2.5 Verification and demonstration of intercropping of Maize and rajma beans in the Farmer's field of Rice-based Maize in low land in terai.

The field experiment was conducted at the VDC Khairahani, Parsa ward no.1 of the farmer Rajander Chaudhary during the 26 December 2015 on the rice based maize intercropping with Rajma in low land. It is the field selection 5 x 8m (40m2) for low land intercropping of Maize and rajma. The variety of the Maize was Rampur composite and Rajma PDR -14 Sowing row to row 1 meter and plant to plant 25 cm of the maize and rajma are sowing two row in the middle of the maize. The intercropping maize produced 4.5 ton/ha and Rajma gave 2.2 ton/ha yield. Farmer practices on the (40m2) in same variety of maize yield 3.1 ton/ha and Rajma 1.6 Ton/ha.

Table 70. Improved intercropping practice

SN Practices No of plant Plant ht Ear height

Cob /podLength (cm) Pod no Yield

kg/plotYield/Ton

haa Maize 158 2.10m 1.15m 28 0 18 4.5b Rajma 374 54 cm 0 14 26 8.8 2.2

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Table 71. Farmers' intercropping practice

SN Practices No of plant Plant height

Ear height

Cob /podLength(cm) Pod no Yield

kg/plotYield/Ton

haa Maize 200 1.90m 1.05m 22 0 12.4 3.1b Rajma 152 42 0 12 18 6.4 1.6

Farmer and farmer's family are more satisfactory as well as neighbor for this intercrop in low land cropping patterns Maize and Rajma in the winter.

2.3 Soil Science

2.3.1 Updating the fertilizer dose for hybrid maize RML86/RML96

NMRP developed pipeline hybrid RML86/RML96 was selected for research purpose. Experiment was conducted at NMRP research block. Hybrid maize was planted in 6 rows of 4 meter long and maize was planted at the spacing of 60×25cm2. Outer two rows were used as border line and remaining four rows were harvested for grain yield and yield attributing character. 50% of recommended N fertilizer was applied at planting time and remaining 50% was applied at knee height and before tasselling stage. Full dose of P and K fertilizers were applied at planting time. Recommended dose of FYM was applied at the time of land preparation. Treatments were tested on RCB Design with three replications. Treatments consist of five level of Nitrogen:

1) 120 kg N, 60 kg P2O5 and 40 kg K2O

2)150 kg N, 60 kg P2O5 and 40 kg K2O

3)180 kg N, 60 kg P2O5 and 40 kg K2O

4) 210 kg N, 60 kg P2O5 and 40 kg K2O

5) 240 kg N, 60 kg P2O5 and 40 kg K2O..

There was statistically significant difference in grain yield. The grain yield ranged from 5142.80 kg/ha (120:60:40 NPK kg/ha) to7061.09 kg/ha (210:60:40 NPK kg/ha).The details of the research results is presented in following table.


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Table 72. Average of yield attributing characters of pipeline hybrid RML86/ RML96 as affected by different dozes of chemical fertilizers during winter seasons of 2015 /016 at Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal.

S.N. Treatments50% Flowering (days) Plant ht

(cm)Ear ht (cm)

Thousand grain wt. (gram)


1 120:60:40 NPK kg/ha 73 75 112.33 60 257.33 5142.802 150:60:40 NPK kg/ha 71 74 115 61 250.40 5452.593 180:60:40 NPK kg/ha 71 73 125 63 280.76 6437.174 210:60:40 NPK kg/ha 71 73 125 62 270.88 7061.095 240:60:40 NPK kg/ha 70 73 115.66 56 241.82 6730.59

Mean 71.6 74.13 118.6 60.4 260.24 6164.85P value NS NS 0.8 0.93 0.08 *LSD 2.09 3.06 30.78 21.09 29.29 1127.34CV % 1.6 2.2 13.8 18.5 6 9.7

2.3.2 Fertilizer dose response study on hybrid maize RML95/RML96.

NMRP developed pipeline hybrid RML95/RML96 was selected for research purpose Experiment was conducted at NMRP research block. Hybrid maize was planted in 6 rows of 4 meter long and maize was planted at the spacing of 60×25cm2. Outer two rows were used as border line and remaining four rows were harvested for grain yield and yield attributing character. 50% of recommended N fertilizer was applied at planting time and remaining 50% was applied at knee height and before tasseling stage. 67% of recommended P fertilizer was applied at planting time and remaining 33% was applied at knee height stage. Full dose of K fertilizers was applied at planting time. Recommended dose of FYM was applied at the time of land preparation. Treatments were tested on RCB Design with three replications. Treatment consists eight level of Nitrogen.

1) 120 kg N, 60 kg P2O5 and 40 kg K2O

2) 120 kg N, (40+20) kg P2O5 and 40 kg K2O

3) 160 kg N, 60 kg P2O5 and 40 kg K2O

4) 160 kg N, (40+20) kg P2O5 and 40 kg K2O

5) 200 kg N, 60 kg P2O5 and 40 kg K2O

6) 200 kg N, (40+20) kg P2O5 and 40 kg K2O

7) 240 kg N, 60 kg P2O5 and 40 kg K2O

94


8) 240 kg N, (40+20) kg P2O5 and 40 kg K2O

There was statistically significant difference in grain yield. The grain yield ranged from 5225 kg/ha (120:60:40 NPK kg/ha) to 8398 kg/ha (200: (60+20):40) NPK kg/ha).The detail of the research results is presented in following table.

Table 73. Average of yield attributing characters of pipeline hybrid RML95/ RML96 as affected by different dozes of major chemical fertilizers during winter seasons of 2015 /016 at Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal.

S.N.Treatments50% Flowering (days) Plant ht

(cm)Ear ht (cm)

Thousand grain wt. (gram)


1 120:60:40 NPK kg/ha 70.66 72.66 138 73 353 52252 120:(40+20):40 NPK kg/ha 70.33 72.33 122.66 67.33 335 53883 160:60:40 NPK kg/ha 70.33 72.33 141.66 76 330 61464 160:(40+20):40 NPK kg/ha 71 73 136 67.33 338 59495 200:60:40 NPK kg/ha 70.33 72.33 143 72 345 66276 200:(40+20):40 NPK kg/ha 71 73.33 134.33 67.33 344 83987 240:60:40 NPK kg/ha 70.66 73 131.66 65 347 76938 240:(40+20):40 NPK kg/ha 70.66 73 130 68.66 341 7217

Mean 70.62 72.75 134.67 69.58 342 6580P value NS NS NS NS NS *LSD 1.85 2.01 28.53 47.29 1680.94CV % 1.5 1.6 12.1 15.5 7.9 14.6

2.3.3 Fertilizer management for inbred lines RML32 and RML17

Two maize inbred lines RML32 and RML17 were selected for experimental purpose. Inbreds were planted in six rows of four meter long plot size. Row to row and plant to plant spacing were 60cm×25cm. Outer two rows were used as border line and inner four rows for grain yield and other yield attributing parameters. 50% of recommended N fertilizer was applied at planting time and remaining 50% was applied at knee height and before tasseling stage. Full dose of P and K fertilizers were applied at planting time. Recommended dose of FYM was applied at the time of land preparation. Different doses of major chemical fertilizer were applied to inbred lines while conducting the field experiment viz.1)120 kg N, 60 kg P2O5 and 40 kg K2O, 2) 120 kg N, 80 kg P2O5 and 40 kg K2O, 3) 150 kg N, 60 kg P2O5 and 40 kg K2O 4) 150 kg N, 80 kg P2O5 and 40 kg K2O 5) 180 kg N, 60 kg P2O5 and 40 kg K2O 6) 180 kg N, 80 kg P2O5 and 40 kg K2O. Inbreds were planted during the winter season of 2015/016 at the farm land of NMRP, Rampur.

There were statistically significant difference for plant height, ear height and grain yield. The highest grain yield of inbred RML32 was found 1958.74 kg/ha with the application of 180:60:40 NPK kg/ha and highest grain yield of inbred


95

RML17 was found 2818.62 kg/ha with the application of 180:80:40 NPK kg/ha. Details of the research results are presented in the following tables.

Table 74. Average of yield attributing characters of inbred lines RML 32 and RML17 as affected by different dozes of major chemical fertilizers during winter seasons of 2015 /016 at Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal.

TreatmentsDays to Tasseling

MeanDays to silking

MeanPlant ht (cm)

MeanRML 32RML 17 RML 32RML 17 RML 32RML 17

120:60:40 NPK kg/ha 71.66 73.33 72.5 76 76.66 76.33 85.5 110 97.75120:80:40 NPK kg/ha 70 71.33 70.66 73.66 76 74.83 95 122.5 108.75150:60:40 NPK kg/ha 74 70.33 71.58 74.33 77.33 75.83 88.5 119 103.75150:80:60 NPK kg/ha 70.33 74 72.16 74.33 78 76.16 86 115 100.5180:60:40 NPK kg/ha 71 71.33 71.16 76 75.33 75.66 87 122.5 104.75180:80:40 NPK kg/ha 71 72.33 71.55 75.66 76.66 76.16 96 104.5 100.25Mean 71.33 72.11 71.77 75 76.66 75.83 89.67 115.58 102.63P value (fertilizer) NS NS *P value (inbred*fertilizer) NS NS *LSD (inbred*fertilizer) 2.63 2.73 10.57CV % 2.2 2.1 6.1

Continued

Treatments Ear ht (cm)

Mean

Thousand grain wt (gm) Mean

GY (kg/ha)MeanRML

32RML

17RML

32RML

17 RML 32RML 17

120:60:40 NPK kg/ha 39.5 59 49.25 321.33282.66301.99 1005.15 2198.76 1601.95120:80:40 NPK kg/ha 48.5 54 51.25 317.66 364 340.83 1319.81 1889.16 1604.48150:60:40 NPK kg/ha 43.5 52 47.75 290 316 303 1482.75 1977.69 1730.22150:80:60 NPK kg/ha 42.5 47.5 45 275 316 295.5 1480.56 1935.25 1707.9180:60:40 NPK kg/ha 47.5 59.5 53.5 294.33318.66306.49 1958.74 2103.87 2031.3180:80:40 NPK kg/ha 52 45 48.5 313.33 295 304.16 982.35 2818.62 1900.48Mean 45.58 52.83 49.20 301.94315.39308.67 1371.56 2153.89 1762.72P value (fertilizer) NS NS NSP value (inbred*fertilizer) ** NS NSLSD (inbred*fertilizer) 9 60.76 1022.04CV % 10.8 11.6 34.2

96


2.3.4 Variety cum fertilizer trial (VCFT) on improved maize genotypes

Fertilizer recommendation for maize depends upon variety. Naturally, longer duration varieties need more fertilizer as compared to shorter duration varieties. NMRP had recommended 120:60:40 kg NPK/ha for all types of maize varieties. This experiment aims for appropriate and economic dose of fertilizer for early, medium, and full season maize genotypes. Experiment was conducted at the research farm of NMRP Rampur. Four different maize genotypes (two hybrids and two OPVs) RML32/RML17, RML4/RML17, Across 9331 and S99TLYQ-B were used. Maize was planted in 4 rows of 4 meter long plot size at the spacing of 75×25cm2. Four different doses of major chemical fertilizers were applied to hybrid and full season maize varieties while conducting field experiment viz. 1: control (application of 10 ton FYM/ha, no chemical fertilizer), 2: 120 kg N, 60 kg P2O5 and 40 kg K2O, 3: 180 kg N, 90 kg P2O5 and 60 kg K2O. 4: 150 kg N, 75 kg P2O5 and 50 kg K2O. Maize was planted during the winter season of 2015/016. This experiment was conducted in split plot design with three replications.

There was statistically significant difference for days to tasseling, days to silking, ear length (cm), no. of kernels per row, and 1000 kernels weight and highly significant for grain yield due to variety. Similarly, there was significant difference for plant height (cm), ear height (cm) and highly significant for grain yield due to fertilizer. There was no significant difference due to interaction effect of variety and fertilizer applications for all the tested parameters.

The highest grain yield in RML32*RML17, RML4*RML17, Across 9331 and S99TLYQ-B was 8168 kg/ha with the application of 150:75:50 NPK kg/ha, 7876 kg/ha with the application of 180:90:60 NPK kg/ha, 6160 kg/ha with the application of 150:75:50 NPK kg/ha and 5638 kg/ha with the application of 150:75:50 NPK kg/ha recorded respectively. Details of the research result are presented in the following tables.


97

Tabl

e 75

. Av

erag

e of

yie

ld a

nd y

ield

att

ribu

ting

char

acte

rs o

f diff

eren

t mai

ze g

enot

ypes

as a

ffec

ted

by d

iffer

ent d

ozes

of m

ajor

ch

emic

al fe

rtili

zers

dur

ing

win

ter

seas

on o

f 201

5/01

6 at

Ram

pur,

Chi

twan

, Nep

al.

SN

Day

s to

tass

elin

gD

ays t

o si

lkin

gPl

ant H

eigh

t (cm

)

Trea

tmen

ts

RML32/RML17RML4/RML17

Across 9331

S99TLYQ-B

Mean

RML32/RML17RML4/RML17

Across 9331

S99TLYQ-B

Mean

RML32/RML17

RML4/RML17

Across 9331

S99TLYQ-B

Mean

10:

0:0

NPK

kg/

ha78

.66

72.3

373

65.6

672

.41

81.6

675

.66

76.6

668

.66

75.6

610

4.66

97.3

312

011

2.67

108.

662

120:

60:4

0 N

PK k

g/ha

78.6

669

70.3

365

.370

.83

8171

.33

73.6

669

75.7

512

9.33

136

129.

3312

6.61

130.

323

180:

90:6

0 N

PK k

g/ha

7869

70.6

665

70.6

680

.66

71.6

675

67.6

673

.75

124.

6614

1.66

127

133.

6613

1.75

415

0:75

:50

NPK

kg/

ha79

.66

71.3

370

64.3

371

.33

82.3

374

.33

73.3

367

.33

74.3

313

2.66

131.

6613

412

2.33

130.

16M

ean

78.7

570

.41

7165

71.2

981

.41

73.2

574

.66

68.1

674

.87

122.

8312

6.66

127.

5812

3.82

125.

22P

valu

e (v

arie

ty)

**

**N

SP

valu

e (f

ertil

izer

) N

SN

S*

P va

lue

(var

iety

*fer

tiliz

er)

NS

NS

NS

LSD

(var

iety

) 4.

184.

4116

.35

LSD

(fer

tiliz

er)

4.18

4.41

16.3

5LS

D (v

arie

ty*f

ertil

izer

) 8.

368.

8232

.71

CV

%7

7.1

15.7

Con

td.

98


SN

Ear H

eigh

t (cm

)Ea

r len

gth

(cm

)K

erne

l row

/ear

(no.

)

Trea

tmen

ts

RML32/RML17

RML4/RML17

Across 9331

S99TLYQ-B

Mean

RML32/RML17

RML4/RML17

Across 9331

S99TLYQ-B

Mean

RML32/RML17

RML4/RML17

Across 9331

S99TLYQ-B

Mean

10:

0:0

NPK

kg/

ha56

.66

37.3

348

.66

5248

.66

11.3

311

1111

11.0

812

.66

12.6

612

.66

1212

.52

120:

60:4

0 N

PK k

g/ha

61.3

364

.66

59.6

660

.71

61.5

912

10.6

610

.69.

6610

.91

13.3

312

.66

13.3

313

.33

13.1

63

180:

90:6

0 N

PK k

g/ha

72.3

368

49.6

668

64.5

1211

.66

11.6

610

.33

11.4

113

12.6

612

.66

13.3

312

.91

415

0:75

:50

NPK

kg/

ha70

.66

58.6

655

.33

6361

.91

12.3

311

.33

11.3

310

11.2

513

.33

1213

.66

1313

Mea

n65

.25

57.1

653

.33

60.9

259

.43

12.0

811

.16

11.1

610

.25

11.1

813

.08

12.5

13.0

812

.91

12.8

9P

valu

e (v

arie

ty)

NS

*N

SP

valu

e (f

ertil

izer

)*

NS

NS

P va

lue

(var

iety

*fer

tiliz

er)

0.84

NS

NS

LSD

(var

iety

)11

.07

1.16

1.09

LSD

(fer

tiliz

er)

11.0

71.

161.

09LS

D (v

arie

ty*f

ertil

izer

)2.

152.

322.

19C

V%

22.5

12.5

10.2

Con

td..


99

Ker

nels

/row

(no.

)10

00 g

rain

wei

ght (

gram

)G

rain

yie

ld k

g/ha

SNTr

eatm

ents

RML32/RML17

RML4/RML17

Across 9331

S99TLYQ-B

Mean

RML32/RML17

RML4/RML17

Across 9331

S99TLYQ-B

Mean

RML32/RML17

RML4/RML17

Across 9331

S99TLYQ-B

Mean

10:

0:0

NPK

kg/

ha25

.66

22.6

621

17.3

321

.66

354

317

319.

6628

2.33

318.

2533

4131

61.6

725

4527

71.6

729

54.8

32

120:

60:4

0 N

PK k

g/ha

25.3

323

.66

24.3

318

.33

22.9

137

735

135

1.66

320.

6635

0.03

6754

.40

6971

.20

4780

.80

5412

5979

..60

318

0:90

:60

NPK

kg/

ha25

.33

24.6

623

.33

20.4

623

.45

356.

6633

9.66

344

318

339.

5876

75.2

078

7653

78.8

5184

6528

.50

415

0:75

:50

NPK

kg/

ha26

24.1

324

.66

2123

.95

356.

3334

6.33

304.

3328

9.66

324.

1681

68.4

069

58.8

061

59.6

056

38.4

072

31.3

0M

ean

25.5

823

.78

23.3

319

.28

22.9

936

133

8.5

329.

9130

2.6

333.

0264

84.7

567

41.9

247

16.0

547

51.5

256

73.5

6P

valu

e (v

arie

ty)

***

**P

valu

e (f

ertil

izer

)N

SN

S**

P va

lue (

varie

ty*f

ertil

izer)

NS

NS

NS

LSD

(var

iety

)2.

3932

.14

689.

22LS

D (f

ertil

izer

)2.

3932

.14

689.

22LS

D (v

arie

ty*f

ertil

izer

)4.

7864

.28

2384

.97

CV

%12

.50

11.6

14.6

100


2.4 Plant PathologyMaize Pathological Research 2015/16

Maize (Zea mays L.) is the second most important staple food crop in Nepal in terms of both area and production after rice. It is the principle food crop in the hills of Nepal. It is cultivated in terai and inner terai (<900 m), mid hills (900-1800 m), and in high hills (>1800 m). Maize plays significant role in national economy. It contributes 3.15% in national GDP and 9.5% in AGDP. It contributes 26.06% to total cereal crop production in the country (MoAC, 2013/14). Recently maize in terai belt is increasing and establishing as a commercial commodity due to its higher yield potentiality among major crops and its ever increasing use in feed especially for poultry. About 75% of maize is grown in the hills by small scale, resource-poor farmers as traditional crop for food, feed and fodder (Adhikari et al., 2002). The proportion of maize area to total cereals is 30% in the high-hills, 40% in the mid-hills and about 11% in the Terai (Paudyal 2001). It is cultivated in 928761 hectares of land with productivity of 2.2458 t/ha (MoAC, 2014). Both abiotic and biotic stresses contribute to lower maize yields in Nepal. The most devastating diseases of maize in the context of Nepal are leaf blights (northern and southern), ear rot, stalk rot, rust, downy mildews, etc. (Khadka and Shah, 1967; Shah, 1968; Thapa, 1977; Manandhar, 1983; Batsa et al., 1989; Paudel et al., 1989). Considering the importance of major diseases maize genotypes were screened against gray leaf spot (GLS), turcicum leaf bliht (TLB), southern leaf blight (SLB), banded leaf and sheath blight (BLSB) and ear rot diseases during 2015/16 summer and winter seasons in different locations.

All experiments were conducted in RCB design with three replicated conditions with two rows of five meter long plot size. For banded leaf and sheath blight, turcicum leaf blight and ear rot diseases, all the plants were artificially inoculated using fresh culture multiplied in the laboratory. For scoring foliar diseases (TLB, SLB, GLS) the following scoring methods was employed.


101

Table 76. Disease symptoms, severity scale and susceptibility reaction for foliar diseases (TLB, SLB, GLS etc.)

Disease symptoms Severity scale Disease reaction/susceptibility class

Plants with one or two to few scattered le-sions on lower leaves 1 Resistant

Moderate number of lesions on leaves, af-fecting less than 25 per cent of the area 2 Moderately resistant

Abundant lesions on lower leaves, few on other leaves affecting 26-50% leaf area 3 Moderately susceptible

Lesions abundant on lower and mid leaves, extending to upper leaves affecting 51-75% leaf area

4 Susceptible

Lesions abundant on almost all leaves, plant prematurely dried or killed with 76-100% of the leaf area affected

5 Highly susceptible

Table 77. Disease symptoms, severity scale and susceptibility reaction BLSB disease using CIMMYT system


No infection 1 ResistantPartial infection up to four leaf sheath and leaves 2 Moderately resistant

Heavy infection up to lower four leaf sheath and leaves partial on upper leaf sheath below the ear placement, no cob infectionHeavy infection on all leaf sheath and leaves below the ear placement, partial infection on cobs

3 4

Moderately susceptibleSusceptible

Complete rotting of cobs, very little or no grain formation, grain become chaffy or may be rotten

5 Highly susceptible

Table 78. Disease symptoms, severity scale and susceptibility reaction for ear rot disease (Reid & Hamilton, 1996)


Ears without ear rot symptoms 1 Immune Ears with 1-3% kernels diseased 2 Highly resistantEars with 4-10 % kernels diseased 3 Resistant Ears with 11-25 % kernels diseased 4 Moderately resistant Ears with 26-50% kernels diseased 5 Moderately susceptibleEars with 51-75% ears diseased 6 Susceptible Ears with >76% to 100% kernels diseased 7 Highly susceptible

102


2.4.1 Gray leaf spot (GLS)

This disease is caused by the fungus Cercospora zeae maydis and is the main destructive disease of maize crop in the hill stations of Nepal. To identify the source of resistant, maize genotypes were screened in different hill stations in the summer season of 2015.The experiment was included 20 maize genotypes planted in two replications with two rows per plot. The result revealed from Kabre concluded that three genotypes ZM-627, RampurS03F08 and Rampur-28 responded resistant (R) reaction and eight other genotypes reacted moderately resistant (MR) against this disease (Table-79). The highest grain yield was recorded in farmer's local (9.0 t/ha) followed by BGBYPOP & RML_32/RML-17 (8.7 t/ha), respectively. Result from Pakhribas was observed that only Manakamana-3 reacted resistant and six genotypes found moderately resistant against GLS (Table-80). Similarly, at Salyan among the tested genotypes ten genotypes reacted resistant (R) and rest ten as moderately resistant (MR) (Table-81). For grain yield and disease point of view Rampur-27 (4.82 t/ha), RamS03F08 (4.63 t/ha), Rampur-36 (4.54 t/ha), Rampur-32 (4.41 t/ha), RC (4.25 t/ha) and Rampur-28 (4.01 t/ha) were found superior among the tested genotypes.

Table 79. Response of maize genotypes tested against gray leaf spot (GLS) 2015 summer at Kabre

SN GenotypesGY (t/ha)

50% An-

thesisASI

Ht. in cm GLS scores(1-5)AUDPC Dis.

ReationPHT EHT 1ST 2ND 3RD

1 ZM-401 4.3 80 3.5 191 81 1.0 2.0 3.0 28.0 MS2 ZM-627 6.2 75 3.5 194 83 1.5 1.5 1.5 21.0 R3 05SADVI 6.7 75 3.0 203 85 2.0 2.5 4.0 38.5 S4 07SADVI 7.8 77 3.5 222 97 3.0 3.0 2.0 38.5 MS5 TLBRSO7F16 7.1 74 3.5 205 94 1.5 1.5 1.5 19.3 R6 P501SRCO/P502SRCO 5.6 80 5.0 192 86 2.0 2.5 3.0 35.0 MS7 AC9942/AC9944 5.2 80 4.0 205 95 2.0 3.0 3.0 38.5 MS8 BGBYPOP 8.7 75 4.5 200 87 1.0 1.5 2.0 21.0 MR9 RAMPUR-33 6.1 79 3.5 222 97 1.0 1.0 2.0 17.5 MR

10 RAMPUR-24 6.5 74 3.0 214 106 1.5 2.0 2.5 28.0 MR11 RAMPUR-36 6.9 76 3.5 261 93 1.5 2.5 2.5 31.5 MR12 RAMPUR-27 5.2 78 3.5 207 95 1.5 2.5 3.5 35.0 MS13 RAMS03F08 6.7 78 4.0 211 96 1.5 1.5 1.5 19.3 R14 RAMPUR-28 6.6 81 5.0 220 101 1.0 1.0 1.5 15.7 R15 RAMPUR-34 7.2 77 2.5 211 87 1.0 2.0 3.0 28.0 MS16 RAMPUR-32 8.2 80 5.0 242 114 2.0 2.0 2.0 28.0 MR17 RAMPUR-21 7.2 75 4.0 215 96 1.0 2.5 3.5 33.2 MS


103

SN GenotypesGY (t/ha)

50% An-

thesisASI

Ht. in cm GLS scores(1-5)AUDPC Dis.

ReationPHT EHT 1ST 2ND 3RD

18 RML-32/RML-17 8.7 76 3.0 203 95 1.5 2.0 2.5 28.0 MR19 RAMPUR COMP. 8.3 77 4.0 230 97 2.0 2.5 2.5 33.2 MR20 F. LOCAL 9.0 78 3.5 207 100 2.0 2.5 2.5 33.2 MR Mean 6.19 77 3.8 213 94 1.6 2.1 2.4 28.5

F-test ns ns ns ns ns Ns ns Ns NsCV% 28 3.8 29.1 9 12.3 47.1 54.7 49.4 49LSD0.05 4 6.3 2.3 40 24.2 1.6 2.4 2.5 29.3

Table 80. Response of maize genotypes tested against gray leaf spot (GLS) 2015 summer at Pakhribas

SN GenotypesHt. in cm GLS scoring (1-5)

AUDPC Dis. Reaction

E. tur (1-5)PHT EHT 1ST 2ND 3RD

1 ZM-401 129 65 1.5 1.8 2.0 20.4 MR 3.32 ZM-627 114 62 0.5 1.5 2.0 18.5 MR 3.83 05SADVI 109 55 1.0 2.0 2.8 25.3 MS 3.04 05SADVI 84 45 1.8 2.5 2.8 28.4 MS 3.35 TLBRSO7F16 99 59 1.3 2.3 2.8 26.8 MS 2.86 P501SRCO/P50SRCO 73 43 1.5 1.8 2.3 21.6 MR 2.87 AC9942/AC9944 103 50 2.5 3.0 3.0 32.7 MS 3.38 BGBYPOP 94 46 2.0 2.8 3.3 32.4 MS 3.39 RAMPUR-33 139 80 1.8 2.0 2.5 24.4 MR 3.810 RAMPUR-24 110 51 2.3 3.0 3.3 33.9 MS 3.811 RAMPUR-36 101 39 0.5 1.5 2.3 19.8 MR 2.812 RAMPUR-27 144 53 1.0 2.3 3.0 27.9 MS 3.313 RAMS03F08 109 59 1.5 1.8 2.3 21.6 MR 2.814 RAMPUR-28 72 46 1.8 2.3 2.8 27.0 MS 3.015 RAMPUR-34 139 59 2.3 2.5 3.3 31.1 MS 3.516 RAMPUR-32 171 80 2.0 2.5 3.0 29.8 MS 3.517 RAMPUR-21 106 60 2.8 3.3 3.8 38.0 S 3.818 RML-32/RML-17 139 51 1.5 2.3 2.8 26.9 MS 3.019 MANAKAMANA-3 160 78 0.0 1.3 1.5 14.4 R 2.820 F. Local 119 70 1.0 2.3 3.3 29.1 MS 3.8 Mean 116 57 1.5 2.2 2.7 26.5 3.2

F-test ** * ns ns Ns Ns nsCV% 8.8 19.8 48.7 31.7 27.2 28.5 13.4LSD0.05 21.2 24 1.5 1.5 1.5 15.8 0.91

104


Table 81. Response of maize genotypes tested against gray leaf spot (GLS) 2015 summer at Salyan

SN Genotypes50% Flowering (days) GLS score

(1-5)Dis.

Reaction GY (t/ha)Anthesis Silking

1 ZM-401 79 85 1.5 R 2.872 ZM-627 83 86 1.8 MR 3.013 05SADVI 81 84 2.0 MR 2.934 07SADVI 81 86 1.8 MR 2.625 TLBRSO7F16 82 85 1.8 MR 3.306 P501SRCO/P502SRCO 83 87 2.0 MR 3.717 AC9942/AC9944 85 89 1.5 R 3.828 BGBYPOP 85 87 1.5 R 3.069 RAMPUR-33 85 88 1.5 R 3.0310 RAMPUR-24 83 86 1.3 R 3.7711 RAMPUR-36 81 85 1.3 R 4.5412 RAMPUR-27 83 86 1.5 R 4.8213 RAMS03F08 80 84 2.5 MR 4.6314 RAMPUR-28 82 86 1.5 R 4.0115 RAMPUR-34 82 86 1.8 MR 3.4216 RAMPUR-32 79 83 1.3 R 4.4117 RAMPUR-21 83 86 2.0 MR 4.2218 RML-32/RML-17 83 86 1.5 MR 3.7119 RAMPUR COMP. 83 87 1.3 R 4.2520 F. LOCAL 84 87 2.0 MR 3.85 Mean 82 86 1.7 3.7

F-test ns ns Ns nsCV% 3.3 3 29.2 24.1LSD0.05 5.7 5.3 1 1.9


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2.4.2 Turcicum leaf blight

Turcicum Leaf blight (TLB) of maize caused by Exserohilum turcicum (Pass.) K.J. Leonard and E.G. Suggs (teleomorph Setosphaeria turcica Luttrell) was first observed by Passerini on corn (Zea mays L.) in Italy in 1876, and has been reported from all maize growing areas of the world wherever maize is cultivated. The pathogen was formerly known as Helminthosporium turcicum. Khadka and Shah (1967) reported this disease for the first time in Nepal. TLB, also known as Northern corn leaf blight (NCLB), is more prevalent in the hills during summer and winter to early spring in Terai and Inner terai. The disease occurs in maize from the seedling to maturity stages. The epidemic of the disease is increasing every year in all maize growing areas because of intensive maize cultivation where three maize crops are harvested each year from the same land. Temperatures between 20 and 25 0C, relative humidity from 90 to 100%, and low luminosity favor the disease development. With observing the importance of this disease, 30 maize genotypes were screened at Rampur under inoculated conditions. Except days to silking all other traits were observed significantly different and none of the genotype reacted resistant but 25 were observed for moderately resistant (MR) against NLB (Table 82). Highest grain yield was recorded up to 6.9 t/ha from RML-86/RML-96 with MR disease reaction.

Table 82. Response of maize genotypes tested against Turcicum leaf blight (TLB) 2015/16 winter at Rampur

SN Genotypes

50% Flower-ing (days) Height in cm GY (t/

ha)

Dis. Score (1-5) AUD-

PC

Dis reac-tionAnthe-

sis Silking PHT EHT 1st 2nd

1 RML-87/RL-105 118 122 103 35 3.5 2.2 2.5 23.7 MR2 RML-95/RL-105 117 122 98 30 3.1 1.8 2.3 21.3 MR3 RML-83/RL-197 114 119 122 42 4.9 2.2 2.5 23.7 MR4 Bioseed 9681 109 112 113 40 3.8 2.0 2.3 22.0 MR5 RML-68/RL-101 108 113 90 27 3.3 2.2 2.7 24.3 MS6 RL-21/RL-101 110 114 105 35 4.8 1.7 2.2 19.7 MR7 KYM-33/KYM-35 111 116 98 20 3.7 1.7 2.2 19.7 MR8 RL-125/RML-18 109 114 107 32 4.2 2.0 2.5 23.0 MR9 RML-4/RL-111 111 115 105 33 6.3 1.7 2.2 19.7 MR10 RL-151/RL-111 108 112 110 30 4.7 1.8 2.3 21.3 MR11 RL-150/RL-111 107 112 95 23 4.2 2.0 2.7 23.7 MS12 RML-98/RL-105 115 120 123 52 4.3 1.8 2.0 19.3 MR13 RML-5/RL-105 116 120 113 37 4.2 1.5 2.0 18.0 MR14 RL-180/RL-105 109 114 100 37 4.1 1.8 2.3 21.3 MR15 RML-55/RL-105 108 112 120 55 5.4 1.7 2.2 19.7 MR16 RML-85/RL-105 117 121 127 35 5.3 1.5 1.8 17.0 MR17 RL-151/rml-18 109 114 128 60 4.0 1.8 2.3 21.3 MR

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SN Genotypes

50% Flower-ing (days) Height in cm GY (t/

ha)

Dis. Score (1-5) AUD-

PC

Dis reac-tionAnthe-

sis Silking PHT EHT 1st 2nd

18 RML-115/RML-96 110 115 92 25 4.1 1.7 1.7 16.7 MR19 RML-6/RML-19 114 118 103 23 2.6 2.2 2.5 23.7 MR20 RML-4/RL-105 116 121 92 35 4.5 2.5 2.7 26.3 MS21 RL-84/RML-62 109 114 135 30 3.1 1.5 2.2 18.7 MR22 RL-153/RL-105 107 112 88 27 5.0 2.2 2.7 24.7 MS23 RML-95/RML-18 110 115 130 47 3.9 2.2 2.5 23.7 MR24 Rampur Hybrid-2 116 121 77 27 2.4 2.7 3.0 28.7 MS25 RML-4/RML-17 112 116 98 40 5.7 2.3 2.5 24.3 MR26 RML-32/RML-17 111 115 105 30 3.9 2.0 2.3 22.0 MR27 RML-95/RML-96 111 115 112 43 6.8 2.0 2.2 21.0 MR28 RML-86/RML-96 114 119 122 40 6.9 2.0 2.5 23.0 MR29 RC 109 114 93 30 1.1 2.3 2.8 26.0 MR30 YELLOW POP CORN 109 79 78 23 4.1 1.8 2.2 20.3 MR Grand mean 112 115 106 34.7 4.3 2 2.4 21.9

F-test ** Ns ** * ** * ** **CV% 2.4 9.4 18.5 36 27.1 19.7 14.7 15.3LSD0.05 4.5 17.6 32 20.4 1.9 0.6 0.6 5.5

2.4.3 Banded leaf and sheath blight (BLSB)

Banded leaf and Sheath blight (BLSB) (Rhizoctonia solani f. sp. sasakiI) is considered to be the most important one creating a threat to successful maize cultivation in Terai at summer and mid hills of Nepal. The BLSB has become an increasing severe and economically important disease of maize during last two decades or so, in several countries of Asia including Nepal (Sharma et al., 2002). This disease is favored by hot and humid environment and may appear in more severe form in the foot plains of the Himalayan region including Terai region of Nepal. The disease causes direct losses; resulting in premature death, stalk breakage and ear rot, indirect losses in terms of human consumption. However, the magnitude of grain loss may reach 100%, if the ear rot phase of the disease predominates. With the consideration of importance of disease, maize genotypes were screened against this disease under inoculated conditions included 20 maize genotypes at Rampur and RARS, Lumle. The data from Lumle is not received yet, so the result from Rampur is presented in below Table 83. Except Rampur composite (MR) all other tested genotypes reacted moderately susceptible (MS) reaction.


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Table 83. Response of maize genotypes tested against banded leaf & sheath (BLSB) 2015/16 summer at Rampur

SN Genotypes Ht. in cm BLSB scoring (1-5) AUDPC Dis. Reaction

GY(t/ha)PHT EHT 1ST 2ND 3RD

1 BGBYPOP 195 90 2.3 2.5 3.0 30 MS 2.82 RAMPUR-33 170 90 2.3 2.8 3.0 31 MS 2.13 RAMPUR-24 150 80 2.3 2.5 3.0 30 MS 2.94 RAMPUR-36 175 90 2.0 2.8 3.3 32 MS 3.15 RAMPUR-27 165 80 2.3 3.3 3.5 40 MS 2.46 RAMS03F08 143 70 2.3 2.5 3.0 30 MS 3.57 RAMPUR-28 128 65 2.5 2.8 3.0 31 MS 3.48 RAMPUR-34 160 65 1.5 3.0 3.0 32 MS 1.99 RAMPUR-32 185 75 2.5 3.0 3.0 33 MS 3.510 RAMPUR-21 170 65 2.8 3.5 3.5 38 MS 1.511 RML-95/RML-96 145 60 3.0 3.0 3.0 33 MS 1.812 ZM-401 160 80 2.5 3.0 3.3 34 MS 2.213 ZM-627 190 90 1.8 2.5 2.8 28 MS 2.514 05SADVI 160 80 2.0 2.8 3.3 32 MS 1.615 07SADVI 165 85 2.0 2.5 2.8 29 MS 2.616 TLBRSO7F16 155 55 2.3 2.8 2.8 30 MS 2.117 P501SRCO/P502SRCO 180 60 3.0 2.8 2.8 30 MS 1.618 RML-86/RML-96 160 80 2.5 2.8 3.3 33 MS 2.019 Rampur composite 200 90 2.5 2.0 2.5 25 MR 3.520 F. LOCAL 155 85 2.8 3.0 3.0 33 MS 3.0 Grand mean 166 77 2.3 2.8 3.0 31.7 2.5

F-test Ns ns ns ns ns ns nsCV% 15.5 24.6 32.5 19.2 14 15.5 41.7LSD0.05 54 43 1.5 1.1 0.9 10.3 2.2

2.4.4 Ear rot

Over 100 fungi are reported to cause ear rots in the field while the numbers of important ear rots are confined to less than 20 fungi. Several Fusarium spp. and Aspergillus flavus are important ear rot fungi and besides directly reducing the quality of the grain by their infection, they also produce potent mycotoxins which affect the health of humans and animals if consumed the infected grains. Not only production of toxins, these rotting fungi cause economic level of maize grain yield loss both in field as well as in storage conditions. Maize screening against ear rot caused by Fusarium moniliformi was carried out at Rampur in 20 maize genotypes under inoculated conditions. From the result two genotypes; Across 9331RE and ZM-401 were free from ear rot problem (Table 84) and the disease severity varied from 0-14.6%.

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Table 84. Response of maize genotypes tested against ear rot disease 2015/16 summer at Rampur

SN Genotypes Ht. in cm % rotted ears

BLSB (1-5) GY (t/ha)PHT EHT

1 RML-95/RML-96 180 90 4.6 1.3 3.22 RML-86/RML-96 155 70 9.4 1.8 2.73 RML-32/RML-17 155 45 9.7 1.5 2.44 RML-4/RML-17 180 75 3.1 1.8 2.45 ACROSS-9331RE 160 80 0 2.3 1.96 BGBYPOP 175 80 4.1 1.5 2.87 ZM-401 155 65 0 2.3 1.88 ZM-627 160 70 3.6 1.8 1.19 07SADVI 150 50 11.7 2.8 1.310 05SADVI 160 60 7.2 3.0 1.611 TLBRS07F16 180 75 4.3 1.3 3.912 TLBRS07F14 190 80 14.6 2.3 2.113 BLSBRS07F10 165 65 9.5 1.5 3.314 BLSBRS07F12 170 60 6.5 1.8 2.715 R POP-3 165 65 9.4 2.0 2.516 R POP-4 165 55 7.9 1.8 2.817 UPAHAR 180 75 10.5 2.0 2.618 RAMPUR HYB-2 180 80 11.5 1.8 2.319 RAMPUR COMP. 165 70 7.7 2.5 2.420 ARUN-2 185 85 8.8 2.0 2.0 Grand mean 169 70 7.2 1.9 2.4

F-test ns ns ns Ns nsCV% 10.6 23 33.9 28.6LSD(0-05) 18 34 13.7 1.4 1.4

2.4.5 Southern leaf blight (SLB)

Southern leaf blight (SLB) caused by Dreschlera maydis Synonym: Helminthosporium maydis is one of the major foliar diseases of maize in Nepal. Field experiments were conducted to identify the sources of resistance in different open pollinated varieties and synthetics in 2015 summer in 2 replication in RCBD at NMRP Rampur. Twenty maize genotypes including susceptible check (yellow popcorn) were included in the experiment. Five genotypes namely; ZM-401, ZM-627, 05SADVI, RamS03F08 and RML-32/RML-17 reacted moderately resistant (MR) and Rampur composite and Yellow popcorn were susceptible against this disease (Table-85).


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Table 85. Response of maize genotypes tested against southern leaf blight (SLB) disease 2015/16 summer at Rampur

SN Genotypes Ht. in cm SLB scores (1-5) AUDPC Dis. Reaction

GY(t/ha)PHT EHT 1ST 2ND 3RD

1 ZM-401 190 90 1.5 2.3 2.5 25.6 MR 2.42 ZM-627 170 80 1.5 2.0 2.5 25.5 MR 2.13 05SADVI 150 65 1.8 2.3 2.5 27.0 MR 1.64 07SADVI 190 110 2.0 2.5 2.8 28.5 MS 1.75 TLBRSO7F16 140 55 1.8 2.5 3.0 30.9 MS 2.36 P501SRCO/P502SRCO 143 70 2.5 3.0 3.5 27.8 MS 1.77 AC9942/AC9944 158 85 2.0 2.8 3.3 29.9 MS 1.88 BGBYPOP 145 80 1.8 2.5 3.0 30.9 MS 2.19 RAMPUR-33 170 55 2.0 2.3 3.0 27.1 MS 2.2

10 RAMPUR-24 160 65 1.5 2.3 3.0 29.4 MS 2.411 RAMPUR-36 160 70 1.8 2.3 2.8 27.0 MS 1.612 RAMPUR-27 165 90 2.0 2.3 2.8 25.9 MS 1.813 RAMS03F08 185 85 1.8 2.3 2.5 27.0 MR 2.014 RAMPUR-28 170 85 1.5 2.0 2.8 26.8 MS 1.815 RAMPUR-34 170 65 2.0 2.3 2.8 29.6 MS 1.616 RAMPUR-32 170 60 2.0 2.5 3.3 29.8 MS 1.617 RAMPUR-21 175 75 1.8 2.5 3.0 28.4 MS 2.218 RML-32/RML-17 160 95 1.5 2.0 2.5 28.0 MR 2.719 RAMPUR COMP. 170 70 2.0 3.0 3.8 35.0 S 1.920 Yellow pop corn 170 85 2.5 3.3 4.3 36.6 S 1.4 Grand mean 166 77 1.9 2.4 3 28.8 1.9

F-test ns NS ** * ** NS **CV% 18.4 21.9 10.6 12.5 12.2 13.5 9.8LSD0.05 64 35.1 0.4 0.6 0.8 8 0.4

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2.5 Entomology

2.5.1 Maize stem borer management in field condition

Relative susceptibility of maize genotypes to Maize Stem Borer, Chilo partellus Swinhoe in the field condition

The screening activities were organized following randomized complete block design during spring season of 2072/73 under field condition at Rampur, Chitwan. Forty elite maize genotypes were sown on the third week of February (February 19 2016) in a unit plot size of 2 rows of 5 m long with the spacing of 60 × 25 cm between row to row and plant to plant. After a completion of sowing, the experiment was kept under constant supervision to an entire crop cycle. Agronomic practices were followed as recommended. Each experimental unit was fertilized with a recommended dose of 150:60:40 (N: P: K) kg/ha. Insect data was recorded on the basis of 0-9 scoring scale as described by CIMMYT, Mexico. Data on damage percentage at knee height and tasseling stage and yield (ton/hectare) were recorded.

Out of 40 screened maize genotypes, the minimum damage percentage of stem borer was recorded on RML-95/RML-96 (14.17%) followed by Arun-4 (17.85%), SOOTLYQ-B (18.40%), Rampur SO3FO4 (18.47%) and RL-151/RML-18 (19.13%) at knee height stage (Table 86). Genotypes SO1SIWQ-1 (9.29%), SO3TLYQ-AB-01 (9.54%), RML-68/RML-101 (9.69%) and Arun 2 (9.98%) respectively fetched the minimum damage percentage at tasseling stage. The high yielding maize genotypes were SOOTLYQ-B (2.44 t/ha), Arun-4 (2.39 t/ha), SOOTLYQ-AB (2.20 t/ha) and Rampur S1OF22 (2.02 t/ha). Maize genotypes SOOTLYQ-B, SO3TLYQ-AB, Rampur SO3FO4 and Arun-3 showed resistant against maize stem borer and scored 2.00 in of 0-9 scale.

Table 86. Susceptibility of maize genotypes to maize stem borer (Chilo partellus Swinhoe) in field condition at Rampur Chitwan during 2015/16.

S.N Varieties Insect score (0-9 scale)

% Damage at (Knee height

stage)

% Damage at (Tasseling

stage)Yield (t/ha)

1 RML-86/RML-96 2.33 21.48(4.61)

14.64(3.74)

1.56(1.41)

2 Poshilo-1 3.00 28.48(5.35)

21.94(4.73)

0.46(0.97)

3 S01SIWQ-2 2.67 32.69(5.67)

16.64(4.01)

0.90(1.15)

4 S03TLYQWQ-AB-02 3.00 23.86(4.93)

14.21(3.77)

1.86(1.45)

5 RML-4/RML-17 3.00 25.27(5.04)

24.68(4.97)

1.10(1.23)


111



stage)


stage)Yield (t/ha)

6 S03TLYQWQ-B 3.00 22.42(4.68)

16.03(4.02)

1.89(1.47)

7 RML-95/RML-96 2.67 14.17(3.82)

12.42(3.58)

1.48(1.38)

8 S00TLYQ-B 3.00 18.40(4.35)

18.57(4.35)

2.44(1.68)

9 RP0PYQ-14 3.33 40.10(6.22)

12.15(3.10)

1.88(1.48)

10 RML-195/RML-18 2.67 23.29(4.85)

14.96(3.85)

1.46(1.35)

11 S03TLYQ-AB-01 2.33 31.21(5.55)

9.54(2.75)

1.64(1.41)

12 S99TLYQ-AB 3.00 21.20(4.62)

11.18(3.35)

0.54(1.02)

13 RampurS03FQ-02 2.67 25.50(5.10)

15.09(3.80)

1.61(1.40)

14 S00TLYQ-AB 2.00 26.70(5.21)

12.11(3.51)

2.20(1.58)

15 RL-195/RML-18 2.33 25.23(4.99)

11.70(3.43)

1.97(1.54)

16 S03TLYQ-AB-01 2.00 30.12(5.52)

20.23(4.31)

1.50(1.31)

17 HG-B 3.00 26.82(5.14)

20.37(4.35)

0.85(1.16)

18 RampurS10F22 2.67 25.73(5.10)

12.43(3.08)

2.02(1.57)

19 Across 9331 2.33 33.82(5.80)

26.24(4.97)

1.95(1.56)

20 RampurS10F18 3.33 24.93(5.03)

14.10(3.58)

1.21(1.28)

21 Across 9942/Across9944 2.67 27.65(5.25)

14.16(3.69)

0.55(1.00)

22 RampurS03F04 2.00 18.47(4.35)

14.57(3.88)

1.75(1.39)

23 R-P0P-1 3.00 29.09(5.43)

13.94(3.65)

1.27(1.28)

24 MHEW 2.67 25.90(5.06)

17.30(4.03)

0.91(1.14)

25 KLY_POP 3.33 23.05(4.83)

17.91(4.25)

0.39(0.92)

26 BGBY-POP 2.67 26.98(5.23)

16.89(4.11)

1.04(1.23)

27 RLW-P0P 2.33 24.02(4.95)

14.42(3.75)

1.95(1.51)

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stage)


stage)Yield (t/ha)

28 RampurS10F20 2.33 27.62(5.29)

15.07(3.77)

1.98(1.57)

29 Arun 2 3.00 21.88(4.71)

9.98(3.15)

0.79(1.12)

30 RML-68/RML-101 2.67 26.72(5.18)

9.69(2.81)

0.91(1.18)

31 S01SIWQ-1 3.00 24.11(4.95)

9.29(3.03)

1.43(1.38)

32 RML-32/RML-17 3.00 28.22(5.31)

14.92(3.74)

1.14(1.25)

33 KLW-POP 3.00 23.50(4.82)

14.34(3.75)

1.46(1.35)

34 Rampur Composite 2.67 36.93(6.02)

19.20(3.41)

1.06(1.20)

35 Upahar 3.00 22.07(4.74)

13.67(3.58)

1.28(1.32)

36 R-P0P-2 2.67 23.91(4.78)

13.26(3.33)

1.16(1.27)

37 RL-151/RML-18 2.67 19.13(4.22)

16.90(3.55)

1.60(1.39)

38 Arun -4 2.67 17.85(4.22)

11.26(3.41)

2.39(1.67)

39 Arun-3 2.00 25.95(5.13)

11.79(3.49)

1.32(1.34)

40 Rampur Hybrid-2 2.67 28.09(5.29)

13.04(3.58)

1.09(1.26)

Grand mean 2.71 5.03 3.73 1.33LSD 0.05 1.21 1.32 1.65 0.57CV% 27.37 16.07 27.14 26.43

Note: † Means of 3 replication. Figures in the parenthesis indicate square root transformed value. t/ha- ton per hectare

Testing efficacy of pesticides against maize stem borer under field condition

In order to control maize stem borer under field condition, a field experiment with 8 treatments including control was evaluated at NMRP, Rampur during 2072/73. The experiment was laid in RCB design with three replications. A released variety Rampur Hybrid-2 was seeded on the third week of February (February 19 2016) in a unit plot size of 6 rows of 5 m long with the spacing of 60 × 20 cm between row to row and plant to plant.


113

Table 87. Effect of different pesticides to control maize stem borer at Rampur, Chitwan during 2072/73

S.N. Treatments Insect score (0-9 scale) %DBS %DAS Yield (t/ha)

1 Fipronil 0.3Gr @3-4 g/whorl 4.67 9.85 7.10 2.082 Spinosad 45% [email protected]/ l of water 1.00 5.61 4.32 4.583 Chloropyrifos 10% ec @ 1.5Ml/l of

water4.00 9.62 6.78 2.58

4 Margosom @ 3ml/l of water 2.33 7.43 5.92 3.255 Chlorophyriphos 20%ec (dar-

shan)@1.5Ml/lit of water3.33 9.03 6.50 2.72

6 Chloropyriphos 50%ec+cypermethrin 5%ec (super-d) @1.5Ml/l of water

3.17 8.56 6.22 2.95

7 Imidachloprid 17.8% (Confidor 200sl) @0.5Ml/l of water

1.50 8.30 5.55 3.38

8 Control (water spray) 6.00 9.19 20.63 0.95Grand mean 3.25 8.45 7.88 2.81F test ** ** ** **LSD 0.05 0.93 1.09 0.65 0.28CV% 16.40 7.39 4.72 5.67

Note: Means of 3 replication. %DBS- percent Damage Before Spray, %DAS- Percent Damage After Spray, t/ha- ton per hectare, l- liter, EC- Emulsifiable concentration, ml- mililitre, g- gram, Gr- granule

After a completion of sowing, the experiment was kept under constant supervision to an entire crop cycle. Agronomic practices were followed as recommended. Each experimental unit was fertilized with a recommended dose of 150:60:40 (N: P: K) kg/ha. Insect data was recorded on the basis of 0-9 scoring scale as described by CIMMYT, Mexico. Data on damage percentage at knee height and tasseling stage and yield (ton/hectare) were recorded.

All used pesticides had significant effect (P≤0.05) on percent damage and crop yield over control. The lower percent damage (4.32%) was observed at the plot sprayed after spinosad 45% EC at 0.5 ml /l of water with higher crop yield (4.58 t/ha) and lowest insect score (1.00) followed by the plot treated with imidacloprid 17.8% @ 0.5 ml/l of water with percent damage of 5.55%, crop yield (3.38 t/ha) and insect sore 1.50. The highest percent damage (20.63%) was observed in the control plot with lower yield (0.95 t/ha) and highest insect score (6.00). (Table 87)

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2.5.2 Biological parameters of maize insect pest

Collection identification and preservation of natural enemies associated with maize based cropping system.

Parasitized eggs and different stages of host insects along with damaged material like pieces of leaves, stems, twigs, pods or other plant parts were collected. At the same time, few un-parasitised host specimens, were also collected individually from the same plant and allowed to emerge to facilitate their correct identification. However, sweep net collections were also made to acquire large amount and variety of micro-hymenoptera in the shortest time, in most types of vegetation. A complete record were maintained indicating the locality, date of collection, name of the host plant and host insect. The collected materials were brought into the Entomology Laboratory of NMRP, for proper rearing. The selected pieces of leaves, stems, cobs, tassel and other plant parts were cut into small pieces and put in rearing jars, the mouth being tightly closed with very fine muslin cloth held with a rubber band. As per necessity, the leaves and other plant parts were wrapped with cotton soaked in water to maintain proper turgid conditions. Specimens were put in constant temperature cabinet running at 70 °F and with 70 percent RH to expedite the emergence of parasitoids, otherwise the parasitoids reared under room temperature. The rearing jars examined daily for the emerged parasitoids. The emerged parasitoids collected from jars and preserved in 75 %alcohol in glass vials.

Preparation of insectaries, permanent slides, measurements and illustrationsPreparation of insectaries

Insectarium (a place for keeping, breeding, or observing living insects) prepared from multiple size bottles equipped with minute nylon mesh in order to observe their behaviors. Eggs, larva and pupa of Corcyra cephalonica that were reared in the Entomology laboratory of NMRP were used as host in insectaries for rearing of live parasitoids depending upon their nature that were egg parasitoids, larval parasitoids, pupal parasitoids or composite.

Preparation of permanent slides, measurements and illustrations

Natural enemies Lady bird beetle; Hymenopteran wasp; Dragon fly; Rove beetle; Ground beetle etc were collected from field by the use of insect catching net. Collected natural enemies were reared on mixture of honey and water syrup as well as eggs, larva and pupa of Corcyra cephalonica that were reared in the Entomology laboratory of NMRP. They were used as host in insectaries for rearing of live parasitoids depending upon their nature i.e. egg parasitoids, larval parasitoids, pupal parasitoids or composite. Insect pests were reared on selected pieces of leaves; stems, cobs, tassel and other plant parts, cut into small pieces and put in rearing jars, the mouth being tightly closed with very fine muslin cloth held with a rubber band. The leaves and other plant parts were


115

wrapped with water soaked cotton to maintain proper turgid conditions. A total of fifty permanent slides were made and some adults of natural enemies were dried preserved and maintained on insect collection box. Few dead insect larvae were also kept and preserved at 75% ethyl alcohol.

2.5.3 Stem borer management on glasshouse condition

Screening of some elite germplasm of maize against maize stem borer (Chilo partellus Swonhoe) on glass house condition at NMRP, RampurMonitoring of maize stem borer through light trap In order to find out the trend and diversity of insect species, light trap was operated from dusk to down from Shrawan-2072 to Ashad 2073 at NMRP Rampur, Chitwan. However trapping activities were disturbed frequently due to the reason of electricity cut and rainfall. Trapped insects were collected weekly, counted and preserved on insect collection box. A total number of borer trapped and their frequency were given below in Table 88.

Table 88. Frequency of maize stem borer trapped through light trap at NMRP, Rampur, Chitwan during 2072/73

S.N.Month

of insect trapped

Average no. of borer

trappedFrequency Remarks

1 Shrawan 2 1 Disturbed due to rainfall and electricity cut, Yellow rice borer were trapped

2 Bhadra 4 1 Moth as well as bug collected.3 Asoj 18 2 A few butterflies were collected4 Kartik 32 3 Some natural enemies collected.5 Mangsir 16 7 Green stink bug appeared6 Poush 12 2 -7 Magh 10 5 -8 Falgun 37 3 Some moths and borers were collected9 Chaitra 43 5 Borer and Bugs were collected10 Baishak 19 5 Hymenopteran wasps were collected11 Jeshta 0 4 Robber-fly and dragon fly were collected12 Ashad 15 3 Rove beetle and dragonfly were collected

The highest (43) frequency of borer were recorded during the month of Chaitra where as no borer were trapped during Jestha. Besides borer some moths, bug and some natural enemy namely hymenotperan pest, dragonfly, rove beetle were collected and preserved on a insect collection box.

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Life history study

Insect adults, larvae, pupae or eggs either collected from fields or from light traps. Larvae collected from fields were put with host materials to become pupae and finally turned to adults from where eggs were harvested. Eggs kept on blotting paper inside Petri-plate and reared for adults. Their life span in each stage/instar, and fecundity of adults recorded. Daily room temperature and Relative humidity in laboratory conditions were also recorded.

Life cycle of C. partellus larvae were studied under laboratory conditions at NMRP, Rampur, Chitwan at room temperature of 26-27° C and RH of 70-80%. The experiments were conducted on nylon cage where larva were arranged according to size and age transferred in to plastic container. The diet was replenished in the container when required. The bottom of the container was lined with what-man filter paper. The average life cycle of C partellus was completed in 30-40 days while under favorable condition; it took 25-30 days. With the availability of host plant, C. partellus normally developed all year round.

Egg: Flat oval and creamy white in color. Egg mass may contain 20-35 eggs. Egg appeared white in first laid and darken during later. Egg hatch in 5-6 days generally in the early morning (6-8 am).

Larva: 25-30mm in length, purplish pink on dorsal side and white on ventral side. Larval period was 25-35 days. The average duration of first, second, third, fourth and fifth instars were; 4.7, 6.5, 7.2, 7.9and 8 respectively.

Pupa: The pupae were pale brown with cylindrical shape. The average duration of pupa was 7-10 days. Male pupa length: 13mm while female was 16mm long.

Moth: The fecundity of C. partellus was recorded 150-160 eggs per female. Oviposition period: 4 days, adult male lived for 3-7 days while female lived for 3-8 days.

Mass rearing and release of C. partellus and screening of some elite maize germplasm

The screening nursery was conducted following augmented design during 2072/73 under glasshouse condition at Rampur, Chitwan. Fourteen elite maize genotypes were sown on the first week of November (November 4, 2015) in a unit plot size of 1 row of 6 m long with the spacing of 50 × 20 cm between row to row and plant to plant. After a completion of sowing, the experiment was kept under constant supervision to an entire crop cycle. Agronomic practices were followed as recommended. Each experimental unit was fertilized with a recommended dose of 150:60:40 (N: P: K) kg/ha. Production of larva and


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artificial infestation of maize plants were carried out. The Larvae were produced in the laboratory of NMRP Rampur. Late instar larva were collected from field and were introduced in to artificial diet (Dang et al., 1970). Pupae were collected from the vials and placed in small petriplates and then put in ovipositor cage. As male moth generally emerge earlier than female. Male pupae of smaller in size were collected and stored for a couple of days in low temperature of 15° C in order to obtain simultaneous emergence of both sexes. Freshly emerged moths of both sexes were kept in cage with leaf. Piece of cotton soaked with honey and water were provided for the moth as food. After 2-3 days adult female laid their eggs. Egg masses were collected and put in vials closed with cotton. After 6-7 days newly hatched larva were released. Observation like insect scoring (0-9 scale), total healthy and infested plants per plot, tunnel length and exit hole were recorded as described by CIMMIT Mexico.

Table 89. Susceptibility of maize genotypes to maize stem borer (Chilo partellus Swinhoe) under glasshouse condition at Rampur Chitwan during 2015/16

S.N. Maize genotypes % DVS % DRS Av. H no.

Av TL (cm)

Score VS

Score RS

Yield (10 cobs

in g)1 Across 9942×Across 9944 20.00 20.00 0 1.6 2.00 2.00 870.402 BGPYPOP 11.11 22.22 0.2 0 2.11 2.2 880.623 Deuti 9.09 9.09 0.2 2 1.00 1.00 750.234 S99TLYQ-AB 9.09 9.09 0 0 1.00 1.00 611.545 Posilo makai 20.00 20.00 0.3 2.3 2.00 1.00 614.666 RML4*RML17 8.33 16.66 0.2 2.2 1.00 1.60 1034.187 RML95*RML96 22.22 22.22 0 0 2.20 2.20 1005.008 RML86*RML96 10.00 30.00 0 0 1.00 3.00 1006.209 Rampur Hybrid-2 18.18 18.18 0 0 1.89 1.80 1018.7610 RML32*RML17 18.18 9.09 0 0 1.89 1.00 1029.0011 RML-95 25.00 16.66 0 3 2.50 1.60 140.4012 RML96 33.33 16.66 0.8 4.2 3.30 1.60 136.3013 RML86 25.00 16.66 0.9 5 2.50 1.60 131.8014 RML17 36.36 27.27 3.8 7.4 3.60 2.70 136.60

%DVS- Percent Damage at Vegetative Stage, %DRS- Percent Damage at Reproductive Stage, Av. H. no- Average hole number, Av. TL no- Average tunnel length, Score VS- insect score at vegetative stage, RS- Reproductive stage, g- gram

Range of visual score at vegetative stage was (1-3.6) whereas (1-2.7) was recorded at tasseling stage. Thus majority of genotypes were scored resistant to moderately resistant reaction (1-3 score) except RML96, RML86 and RML

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17. Percent of damage were noticed more in knee height stage (9-36.36 %) than tasseling stage (9.09-27.27%). Average tunnel length was found (1.6-7.4 cm) where as average number of exit hole were found (0.2-3.8cm) (Table 89).

2.5.4 Evaluation of Trichogramma wasp in maize stem borer management

Mass rearing of Trichogramma in lab and its maintenance and application against maize stem borer at NMRP seed production blockMass rearing of Rice moth (Corcyra cephalonica) as host insect of Trichogramma

Artificial diet for Rice moth (Corcyra cephalonica) composed of 2.5kg of maize grit; 250gm of groundnut powder, 0.5g yeast and 0.5g streptomycin and each rearing box received 0.5ml of fresh Corcyra eggs and diet were kept on wooden boxes of dimension 18×30×58cm3.

At laboratory condition, the higher number of C. cephalonica moth emergence from reared per box per day was recorded during October 29 to January 11 followed by March 20 to May16. C. cephalonica took longer time (more than two month) to complete their life cycle during November however the shortest life cycle was recorded during the month of June (Table 90).

Table 90. Summary of C. cephalonica emergence record under lab condition at Rampur Chitwan during 2015/16

Month (Time period)

Insect data Temperature Relative HumidityNo. of

boxes for rearing

Av. Moth/day/box

Total no of moth

Max temp

Min temp

Avg.temp

Max R.H

Min R.H

Avg. R.H

July20-Aug24 6 13 78 31.4 27 29.2 87 76 81.5Sept5-Nov7 2 23 46 29.9 22.6 26.25 86 69 77.5Sept 21-Nov5 2 30 60 29.7 23.1 26.4 84 70 77Nov 9-Jan18 2 25 50 23 12.6 17.8 80 68 74Oct 29-jan 11 2 46 92 26.6 12.9 19.75 80 68 74March 20-May16 3 33 99 37.7 21.3 29.5 72 33 52.5June8-July1 4 20 80 31.5 21.3 26.4 86 71 78.5

Application of Trichogramma in seed production block at NMRP

The Trichogramma are minute wasps, whose adult female lays its eggs into moth eggs. When the wasp eggs hatch, the larvae devour the developing caterpillar inside the moth egg. It’s larvae pupate and grow into fully formed wasps inside the moth eggs. These turn characteristically black as the wasps develop inside the egg. Wasps emerge by chewing a hole in the moth’s egg and are then ready to parasitize other moth eggs. This process takes from seven to ten days, depending on temperature and a female wasp can parasitize over fifty moth eggs during its lifespan of 2 weeks. Adult wasps feed on nectar and


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honey dew. The Trichogramma wasps primarily parasitize eggs of moths and butterflies (Lepidoptera).

A total of four fields (each of 10 m2) on maize seed production block at NMRP were selected and laboratory -reared Trichogramma @ 100000/ha were released on three plots out of 4 during the month of Baisakh 2073. Total healthy plant, total damage plant, and number of dead heart plant in a plot were recorded.

Results of field study revealed that infestation of maize borer was major on seed production block and released of Trichogramma was utmost necessary. The percent damage before release of Trichogramma was ranged from (22.5-34 %) while it ranged (8-14.6 %) after release. In case of control plot the percent damage was recorded in increasing order from 23.2 to 36.5 %. (Table 91)

Table 91. Application of Trichogramma in maize seed production block at NMRP during 2073

Plot number % damage before release

% damage after release

Dead heart per plot before release

Dead heart per plot after release

101 22.5 8 3 1102 25 12 2 -103 34 14.6 2 1

104 (Control ) 23.2 36.5 2 4

2.5.5 Storage pest management

Management of maize storage pests through the use of indigenous botanical pesticides

A lab experiment was conducted in the entomology lab of National Maize Research Program (NMRP) from Baisakh to Kartik, 2072 to evaluate the performance of different botanicals against the weevil. Seven different treatments including control were evaluated against the maize weevil in the lab. Bojho (Acorus calamus)rhizome powder@ 10gm/kg, Neem (Azadirachta indica) seed powder@ 10gm/kg, Timur(Zanthoxylum alatum) seed powder@3gm/kg, Titepati (Artemisia vulgaris) leaf dust@10gm/kg, Asuro (Justicia adhatoda) leaf dust @10gm/kg, Bakaino(Melia azadirach) seed powder@10gm/kg were used in the experiment. Three kg maize seed (Variety- Manakamana-3) was taken for each treatment and seven different locally available botanicals were used for the experiment in completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications for the management of weevil in natural conditions. For data observation, sampling was done with 100 gm of maize seeds and analyzed for total grain damage, weight loss, total weevil emergence and the final number of exit holes made by the weevil.

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Among the different treatments, Bojho (Acorus calamus)@10gm/kg of maize seed showed the better result along the whole six months period of the experiment in storage condition at Rampur (Table 92).

Table 92. Response of botanicals on maize weevil management

S.N. Treatment % grain damage

% weight

loss

Total weevil number

No. of exit

holes1 Bojho (Acorus calamus) rhizome powder@ 10gm/kg 1.43 1.5 2.7 3.32 Neem (Azadirachta indica) seed powder@ 10gm/kg 12.68 6.4 19.7 18.03 Titepati (Artemisia vulgaris) leaf dust@10gm/kg 13.86 35.2 47.3 32.04 Timur(Zanthoxylum alatum) seed powder@3gm/kg 17.08 8.3 55.3 36.05 Bakaino(Melia azadirach) seed powder@10gm/kg 13.76 34.1 28.3 23.76 Asuro (Justicia adhatoda) leaf dust @10gm/kg 7.82 32.0 6.3 12.77 Control 18.02 57.3 57.0 47.0

Grand mean 12.09 25 31 24.7F-value 0.003 <0.001 0.003 0.008CV% 31.7 20.8 55.7 40.8LSD0.05 6.826 9.24 30.67 17.89

Evaluation of effect of packing materials and seed moisture content on storability of maize (Zea mays L.) seeds

Maize variety (Manakamana-3) was taken for the experiment to evaluate the efficacy of different storage structure at different moisture level against the maize weevil for six months from Baisakh to Kartik, 2072. A laboratory experiment was setup to select the best storage structure for maize at two different moisture levels (12% and 15%). Five kg of maize seed was taken for each storage structure at both 12% and 15% moisture level. Treatments were arranged in a factorial experiment in two different moisture levels with six storage structure. For data observation, sampling was done with 100 gm of maize seeds and analyzed for total grain damage, weight loss, total weevil emergence and the final number of exit holes made by the weevil.

In both the moisture level, the least damage was found in Super grain bag and PICS (Pordue Improved Crop Storage) bag. Both the structure was found safe for the whole six months experimental period against the maize weevil (Table 93 and Table 94).


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S.N. Treatments % grain damage % weight loss Total weevil number

No. of exit holes

1 Super grain bag 2.76 0.5 0.71 0.712 PICS bag 3.92 1.1 0.71 1.003 400 gauge plastic 4.96 1.5 1.34 1.274 200 guage plastic 10.08 3.7 2.22 2.245 Metal bin 19.66 8.1 3.18 3.016 Normal bag(control) 21.28 9.5 3.84 3.56

Grand mean 10.44 4.1 2 1.96F-value <.001 0.130 0.005 0.042CV% 39.5 19.7 43.7 54.3LSD0.05 7.503 8.08 1.589 1.943


S.N. Treatments % grain damage % weight loss Total weevil number

No. of exit holes

1 Super grain bag 1.21 1.78 1.22 1.522 PICS bag 1.29 1.99 1.34 1.663 400 gauge plastic 2.17 4.72 3.13 2.364 200 guage plastic 2.07 4.12 2.39 2.395 Metal bin 5.30 13.80 6.71 6.766 Normal bag(control) 6.53 22.72 9.67 8.67

Grand mean 3.10 8.19 4.08 3.89F-value <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001CV% 17.2 23 10.9 22.4LSD0.05 0.969 3.426 0.805 1.586

2.5.6 Armyworm management

Study of bionomics of armyworm (Mythimna spp) and their ecofriendly management using of bio-rational alternatives.

An experiment was conducted in NMRP field from Ashwin to Chaitra, 2072 to evaluate the efficiency of different rationale pesticides for the management of armyworm (Mythimna separata). Maize variety RML 32/17 was used for the experimental trial with eight treatments in RCBD design which was replicated thrice. The pesticides used were Metarrhizium anisopliae @0.2ml/lit water, Nuclear Polyhedrosis virus @2.5gm/lit water, Spinosad @0.5ml/lit water, Multineem@2ml/lit water, Furadon @ 3-4 grannules/whorl, Lara(Chloropyriphos 50ec+cypermethrin5ec) @1ml/lit water,

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Magik (Imidachloropid17.8%) @0.5ml/lit water and control. Three different sprays were made i.e. one month after sowing, two month after sowing and three month after sowing. The number of infested plants was counted before the spray of pesticides and after each spray of pesticides. The final yield was weighted from each plot of the experiment.

A field survey was also carried out at different places of Chitwan and Nawalparasi district in farmers’ field to observe the damage frequency at both knee height and before tasseling stage. The number of plants infested was counted from five selected farmers from each place in both the stages.

From the experiment, Spinosad was found superior in terms of both the yield as well as damage of the plants (Table 95). Also, the loss assessment made in farmers’ field of different VDC of Chitwan and Nawalparasi district showed an average of 11% damage at knee height stage and 14% at before tasseling stage.

Table 95. Efficacy of different pesticides against the armyworm (Mythimna separata)

S.N. Treatments Yield(t/ha) Damage before spray Damage after spray1 Metarrhizium anisopliae 6.85 1.517 2.622 Nuclear Polyhedrosis virus 6.98 1.448 2.723 Spinosad 9.80 0.884 0.884 Multineem 6.86 1.357 3.375 Furadon 6.96 1.059 2.436 Lara 9.17 0.980 1.407 Magik 6.47 0.875 1.148 Control 4.55 1.188 1.75

Grand mean 7.20 1.163 2.04F-value <0.001 0.013 0.001CV% 13.9 18.9 28.2LSD0.05 1.757 0.3841 1.008


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2.6 OUTREACH RESEARCH

2.6.1 Participatory technology verification and dissemination at NMRP outreach research sites

The outreach research program was designed to verify and validate the location specific suitable varieties of maize, rice and wheat along with to disseminate the varietal technology in farming communities and to get feed-back information from farmers. The experiments were designed by researchers and managed by farmers. All the experiments were laid out in RCB design with 2-5 replications (farmer as replicates) in different sites of command discticts. Each trial includes farmer's cultivars to compare the performance of tested varieties. The seed rate was 20 kg/ha for maize. FYM @ 10 t/ha and chemical fertilizer 180:60:40, 120:60:40 and 80:60:40 kg NPK/ha were applied in the field for hybrid, full season and early maize respectively. In case of rice, the plot size was 50m2 and the NPK was applied @ 100:30:30 kg/ha. Half dose of nitrogen and full dose of phosphorus and potash was applied as basal dose at the time of final land preparation and remaining half of nitrogen was splitted into two , first part applied at 20-24 and second part 40-45 days after sowing. Weeding and irrigation was done as farmers per recommendation. Other details of the experiments are shown in the Table 96.

Table 96. Detail of experiments carried out at outreach sites during 2072/73

SN Experiments Testing sites Genotypes no. Rep plot

sizeDate of Planting

Date of Harvesting

1 CFFT- Early Maize Madi (Chitwan), 6 4 18m2 2072/12/1 2073/3/62 CFFT- Hybrid

MaizeMadi, Jaymangala, Gunjanagar (Chitwan)

7 5 15 2072/6/28, 7/22,10/27 respectively

2073/12/14, 1/13,2/29 respectively

3 CFFT Maize Full Season

Manahari (Makwanpur)

6 2 15m2 2072/1/16 -

4 CFFT Maize Hill set Suping (Makwanpur)

6 3 15m2 2071/12/20 2072/5/20

5 Rice CFFT- Normal Madi (Chitwan), Rajahar (Nawalparasi), Khaireni (Chitwan) and Agronomy farm, NMRP

7 5 50m2 DOTP:2072/3/19, 03/24,03/31,04/04

2072/07/21 -27

6 Rice CFFT-Early Devendrapur (Chitwan), Keureni (Nawalparasi)and Jayamangala (Chitwan)

7 3 50m2 2072/3/18, 03/2

2072/7/20

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SN Experiments Testing sites Genotypes no. Rep plot

sizeDate of Planting

Date of Harvesting

7 Rice CFFT- Fine and aromatic

Agronomy farm, NMRP, Rajahar (Nawalparasi) and Parsa (Chitwan)

7 3 50 m2 072/4/4, 4/1, 072/3/12

072/728 - Parsa

8 Wheat CFFTDevendrapur and Bhimnagar (Chit-wan)

7 4 50 m2 2072/8/9, 8/23,

2072/12/25, 12/28, 073/1/7

Maize CFFT Early Set:

Six Early maize genotypes were tested at Madi, Chitwan during 2072/73. The trial was conducted at RCB design with 4 replications (One farmer as one replication). The cropping geometry was 60cm x 25 cm with the plot size was 18 m2. The crop was shown at 2072/12/1 and harvested at 2073/3/6. Analysis showed that there was significant result in plant height, ear height and grain yield. Among the tested genotypes SO3TEY-FM produced significantly higher grain yield (5771.81 kg/ha) followed by SO3TEY/LN (5449.45 kg/ha) as compared to Std. check variety-Arun-6 (3788.83 kg/ha) (Table 97).

Table 97. Performance of Early maize genotypes at Madi, Chitwan in 2072/073

Genotypes Plant ht.(cm) Ear ht.(cm) Plant #/ha No. of Ear/ha Yield kg/haAcross-99402 154.50ab 66.00bc 55520.83 56979.17 5172.46ab

SO3TEY/LN 169.50ab 77.25ab 51770.83 57187.50 5449.45a

Pool-16 164.50ab 71.50abc 51875.00 54270.83 4783.98ab

SO3TEY-FM 154.25ab 69.75abc 55937.50 60000.00 5771.81a

Arun-6 142.25b 57.00c 49270.83 50729.17 3788.83b

F.V. 173.25a 83.25a 59166.67 58229.17 5354.33a

Grand mean 159.71 70.79 53923.61 56232.64 5053.48F-Test * ** NS NS *CV% 7.40 9.70 13.30 9.60 12.0LSD 0.05 17.88 10.31 10775.6 8140.1 910.8

CFFT Hybrid Maize:

Seven genotypes of maize including a local variety from the particular sites of Chitwan district were tested for yield and yield attributing traits in 2072/073. Genotype RML-95/RML-96 produced significantly the higher yield of about 7615.69 kg/ha followed by RML-4/RML-17 (7312.59 kg/ha) as compared to RML-6/RML-19 (4952.87 kg/ha) (Table 98).


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Table 98. Performance of Hybrid maize genotypes at different locations of Chitwan in 2072/073

Genotypes Plant ht (cm) Ear ht (cm) Plant #/ha No.of Ear/ha GY (kg/ha)RML-95/RML-96 188.00a 87.20 45333.33 70666.67a 7615.69a

RML-86/RML-96 172.60ab 83.00 46133.33 71466.67a 6521.14ab

RML-6/RML-19 189.20a 95.80 47200.00 58933.33abc 4952.87b

RML-32/RML-17 165.00b 82.00 49600.00 67200.00ab 7134.25a

RML-4/RML-17 179.40ab 92.40 46666.67 60800.00abc 7312.59a

Rampur Hybrid-2 160.00b 83.60 44000.00 55200.00bc 6831.04a

Farmers variety 176.80ab 88.40 44266.67 48533.33c 6660.91Grand mean 175.9 87.5 46171 61829 6718F-Test ** Ns Ns ** **CV% 5.9 10.7 10.4 10.2 11.5LSD 0.05 13.58 12.16 6279.2 8245.1 1012.0

CFFT Maize Hill set

The ANOVA revealed that the maize genotypes were found highly significant difference for plant height, ear height and grain yield. The maize genotype Mankamana 3 produced significantly higher yield (6987.64 kg/ha) as compared to the other tested genotypes. All improved genotypes showed greater performance in terms of yield as compared to the farmers' local variety (Table 99).

Table 99. Performance of CFFT Maize (Hill set) at Suping, Makwanpur in 2072/073

Genotypes Plant ht (cm) Ear ht (cm) Plant #/ha No.of Ear/ha Grain yield kg/ha

BGBYPOP 191.67b 85.00b 42222.22 42222.22 6194.475ab

AC 9942/AC 9944 200.00b 95.00b 42962.96 42962.96 5811.033b

TLBR-07F16 195.67b 90.00b 41481.48 41481.48 5942.379b

ZM401 191.67b 94.00b 40740.74 40740.74 6106.283ab

Manakamana-3 171.67b 80.00b 43703.7 43703.7 6987.643a

F.V. 266.67a 141.67a 39259.26 39259.26 4302.641c

Grandmean 202.89 97.61 41728.40 41728.40 5890.74F-Test ** ** NS NS **CV% 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.1LSD 0.05 19.14 9.29 3952.0 3952.0 542.2

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CFFT Maize Full Season

Seven genotypes of maize including a local variety from the particular sites of Makwanpur district were tested for yield and other phonological traits in 2072/073. Although the observed data were non-significant among each other in all the parameters, the higher yield (7065.33 kg/ha) was recorded in Narayani genotype (Table 100).

Table 100. Performance of CFFT Maize (Full season) at different locations of Makwanpur in 2072/073

Genotype Plant ht (cm) Ear ht (cm) R lodge S lodge Plant # Ear # Yield (kg/ha)Upahar 230.0 135.0 2.0 1.5 47500.0 46666.7 6254.90HG-AB 243.0 137.5 1.5 1.5 45833.3 49166.7 6536.00Across 9331 241.0 131.0 2.5 1.0 46666.7 50000.0 6392.94Narayani 233.5 136.0 0.5 2.5 47500.0 50000.0 7065.33HG-A 245.0 134.0 1.5 0.5 49166.7 50833.3 6372.47HG-B 246.0 130.5 1.5 1.0 49166.7 48333.3 6778.04FV 238.0 127.0 2.5 1.5 50000.0 48333.3 6077.65Grand mean 239.50 133.00 1.7 1.4 47976.19 49047.62 6496.76F-Test Ns Ns NS NS NS NS NSCV% 1.7 3.3 41.2 63.3 5.4 6.9 4.7LSD 0.05 10.11 10.62 1.73 2.10 6324.1 8324.5 755.1

CFFT Rice normal set

Seven genotypes of rice including farmers local were tested in different command area (Chitwan, Nawalparasi and Makwanpur) of NMRP in 2072/73. ANOVA reavealed that there was significantly different in plant height but not in grain yield among the tested genotypes. The genotype IR-81826-B-B-57 showed higher yield i.e 5.10 t/ha with the significantly higher plant height (100.56 cm) (Table 101)

Table 101. Result of grain yield of CFFT normal set Rice during summer in 2072/73

Genotypes Plant ht. (cm) GY (t/ha)IR-87615-9-3-1-3 99.28ab 4.83IR-81826-B-B-57 100.56a 5.10IR-78875-207-B-B-B 91.52ab 4.88HUA-565 85.68b 4.63Cehrang Sub-1 93.48ab 4.85Sabitri 88.48ab 4.57F.V. 86.64ab 4.53


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Genotypes Plant ht. (cm) GY (t/ha)Grand mean 92.23 4.77F-Test 0.009 NsCV% 7.4 10.7LSD 0.05 8.95 0.66

CFFT Rice Early

The genotype Hardinath took statistically shorter period to flowering i.e. 74 days with very low yield (2.82 t/ha). The higher production was observed with Radha-4 (3.61 t/ha) (Table 102).

Table 102. Result of grain yield of CFFT Early set Rice at NMRP command district during 2072/73

Genotypes 50% flowering Plant ht. (cm) GY (t/ha)IR-83377-B-B-47-2 78.5abc 88.40 3.458R-83388-108-3 86.0a 89.80 3.03IR-83754-B-B-40-2 80.5abc 89.85 3.47IR-87754-42-2-2 84.5ab 86.30 3.05Radha-4 80.5abc 88.10 3.61Hardinath-1 74c 87.50 2.82FV 76.5bc 86.60 3.52Grand mean 80.07 88.08 3.28F-Test ** Ns NsCV% 3.0 7.2 15.6LSD 0.05 4.14 9.41 0.75

CFFT Rice fine and aromatic

Among the tested genotypes, non significant result was found in grain yield. However, IR-77537-24-1-3 produced higher yield i.e 4.42 t/ha followed by farmers' variety (4.10 t/ha) and IR-77512-128-2-1-2 (4.09 t/ha). The taller plant height (101.75 cm) was recorded with the genotype of TOX322-6-5-2-2-2-2 (Table 103)

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Table 103. Result of grain yield of CFFT-FAR (Fine and Aromatic) set of rice during 2072/73 at NMRP –OR sites

Genotypes Plant ht. (cm) GY (t/ha)IR-78539-32-1-2-1 92.25abc 3.90IR-77512-128-2-1-2 94.40ab 4.09TOX322-6-5-2-2-2-2 101.75a 3.35IR-77537-24-1-3 95.45ab 4.42IR-83377-B-B-105-4 94.78ab 3.98Samba Mahasuri Sub-1 (Local check) 82.85c 3.67F.V 85.20bc 4.10Grand mean 92.38 3.93F-Test ** NsCV% 4.9 11.8LSD 0.05 6.6 0.68

CFFT Wheat

Among the tested genotypes, the genotype BL-4407 produced higher yield (4.27 t/ha) followed by BL-4341 (4.16 t/ha) and BL-4463 (3.91 t/ha) (Table 104).

Table 104. Performance of CFFT wheat at different locations of NMRP Command districts in 2072/73

Genotypes 50% head-ing

85% matu-rity

Plant ht. (cm) Panicle/m2 Lodging % Yield (t/ha)

BL-4406 94.50bc 137.00 96.63 300.50 3.00ab 3.76BL-4407 98.00ab 140.00 96.65 299.00 3.50ab 4.27BL-4341 99.50a 139.00 95.08 285.50 8.00a 4.16BL-1164 99.00ab 138.00 95.45 304.00 1.50ab 3.39BL-4463 102.50a 140.00 93.43 300.00 1.50ab 3.91Vijaya 90.00c 134.00 104.53 308.00 0.00b 3.26FV 102.50a 138.00 92.58 283.00 2.50ab 3.51Grand mean 98.00 138.00 96.33 297.14 2.86 3.75F-Test ** Ns Ns * NsCV% 1.4 5.0 6.6 68.3 11.2LSD 0.05 2.41 7.11 33.97 3.37 0.62


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2.7 Multilocation ExperimentsDifferent experiments on rice and wheat were conducted during 2072/2073 (20015/2016) summer and winter season at Rampur. The experiments conducted were disease screening nursery on rice and wheat and three coordinated yield trials on rice namely; CVT-normal, CVT-fine and aromatic and CVT- early and all these sets were received from NRRP, Hardinath. In wheat IET, CVT, WVD and NRN sets were received from NWRP, Bhairahawa. The summary of findings has been presented in this report.

2.7.1 Rice

Three trials were planted in 2072/73 (2015/16) at Agronomy farm of NMRP, Rampur. A total of 24 genotype were included in CVT-Normal set and out of tested genotype IR9632-34-202-B-2-1-2 (5.28 t/ha) produced the highest grain yield followed by IR96321-1099-227-B-3-1-3 (4.580 t/ha) and NR257-32-2-1-1-1-1 (4.117 t/ha). The genotype IR87377-B-B-93-3.had highest plant height (119 cm) while NR2157-144-1-3-1-1 had lowest plant height (95.67 cm). Panicle length was maximum in IR05N-304 (28.67 cm) and minimum in NR2158-13-1-2-4-1 (22.67 cm). The maturity of genotypes varied from 143.67 day in NR2157-166-2-1-1-1 to 115 day in IR87377-B-B-93-3. The maximum value of flowering days was found in NR2157-166-1-3-5-1 (111 day), while minimum value was recorded in IR87377-B-B-93-3 (82 days). The genotypes were highly significant for plant height, flowering, panicle length, maturity and grain yield.

Table 105. Performance of rice genotypes-normal set under coordinated varietal trial (CVT-Normal) at NMRP Rampur in 2015 summer

SN Genotype GY (t/ha)

Flowering day

Maturity day

Panicle length (cm)

Plant height(cm)

1 IR79525-20-2-2-2 3.430 88.33 119.67 26 112.672 IR87377-B-B-93-3 3.417 82 115 23.67 1193 NR2158-13-1-12-4 3.735 97.67 133.67 23 1024 CT19151-7-5-1-25R-IP 3.208 97 127.33 24.67 111.335 NR2157-166-2-1-1-1 3.690 110.67 143.67 23 100.336 NR2157-166-1-3-5-1 4.022 111 133 23.67 107.677 IR79584-38-2-1-4 3.672 83.33 116 28 118.338 NR2157-144-1-3-1-1 3.350 94 125 23 95.679 NR2158-13-1-2-4-1 4.000 97 128.67 22.67 102.3310 NR2167-41-1-1-3-1 3.607 96.67 127.67 24.33 111.3311 IR73718-26-1-2-5 3.645 90 120 26 115.3312 IR80285-34-3-3-2 3.617 87.67 118.67 26.67 111.33

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SN Genotype GY (t/ha)

Flowering day

Maturity day

Panicle length (cm)

Plant height(cm)

13 IR78875-207-B-B-B 3.523 82.33 115.33 27.33 114.6714 CIHRANG Sub-1 3.297 83.33 116.33 25 11415 NR257-32-2-1-1-1-1 4.117 93.33 140.33 22.67 117.3316 IR05N-304 4.153 89.33 120.33 28.67 113.6717 NR2167-48-5-1-2-1-1 3.770 109 140.67 25.67 11418 NR2157-66-2-3-1-1-1 3.242 100.33 129 22.67 104.3319 IR96321-558-64-B-4-1-1 4.162 98.33 126.33 25 10420 IR94391-131-358-B-3-1-3 3.428 92.67 123 25 107.3321 IR9632-34-202-B-2-1-2 5.280 100.33 130.67 26 10222 IR96321-1099-227-B-3-1-3 4.580 110.67 123.33 28.33 11023 IR10A277 3.687 86.33 122.67 26.33 11624 SABITRI 3.862 100.67 128.67 24 105.67

Mean 3.77 95.08 126.04 25.06 109.60F-test <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001LSD 0.05

0.640 2.231 8.54 2.04 7.092CV% 10.3 2.4 4.1 5 3.9

A total of 20 genotype were included in CVT-Early set and out of tested genotype IR88964-11-2-2 (5.013 t/ha) produced the highest grain yield followed by IR82635-B-B-25-4 (4.742 t/ha), IR 1OL 151 (4.618 t/ha). The genotype 08FN6 had highest plant height (123.33 cm) while IR88869-2-1-1-4 had lowest plant height (94 cm). Panicle length was maximum in 08FN6 (28.33 cm) and minimum in B11586-FMR-11-R-2-11 (22.33 cm). The maturity of genotypes varied from 123.33 day in IR88869-2-1-1-4 to 98 day in Hardiinath-1. The maximum value of flowering days was found in IR82635-B-B-25-4 (89 day), while minimum value was recorded in Hardiinath--1 (72 day). The genotypes were highly significant for plant height, flowering, panicle length, maturity and grain yield.


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Table 106. Performance of rice genotypes-early set under coordinated farmer’s field trial (CVT-Early) at NMRP Rampur in 2015 summer

SN Genotype GY (t/ha) Flowering day

Maturity day

Panicle length (cm)

Plant height(cm)

1 08FN6 3.89 84 114.33 28.33 123.332 IR82635-B=B-58-1 4.54 80.67 115.67 25.33 109.673 IR82635-B-B-25-4 4.742 89 111.67 25 1124 IR7010-39-CPA-7-1 4.172 81.33 113 25 1215 IR88964-11-2-2 5.013 85 115 26 108.676 IR88964-45-2-1-3 4.408 87 115.67 25 104.677 IR88869-2-1-1-4 3.778 89 123.33 25.33 948 IR88964-11-2-2-3 4.365 82.67 114.33 25.67 116.339 IR88965-19-3-1-2 3.513 79.67 113 25.67 107.3310 IR8896-1-1-2-3 4.012 86.33 106.67 25.67 107.6711 IR 1OL 151 4.618 83 113.67 24 110.6712 IR09L-270 3.982 81.33 113.67 25.67 113.6713 B11586-FMR-11-R-2-11 3.767 82.67 114 22.33 11414 IR55423-01 4.918 87 117 24 110.3315 IR87759-2-2--1-1 3.915 82.33 113.67 25.33 10316 IR88965-39-16-4 4.493 81 113.67 24.67 10717 IR87761-66-2-2-3 4.117 80.67 113 25.67 106.6718 IR88869-6-2-6-1 3.553 87 116.33 24.33 9619 RADHA-4 4.65 85 115.33 25 106.3320 Hardiinath—1 1.748 72 98 24.33 101

Mean 4.11 83.33 113.55 25.12 108.67F-test <0.001 0.011 0.004 <0.001 <0.001LSD 0.05

0.88 7.259 8.18 1.614 9.768CV% 13 5.3 4.4 3.9 5.4

During 2072/73 at Agronomy farm of NMRP, Rampur, CVT-FAR trial was conducted. A total of 16 genotype were included. Out of tested genotype HHZ12-Y4-Y1-DTI (6.487 t/ha) produced the highest grain yield followed by IR83373-B--B-25-3 (5.540 t/ha), NR2124-43-3-1-1-1 (5.487 t/ha). The genotype NR2154-8-1-1-1-1-1-1 had highest plant height (141 cm) while PK 8244-4had lowest plant height (135.67 cm). Panicle length was maximum in PK 8244-4 (29.67 cm ) and minimum in HHZ12-Y4-Y1-DTI (18.67 cm). The maturity of genotypes varied from 139.33 day in SAMBA MAHASURI-SUB-1 to 9103 day in HHZ12-Y4-Y1-DTI. The maximum value of flowering days was found in NR2188-3-2-4-1 (107 day), while minimum value was recorded in IR 10L 182 (80.67 day). The genotypes were highly significant for plant height, flowering, panicle length, maturity and grain yield.

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Table 107. Performance of rice genotypes-fine and aromatic under coordinated farmer’s field trial (CVT-FAR) at NMRP Rampur in 2015 summer

SN Genotype GY (t/ha) Flowering day

Maturity day

Panicle length (cm)

Plant height(cm)

1 IR83373-B--B-24 4.577 85.67 104 23 100.332 IR83373-B--B-25-3 5.540 83.33 114.33 25.67 109.673 IR93405-B-B-96-2 5.06 84 115.67 24 105.334 IR83388-B-B-8-3 4.728 84 114.67 22.67 1095 NR2154-8-1-1-1-1-1-1 3.03 101 130 26 1416 NR2124-43-3-1-1-1 5.487 99.33 130.33 23 1057 NR2160-47-1-3-1-1 4.427 94.67 126.67 22 1008 NR2160-59-2-1-1-1 4.89 89.33 126 20.33 1039 NR2158-62-2-3-1-1 4.9 95.67 127 21.33 11710 NR2188-3-2-4-1 4.913 107 132.33 20.67 115.6711 IR 10L 182 5.26 80.67 111 22 11012 CT 19021-3-5-2V1-1 4.997 81.67 113 26.33 98.6713 WAS122-IDSA-1-WAS-B 4.847 89.67 120.67 24.33 107.3314 PK 8244-4 4.26 104 133 29.67 135.6715 HHZ12-Y4-Y1-DTI 6.487 83.33 103 18.67 99.3316 SAMBA MAHASURI-SUB-1 5.028 105 139.33 19.33 89.67

Mean 4.902 91.77 121.31 23.06 1.9.17F-test <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001LSD0.05 0.7811 2.942 9.351 2.929 8.889CV% 9.6 3.9 4.6 7.6 4.9

2.7.2 Wheat

At NMRP the highest grain yield was obtained by NL-1272 (3.083 t/ha) followed by NL-1264 (2.894 t/ha) and NL-1258 (2.819 t/ha) respectively. The genotype Gautam had highest plant height (112 cm) while NL 1274 had lowest plant height (80 cm). The maturity of genotypes varied from 108 day in NL 1260 to 113 day in Gautam. The maximum value of heading days was found in BL 4664 , NL 1261 and Gautam (81 day), while minimum value was recorded in NL 1260 (76 day). Similarly, spike length was maximum in BL 4721 and Gautam (12 cm) and minimum in BL 4713, NL 1260, NL 1268, NL 1270 and NL 1243 (9 cm). The genotype was non significant for maturity and no. of spikes/m2 and highly significant for grain yield, plant height, heading day and spike length (Table 108).


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Table 108. Performance of wheat genotypes for agronomic traits under initial evaluation trial (IET) at NMRP Rampur in 2015 Winter

S.N. Genotype GY (t/ha) Heading day

Maturity day

Plant height (cm)

No. of spikes/m2

Spike length (cm)

1 BL 4664 2.215 81 110 99 202.9 102 BL 4695 2.484 80 112 99 301 103 BL 4699 2.789 79 111 108 264 104 BL 4903 2.23 79 112 106 337 115 BL 4707 2.641 79 112 94 344 116 BL 4708 2.36 77 112 87 358 107 BL 4713 2.213 80 112 112 327 98 BL 4725 2.112 79 112 94 302 119 NL 1258 2.819 79 111 92 316 11

10 NL 1259 2.583 79 111 84 357 1111 NL 1260 2.608 76 108 90 346 912 NL 1261 2.109 81 110 95 377 1213 NL 1262 2.566 78 111 88 359 1014 NL 1263 2.283 78 111 91 368 1015 NL 1264 2.894 80 111 90 356 1116 NL 1265 2.264 80 112 82 385 1117 NL 1266 2.601 80 112 87 381 1018 NL 1267 2.412 77 111 85 309 1019 NL 1268 2.273 79 112 85 343 920 NL 1269 2.636 78 111 86 387 1021 NL 1270 2.375 79 111 89 347 922 NL 1271 2.553 79 110 83 327 1023 NL 1272 3.083 77 111 85 357 1024 BL 4721 2.382 78 112 113 378 1225 NL 1273 2356 79 111 83 275 1026 NL 1274 2.291 79 111 80 356 1027 NL 1243 2.321 79 110 85 364 928 NL 1252 2.325 80 112 90 368 1029 Bhrikuti 2.312 79 112 91 417 1130 Gautam 2.337 81 113 96 331 12

Grand Mean 2.448 78.78 110.88 91.4 341.9 10.8F-test <.001 <.001 0.241 <.001 0.339 0.008LSD0.05 0.337 1.229 2.483 7.26 106.5 1.627CV% 6.7 0.8 1.1 3.9 15.2 7.9

At NMRP the highest grain yield was obtained by BL-4406 (3.557 t/ha) followed by Gautam (3.498 t/ha) and NL-1253 (3.432 t/ha) respectively. The genotype

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BL 4581 had highest plant height (111 cm) while NL 1250 and NL 1254 had lowest plant height (82 cm). The maturity of genotypes varied from 108 day in BL 4406, NL 1190, NL 1202, NL 1250, NL 1253, NL 1254, NL 1255 and GAUTAM to 111 day in NL 1249. The maximum value of heading days was found in NL 1207 and NL 1249 (81 day ), while minimum value was recorded in NL 1193 (73 day). Similarly, spikes per square meter was maximum in NL 1193 (369 /m2) and minimum in NL 1254 (248/m2). The genotype was non significant for maturity, no. of spikes/m2 and spike length and highly significant for grain yield, plant height and heading day (Table 109).

Table 109. Performance of wheat genotypes for agronomic traits under coordinated farmer’s field trial (CVT) at NMRP Rampur in 2015 winter

S.N. Genotype GY (t/ha) Heading day

Maturity day

Plant height (cm)

No. of spikes/m2

Spike length (cm)

1 BL 4406 3.557 78 108 92 387 112 BL 4463 3.097 77 109 96 338 113 BL 4335 2.493 78 109 100 302 9.54 NL 1190 2.961 78 108 78 324 9.55 NL 1193 3.162 73 109 85 369 9.56 NL 1202 3.153 79 108 87 331 10.57 NL 1207 3.024 81 109 88 349 10.58 NL 1211 2.423 80 109 90 337 109 BL 4581 2.787 79 109 111 296 9.5

10 BL 4606 3.09 78 109 104 278 1011 NL 1244 3.16 78 109 97 331 912 NL 1247 2.944 79 109 94 363 1013 NL 1249 2.599 81 111 90 312 9.514 NL 1250 3.044 76 108 82 283 9.515 NL 1253 3.432 75 108 84 320 1016 NL 1254 3.035 78 108 82 248 9.517 NL 1255 2.963 74 108 86 351 1018 BHRIKUTI 3.025 78 109 89 320 919 RR 21 2.101 78 109 95 361 1020 GAUTAM 3.498 78 108 93 289 11.5

Grand Mean 2.977 77.58 108.7 90.83 324.3 9.95F-test 0.024 <.001 0.5 <.001 0.281 0.665LSD0.05 0.6638 2.317 2.169 9.255 85.92 2.179CV% 10.7 1.4 1 4.9 12.7 10.5

At NMRP the highest grain yield was obtained by Entry100 (4.388 t/ha) followed by Entry 51 (3.069 t/ha) and Entry61 and Entry 74 (2.911 t/ha) respectively. The genotype Entry 48 and Entry 29 had highest plant height (115 cm) while Entry


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28 had lowest plant height (69 cm). The maximum value of heading days was found in Entry 87and Entry 88 (83 day), while minimum value was recorded in Entry 80 (84 day). (Table 110). The trait heading days was less variable (2.33 % CV) and grain yield was highly variable (21.1% CV).

Table 110. Performance of wheat genotypes under Nepal rainfed nursery (NRN) at NMRP Rampur in 2015 winter

S.N. Genotype Heading day (50%)

Plant height(cm)

Spikes length (cm) Leaf Blight GY (t/ha)

1 Entry 1 81 79 9 95 2.7142 Entry 2 81 81 10 73 1.5673 Entry 3 76 82 9 99 2.1434 Entry 4 78 83 10 98 1.7535 Entry 5 77 76 11 98 2.1336 Entry 6 78 80 10 97 1.5607 Entry 7 78 77 10 96 2.3328 Entry 8 79 80 10 97 2.5269 Entry 9 73 85 9 97 1.93210 Entry 10 77 79 9 98 2.53811 Entry 11 78 80 10 99 2.33512 Entry 12 76 80 8 97 2.31813 Entry 13 78 82 10 96 2.72014 Entry 14 79 78 9 97 1.55315 Entry 15 78 84 9 98 1.84616 Entry 16 76 82 10 97 2.73017 Entry 17 78 87 9 99 1.94818 Entry 18 77 89 8 98 2.52319 Entry 19 79 87 10 98 2.14520 Entry 20 79 76 11 96 2.24021 Entry 21 80 88 10 98 2.03622 Entry 22 79 86 10 99 2.34023 Entry 23 78 86 9 98 2.23224 Entry 24 78 76 6 95 1.74525 Entry 25 80 81 6 95 2.52926 Entry 26 80 83 7 93 2.13527 Entry 27 79 77 6 93 2.91528 Entry 28 80 69 5 99 1.64629 Entry 29 77 115 9 97 2.41530 Entry 30 80 108 9 98 1.75531 Entry 31 80 111 10 98 2.03132 Entry 32 77 86 9 99 2.335

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Plant height(cm)


33 Entry 33 81 105 9 97 2.12534 Entry 34 80 101 10 98 2.22935 Entry 35 81 105 11 97 2.32136 Entry 36 79 104 9 96 1.65637 Entry 37 79 96 10 96 1.56038 Entry 38 79 95 9 97 2.14339 Entry 39 80 98 10 98 1.55140 Entry 40 79 76 10 97 1.74941 Entry 41 78 103 8 99 2.04042 Entry 42 76 109 8 99 1.85543 Entry 43 81 89 11 97 2.13544 Entry 44 79 97 10 97 2.22445 Entry 45 82 88 10 95 2.13346 Entry 46 79 108 9 98 2.10847 Entry 47 78 110 10 98 1.35448 Entry 48 79 115 10 96 1.94549 Entry 49 81 86 10 97 2.00750 Entry 50 77 103 11 98-90s 1.55351 Entry 51 78 105 11 98 3.06952 Entry 52 79 91 9 97 1.84453 Entry 53 78 90 11 98 1.93954 Entry 54 78 97 9 98 1.94555 Entry 55 80 100 10 97-90s 1.93956 Entry 56 77 95 10 98-95s 2.51757 Entry 57 77 102 10 98 2.33558 Entry 58 80 108 10 97-smr 2.51459 Entry 59 80 91 10 97-50s 2.22960 Entry 60 77 90 9 99 1.94561 Entry 61 82 112 11 95-90s 2.91162 Entry 62 79 106 10 97 2.62663 Entry 63 79 101 9 97-5r 2.31364 Entry 64 78 95 9 98-90s 2.61765 Entry 65 82 90 9 98-10mr 2.12866 Entry 66 79 92 9 98 2.32667 Entry 67 79 92 9 99 2.32468 Entry 68 79 108 9 98 2.13869 Entry 69 80 107 9 97-10mr 2.13570 Entry 70 79 89 10 97-90s 2.232


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Plant height(cm)


71 Entry 71 81 110 10 97 1.75972 Entry 72 80 92 11 96 1.84873 Entry 73 80 89 10 96 2.51174 Entry 74 81 91 10 98 2.91175 Entry 75 79 88 9 96 2.71776 Entry 76 80 87 10 98 2.72777 Entry 77 80 106 10 97 1.94178 Entry 78 78 88 10 99 3.30379 Entry 79 78 93 9 98 1.93480 Entry 80 74 87 10 97 2.71781 Entry 81 81 94 9 98-80s 2.14382 Entry 82 82 91 9 98 2.73383 Entry 83 82 94 9 97 2.13584 Entry 84 82 85 10 96-90s 2.72085 Entry 85 78 81 9 99 2.04886 Entry 86 82 90 10 95 1.37387 Entry 87 83 94 10 96 1.35988 Entry 88 83 85 10 97 1.93989 Entry 89 79 89 10 98 1.94890 Entry 90 79 83 10 97 2.33791 Entry 91 78 88 10 99 2.43592 Entry 92 78 83 10 98 2.62693 Entry 93 78 81 9 98 1.94894 Entry 94 77 83 9 97 2.52095 Entry 95 78 84 8 99 1.65896 Entry 96 77 79 10 98 1.87297 Entry 97 77 76 10 98 1.75998 Entry 98 77 81 10 97 1.46999 Entry 99 82 72 8 97 1.950100 Entry 100 82 76 10 96 4.388

Mean 78.98 90.62 9.44 97.04 2.1811SE Mean 0.184 1.09 0.109 0.311 0.046StDev 1.842 10.89 1.085 2.901 0.4602CV% 2.33 12.01 11.5 2.99 21.1

At NMRP the highest grain yield was obtained by NL-1164 (5.070 t/ha) followed by BL-3629 (4.454 t/ha) and BL-3623 (4.052 t/ha) respectively. The genotype Rohini had highest plant height (102 cm) while Durum had lowest plant height (71 cm). The maximum value of heading days was found in BL 1473 (82 day),

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while minimum value was recorded in Siddarth (73 day). Similarly, spike length was maximum in BL 3623 (11 cm) and minimum in Durum, Lerma rojo 64 and Vinayak (8 cm). (Table 111). The trait heading days was less variable (2.931 % CV) and grain yield was highly variable (27.405% CV).

Table 111. Performance of wheat genotypes at varietal display (WVD) at NMRP Rampur in 2015 winter

S.N. Genotypes Heading day(50%)

Plant height (cm)

Spikes length (cm) GY (t/ha)

1 Lerma 52 78 101 9 2.522 Lerma rojo 64 78 89 8 2.913 Kalyan sona 79 79 10 2.894 Pitic 62 81 72 10 1.755 RR 21 78 84 11 2.536 NL 30 78 87 10 2.327 HD 1982 74 72 9 3.868 UP262 74 79 10 2.729 Lumbini 74 90 10 3.9210 Triveni 74 88 10 2.7111 Vinayak 77 70 8 2.7012 Siddarth 73 76 10 3.0813 Vasker 74 74 10 2.3214 Nepal 297 74 90 10 3.0915 Nepal 251 77 93 10 4.0816 Annapurna-1 79 79 10 2.7217 Annapurna-2 80 84 10 1.9418 Annapurna-3 78 82 10 2.9019 BL 1022 76 74 10 1.7420 Bhrikuti 80 72 10 1.9421 BL 1135 77 82 10 2.1322 Annapurna-4 77 84 11 2.3223 Achyut 80 93 9 2.7024 Rohini 77 102 9 2.7025 Kanti 79 101 9 3.0826 Pashang Lhamu 79 90 11 2.3027 BL 1473 82 79 9 1.9328 Gautam 79 85 10 2.9029 WK 1204 81 78 9 2.1330 Aditya 78 82 10 2.3031 Vijaya 78 85 9 2.6232 NL 971 81 90 10 2.70


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S.N. Genotypes Heading day(50%)

Plant height (cm)

Spikes length (cm) GY (t/ha)

33 Gaura 81 92 10 3.6834 Dhaulagiri 78 93 10 3.6935 Tilloama 78 81 9 2.9036 Danphe 82 86 10 3.4837 BL 3623 (Bandganaga) 77 86 11 4.0538 BL 3629 (Sworgadwari) 77 88 10 4.4539 BL 3872 77 91 10 2.9040 NL 1055 77 93 10 3.2941 NL 1164 79 96 10 5.0742 Triticale 78 99 10 3.9043 Durum 78 71 8 1.37

Mean 77.81 85.163 9.744 2.867St Dev. 2.281 8.574 0.727 0.786SE Mean 0.348 1.308 0.111 0.120CV% 2.931 10.068 7.459 27.405

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3. Source seed production

3.1 Seed Production of Maize, Rice, Wheat and Sun hempProject Type

This is a regular project of National Maize Research Programme (NMRP). Source seed of maize as well as rice and wheat has been produced and provided to the clients regularly.

Achievements

NMRP produced 46.0575 tons of maize seed, 26.48 tons of rice seed,3 tons of wheat seed and 1.35 tons of sun hemp seed in the fiscal year of 2072/73.Seed production details are shown in following tables.

Table 112. Seed production of different maize varieties at NMRP, Rampur in 2072/73.

S.N. Varieties Breeder Seed (kg)

Foundation Seed (kg)

Improved Seed (kg) Total (kg)

1 Rampur Composite 2262 10000 4777.5 17039.52 Arun-2 615 4300 1925 68403 Manakamana-3 2852 10948 2078 158784 Deuti 250 4900 910 60605 Poshilo Makai-1 100 140 0 240

Sub Total 6079 30288 9690.5 46057.5Mixed maize 45089Grand Total 91146.5

Table 113. Seed production of rice, wheat and sunhemp at NMRP, Rampur in 2072/73.

S.N. Crop Varieties Foundation Seed (kg) Improved Seed (kg) Total (kg)1 Rice Ramdhan 5480 0 54802 Sabitri 21000 0 210003 Wheat Bijay 2000 0 20004 Gautam 1000 0 10005 Sun hemp Sun hemp 1350 0 1350

Sub Total 30830 0 30830Mixed Rice 3790Mixed Wheat 668Grand Total 35288


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4. SPECIAL PROJECTS

4.1 AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY PROJECT (AFSP) In the fiscal year 2072/73, 3420 kg breeder seed and 1765.5 kg foundation seed was produced in NMRP under AFSP (Table 114) and the contribution of AFSP to total maize seed production of NMRP is 40% for breeder and 95.5% for foundation seed. 1550 kg of Breeder Seed and 1310 kg of foundation seed was sold to the districts of AFSP command area (Table 115). Two days community based maize seed production and handling training was provided to the 15 participants of different CBSP groups of Agriculture Research Station (ARS), Surkhet, Ginger Research Program (GRP), Salyan and Regional Agricultural Research Station, Khajura, Nepalgunj at Ginger Research Program, Kapurkot, Salyanon 17th and 18th of Baisakh, 2073. Number of participants from different CBSP was shown in Table 116. In this project, one colored booklet containing 56 pages was published about integrated disease and pest management in maize.

Table 114. Breeder and foundation seed produced under the AFSP in 2072/73 at NMRP.

S.N. Varieties Categories Amount (kg)1. Rampur Composite Breeder 1002. Arun-2 Breeder 3403. Manakamana-3 Breeder 20004. Arun-3 Breeder 105. Arun-4 Breeder 406. Arun-6 Breeder 307. Rampur Composite Foundation 12008. Arun-2 Foundation 4809. Arun-3 Foundation 11.510. Arun-4 Foundation 50.511. Arun-6 Foundation 23.5

Table 115. Maize breeder and foundation seed sold/distributed to the districts of AFSP command areas in 2072/73.

S.N. Seed Category Varieties Sold Amount (kg)

Organization within project districts

1 Breeder SeedRampur Composite, Arun-2, Deuti and Manakamana 3

1550

RARS, Nepalgunj and Doti, ARS, Dailekh, GRP Salyan, Subtropical Seed Production Center, Rukum and Unique Seed Company, Dhangadi

2 Foundation SeedRampur Composite, Deuti and Manakamana 3

1310 DADO Kalikot and Surkhet, RARS, Doti and ARS, Dailekh

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Table 116. Name of the CBSP and number of participants of the training.

S.N. Name of CBSP and Addresses Number of participants

1 Karmashil Krishi Sahakari Sanstha, Dasharathpur-5, Surkhet 12 Parijat Krishi Bahumukhi Sahakari Sanstha limited, Dasharathpur-3, Surkhet 13 Janakalyan Khadyabali Utpadak Krisak Samuha, Rampur-3, Simalkuna, Salyan 24 Pachiwang Makai Biu Utpadak Krisak Samuha, Bhalakcha-4, Rukum 25 Bhakam Krisak Samuha, Garpa-6, Bhakam, Salyan 26 Sunaulo Krisak Samuha, Siddheswari-9, Dhorchaur, Salyan 27 Byaore Bali UtpadakKrisakSamuha, Dasharathpur-3, Byaore, Surkhet 28 Ganeshbaba Pragatishil Krisak Samuha, Rajapur-13, Bhimmapur, Bardiya 19 Kamire Biu Utpadak Krisak Samuha, Pyuthan-13, Bijaynagar, Pyuthan 1

10 Janasebi Krisak Samuha, Sarda-15, Dadagaun, Salyan 1Grand Total 15

4.2 KISAN KA LAGI UNNAT BIU BIJAN KARYAKRAM (KUBK)Kisan ka lagi Unnat Biu bijan Karyakram (KUBK) is a several year project. In fiscal year 2072/73, the maize foundation seed production program (78.5 ha) was conducted in eight CBSP groups. One in each Rolpa and Pyuthan district. Similarly, three in each Gulmi and Arghakhachi district. Foundation seed production of Rampur Composite was in 51.5 ha, Manakamana-3 was in 25 ha and Deuti was in 2 ha. In the same way, the rice foundation seed production program (19 ha) was conducted in two CBSP groups one in each of Salyan and Pyuthan districts. Foundation seed production of Sabitri was in 13 ha, Ramdhan was in 2 ha and Sukhha-3 was in 4 ha. Breeder seed, DAP, Urea, Potash, seed bins, tarpaulins, shelling machines and sewing machines were provided to the CBSP (Table-117). Eight trainings were conducted about maize foundation seed production and two trainings were conducted about rice foundation seed production. An interaction cum visit program was organized between scientists and maize foundation seed producer farmers at National Maize Research Program (NMRP), Rampur, Chitwan. Six participatory varietal selection (PVS) trials of maize and two trials each of rice and wheatwere conducted in the command districts of KUBK. (Table-118). In case of wheat, BL 3629 (4825 kg/ha) produced the highest yield followed by NL 1006 (4100 kg/ha). We regularly monitored the foundation seed production activities of all CBSP were regularly supervised to maintain its quality. Coordination with the Regional Seed Testing Laboratory (RSTL) of Bhairahawa, Rupandehi and Khajura, Banke was done for fulfillment of requirements for the certification process of the foundation seed produced by the CBSP.


143

Table 117. Materials supported to the CBSP groups

S.N. Items Specification Quantity (Units)1. Seed Breeder 2685 kg2. Fertilizer DAP 5005 kg3. Fertilizer Urea 4043 kg4. Fertilizer Potash 2618 kg5. Seed Bin different capacities 64 piece 6. Tarpaulin 12 × 9 75 piece7. Jute Bag Sewing Machine Electric 8 piece8. Maize Sheller Electric 6 piece

Table 118. Name of the maize, rice and wheat varieties tested in the Participatory Varietal Selection (PVS) trials.

S.N. Maize varieties Yield (ton/ha) Rice varieties Wheat genotypes Yield (kg/ha)1. Across 9331 3.45 Sukha-3 NL-1006 16402. BGBYPOP 4.16 Sukha-5 NL-1055 12503. TLBRS07F16 5.26 Sukha-6 BL-3872 15604. ZM 401 3.64 Makawanpur-1 BL-3629 19305. Across 9942/Across 9944 4.65 Radha-13 BL-3623 16206. local 3.37 - Danphe 15807. - - Dhaulagiri 1340

144


5. Technology Transfer and Services

The details of trainings, workshops, seminar, publications, services and information through media were given in Annexes.

5.1 Key Technologies

5.1.1 Varietal

Production domain Recommended variety

High hills (>1500 m. asl) Ganesh-1 and Ganesh-2

Mid hills (>1000 m. asl) Mankamana-1 Mankamana 3, Mankamana 4, Mankamana 5 and Mankamana 6, Deuti, Sitala, Khumal Hybrid 2, Posilo makai-1

Foot hills (Spring maize) Rampur composite, Arun-1, Arun-2, Arun-3, Arun-4 and Arun-6

Terai/foot hills Rampur composite

Terai (Winter maize) Rampur Hybrid-2, 4 and 6 and Rampur composite

Promising NMRP hybrids: RML-32/RML-17, RML-4/RMl-17, RML-86/RML-96, RML-95/RML-96.

5.1.2 Crop management

No tillage with retention of previous crop residue i.e. conservation tillage (CT) under rice-maize system found superior in terms of grain yields of respective crops and their system yields, soil nutrient status (soil organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium), cost of cultivation and hence net return, and nonlodging plants over the farmer’s tillage practice of conventional tillage without the crop residue (FP). Include soil condition.

Conservation tillage in maize reduced the impact of drought by lowering soil temperature and surface evaporation, hence increased grain yield.

In case of conservation tillage in maize, Atrazine herbicide (pre-emergence) application of Atrazine (50%WP) @1.5 kg ai./ha within 24 hours of planting and in case of no tilled dry direct seeding of rice, Pendimethalin 30% EC @ 6ml/litre of water i.e 550 litres/ha within 48 hours of direct seeding found


145

profitable. Planting geometries of 60cm between rows and 25cm between plants for hybrids found suitable in Terai.

Tank mixture of Atrazine and Glyphosate (Atrazine @ 0.75kg a.i./ha + Glyphosate @2.5 ml/litre of water) or Atrazine (Atrazine @1.5kg a.i./ha as pre emergence) + one hand weeding at 40 days after seeding during spring season found better for higher maize yield and net economic return in Terai, Nepal.

Nitrogen application @ of 180 kg N/ha in three splits (10% at planting, 30% at five leaf stage, 30% at 10 leaf stage and 30% at tasseling resulted the significantly higher grain yield of maize. Cultivation of winter maize practice and Best time of planting for winter maize was last fortnight of September and for spring it was mid February in uplands of Terai. For both tilled and no tilled condition, Chinese maize planter that drills the single seed per hill with 100% seed drilling efficiency found suitable for Terai and flat lands.

5.1.3 Plant protection

For Gray leaf spot (GLS) disease the resistant/tolerant varieties are Manakamana-3, Manakamana-5, Manakamana-6 (for mid-hills) & Ganesh-1 & Ganesh-2 (for high hills). Rampur Composite (Thai Comp. x Suwan-1) released in 1975 for Downy mildew resistant. For head smut- Tilt (propiconazole) or Bayleton (triademeform) @ 2 g/kg seed has been found effective for the control of disease. Seed treatment with Apron 35 SD (metalaxyl) @ 3 gm a.i./kg seed was found most effective for the control of downy mildew.

At Chitwan, early planting prior to 14th of May resulted in low borer infestation and less subsequent injury from the maize stem borer, than plantings later in the season. For maize stem borer and armyworm management, Spinosad(45%) @.25ml/lt of water performed better as compare to Confidor 200SL and Furadan 3G whorl placement. In case of Maize storage pests, Bojho (10 gm/Kg seed) was found effective control to maize weevil, where the infestation was only 1.43% during the period of six months of storage. Furthermore, Super grain bag and PICS bag was found free from storage insect pests up to 6 months.

5.1.4 Soil fertility management

For spring and summer season maize the recommended doses of Nitrogenous fertilizer can be applied in splits i.e at 30, 45 and 60 days after seeding for the higher grain yield.

Maize hybrids produced the higher grain yield with 200:60:40 kg NPK/ha during winter in Terai.

146


Application of 180: 90: 60 N, P2O5 and K2O plus FYM 10 t/ha for full season maize produced the higher grain yield thereby higher net return.

Incorporation of Sun hemp as green manure @ 7 t/ha of dry biomass within two months of sowing produced the good yield of winter maize and enhanced the soil nitrogen status.


147

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148


Annex 2. Information on maize hybrids released in 2016 with their cultivation practices

Annex 2.1 Maize hybrids released in 2016

DescriptionReleased Hybrids

Rampur Hybrid-4 Rampur Hybrid-6Parentage RML-32/RML-17 RML-4/RML-17Plant height (cm) 175 178Ear bearing height (cm) 95 92Tasseling days 69 84Silking days 72 87Number of leaf below ear/cob 9 8Number of leaf above ear/cob 5 5Grain color Orange YellowYield potential (t/ha) 6.95 6.80Recommendation Domain Terai and Inner Terai Terai and Inner Terai

Specialty

Stay green up to maturity moderately resistant to borer and leaf blight (NLB, BLB, SLB)

Stay green up to maturity moderately resistant to borer and leaf blight (NLB, BLB, SLB)

Annex 2.2 Cultivation practices for newly released hybridsPractices Description

Planting time Winter, springSpacing 60 cm x 25 cmFertilizer dose 180:60:40 kg NPK/ha along with 10-15 t FYM/ha, Nitrogen splited into three

i.e. ½ at basal dose, ¼ at knee height and ¼ at tasseling stageIrrigation Irrigation three times; at knee height, at tasseling and at grain filling stageWeed control weeding/hoeing at 20-25 days after sowing (DAS) and earthing up at 40-45

DAS, Atrazine @ 1.5-2 kg a.i./ha (50WP) within 48 hours of plantingInsect control chloropyriphos 50% EC+cypermethrin 5% EC @ 1.5 ml/L of waterDisease control Dithane M-45 (2.5 g/L of water), propiconazole (tilt) (1.5 ml/L of water for

foliar spray, Bavistin (2 g/kg of seed) treatmentHarvesting Black layer formation at base of kernel, at physiological maturity


149

Annex 3. Monthly Agro-meteorological Data of the Station (Temperature, Precipitation and Humidity)

Month Avg. Max. Temp (0C)

Avg. Min. Temp (0C)

Avg. RH (%)

Total rainfall (mm)

July (2015) 33.42 18.25 88.45 417.5August 33.34 25.27 84.3 461.2September 32.46 24.55 86.4 0October 31.92 19.22 87.8 4.2November 28.18 14.28 76.2 0December 23.22 8.72 75.8 7.7January (2016) 22.2 7.5 90.03 1.1February 27.29 10.48 81.29 36.2March 32.13 14.57 65.79 1.9April 37.68 19.58 59.46 305.2May 34.31 18.58 68.62 257.9June 33.99 24.1 78.31 618.4

(Source: NMRP, 2015/016)

150


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153

Annex 5. Summaries of NARC Research Projects and Activities in 2072/73

S.N. List of Projects/activities

1 Development of conventional and non- conventional hybrids for different production en-vironments in Nepal

2 Participatory Technology Development At NMRP Outreach Research Sites3 Maize research and development in Nepal.4 High value maize variety development for Nepal5 Investigation and management of insect pests in maize.6 Breeder and foundation seed production of maize and other crops7 Enhancing the livelihood of farmers through Intercropping maize based system

8 Evaluating the performance of hybrid and OPVs maize varieties under conventional and no-tillage with residue management practice in the Terai of Nepal

9 Enhancing maize productivity through improvement and agronomic management practic-es in terai and inner terai of Nepal

10 Evaluating and verification of the conservation agriculture based crop management prac-tice on productivity of rice maize system in Nepal

11 Evaluating and verification of the conservation agriculture based crop management prac-tice under maize based system in Nepal

12 Plant nutrient management, effect and economic aspects on maize and soil environment13 Management of maize storage pest in Rampur condition

14 Exploration and cataloguing of Parasitoids found in maize based agro-ecosystem in Chit-wan, Nepal.

15 Study on bionomics of army worm and their eco-friendly management through the use of bio-rational alternatives

16 Screening of Elite germplasm of maize against Stem borer (Chilo partellus Swonhoe) in glass house condition

17 Farm Management Project (FMP)18 Collaborative experiments on different crops (Mulitilocations)

154


Annex 6. Training/ Workshop/Seminar organized in FY 2072/73

S.N. Name of staff Position Name of Training/Seminar Duration Place/Country Organizer

1. Govind K.C.T.R. RijalC.B.Kunwar

S4S3S3

HTMA Planning and Review Meeting

5 days Hyderabaad, India

CIMMYT

2. Govind K.C. S4 Seed Industry Program

4 days Banglore, India Cornel Univer-sity/ SATAGU-

RU3. Govind K.C. S4 HTMA review

meeting4 days Amritsaar,

IndiaCIMMYT

4. Govind K.C. S4 HTMA monitoring 4 days Bangladesh CIMMYT5. G.S. Bhandari

S. NeupaneB.B. AchhamiS. SharmaS. Yadav

S1S1T6T6T6

Statistical training on Entomological

Research (Phase II)

One week

Khumaltar, Kathmandu

Entomology Division

6. S. NeupaneB.B. AchhamiS. SharmaS. Yadav

S1T6T6T6

Statistical training on Entomological

Research (Phase III)

One week

Khumaltar, Kathmandu

Entomology Division

7. B. Bhandari S1 Training com exposure visit for

Scientist of NARC

3 days Bangladesh AFSP project

8. B. Bhandari S1 Training on hybrid maize seed

production

4 days India CIMMYT

9. J. Shrestha S1 Training on mutation breeding

12 days Kathmandu, Nepal

NARI

10. G.B.Hamal T6 Integrated crop and water resource

management training

3 days RARS, Lumle Department of Irrigation

11. G.S. Bhandari S1 Training on statistics 15 days Delhi, India12. P.P. Bhandari A6 Training on upscaling

public procurment skill

2 days Bharatpur, Chitwan

Public Procur-ment Monitor-

ing Office13. G. B. Hamal T6 Training on Clean

Combustion28 days China Long Ping High

Tech


155

Annex 7. Publications in FY 2071/72

S.N. Name of Publications Type Language Authors No. of copies

1 Annual report of NMRP Book English NMRP 1502. Journal of Maize Research and

DevelopmentJournal English NMRP 100

3 Makaibali pranalima samrakshan krishi

Booklet Nepali T.B. KarkiGovind K.C.

1000

4 Makaibalima akikrit bali samrakshan prabidhi

Booklet Nepali S. Subedi, S. Neupane, T.R.Ri-

jal and G.S. Bhandari

1000

156


Annex 8. Paper Published in FY 2071/72

S.N. Title of paper Authors Name of Proceedings/Journals1 Status and prospects of maize

research in NepalG. K.C.,T.B.Karki,J.Shrestha andB.B.Achhami

Journal of Maize Research and Development, 2015, vol. 1, No. 1, 1-9

2 Tillage and planting density affect the performance of maize hybrids in Chitwan, Nepal

T.B. Karki,G.K.C.,J. Shrestha andJ.P. Yadav


3 Performance evaluation of quality protein maize genotypes across various maize production agro ecologies of Nepal

J. Shrestha,K.B.Koirala,R.B. Katuwal,N.B. Dhami,B.B.Pokhrel,B. Ghimire,H.K.Prasai,A.Poudel, K.Pokhrel and G.K.C.


4 A review on important maize diseases and their management in Nepal

S. Subedi Journal of Maize Research and Development, 2015, vol. 1, No. 1, 28-52

5 Assessment of maize stem borer damage on hybrid maize varieties in chitwan, Nepal

B.B. Achhami,S.B.B.K. and G.S. Bhandari


6 Survey on maize post harvest losses and its management practices in the western hills of Nepal

G.S.Bhandari.B.B. Achhami, T.B.Karki,B.Bhandari andG. Bhandari



157

Annex 9. Regular annual budget and expenditure record of FY 2072/73 (2015/16)(In 000 Nepalese rupees)

Code Budget heads Annual budget re-leased Expenses Balance

3121363 Current Expenses 50321200 44966883.54 5354316.463121364 Capital expenses 20700000 19141357.57 1558642.43

Annex 10. Special project budget and expenditure record of FY 2072/73 (2015/16)(In Nepalese rupees)

Name of the Project Annual budget Expenses BalanceAFSP 1505000 1282716.31 222283.69

HTMA 1115000 1020985 94015KUBK 6020000 4725945.70 1294054

Multinational 1184000 1108768 75232

Annex 11. Revenue status of FY 2072/73(In Nepalese rupees)

Title Amount RemarksSeed production 5448609.2Mixed Seed 108275Others 540747.8Total Revenue 6097632

Annex 12. Beruju status of FY 2072/73 (In Nepalese rupees)

Beruju Amount RemarksBeruju till last year 433198.16Remaining Beruju 635003.44Document processed for clearance of Beruju 2825667.77Document processed for clearance of Beruju 63,300

Documents

NARC Publication No: 00392-205/2016/017 Annual …nmrp.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Annual-Report...NARC Publication No: 00392-205/2016/017 Annual Report 2072/73 (2015/16) Time