PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTH NORTH AMERICAN ROCK MECHANICS SYMPOSIUMNARMS 2000/SEATTLE/ WASHINGTON/USA/ 31 JULY - 3 AUGUST 2000

Pacific Rocks 2000'Rock around the Rim'

Edited by

Jami GirardNational Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Spokane, Washington, USA

Mark LiebmanU. S. Heritage Group

Christopher BreedsSubTerra, Preston, Washington, USA

Thomas DoeGolder Associates, Preston, Washington, USA

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A. A. B ALKEMA/ ROTTERDAM/ BROOKFIELD / 2000

Pacific Rocks 2000, Girard, Liebman, Breeds & Doe (eds) © 2000 Balkema, Rotterdam, ISBN 90 5809 155 4

Table of contents

Preface XIX

Organization XXI

1 Mechanical excavation - Cutters and bits

Correlations between punch test results and rock physical properties 3G. L. Dollinger & H. J. Handewith

Measurements of cutter forces for a TBM machine in Aspo underground excavation 11ZX.Zhang, S.Q.Kou & P.-ALindqvist

Increasing drilling rate in deep boreholes by impulsive depressurization 19JJ.Kolle

Analysis of particle distribution of debris and detritus 27W.Chen, KFukui & S.Okubo

Stick-slip vibrations of PDC bits 33T.Richard & E.Detournay

Fracture process in rock by wedge indentors utilizing holographic interferometry 41AW.Khair, SAddala, C.Pezowicz & M.Bernakiewicz

Primary excavation of rock with an impact tool 49H.J.Handewith

Precision and profile cutting with plain and abrasive waterjets 55D. A Summers

Development and applications of very small disc cutters 63J.EFriant

2 Weak rocks

Modelling of anisotropic elastoplastic damage in claystones 69A £ Chiarelli, J. F. Shao, N. Hoteit & O. Ozanam

Static and dynamic Poisson's ratio of weak sandstones 77LLarsen, EFjcer & LRenlie

Characterization of soft rocks in Taiwan 83AB.Huang, J.J.Liao, Y.W.Pan, M.H.Cheng, SJ.Hsieh & J.K.Peng

A study on modeling of the hydromechanical interactions and swelling behaviors of clayey 91rocksJ.Yamatomi, S.-T.Kim, G.Mogi & K.Sugiura

Rock-support interaction analysis using a model with a pressure-dependent deformation 99modulusD.J. Reddish, M. R.Asef & L R. Stace

Detection of rock mass weakness ahead of a tunnel - A numerical study 105F.Tonon & BAmadei

Tunnelling in fault zones - Innovative approaches 113G.Riedmuller & W.Schubert

Construction example for tunnelling under and adjacent to complexity condition 125in weathered rockM.-J.Choe, S.-H.Baik, S.-H.Baik & P.-K.Kim

Tunnelling in swelling ground 129M.CSeifabad

3 Petroleum - Poroelasticity, hydrofracture and dynamic effects

Coupled geomechanics-fluid flow modeling in petroleum reservoirs: Coupled versus 137uncoupled responseD.P.Yale, SLLyons & G.Qin

Pore pressure change due to shale-fluid interactions: Measurements under simulated 147wellbore conditionsR.T.Ewy & R.J.Stankovich

Effect of pore fluid composition on fault reactivation 155ASantagati, T.E.Scott &J.C.Roegiers

Stress induced by production from a fractured well in a horizontal reservoir bounded 161by impermeable layersAASavitski, KDetournay & CDetournay-Piette

Implications of static poroelasticity for reservoir compaction 169R. W.Zimmerman

A novel experimental technique for investigating pore pressure effect on mechanical 173and acoustic properties in sands and shalesA /. Mese &AN. Tutuncu

Effect of fluid penetration and pressurizing rate on hydraulic fracturing 181K. M. Degue & B. Ladanyi

Finite element modeling of an inclined wellbore in a fractured porous medium saturated 189with oil and gasR.Nair, M.Bai, Y.Abousleiman & M.M.Zaman

VI

Comparisons between effects of linear and nonlinear deformational behaviors of fractures 197on P-wave attenuationJ.G.Cai & J.Zhao

Tensional failure and solid-fluid interactions in high porosity chalk 205R.Risnes, T.Berg, AFuruvald & T.Paulsen

Stress wave-induced damage of sandstone for dry and wet conditions 213R. P. Swift, C. R. Hagelberg & M. HUH

Hydraulic fracture propagation in elastic rock with large toughness 221D.Garagash

4 Wellbore stability

Effects of thermal osmosis on shale instability 231AGhassemi &ADiek

Swelling and softening behaviour of clay shale around a drilled hole 239R.C.K.Wong

Effect of initial pore pressure distribution on deformations around wellbores in shales 247X.Chen, C.P.Tan & C.M.Haberfxeld

Porothermoelastic solutions for an inclined borehole in transversely isotropic porous media 253S.Ekbote, YAbousleiman &M.M.Zaman

2D and 3D elastic and poroelastic stress analyses for multilateral wellbore junctions 261H. Bargui & YAbousleiman

5 Sand production

Factors affecting borehole breakout dimensions, and the potential for sand production in high 271porosity Berea sandstoneJ.R.Kovacich & B.CHaimson

Direct simulation of particle-laden fluids 279B. K. Cook, D. R. Noble, D. S. Preece &J.R. Williams

Relationship between thick-walled cylinder and unconfined compressive strength 287for application in sanding predictionB.Wu& C.P.Tan

Strong support for significant productivity boost through sand production 295H.H.Vaziri & LLemoine

A volumetric sand production experiment 303EPapamichos, ASkjcerstein & J.Tronvoll

6 Rockbursts and seismicity

Ground conditions and the May 13,1994 rock burst, Coeurd'Alene Mining District, 313northern IdahoJ.KWhyatt, T.J.Williams &B.G.White

VII

Methods to address stope face area support in South African gold mines 319EAcheampong, N. Reddy & A Daehnke

Simulated rockburst - Source, design, seismic effect and damage 327AM.Milev, S.M.Spottiswoode, M.W.Hildyard, AJ.Rorke & G.J.Finnie

Distress blasting on a mining face in high horizontal stress environment 335B.Tang, H. S.Mitri & J.Marwan

Geomechanical aspects of the 1999 Golciik earthquake 343M.A Karaca

7 Rock mechanics in underground mining

Caving induced by hydraulic fracturing at Northparkes Mines 353Avon As & R.GJeffrey

Evaluation of the stability of fill in longhole mining 361S. J.Jung, S.M.Lee & H.U.Lim

Development of a centrifuge facility for modelling mining problems 367EDeSouza

Stability analysis of an underground mine stope near a major geological discontinuity 375R. Simon, H. S. Mitri & MAubertin

Static and dynamic loads in a scaled ore pass 381V.Scott, ADrescher, SAverson & M.Beus

Monitoring of reinforced cemented backfill in an underhand stope 387T.Williams, D. Denton, C. Peppin & D. Bayer

8 Coalmining

Electromagnetic emission from fracture of coal saturated with gas 397Liu Mingju & He Xuequi

Rockf all hazard risk analysis and mitigation in an area of coal mine subsidence 403CD. Breeds &R. Mills

The relationship between stress in coal and rock 409J. R. Enever, R. G. Jeffrey &D.A Casey

Progressive roof failure in Breakdown Mountain Room, Salamander Cave 415T.MJharp & J.N.Foster

Hydraulic fracturing applied to inducing longwall coal mine goaf falls 423R.G.Jeffrey & K.W.Mills

Physical characterization of disturbed coal to assess outburst conditions 431L Mingju, SHarpalani & H.Xueqiu

Utilization of geomechanical properties of gob to enhance gob gas recovery and purity 439D.Brunner, S.Harpalani & K.Schultz

VIII

9 Pillars, abutments and subsidence

Case study: Prediction of coal mine subsidence below clubhouse 449A L. Jones & M.J. Bailey

The forgotten denominator, pillar loading 457K. A Heasley

An update on the scaled span concept for dimensioning surface crown pillars for new 465or abandoned mine workingsT. G. Carter

A review of crown pillar stability assessment and rehabilitation for mine closure planning 473D.J.Hutchinson

The impact of abutment relaxation on stability of underground mine openings 481M. S.Diederichs, P.K. Kaiser & F.Suorineni

10 Slope stability

Modeling of volcano edifice and flank stability and implications for hazard zonation 491I.R.Firth, R.J.Watters & SD.Bowman

The use of slake durability as an indicator of slope stability of weathered rock 497H.D.Park, J.Y.Lee & Y.S.Chang

Design and installation of a rock block monitoring system for the sculpture at Mount 501RushmoreD.ABlankenship, D.M.Schiermeister & R.P.Barry

Shape and mechanical properties of slope material effects on the coefficient of restitution 507of rockfall studyR.H.-c.Wong, K.-w.Ho & K.-t.Chau

Analysis of deep-seated slope deformations by paleoseismic technique 515M.Onida, ATibaldi, F.Forcella & F.Galadini

Back analysis and stability prediction of highwall steepening in weak rock 523D.R.Brox&J.Levell

Preventing collapse of a quarry wall 531MA McCaffrey & E. G. Sacco

Computer modeling of catch benches to mitigate rockfall hazards in open pit mines 539SMMiller, J.M.Girard & EMcHugh

Mine, community and agencies rely on numerical modeling to assess sensitivity of highwall 547movementD.J.Berger & M.Laurenti

Numerical simulation of complex slope displacement 561/. Cremeens, R. Cellan, A Cox & L. Gilbride

IX

11 Blasting and rock fragmentation

3DEC modeling of a small-scale field explosion test5. G. Chen, J. G. Cai, J. Zhao &Y.X. Zhou

Dynamic strength and fragmentation of selected rocks under impact loadingU. Prasad, B. Mohanty & J.A Nemes

Ground vibration in tunnelling by blasting and its effect on surface structuresH. S. Shin, K. C. Han, C. Ryu & J. H. Synn

Response of heritage buildings to excavation-induced vibrationsT.G.Carter, G.Pernica & M.V.vanBers

Blasting and excavation in sensitive rockLLOriard

571

577

583

587

595

12 Ground support

Steel set loads analysisMJ.Mrugala

Overall elastic properties of support system of rockmass and rockboltsX.Li,M.Liu&R.Zhu

605

613

Design of ground reinforcement and support of shallow tunnel in heavily fractured rock mass 619J. H. Synn, H.S. Shin, K.C.Han & Y.H.Choi

Analytical study of the behavior of rock boltsCLi

Lessons in control of mine costs from instrumented cable bolt support case studiesW.F.Bawden, S.Dennison & P.Lausch

Assessment of grouting effect using experimental and numerical approachesJ.S.Lee, C.S.Bang, S.H.Lee & I.Y.Choi

625

633

641

13 Joint distributions and analysis

Experimental study on the dilatancy behavior of single joints under constant x / a loading 651conditionsKKishida, H.Yasuhara & T.Adachi

Standardization and weighting of variables for the fuzzy tf-means clustering of discontinuity 659dataR. E. Hammah & J. H. Curran

Discontinuity data analysis from oriented boreholes 667N.H.Maerz& W.Zhou

A practical application of borehole data to determine in-situ block size distributions 675J.Hadjigeorgiou, M.Grenon & SNickson

Development of a methodology for the automatic construction of discontinuity trace maps 681based on digital imagesJ.Hadjigeorgiou, F.Lemy,P.C6te ScXMaldague

Study on the estimation of joint length distribution using window sampling in statistical 687joint modelingJ.-J.Song &C.-I.Lee

14 Rock mass characterization

Application of mechanical crack model to numerical study of rock mass behavior 695D.H.Park, S.Jeon & Y.G.Lee

Estimating the deformation modulus of rock masses 703LZhang & H.H.Einstein

Estimating earthwork factors for roadcuts using surface geophysics 709M.LRucker

Borehole estimates of fracture size 715M. Mauldon

Evaluation of angle of internal friction of fractured rock mass 723B.ZAmusin

15 Fracture shear mechanics

Mode I and mixed mode fracture mechanics testing of WIPP salt 731N.SBrodsky

Faulting in an anisotropic, schistose rock under general triaxial compression 737MA Kwasniewski & K. Mogi

Buckling of a near-surface parallel crack using the beam approximation 747S.Mitaim, E.Detournay & J.Labuz

A new model of joint shear strength under dynamic loads 755S.G.Chen, J.Zhao, CMadsahus & AMakurat

Energy-based evaluation of rupture processes for polycrystalline materials 761EG.Gaziev

16 Modeling: Cracks and fractures

Analyzing discrete rock crack growth and interaction 769AC. Mueller

Modeling contaminant migration under a landfill site 777M. Bai, J. Zhang &ZShu

A mathematical model for flow of Bingham materials in fractures 785BAmadei

XI

A mechanistic approach to the management of uncertainty in reservoir characterization 793R.Ghanem, A Sarkar, YAbousleiman & M.Bai

Realization of analytical integration for triangular crack edge element of 3D DDM 801H.Li, CLLiu, Y.Mizuta & M.AKayupov

Fractal properties of fracture surface of brittle rock material 805T.H.Yang, Y.KCheung, LG.Tham, P.KK.Lee & Y.Tsui

17 Fractures and fluid flow

Coupled stress and permeability behavior in fractured media and its application 811J.Zhang & J.Wang

Experimental determination of stress-permeability relationship 817J.Zhang, M.Bai, J.-CRoegiers, J.Wang & T.Liu

Estimation of block conductivity and scale-dependency on groundwater inflow into a tunnel 823in fractured rockK. Chang, E-Y.Lee, C-LKim, J-W.Park & S.Kwon

Discrete fracture fluid flow simulation of pumping tests in a fractured rock mass 831M.Wang, P.H.S.W.Kulatilake &B.B.Panda

Fracture closure in extension and stress dependent permeability of jointed rock 841D.KAstakhov & LN.Germanovich

Fracture intensity measures in 1 -D, 2-D, and 3-D at Aspo, Sweden 849W.Dershowitz, J. Hermanson, S Follin & M. Mauldon

18 In situ stress

The poroviscoelastic solution for anelastic strain recovery 857M.Bloch, C.AM.Siqueira, YAbousleiman & J.-CRoegiers

Maximum and minimum horizontal stress evaluation based on the geometry of a single 865borehole breakoutLLi, MAubertin & R.Simon

Influence of valley form on the subsurface state of stress - Application simple elastic models 873to understand modes of Appalachian coal mine rock failureW.CHaneberg

Laboratory verification of a new dilatmeter tool for stress measurement 881T.Ito.ASato & KHayashi

Stress measurements from cored rock 885MSeto, E.Villaescusa & GBaird

19 Plasticity, creep and time dependent behaviour

Mechanical effects of water content in the creep parameters 895J.Liu &R.Zhou

XII

Spall formation in solution mined storage caverns based on a creep and fracture analysis 901D. E. Munson

Modeling the post-failure relaxation behaviour of hard rock 909D. F. Malan & K. Drescher

Equivalent properties approach to jointed viscoplastic rock slopes 919W.G. Pariseau

On creep flow of natural slopes 927N. D. Cristescu & O. Cazacu

20 Discrete element modeling

DDA back analysis of large block test data 937M.R.Yeung& S.C. Blair

Modeling drift stability in fractured rock mass at Yucca Mountain, Nevada 945- Discontinuum approachR.Chen, G.I.Ofoegbu & SHsiung

The effect of varied joint set orientations on keyblock size 953/. S. Kuszmaul

An efficient displacement discontinuity method using fast multipole techniques 959J.P.Morris &SC.Blair

An investigation of drift stability in moderately jointed rock mass 967M. Grenon, J. Hadjigeorgiou, J. P. Harrison & R. Banas

21 Constitutive modeling

Theoretical strength of a granite under dynamic uniaxial compressive load 977H.B.Li, J.Zhao, T.J.Li & J.G.Gao

Virtual poromechanics rock testing and rock deformation: PCORE-3D 985M.Kanj, YAbousleiman & LCui

Modelling brittle failure of rock 991V.Hajiabdolmajid, C. D. Martin &P.K. Kaiser

Non-uniformity of stress and deformation in axisymmetric finite element models 999of Tennessee marbleRAAlbert & J.W.Rudnicki

Constitutive modelling of partially saturated clay stone 1007F.Bourgeois, J.F.Zhao & O.Ozanam

22 Design of underground structure

Heterogeneity, anisotropy and scale effect in geomechanical properties of rocks in and around 1017the Abejorral Marble Body, Central Cordillera of the Colombian AndesFA Gil Escobar

XIII

Comparative study of rock support system design practice for large-scale underground 1027excavationsM.Cai, P. K.Kaiser, H. Uno & Y.Tasaka

A comparative study on the performance of back analysis procedures for identification 1035of nonlinear deformational behavior of a rock mass around a large undergroundpowerhouse cavernSAkutagawa, K.Takeuchi, T.Shimura & S.Sakurai

A concept for earthquake-resistant design of underground structures: Stress response 1043spectrumAKurose & P.Berest

Coupling analysis of deformation and flow in jointed rock mass during cavern excavation 1051H.Yoshida, Y.Itoyama & H.Horii

Rock structure stability as viewed from experience of 3D modeling 1059SAYufin & O.KPostolskaya

23 Hydromechanical and hydrothermal modeling

Hydromechanical behavior of shales - Application to the Tournemire site, France 1067N.Ramambasoa, Due Nguyen Minh & ARejeb

Thermo-hydro-mechanical behaviour of deep argillaceous rocks 1073N.Hoteit, O.Ozanam, KSu & ASChiarelli

RATDAMPER - A simple numerical procedure for coupling mechanical and hydrological 1079properties within the disturbed rock zone at the waste isolation pilot plantJ.S.Rath, T.W.Pfeifle & U.Hunsche

Behavior of rock mass around openings affected by thermal hysteresis due to low temperature 1087materials storageY.Inada & N. Kinoshita

Poroelastic modeling of drying effects around deep cavities excavated in shales 1095AGiraud, F.Homand, M.Souley & O.Ozanam

24 Acoustic emissions

Effect of grain size in granitic rock on crack extension in hydraulic fracturing 1105T.Ishida, I.Matsunaga, S. Sasaki, Qu Chen & Y.Mizuta

Borehole AE monitoring during in-situ hydraulic fracturing stress measurements 1113Y.Nakayama, M.Tanaka, H.Nishimura, M.Ueda, T.Ishida & Y.Mizuta

The advantages of hydrophone applied to AE monitoring 1121M.Teshima, K.Michihiro, H.Yoshioka & HAboshi

Acoustic emission imaging of induced asymmetrical hydraulic fractures 1129T.E. Scott Jr, Z-W.Zeng & J.-CRoegiers

Acoustic emission as an indicator of macrofailure of rock 1135AGhosh & S.M.Hsiung

XIV

25 Laboratory testing - Sandstone and shale

Change in permeability for Shirahama sandstone under true triaxial stresses 1145X. Li, ZWu,M. Takahashi & K. Yasuhara

Micromechanics of compaction in an analogue reservoir sandstone 1153AADiGiovanni, J.T.Fredrich, D.J.Holcomb & W.AOlsson

Plane strain effect on strength and deformation of hollow cylinders of shale 1161B.Wu, CP.Tan&XChen

Cap plasticity models and compactive and dilatant pre-failure deformation 1169A F.Fossum & J.T.Fredrich

Microfracturing in the brittle-ductile transition in Berea sandstone 1177SKMuhuri, T.E.Scott Jr & D.W.Stearns

Hydraulic fracturing experiments in highly porous Berea sandstone 1185/. Song & B. Haimson

26 Laboratory: Physical modeling

Physical and numerical modeling study of jointed rock block strength under uniaxial loading 1195P.H.S.W.Kulatilake & H.Gao

Coalescence of multiple flaws in uniaxial compression 1203M. Sagong & A Bobet

Experimental study on failure behavior of tunnel in jointed rock mass under excavation 1211R.H.CWong, P.Lin, KT.Chau & C.ATang

Discrete particle and laboratory modelling of core mechanics 1217R.M.Holt, T.Brandshaug & P.ACundall

Experimental study on the stability of dam foundation in consideration of the effect 1225of the concrete plug treatmentsSNakashima, K.Kishida, TAdachi & Y.Izu

Dynamic and static compressions of rock-like spheres between two flat platens 1233KT.Chau, X.X.Wei, R.H.CWong & T.XYu

27 Nuclear waste

Suggestions for data analysis of in-situ deformation measurements from salt 1243and potash minesS. Kwon

Probabilistic key block analysis at Yucca Mountain 1249D. C. Kicker, M. Lin, J. M. Kemeny & C. A Stone

Geological radioactive waste disposal project in France: Conceptual model of a deep 1257geological formation and underground research laboratory in Meuse/Haute-Marne siteN.Hoteit, O.Ozanam & K.Su

XV

Sensitivity analysis of THM simulation for high level underground nuclear waste repository 1265S.Kwon,BXPark, J.W.Choi, CKKang & KChang

An integrated approach to excavation design - A project within Canada's used fuel disposal 1271programN.Chandler, R.Read, P.Cundall, D.Potyondy, E.Detournay, R.P.Young & J.S.O.Lau

Structural stability analysis for a high-level underground nuclear waste repository in granite 1279S. Kwon, B. Y. Park, C. H. Kang & K. Chang

28 Physical properties: New testing methods

Relationship between the critical dissipated energy per unit volume and the mechanical 1289properties of different rocksB.Vdsdrhelyi,A.Deli, M.Gdlos & P.Vdn

Determination of the fracture toughness of rock materials using the modified hoop test 1295HBaek, S.U.Park, KW.Min &I.KCho

Uncertainty in basic properties of intact rocks 1301F.H.Kulhawy & WAPrakoso

A new test for rock strength: Double-punch test 1307KT.Chau &X.XWei

Durability of some building stones in Korea 1315KW.Min, J.Kim & G.J.Yim

Rock strength determination using a new true triaxial loading apparatus, and the inadequacy 1321of Mohr-type failure criteriaCChang & B.Haimson

29 Novel site investigation

AMT survey in high mountain area 1331LKCho, J.HKim & H.J.Baek

Development of an interactive 3D visualization program for the analysis of geotechnical 1335informationW.-K.Song, K.E.Kim & H.D.Park

A back analysis method based on virtual work principle - Application to some geotechnical 1339problemsD.Deng & Due Nguyen Minh

Application of GIS and remote sensing to geotechnical characterization of slopes 1347W.Greuer&D.SYoung

Assessing the Disturbed Rock Zone (DRZ) around a 655 meter vertical shaft in salt using 1353ultrasonic waves: An updateR.D.Hardy & D.J.Holcomb

XVI

Blasting optimization using seismic analysis and x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy 1361D.Hopkins, R.Haught, M.Karaca, D.TUrler, L.Myer, J.Kemeny, P.Lever & M.LLowery

Discrete fracture network analysis of foundation grouting 1369DA Shuttle, W.Dershowitz, E.Glynn, S. Burch & T. Novak

Author index 1377

XVII