NASA ESTO Technologies Investment Strategy Update 2016 Decadal Update

Azita Valinia

NASA Earth Science Technology Office June 15 2016

Earth Science Technology Forum Annapolis, MD

•  Survey the 2016 state-of-the-art in active/passive optical and microwave technologies as they pertain to Earth science measurements

–  Last surveys were done in 2004-2006

•  Identify capability gaps needed to enable Earth science goals

•  Adjust investment strategy as needed

2016ESTOLidarReport(pre-publica:on)

Objec&ves:

ESTO 2016 Investment Strategy Update

Lidar and Microwave Technologies Survey and Strategy Update

Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar

JPLWorkshopOct28

GSFCDec1

LaRCWorkshops

Jan7

CommunityForumJan27

Final Report

LidarSurveyandCapabilityGapsTimeline

h1ps://esto.nasa.gov/LidarStrategies/index.html

20162015

MicrowaveSurveyandCapabilityGapsTimeline

Jan Mar July

JPLWorkshopJan212016

GSFCWorkshopJan282016

CommunityForum

March2016

Final Report

2016 2016

PassiveOp:calTechnologiesSurveyBeginsSeptember2016

Lidar Technologies Survey and Strategy Update

•  TechDevelopmentSta:s:cs•  ScienceMeasurementAreas•  TRLAdvancements

•  LidarTechnologiesStateoftheArt•  Airborne•  Space•  LidarTechnologiesCapabilityGaps

Laser Remote Sensing Applications and Techniques

Doppler Lidar •  Wind Field

High-Precision Ranging & Altimetry •  Geodetic Imaging •  Vegetation Structure/Biomass •  Earth Gravity Field

Backscatter Lidar •  Clouds •  Aerosols •  Phytoplankton Physiology •  Ocean Carbon/Particle Abundance

Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) •  Carbon Dioxide •  Ozone, Water Vapor

Project Distribution According to Science Measurement

CrossCuSng18%

Winds12%

AtmosphericComposi:on35%

Topography/Ranging14%

Biological/PhysicalOceanography2%

RiskReduc:on19%

CrossCuSng

Winds

AtmosphericComposi:on

Topography/Ranging

Biological/PhysicalOceanography

RiskReduc:on

3.02.6

3.23.1

2.2

4.8

4.0 4.03.7

2.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

IIP ACT ATI LRRP Other

TRL

Avg.TRL_In

Avg.TRL_Out

TRL Advancement for Completed Laser Related Tasks Pe

rcen

tageofT

asks

TRLAdvancement FinalTRL

Program

The Lidar Technology Needs Landscape

Adapted and updated from: Laser Radar: Progress and Opportunities in Active Electro-Optical Sensing (NRC, 2014).

Laser Remote Sensing Taxonomy: Suborbital

LaserRemoteSensing

Al=metry,Geode=cImaging

DirectDetec=on

PhotonCoun=ng

SingleDetector

GeigerMode

LinearMode

ArrayDetector

GeigerMode

LinearMode

Analog

SingleDetector

SinglePulse

FullWaveform

ArrayDetector

SinglePulse

FullWaveform

CoherentDetec=on

RealAperture Synthe=cAperture

SingleDetector

ArrayDetector

Other

SpeckleImaging,Pupil

Plane

FourierTelescopy

Spectral

Mul=-Wavelength

DIAL(atmospheric

gases)

DirectDetectPulsed

IPDA(pulsed,cw)

PRNWaveforms

FMDIAL

CoherentDIAL/IPDA

Other

Raman

Fluorescence

Elas=cBackscaOer

Vibrometry,Acous=cs Atmospheric

Clouds,Aerosols,Dust

Mul=-Wavelength

Polarimetric

Winds

Direct

Coherent

Auto-covariance

TemperatureProfiles

Rayleigh

Boltzmann

Key:

Suborbital-Proven (TRL 7-9) Developmental (TRL 4-6) Experimental (TRL 1-3)

LVIS

ALIRT,MACHETE

ESFL,CZMIL

LASE,GOLD

PD-IPDA,CHARM-F

AMIR-DIAL,CO2LAS

MFLL

AOL,RASL

AOL A2D,TWiLiTE ALIMA

TODWL,DAWN FeLidar

OAWL

AMIR-DIAL

SALTI

SALTI

MABEL MABEL

ARNL,CPL

CPL

ALHAT

ALV

CZMILALTM

Adapted and updated from: Laser Radar: Progress and Opportunities in Active Electro-Optical Sensing (NRC, 2014).

Laser Remote Sensing Taxonomy: Space

LaserRemoteSensing

Al=metry,Geode=cImaging

DirectDetec=on

PhotonCoun=ng

SingleDetector

GeigerMode

LinearMode

ArrayDetector

GeigerMode

LinearMode

Analog

SingleDetector

SinglePulse

FullWaveform

ArrayDetector

SinglePulse

FullWaveform

CoherentDetec=on

RealAperture Synthe=cAperture

SingleDetector

ArrayDetector

Other

SpeckleImaging,Pupil

Plane

FourierTelescopy

Spectral

Mul=-Wavelength

DIAL(atmospheric

gases)

DirectDetectPulsed

IPDA(pulsed,cw)

PRNWaveforms

FMDIAL

CoherentDIAL/IPDA

Other

LIBS

Raman

Fluorescence

Elas=cBackscaOer

Vibrometry,Acous=cs Atmospheric

Clouds,Aerosols,Dust

Mul=-Wavelength

Polarimetric

Winds

Direct

Coherent

Auto-covariance

TemperatureProfiles

Rayleigh

Boltzmann

Key:

Space-Proven (TRL 7-9) Developmental (TRL 4-6) Experimental (TRL 1-3)

CALIOP

LITE,CALIOP,CATS A2D,TWiLiTE ALIMA

TODWL,DAWN FeLidar

OAWL

ChemCam

AOL,RASL

AOL

AMIR-DIAL,CO2LAS

LASE,GOLD

PD-IPDA,CHARM-F

MFLL

AMIR-DIAL

SALTI

SALTIMOLA,LOLA,MLA

GLAS

ALIRT

GLAS ESFL,CZMIL

ALHAT

ALV

LMPC

CZMIL

Climate Absolute

Radiance and Refractivity

Observatory (CLARREO)

Ice, Cloud,and land Elevation Satellite II (ICESat-II)

Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP)

Deformation, Ecosystem Structure and Dynamics of Ice (Radar) (DESDynI -R)

Gravity Recovery and Climate

Experiment - II (GRACE - II)

Hyperspectral Infrared Imager

(HYSPIRI)

Active Sensing of CO2 Emissions (ASCENDS)

Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT)

Geostationary Coastal and Air

Pollution Events (GEO-CAPE)

Aerosol - Cloud - Ecosystems (ACE)

LIDAR Surface Topography

(LIST)

Precipitation and All-Weather Temperature and Humidity (PATH)

Snow and Cold Land Processes (SCLP)

Three-Dimensional Winds from Space Lidar (3D-Winds)

Global Atmospheric Composition

Mission (GACM)

Pre-Aerosol - Cloud -

Ecosystems (PACE)

NASA Earth Science 2007 Decadal Survey Missions

Ice, Cloud,and land Elevation Satellite II (ICESat-II)

Gravity Recovery and Climate

Experiment - II (GRACE - II)

Active Sensing of CO2 Emissions (ASCENDS)

Aerosol - Cloud - Ecosystems (ACE)

LIDAR Surface Topography

(LIST)

Three-Dimensional Winds from Space Lidar (3D-Winds)

Lasers

1 µm laser altimeter

Multibeam cross-track dual-wavelength lidar

1.57 or 2.06 µm column lidar

Mapping laser altimeter system

Laser satellite-to-satellite interferometer

Coherent and/or direct detection Doppler wind lidar(s)

CapabilityGap Measurements TRL “GreatestChallenge”TRL

Maturityandreadinessoftunablelasersmee=ngmeasurementrequirements CO2(ASCENDS) 3-4 1.57-µmpoweramplifier

High-efficiencydetectorsin1.5-2µmrange CO2(ASCENDS) 5 Spacequalifica=on/radhardassurance

ReadinessoflasersystemsAerosol/Clouds/Ecosystems(ACE) 4-5 Spacequalifica=on

Field-widenedinterferometricreceiverAerosol/Clouds/Ecosystems(ACE) 4 Wavefronterror

ReadinessoflasersystemsHigh-bandwidth,high-sensi=vitydetectorarrays

3DBiomass(NISAR/GEDI,formerlyDESDynI)

4-5 Spacequalifica=on

Mul=pleaperturetransmiOerTopography(LISTin2007Decadal) 4-5 Mul=pleaperturesystem

Mul=pleaperture/beamreceiverTopography(LISTin2007Decadal) 3

Large-areadetectorwithhighreadoutbandwidth

Reliable355-nmtransmiOersmee=ngmeasurementrequirements;2-µmtechnologyreadinessandreliability

3DWinds 3-4 Laserreliability,readiness

Singletelescopesuppor=ngmul=plelookangles 3DWinds 3Large-aperturereceiveop=cs(HOE/DOE,interferometer)

2007 Decadal Survey Technology Capability Gaps

CapabilityGap Measurement TRLTRLAssessment;GreatestTRL

Challenge

Blue-greenlasertechnologyreadiness Phytoplankton 32:Robustandreliablelaserandfrequencyconversionsystem

Detectorperformance Phytoplankton 2 Dead-=me,acerpulsing

Blue-greenlasertechnologyreadinessOceanMixedLayer 2

Robustandreliablelaserandfrequencyconversionsystem

DetectorperformanceOceanMixedLayer 2 Dead-=me,acerpulsing

TunablelasertransmiOerforCH4IPDANon-CO2GreenhouseGases

4-5 3-4:Er:YAGandseedsources

Low-noise,few-photon-sensi=vedetectorarray

Non-CO2GreenhouseGases

5 Spacequalifica=on

RobustUVlasertransmiOer Ozone 22:RobustandreliableUVgenera=on290-320nm

Large-aperturecollector;detectorefficiency Ozone 4 Deployability

Mul=-wavelengthNIRlasertransmiOerreadiness

Watervaporprofiles 2 2:Robustandreliable720-nm,820-nmsources

DetectorperformanceWatervaporprofiles 4 Low-noise,few-photon-sensi=vedetectorarray

New Measurement Concept (since 2007) Capability Gaps

TransmiOerTechnologies•  SincethelastDecadal,fiber-laseraveragepowercapabilitynowrivalsthatof

tradi&onalbulksolid-statesystemsandmaybeusedinmoreofthesciencemeasurementscenarios.Fiberlasershavethedis:nctadvantageofbeingcompact,immunetomisalignment,andofferhigherWPE.Fiber/bulksolid-statehybridlasertechnologiespresentpoten=alsolu=onstodifficultperformanceandwavelengthrequirements.

•  Emerginglasermaterials(e.g.,Cr:ZnSe)andimprovementsinnonlinearop:cal(NLO)materialshaveexpandedop&onsforwavelengthgenera&oninnear-UV,SWIR/MWIR.Drama&cimprovementsinpumplaser-diodeelectricalefficiencyhavesignificantlyimprovedtheWPEofbothbulksolid-stateandfiber-basedlasers.

•  Highpowerlasersandadequatethermalsystemsareamongbiggestchallenges.Highconduc:vitythermalmaterialsareneeded.

Summary of the Findings (1 of 3)

ReceiverTechnologies•  Thereremainsaneedforimproveddetectorperformance,par:cularlyinthearea

ofradia:on-hardenedmul:-elementarchitectureswithhighquantumefficiency,lownoise,low:mingjiger,andlowaherpulsing.

•  Greatestchallengeisintheareaofunder1micronindetectorperformance.•  Reduc:oninsizeandweightforreceivertelescopesbenefitallmeasurement

scenarios.•  Deployableaperturescouldrelaxrequirementsontransmigertechnologiesand

enablemeasurementscenariosfromsmallersatelliteplakorms.•  NeedtodevelopandmatureU.S.industrialbaserequiredforcri:calsystem

componentsintheareaof:detectorsandnonlinearconversionmaterial.

Summary of the Findings (2 of 3)

EmergingTechnologies•  Newtechnologiesintheareaofdetectors,lightweightapertures,aswellas

secondandthirdharmonicgenera=onatlowerTRLsarecomingtomarketthatcouldbenefitfromfurtherexplora:on.

•  SmallSatshaveemergedontothesceneinthelastdecadeanddemandgreateragen:ontominiaturiza:on.Cross-cuSngemergingtechnologiessuchasintegratedphotonicscircuitryanddeep-submicronmicroelectronicarchitecturescanproveenablingforSmallSat-basedlidarmissionsandsignificantSWAPimprovements.

•  Model–basedsystemsengineering(MBSE)shouldbemoreeffec:velyemployedasanarbitratorbetweenevolvingtechnologyop:ons,byenablingparametrictradesbetweenaperturesize,detectorefficiency,laserpower,waveformdiversity,etc.thatcouldcircumventtechnologicalhurdles.

•  MBSErequiresrobust,high-fidelitymodelingandsimula=oncapabili=esinboththeenvironmentalandsensorperformancedomains,whichwillrequirestrengtheningandfurtherdevelopmentofconcurrentengineeringtool.

Summary of the Findings (3 of 3)

Microwave Technologies Survey and Strategy Update

•  TechDevelopmentSta:s:cs•  ScienceMeasurementAreas•  TRLAdvancements

•  MicrowaveTechnologiesStateoftheArt•  MicrowaveTechnologiesCapabilityGaps

RadarRemoteSensingTechniques&Applica:ons

Sounders • Interior structures

such as Ice thickness & aquifer depth

Scatterometers •  Ocean Winds •  Ocean Currents

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) •  Sea ice •  Ecology •  Hydrology •  Rapid response (e.g. oil spills, forest fire)

•  Land Classification •  Oceanography

Repeat Pass Interferometry •  Surface deformation •  Seismology and hazards •  Damage assessment

Radiometry •  Salinity, soil moisture,

snow •  SoOp/GPS

Altimeters/single pass interferometry/GPS

• Sea surface height • Topography • Surface water • Ice thickness

Doppler and Profiling •  Cloud, Ice, Precipitation

SoilMoistureP-XbandSTARRadiometers

SeaIceP/LbandX-Ka-Band

WeatherK-G-bandLEOimager/sounderconstella:onsGeosta:onaryImager/Sounder

AtmosphericChemistrymm-wave/THzlimbsounders

CloudsandPrecipmm-THzimagersconstella:ons

TroposphericWindsRepeatpasswater-vaporradiometry

OceansK-bandwindvectorSSTC-KbandAl:metrycorrec:onL-bandsalinity

LandCryosphereSnowWater,glaciersKu-Ka

RadiometerApplica:onsinEarthScience

TRL Advancement for Completed Microwave Related Tasks Pe

rcen

tofP

rojects

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

0 1 2 3 4 5

Ac:ve Passive

TRLAdvancement

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Ac:ve Passive

Frac:o

nofProjects

FinalTRL

PassiveMicrowaveprojectsshowgreaterTRLadvancement

PassiveMicrowaveprojectscompleteathigherTRL

NASA Earth Science Decadal Survey Measurements

Climate Absolute

Radiance and Refractivity

Observatory (CLARREO)

Ice, Cloud,and land Elevation Satellite II (ICESat-II)

Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP)

Deformation, Ecosystem Structure and Dynamics of Ice (Radar) (DESDynI -R)

Gravity Recovery and Climate

Experiment - II (GRACE - II)

Hyperspectral Infrared Imager

(HYSPIRI)

Active Sensing of CO2 Emissions (ASCENDS)

Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT)

Geostationary Coastal and Air

Pollution Events (GEO-CAPE)

Aerosol - Cloud - Ecosystems (ACE)

LIDAR Surface Topography

(LIST)

Precipitation and All-Weather Temperature and Humidity (PATH)

Snow and Cold Land Processes (SCLP)

Three-Dimensional Winds from Space Lidar (3D-Winds)

Global Atmospheric Composition

Mission (GACM)

Pre-Aerosol - Cloud -

Ecosystems (PACE)

Passive Microwave Radars

MicrowaveRemoteSensing

Ac=ve(Radar)

SAR

InSAR

RepeatPass

PhasedArray

Reflector

SinglePass

DualArray

BoomwithMetrology

Imaging

PhasedArray

Ac=ve

T/RModules

Passive

Reflector

ArrayFeed

HighPowerT/RModules

HPA

RealBeam

Al=meter Doppler

Reflector

ArrayFeed

HighPowerT/RModule

Mul=-Band

HPA

PhasedArray

ScaOerometer

Reflector

PhasedArray

SoOp

Calibra=on

Passive

STAR

G-bandFront-end

LowPowerCorrelators

Calibra=on

RealAperture

Imaging

G-band/SMMWfront-ends

BroadbandDigitalbackends

RFIMi=ga=on

Sounding

G-bandfront-ends

Miniaturiza=on

ImprovedCalibra=on

Microwave Remote Sensing State of the Art (2007 DS Missions)

Key:

Space-Proven (TRL 7-9) Developmental (TRL 4-6) Experimental (TRL 1-3)

22

NISAR SWOTSMAP

SMAP

XOVWM,ACE

XOVWM,ACE XOVWM,SCLPopt

SMAP-opt

NISAR SWOT

Oceans

XOVWM,ACE

XOVWM,SCLP

SMAP

GACM

GACM,SWOT

Temp-Humidity

Temp-Humidity PATH

PATH

PATH

SCLP

Temp-Humidity

Microwaveremotesensingtaxonomyiden:fyingtechnologydevelopmentsgenerallyrequiredtocompletetheremaining:ered2007NRCdecadalsurveymissionscarryingmicrowavesensors.

Active Microwave Technology Needs Landscape

Passive Microwave Technology Needs Landscape

•  Thestateofmicrowavetechnologiesisalotmorematurerela:vetothatoflidartechnologies.

•  Costiscurrentlythebiggestchallengeinimplemen:ngthemicrowaverelatedDecadalSurvey(2007)missions.

•  TechnologiestoimprovetheSWAPtodecreasethetotalcostofmissionsareneeded.

•  Model-BasedSystemsEngineering(MBSE)shouldbeinves:gatedtoimprovefeasibilityofimplementa:onwithcurrenttechnology.JPLhasbeenusingMBSEforNiSARandSWOT.

•  FinalmicrowavetechnologyreportwillbeavailableinJuly2016.

Preliminary Microwave Technologies Summary

Backup

Instrument Incubator Program (IIP) Innovative remote sensing instrument development from concept through breadboard and demonstration (Average award: $1.5M per year over three years)

Advanced Information Systems Technology (AIST) innovative on-orbit and ground capabilities for communication, processing, and management of remotely sensed data and the efficient generation of data products (average award: $500K per year over two years)

ESTO manages, on average, 120 active technology development projects. Most are funded through the five primary program lines below. Nearly 700 projects have completed since 1998.

Observation

Information

Advanced Component Technologies (ACT) critical components and subsystems for advanced instruments and observing systems (average award: $300K per year over three years)

Validation In-Space Validation of Earth Science Technologies (InVEST)

on-orbit technology validation and risk reduction for small instruments and instrument systems that could not otherwise be fully tested on the ground or airborne systems (average award: $1-1.8M per year over three years)

ESTO Programs

Sustainable Land Imaging-Technology (SLI-T) new technologies and reduced costs for future land imaging (Landsat) measurements First solicitation released in FY16 (average award: TBD)

TRL3-6

TRL2-5

TRL2-6

ESTO Portfolio

TRL Definition Hardware Description

Software Description Exit Criteria

1

Basic principles observed and reported

Scientific knowledge generated underpinning hardware technology concepts/applications.

Scientific knowledge generated underpinning basic properties of software architecture and mathematical formulation.

Peer reviewed publication of research underlying the proposed concept/application.

2

Technology concept and/or application formulated

Invention begins, practical applications is identified but is speculative, no experimental proof or detailed analysis is available to support the conjecture.

Practical application is identified but is speculative; no experimental proof or detailed analysis is available to support the conjecture. Basic properties of algorithms, representations, and concepts defined. Basic principles coded. Experiments performed with synthetic data.

Documented description of the application/concept that addresses feasibility and benefit.

3

Analytical and experimental critical function and/or characteristic proof-of- concept

Analytical studies place the technology in an appropriate context and laboratory demonstrations, modeling and simulation validate analytical prediction.

Development of limited functionality to validate critical properties and predictions using non-integrated software components.

Documented analytical/experimental results validating predictions of key parameters.

TRL Definitions

TRL Definition Hardware Description

Software Description Exit Criteria

4

Component and/or breadboard validation in laboratory environment.

A low fidelity system/component breadboard is built and operated to demonstrate basic functionality and critical test environments, and associated performance predictions are defined relative to final operating environment.

Key, functionality critical software components are integrated and functionally validated to establish interoperability and begin architecture development. Relevant environments defined and performance in the environment predicted.

Documented test performance demonstrating agreement with analytical predictions. Documented definition of relevant environment.

5

Component and/or breadboard validation in relevant environment.

A medium fidelity system/component brassboard is built and operated to demonstrate overall performance in a simulated operational environment with realistic support elements that demonstrate overall performance in critical areas. Performance predictions are made for subsequent development phases.

End-to-end software elements implemented and interfaced with existing systems/simulations conforming to target environment. End-to-end software system tested in relevant environment, meeting predicted performance. Operational environment performance predicted. Prototype implementations developed.

Documented test performance demonstrating agreement with analytical predictions. Documented definition of scaling requirements.

TRL Definitions (cont.)

TRL Definition Hardware Description

Software Description Exit Criteria

6

System/sub-system model or prototype demonstration in a relevant environment.

A high fidelity system/component prototype that adequately addresses all critical scaling issues is built and operated in a relevant environment to demonstrate operations under critical environmental conditions.

Prototype implementations of the software demonstrated on full-scale, realistic problems. Partially integrated with existing hardware/software systems. Limited documentation available. Engineering feasibility fully demonstrated.

Documented test performance demonstrating agreement with analytical predictions.

TRL Definitions (cont.)