Natinal Movement

8/3/2019 Natinal Movement

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INDIAS FREEDOMINDIAS FREEDOM

STRUGGLESTRUGGLE

NATIONAL MOVEMENT

(1857-1947)

BY-

A.Raghu Raman

VIII B


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EARLY REVOLTSEARLY REVOLTS

The British rule antagonized the people in

every part of the country to which it was

extended. The exploitation of peasantry was

intensified.

The government made heavy demands on

the Zamindars and chiefs, and their failure

to meet these demands led to their

dispossession.


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EARLY REVOLTSEARLY REVOLTS

Land grants given to scholars by Indian rulers

were also withdrawn by the British and they

were left without any means of support.

There were scores of revolts between 1756 and

1856 in different parts of the country.

The first major revolt broke out soon after the

British conquest of Bengal. It was led bySanyasis and Fakirs and spread to many areas

of eastern India.


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REVOLT OF 1857REVOLT OF 1857

The year 1857 was an eventful year in the

history of the Indian people.

It was in that year that the great armed uprising

took place against the British rule in India.

It began on 10 May 1857 at Meerut.

It brought together soldiers of different regions

and many rulers and chiefs of different statesand principalities to fight for the common aim of

overthrowing the British rule.


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DISCONTENT AGAINST THEDISCONTENT AGAINST THE

BRITISH RULEBRITISH RULE The revolt was caused by

widespread discontent that the

British policies in India had

created.

Some of those policies arementioned below.


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DISCONTENT AGAINST THEDISCONTENT AGAINST THE

BRITISH RULEBRITISH RULE Displacement of the Old ruling

sections.

Ruination of Peasants andArtisans.

Fear of Loss of Religion and

Caste. Grievances of the Indian Soldiers.


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MAIN CENTRES OF THEMAIN CENTRES OF THE

REVOLTREVOLT Bills in Madhya Pradesh. Kols in Bengal.

Gonds & Khonds in Orissa.

Kolis in Maharashtra.

Vellore mutiny in 1806 & theBrarricikipore mutiny in 1824.


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SUPPRESSION OF THE REVOLTSUPPRESSION OF THE REVOLT

However, in spite of the widespread nature of

the revolt, within a little over a year it was

suppressed. Delhi was recaptured by the British

in September 1857.Bahadur Shah was takenprisoner.

Most of these revolts were however, locationed

occurrence. Even though it took the British a

long time to suppress some of them, they did not

face a serious danger to the British rule in India.


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CAUSES FOR THE FAILURE OFCAUSES FOR THE FAILURE OF

THE REVOLTTHE REVOLT

Limited area.

Breaking out before planned time.

Lack of common leader. Mutual dissensions among the Indians.

Lack of discipline among the rebel

soldiers. The rebels having no purpose before

them.


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ACT OF 1858 AND QUEENSACT OF 1858 AND QUEENS

PROCLAMATIONPROCLAMATION

In August 1858, the British Parliamentpassed an Act which put an end to

the rule of the Company. The control of the British governmentin India was transferred to the BritishCrown.

At this time, Victoria was the Queenof Britain.


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Queen VictoriaQueen Victoria


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CONTROL OVER THE INDIANCONTROL OVER THE INDIAN

GOVERNMENT FROM BRITAINGOVERNMENT FROM BRITAIN

In 1870, a telegraph line was laid betweenIndia and Britain. This madecommunication very easy.

Now, day-to-day consultations betweenthe Government of India and the Secretaryof State became possible.

The opening of the Suez Canal in1869,connecting the Mediterranean Seawith the Red sea, greatly reduced thedistance between Britain and India.


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British Policy of Divide and RuleBritish Policy of Divide and Rule

They divided the Indian people into the

people of the Indian States and the people

of British India.

In their military administration, they

followed the policy of dividing soldiers in

the basis of their caste or religion.

The British followed a systematic policy of

dividing Hindus and Muslims.


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Policy towards Afghanistan andPolicy towards Afghanistan and

BurmaBurma

The Russian empire had been expanding inCentral Asia in the nineteenth century. Thisalarmed the British.

They tried to increase their influence inAfghanistan to check the Russian advance.

The British sent their troops to Afghanistan in1839,defeated Dost Mohammads army and

installed his rival on the throne. In 1852, Burma was invaded and all the coastal

provinces of Burma now became part of theBritish Indian empire.


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Famines in IndiaFamines in India

Famine (Latin, fames, "hunger), severeshortage of food, generally affecting awide area and large numbers of people.

There was frequent occurrence of faminesin India. The major reason for this was theabsolute dependence of the agriculturists

on the monsoons. Even when the harvest was good, theycould never store anything to live during adrought.


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Famines in IndiaFamines in India


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Modern industries in IndiaModern industries in India

During the second half of the 19th century,a few modern industries were introducedin India.

They could be broadly classified asplantation and machine industries.

These were mostly owned and controlledby British companies.

Some industries were owned by Indians,but they could not develop fast because ofthe unhelpful attitude of the government.


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Tata Iron & Steel IndustriesTata Iron & Steel Industries

Tata, family of pioneer Indian industrialists andphilanthropists. The founder of the Tata businessempire was Jamsetji Nusserwanji Tata (1839-1904).

Born in Navsari, into a Parsi family, Jamsetjistudied at Elphinstone College in Bombay beforeentering his father's business as a generalmerchant trading with the East.

He soon proved highly successful, setting up abranch in Shanghai and steering the familythrough the speculation and collapse of cottonprices during the American Civil War


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Rammohun Roy and BrahmoRammohun Roy and Brahmo

samajsamaj

Rammohun Roy was born in a well-to-dofamily in Bengal, probably in 1772.

He received his traditional Sanskritlearning at Benaras and Arabic andPersian learning at Patna.

His greatest achievement in the field of

religious reform was the setting up in 1828of the Brahmo sabha and, in 1830 Brahmosamaj.


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Rammohun RoyRammohun Roy

Roy, Ram Mohan (c. 1772-1833), Indian

religious reformer. He is best known for his

opposition to sati (the practice of widows

casting themselves on to the funeral pyre

of their dead husbands), but was, more

widely, one of the pioneers of the political

movement towards Indian independencethat evolved and gained strength through

the 19th century.


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Rammohun RoyRammohun Roy

Born at Radhnagar, Roy studied Bengali, Arabic,and English and, through his European friends,Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, but he specialized inSanskrit. Coming from a traditional Hindu

background, Roy's contact with a wide circle ofscholars, including Muslims, Christians, andJews, broadened his thinking and led him awayfrom orthodox Hinduism.

In 1830, Roy was sent by Akbar II, titular ruler ofthe Mughal empire, as his envoy to the king ofBritain, and was given the title of raja, which theBritish East India Company refused to recognize.


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Ishwar Chandra VidyasagarIshwar Chandra Vidyasagar

Another great reformer was IshwarChandra Vidyasagar.

He was born in a poor Brahmin familyin 1820, and had a brilliant career asa student of Sanskrit.

Vidyasagars greatest contribution

was to the cause of widowsupliftment and girls education.


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Ramakrishna mission andRamakrishna mission and

VivekanandaVivekananda Ramakrishna (1834-1886), one of the three great

leaders of the Hindu revival in the 19th century; theothers were his disciple Vivekananda and DayanandaSarasvati, founder of the Hindu reform movement AryaSamaj.

Vivekananda (1863-1902), foremost disciple ofRamakrishna and one of the key figures in the 19th-century revival of Hinduism. Vivekananda establishedfirst the Ramakrishna Mission in Calcutta, and then amonastic order, designed to regulate and guide the

activities of the Mission. These include organizing relief during floods, famines

and epidemics, establishing hospitals and runningeducational institutions.


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Vivekananda Memorial, TamilVivekananda Memorial, Tamil

NaduNadu


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EducationEducation

Rabindranath Tagore established theVishva-Bharati at Santiniketan.

Schools were started following the Nai

Talim scheme of Gandhiji which aimed atmaking students self-reliant.

One of Indias foremost nationalistleaders,G.K.Gokhale, said in 1903,It is

obvious that an illiterate and ignorantnation can never make any solid progressand must fall back in the race of life.


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Rabindranath TagoreRabindranath Tagore


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Gopal Krishna GokhaleGopal Krishna Gokhale


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Growth of ScienceGrowth of Science

The country produced a large number of

scientists in every branch of science,

some of whom won international fame.

C.V.Raman was given the Noble Prize for

his work in Physics(the Raman effect) in

1930.

S.Ramanujan was one of the greatest

mathematicians of this century.


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Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata RamanSir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman


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Rise of National ConsciousnessRise of National Consciousness

Besides revolts, there gradually grew inIndia a movement which expressed theaspirations of the Indian people as a

nation. It was more widespread than any of the

previous revolts and movements andrepresented demands not of one sectionor community or region, but of the entirenation.


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Formation of the Indian NationalFormation of the Indian National

CongressCongress

Indian National Congress, political party that led

the struggle for the independence of India from

the British Empire. It formed the mainstay of the

Indian nationalist movement and later dominatedthe country's government.

Founded in 1885 by Allan Octavian Hume with

a base of support chiefly in the upper-class

intelligentsia, the Congress originally advocatedlimited democratic reforms under British rule.


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Formation of the Indian NationalFormation of the Indian National

CongressCongress

Beginning in 1905, it called for swaraj, or self-government, and in 1920 it adopted the strategyof satyagraha (non-violent resistance) devised

by Mohandas K. Gandhi, who also widened itssupport into a true mass movement.

By 1929, led by Jawaharlal Nehru, theCongress was demanding total independence.During World War II it refused to support theBritish war effort, launching instead a Quit Indiacampaign that led to violent confrontations andprison terms for about 100,000 of its supporters.


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Some important leaders ofSome important leaders of

CongressCongress


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Influence Of World EventsInfluence Of World Events

Indian leaders were inspired by revolutionsand events which happened in differentparts of the world.

In 1905, there was a revolution in Russia.Russia in those days was ruled by anautocratic emperor and the people had norights.

A heavy tax burden and courtextravagances eventually led to a popularrevolt and the French Revolution.


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Louis XVILouis XVI


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French Soldiers of theFrench Soldiers of the

Revolutionary ArmiesRevolutionary Armies


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Guillotining of Louis XVIGuillotining of Louis XVI


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Vladimir Ilich LeninVladimir Ilich Lenin


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Nicholas II, the Last Russian TsarNicholas II, the Last Russian Tsar


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Swadeshi movementSwadeshi movement

Swadeshi movement, which urged

Indians to buy only Indian-made goods.

It was largely the weight of his by then

highly distinguished presence that helpedheal temporarily the emerging rifts

between moderates and extremists within

Congress in 1906, following Britishproposals to partition Bengal.


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Emergence of GandhijiEmergence of Gandhiji

Gandhi finally returned to India in 1915, after thegovernment of the Union of South Africa hadmade important concessions to his demands,including recognition of Indian marriages and

abolition of the poll tax for them Satyagraha, form of non-violent protest invented

by Mohandas Gandhi in South Africa andperfected by him in the course of the anti-Britishstruggle in India. The term is made up of twowords, satya (truth) and agraha (insisting onsomething without becoming obstinate), andmeans both on and for truth.


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GandhijiGandhiji


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Rowlatt ActRowlatt Act

In March 1919, the Rowlatt Act was

passed.

Many leaders who were members ofthe Assembly, resigned in protest.

Mohammad Ali Jinnah who was the

president of Muslim League alsoresigned from the Assembly.


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Mohammad Ali JinnahMohammad Ali Jinnah


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Emergence of NewEmergence of New

LeadersLeadersA new group of youngleaders arose in the 1920s.

The most prominent of thenew leaders were

Jawaharlal Nehru andSubhas Chandra Bose.


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Jawaharlal NehruJawaharlal Nehru


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Subhas Chandra BoseSubhas Chandra Bose


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Dr.Bhim Rao AmbedkarDr.Bhim Rao Ambedkar

Dr.Bhim Rao Ambedkar was a (1891-1956), Indian lawyer and social reformerwho fought for the rights of the

Untouchables of India. He was born at Mhow (now Mahu), the

fourteenth child in a poor Hindu family whowere subcaste, or Untouchables.

His father was a soldier and the familymoved frequently between military camps.


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Dr.Bhim Rao AmbedkarDr.Bhim Rao Ambedkar


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The Cripps MissionThe Cripps Mission

In early 1942, the War situation

compelled the British to have open

talks with the Indian leaders. At this time Sir Stafford Cripps, a

British Minister, came to India to hold

talks with Indian leaders. This is known as the Cripps Mission.


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Sir Stafford CrippsSir Stafford Cripps


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Quit India MovementQuit India Movement

In April 1942, the Cripps Mission

failed. Within less than four months,

the third great mass struggle of theIndian people for freedom started.

This struggle is known as the Quit

India Movement. On 15thAugust 1947 dawned India

was given freedom.


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Louis MountbattenLouis Mountbatten

Mountbatten served as Viceroy of Indiafrom March to August 1947, and governor-general of the new dominion of India from

August 1947 to June 1948. Mountbatten was killed when a bomb,

planted by terrorists of the IrishRepublican Army, blew up his fishing boatin Donegal Bay, near his home in CountySligo.


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THANK YOU FOR WATCHINGTHANK YOU FOR WATCHING

MY SOCIAL PROJECTMY SOCIAL PROJECT

By

A.Raghu Raman

VIII B

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