NATIONAL ACADEMYOF SCIENCESOF UKRAINE

BRIEF ANNUAL REPORT

2015

«VTS Print» PublishersKyiv • 2016

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B. E. Paton, President of the Academy

NAS of Ukraine 2015

Main Results

2015 was not an easy year for the Academy. Yet,in spite of all difficulties, scholars of the NationalAcademy of Sciences (NAS) continued their extensivescientific research and obtained quite a lot of impor-tant results.

Among fundamental achievements of mathemati-cians were new numerical methods for solving sys-tems of differential equations generated in investigat-ing the impacts of natural disasters. Physicistsobtained new two-dimensional structures of microp-orous silicon that are promising for producing com-pact nondestructive testing devices. For the first time,the thorium potential of Ukraine’s geological struc-tures was determined. Another achievement of ourgeologists is a new scheme of the phase-geochemicalzoning of naphthide genesis in the Earth’s interior. Itradically changes scientific ideas about the hydrocar-bon potential of great and super-great depths.Significant results were achieved in investigating thechemistry of two-dimensional structures with uniquefunctional properties, namely, graphene and itsoxides, molybdenum sulfide, oxides of transition met-als with hierarchical structure etc. Highly active low-toxicity analgesic and anti-inflammatory substanceswere synthesized; the most active and safest of themwere selected for preclinical testing. In life sciences,researchers obtained novel data on the emergencemechanisms and nature of certain mutations thatdetermine the development of hereditary diseases.Further developed was molecular breeding of wheat,which is a new direction of plant genetic improvementin Ukraine.

Last year, the long-term fundamental studytowards a full-scale reconstruction of the demograph-ic dynamics of Ukraine in its current borders from thelate 18th to the early 21st century was completed.Relying on it, NAS scholars gave the first-ever scientif-ically validated estimate of Ukraine’s human lossesdue to social calamities in the first half of the 20th cen-tury. In particular, according to their estimates, directand indirect losses resulting from the Holodomor (theUkraine Genocide Famine) amounted to nearly 4.5million people. Academy’s scholars in humanities con-tinued their fundamental publishing projects, encyclo-pedic ones included: they published the next volumesof «Collected Works by Mykhailo Hrushevsky»,«Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine», «Encyclopedia ofInternational Law», «Dictionary of the UkrainianLanguage».

Among the positive outcomes of the previous yearwas a rather high level of Academy institutions’ pub-

lishing activities. They published 560 academic books,including 400 monographs. Of those, 80 scientificmonographs were issued by foreign publishers.Scientific research was summarized in 21,250 papersand articles in journals; 5,780 of them were publishedin foreign ones.

A lot of concern was given to practical applica-tions of innovative research results. Scientists in metalphysics developed a technology for obtaining high-strength, corrosion-resistant, super-light titanium alloyand sent it to ‘Antonov’ state enterprise to be imple-mented there. The technology of growing optical ger-manium with novel alloying additives was brought tothe series manufacturing stage. The material hasalready been purchased by companies of the USAand a number of European countries to be used in themanufacturing of lenses and other optical elements.The operation and extension of the network of NASseismic stations was supported. Their observationdata are necessary, in particular, for evaluating quan-titative parameters of the maximum predictable seis-mic vibrations at construction sites in seismic areas ofthe country. In February 2015, the national drinkingwater standard proposed by our specialists wasenforced and implemented at numerous Ukrainianagencies and water-supply enterprises. For the firsttime, Academy researchers implemented the wholeproduction cycle of finished pharmaceutical drugs inthe form of pills, taking into account the requirementsof the EU Good Manufacturing Practice. Continuedwas the manufacture of substances and dosage formsof original medicines (Phenazepam, Amixin,Guidazepam, Levana), which are badly needed bypatients.

One of the main priorities of NAS activities in 2015was scientific back-up to basic branches of the nation-al economy and high-tech manufacturing businesses.A good example of that is the involvement ofAcademy scientists in addressing the problem ofextending the operation lives of 4 out of 15 operatingpower units of Ukrainian NPPs, which allowed theirdecommissioning and construction of new facilities tobe delayed for 10–20 years (for 30 years in the longterm). According to estimates of ‘NAEC ‘Energoatom’state company, the economic benefit of extending theoperation life of just one power unit for a yearamounts to nearly $1.5bn.

Among major developments in the interest ofpower industry one should also mention the automat-ed system for electricity accounting with control of itsquality ratings at all stages of its generation, transmis-sion and consumption. Since 2013 the economic ben-efit due to its introduction at the ‘NEC ‘Ukrenergo’state company has been in excess of UAH 1bn. In2015, NAS scientists solved another difficult problem:they developed procedures and produced compositefuel (a lean coal analog) based on anthracite withadding 35–40% of domestic gas coal. Successfulburning of the first trial batch at Zmiivska thermalpower plant enabled its specialists to diversify fuelsources of this power plant and increase their numberby 40%, getting rid of the dependence on imported fuel.

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NAS of Ukraine 2015

Developments of Academy institutions also facili-tate the growth and improvement of Ukraine’s trans-port infrastructure. For example, the E.O. PatonElectric Welding Institute, in collaboration withKakhovka-based Electric Welding Equipment Plant,developed a technology and organized the manufac-turing of machines for butt resistance welding of high-strength steel rails. Now, relying on the equipmentproduced, 5,000 km of the so-called “velvet” railwaytrack in Ukraine and 11,000 km in People’s Republicof China have been laid. The technology allowed thespeed of Ukrainian trains to reach 160 km/hr. Thetotal economic benefit from the implementation of thisdevelopment amounted to UAH 2.6 bn.

Food security was also in the focus of our scientist’sattention. In recent years, over 145 new crop varietiesand hybrids have been registered. In 2015 alone, 8winter wheat varieties suitable for cultivation inUkraine were introduced in the Register of PlantVarieties and 10 more varieties were being tested.Now, the total area of arable land where new wheatvarieties are sown is over 1.7m hectares. The yieldharvested from that area meets the needs of Ukrainein food grain almost in full.

Recently we again witnessed the ability of NAS sci-entists to channel their efforts into dealing with themost pressing challenges the nation is faced with. In2015, the NAS targeted ST program ‘R&D forstrengthening the defense potential and security of thestate’ was launched, and the implementation of themost promising projects selected through competitionwas started. There is also an arrangement on closercollaboration between NAS and ‘Ukroboronprom’State Concern. Quite a number of new developmentsof our scientists are already used for military needs, inthe anti-terrorist operation zone as well. Those are, forexample, hemostatic and fire-protection means, self-contained flameless heat generators, a number ofpowerful information and communication systems.Undoubtedly, a major achievement of Academy’sR&D researchers is the technology for mass manufac-turing of mosaic polymer-ceramic armor elementsthat relies on reaction sintering of ceramic materials.

It should be noted that meetings of scientists withUkraine’s President P.O. Poroshenko, held on 18June and 25 December 2015, were of major impor-tance for increasing the efficiency of scientificresearch and improving the interaction of science andbusiness. There the head of state repeatedly stressedthat Ukraine placed great hopes on science, and thedisuse of its scientific potential resulted in a technolog-ical gap between our state and developed countries.Special emphasis was placed on providing efficientmechanisms to implement innovative developmentsand technologies. The President of Ukraine alsostressed the necessity of engaging young people inscience.

Indeed, one of the most acute problems of the sci-ence sphere is ageing of research personnel, so guid-ing young people, engaging them in research work isan important focus of Academy’s work. For a longtime we have been using the state system of targetedsupport to young scientists which is provided throughgrants, prizes and scholarships. The NAS of Ukrainehas also introduced its own forms of encouragingyoung scholars. Primarily, one should mention the

financial support for research works provided toyoung scientists on a competitive basis. The winners ofthe regular competition in 2015 were 100 researchprojects, which received financing of 45–135 thou-sand for 18 months. Since 1994, the Academy hasalso awarded special scholarships to youngresearchers.

Meetings of Academy Presidium regularly listen tothe best research presentations of young scholars.According to their results, researchers get an oppor-tunity to open an additional NAS research projectand head it. Last year, we heard 9 such reports cover-ing a variety of subjects. Under Academy publishingproject ‘Academic Book. Young Scholars’, 5 mono-graphs were issued in 2015, 10 more won the compe-tition to be published this year.

Of considerable importance is the fact that thework for establishing Councils of Young Scholars hasbeen completed in all 14 NAS Departments. Thosecouncils have already held a number of popular sci-ence events, ‘Science Days’ in particular, which wereheld twice last year.

Still, despite all the measures taken, in the last fouryears we have been witnessing a disturbing trendtowards continuous decline in the number of youngresearchers. And the cardinal solution of this problemrequires urgent actions of the national scope whichwould ensure a rise in the prestige of research workand better social security of scientists.

The election of 12 new NAS Academicians and 51NAS Corresponding Members, as well as its newPresidium, which zeroed in on scientific support toaddressing current needs of the nation, first and fore-most, on the innovative development of economy,improved management and efficiency of research.

International scientific and R&D collaboration hadbeen and remained a most important area ofAcademy’s activities last year. That was promoted byover 120 international collaboration agreements withscience organizations of 50 countries of Europe,Africa, Asia, North and South America. Fruitful co-operation of our scientists with foreign partners undervarious scientific programs of the EU, NATO,UNESCO, IAAS, the European Center for NuclearResearch (CERN), Ukrainian Science and TechnologyCenter, and numerous other international organiza-tions was continued.

Lately, a special emphasis has been placed onestablishing regular contacts with partners fromEuropean Union member states and associated coun-tries. Those are based on 27 agreements concludedwith academies and leading science centers ofEurope. In particular, in June 2015 in the frameworkof collaboration between the NAS of Ukraine and theNational Center for Scientific Research (CNRS,France), we signed an agreement on setting up anassociated international laboratory for high energyphysics, with a view to developing equipment foraccelerator experiments and acceleration methods.

Of the utmost importance for the whole academiccommunity of Ukraine was the signing of theAgreement on the Associated Membership of Ukrainein the EU Framework Program ‘Horizon–2020’ lastyear. Undoubtedly, that opened up new opportunitiesfor our country’s accession to the European research

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NAS of Ukraine 2015

area. To share information on ‘Horizon–2020’ com-petitions and provide advice, 9 national contactpoints in certain thematic areas of the program wereorganized within the Academy.

As far as the financial provision and logistic sup-port of scientific research in the Academy is con-cerned, it was and remains grossly inadequate due tomany factors, crisis phenomena in the economyincluded. Ukrainian science is now in a rather difficultsituation, which, unfortunately, can become evenworse. That results from the Law of Ukraine ‘On the2016 State Budget’ providing for a significant, ascompared to the previous year, reduction in thefinancing of the science sphere, NAS in particular, toabout UAH 2,054 million, which is 26% less than itsminimum needs.

The reduced funding, which already was unsatis-factory, may have disastrous impacts, as it could leadto inevitable phasing out of research in many priorityareas (including that addressing important nationalissues), considerable staff redundancies in Academyinstitutions, and introducing part-time employmentregime. Due to severely limited allocations from thegeneral fund of the state budget, last year two thirdsof our institutes had to introduce short-time working.

In general, it is very hurting and bitter to state thatin all the years of Ukraine independence its sciencehas been financed on the leftover principle and hasnot been considered as one of the state priorities. Asa result – today in this country the number of R&Dresearchers per 1 thousand of wage earners is twiceas low as in the countries of the European Union,which we strive for so much. No less sad is the amountof the state budget expenditures per one Ukrainianresearcher: they are several dozen times as low asthose in developed countries.

The new Law of Ukraine ‘On Science and Scientificand Technological Activities’, adopted last year, inour view, provides an effective legal framework forthe future advancement of science in Ukraine, turningit into a driving force of nation’s innovative progress. Itenvisages radically new ways for restructuringresearch management on the basis of generally rec-ognized European criteria – an independent assess-ment of results, grant financing through the newlyestablished National Research Foundation, sciencesphere coordination through the National Council forthe Development of Science and Technologies etc.

The law contains legislative fixation of progressiveelements of the science infrastructure that were onceintroduced in the NAS of Ukraine. Those are centersfor the shared use of scientific equipment and state-supported key laboratories. A significant stimulus forintensified innovation activity (that in our Academy asswell) are legal norms on granting scientific institutionsthe right to transfer their own earnings to special reg-istered accounts opened in state-owned banks, andalso be cofounders of businesses with the purpose ofexploiting the objects of intellectual property rights.

An important role will also be played by those pro-visions of the new version of the Law of Ukraine ‘OnScience and Scientific and Technological Activities’that directly concern the NAS of Ukraine and areaimed at the democratization of its inner life. I’llemphasize several important points. First, in compli-

ance with the law, in future the time of continuance inAcademy’s executive offices will be limited to two 5-year terms. Second, the Law envisages that delegatedrepresentatives of NAS institutes’ scientific teams willtake part in NAS general meetings with the right tovote.

It should be noted that a number of measures forincreasing the efficiency of scientific research isalready implemented by the Academy itself in accor-dance with the Concept of NAS Development for2014–2023. In particular, our specialists, guided byEuropean standards, have prepared and started tointroduce a new procedure to assess the efficiency ofresearch institutions’ work. The procedure is based onthe main principles of the assessment system used bythe Leibniz Association in Germany.

So, the new Law of Ukraine ‘On Science andScientific and Technological Activities’ will also beinstrumental in the democratization of the Academylife, facilitate a more transparent finance distributionand increase the efficiency of research institutions’work. And – which is the most important thing – itgives us certain hopes for improving the situation inscience in the near future. That will stimulate researchteams of the National Academy of Sciences ofUkraine to spare no effort for further advancementand extension of research, scientific support to con-crete positive changes in our country.

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A. G. Naumovets,First Vice�Presidentof the Academy

NAS of Ukraine 2015New Challenges

High-Efficiency S&T Developments of NAS Institutions forEconomy Branches

Scientific research and practical developmentsbased on them are now the main driving force of eco-nomic progress and the most important factor in com-petition. These very ideas were the main topics of dis-cussions at this year’s World Economic Forum inDavos, which was concerned with the FourthIndustrial Revolution awaiting mankind. The globaltrend towards the rates of investments in scienceexceeding the increase in the gross product was fea-tured in the ‘UNESCO Science Report: Towards2030’.

Although science in Ukraine, unfortunately, is fund-ed at the level of about 0.2% of the GDP, its positiveimpact on the domestic economy is significant and ofutmost importance for the nation.

The most telling example of the efficiency ofAcademy specialists’ activities is their involvement inthe work on extending the operation life of UkrainianNPPs. Novel technologies which they developed andimplemented, first and foremost, the diagnostics ofreactor shells, allowed the design operational life of 4out of 15 now operating nuclear power units to beextended by 10–20 years. The cost of constructing anew 1000 MW power unit is currently estimated at $5bn, while the extension of its operation life costs lessthan 1bn. Besides, the construction of a new powerunit takes 5–6 years.

In the interest of nuclear power industry, NAS sci-entists are carrying out tests of and scientific supportto the exploitation of fuel elements produced by the‘Westinghouse’ American company. Relying on thetest results, the ‘NAEC ‘Energoatom’ state companyhas concluded an agreement on supplying an alter-native nuclear fuel for Ukrainian NPPs, which is apowerful lever for setting a fair market price ofnuclear fuel, whose annual deliveries amount to over$ 600 million. According to the Ministry for Energyand Coal Industry, in 2016 about 40% of nuclear fuelsupplies to Ukraine will be in Westinghouse fuelassemblies, which will save UAH 1.3bn in2015–2016.

NAS institutions also help diversify fuel supplies forthermal power stations. The problem resulted from thefailure to supply the necessary amounts of coal fromDonbas. In particular, our energy engineers havedeveloped technological procedures of effectiveburning of coal imported from the South AfricanRepublic, as its characteristics differ significantly fromthose designed for boilers of domestic thermal powerplants and cogeneration plants. That permitted themto fully use the purchased coal and secure the

2014–2015 heating season.The ‘NPC ‘Ukrenergo’ state enterprise engaged

our scientists in the development and deployment ofthe automated system for accounting electricalpower, which provides for control of its quality char-acteristics at all levels of generation, transmission andconsumption. Since the beginning of this systemexploitation, the economic benefit of its implementa-tion at the ‘NPC ‘Ukrenergo’ has been in excess ofUAH 1bn.

For railway transport, NAS specialists, in collabo-ration with the Kakhovka Plant of Electric WeldingEquipment, organized manufacturing of machines forbutt resistance welding of rails. Using this equipment,5 thousand kilometers of the so-called “velvet” railwaytrack have already been laid in Ukraine, whichallowed the speed of trains to be increased to 160kilometers per hour and day-time passenger trains tobe introduced. Over 11thousand kilometers of rail-ways have also been built in China. The manufactur-ing plant has exported such welding equipment for $228m to 11 countries.

IT specialists of the NAS of Ukraine developed‘HART’ and ‘Arkan’ systems intended for improvingthe protection of the state borders of Ukraine, fightingorganized crime and restricting illegal migration, con-trolling travels from the zone of anti-terrorist opera-tion. In 2014 alone, the use of these systems helpeddetect over 28 thousand offences, detain 2708 illegalmigrants, and over 9,000 potential migrants werebanned from crossing the state border.

Of the most recent developments, very promisingis the technology for producing magnetically softamorphous and nanocrystalline alloys, as well asusing those for manufacturing magnetic cores withhigh thermal stability of properties. The wide use ofthe nanotechnology developed opens the way to asignificant energy saving, and a multiple reduction inthe mass and dimensions of electric equipment.

The aforementioned examples of successful imple-mentation of our results convincingly demonstrate thatfunding of R&D is the most efficient way to develophigh-tech manufacturing. Undoubtedly, this should bedone not only by the state but by industrial and invest-ment companies as well, which, in turn, requires aradical improvement of the investment climate in thecountry.

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NAS of Ukraine 2015 New Challenges

V.P. Gorbulin,First Vice-Presidentof the Academy

Applied Research and Developments of NAS Institutions for StateCompanies and Design Offices

In 2015, scientific institutions of the NAS of Ukraineconducted applied research and carried out develop-ment work in the interests of state companies anddesign offices both under the agreements concludedby the Academy on scientific and technical coopera-tion and by direct contracts, in particular, those withthe ‘Pivdenne’ State Design Office, the ‘Antonov StateCompany’, the ‘Ivchenko– Progress’ State Company,the State Space Agency, the ‘Ukroboronprom’ StateConcern etc.

This form of practical cooperation between statecompanies and design offices with NAS scientific insti-tutions proved highly efficient. For example, in 2015,the contract work for over UAH 16m was performedfor the ‘Pivdenne’ State Design Office alone. In partic-ular, developed were:

- a technique to investigate the characteristics ofcomposite materials samples, which allowed special-ists to reproduce or model thermal force loads occur-ring in the manufacture and operation of spacecraftstructure elements;

- a technology and equipment for laser welding oflarge nozzle blocks of liquid rocket engines made ofstainless steels and titanium alloys;

- a technology for producing solid fuel binders forrocket engines on the basis of low-molecular-weightrubber with carboxyl end groups;

- scientific, technological and methodological fun-damentals for developing the equipment and compo-nent parts of spacecraft with the reduced level ofmagnetic field;

- physical and mathematical models as well as analgorithm to calculate parameters of the two-phasesupersonic stream of combustion products, withaccount being taken of water drops evaporation.

In 2015, NAS institutions, in collaboration with the‘Antonov’ State Company, carried out joint researchin the interest of the company.

An efficient technology was worked out for diag-nostics of different types of damage (cracks, stratifica-tion and thinning of the material resulting from its par-tial destruction) in the elements of aircraft structuresmade of composite materials in industrial conditionsat the ‘Antonov’ State Company.

Specialists introduced a technique for determiningthe opening angle of the crack tip at the stage of sheetmetal equilibrium failure, alongside with mutuallyagreed determination of the deformation and energycharacteristics of crack resistance under general yield

conditions during the uniaxial stretching of a rectan-gular plate with the central hole. The experimentaltechnique developed was a part of the new approachto engineering estimates of the integrity and the resid-ual strength of aircraft structures.

New technologies were developed and deployedto manufacture high-strength parts of the BT22 titani-um alloy for detachable joints with extended servicelife.

A system for diagnostics of the aircraft structurecondition that allowed impact damage to be regis-tered was developed at the request of the ‘Antonov’State Company.

Last year, NAS institutions also investigated per-formances of promising zirconium diboride-basedceramic materials with high oxidation resistance forthe ‘Ivchenko–Progress’ State Company; the materi-als were intended for combustion chambers and tur-bines.

Software for scientific and methodological supportto the numerical solution of the inverse problems ofthe transonic compressor stages of aircraft gas tur-bine engines was introduced at the‘Ivchenko–Progress’ State Company in 2015. Thatenabled specialists to: carry out dynamic designing ofcompressor blade rings for modern aircraft gas tur-bine engines; improve aerodynamic perfection of theinterblade channels of blade rings; reduce the cost ofaircraft experimental research.

In the reporting year, onboard equipment fordiagnostics of the parameters of neutral and chargedcomponents of the ionospheric plasma was devel-oped and manufactured for the State Space Agencyof Ukraine. This equipment is included in the payloadof the ‘Sich-2-1’ to be launched in 2017. The mainpurpose of the equipment is to monitor the ionospher-ic plasma and identify sources of natural and man-made disturbances in the sub-satellite path.

Besides, Academy institutions carried out appliedR&D under targeted NAS research programs for the‘Arsenal’ Special Instrumentation Design Office, the‘Impuls’ State S&T Complex, the State ‘KharkivMorozov Machine Building Company’, the State‘Kvant’ Research Institute’, RPA ‘H.Petrovskyi KyivAutomatics Plant’ PJSC , the ‘Photoprylad’ StateResearch and Production Complex, the State-Owned‘Izium Plant for Optical Instruments and Devices’ etc.

In the short term, NAS institutions will be involvedin the work towards replacing imported materials andcomponents used by domestic companies in the man-ufacture of rocket-and-space, aircraft and special-purposed equipment. Given the fact that a number ofresearch projects are performed by Academy institu-tions on their own initiative and with their ownresources, scientific councils of the targeted integrat-ed research programs should support the investiga-tions which address the most pressing R&D problemsthe companies of the state sector of the Ukrainianeconomy are faced with.

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V.G. Koshechko,Vice�President of the Academy

NAS of Ukraine 2015New Challenges

Health protection is one of major fields in the state,and pharmaceutical industry plays a decisive rolethere. Still, there is significant domination of expensivemedicines of foreign production in the pharmaceuti-cal market of Ukraine (over 70% in monetary terms),so the development of Ukraine’s own pharmaceuticalindustry, provision of affordable domestic prepara-tions and drugs for citizens is a social concern ofnational importance, its solution being impossiblewithout cutting-edge scientific research.

Scientists of the National Academy of Sciences ofUkraine have been giving continuous attention to sci-entific research in medicine, biology and chemistry,which, in fact, covers key areas of modern medicine(diagnostics, treatment, prevention). In the last 10–15years alone, institutions of the Academy createddozens of preparations for the prevention and treat-ment of cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, neurologic,infectious, oncologic diseases, and immune systemdisorders. In particular, those drugs include Kalmivid,Corectin, Mebifon, Nicorandil, Nimodipine, Foridon,Flokalin, Corvitin, Neo-Corvitin, Amitozin, Blasten,Mikoton, Biosporin, Izatizon, Lorameksin, Subalin,Teobonditiomikotsid, Batumin, Tomerzol, Filomek,Namacyt, Cyklofosfan, Myelosan, etc.

According to the forecasts of specialists, a numberof innovative technologies will make a significant con-tribution to extending drug production in the nearfuture. In particular, these technologies includebiotechnologies based on synthetic genomes for pro-ducing complex medical preparations, technologiesfor selective transport and exact identification of tar-gets for medical preparations, use of stem cells forpreventing diseases at early stages, biomarkers formore reliable diagnostics of diseases, etc.

In recent years, in accordance with the abovemen-tioned trends, NAS institutions have been carrying outextensive fundamental research, they have also start-ed new research areas, in particular:

• molecular and cellular pathobiology in determin-ing predictive and prognostic markers in oncology;

• nanomedicine, nanobiotechnology, nano -pharmacology;

• biopharmaceutic informatics, which in conjunc-tion with chemo- and bio-informatics, enablesresearchers to forecast physico-chemical and phar-macological properties of various compounds;

• the development of new cryotechnologies, meth-ods and medicines based on fundamental research,and a number of other promising areas that are of noless importance.

This enabled Academy scientists to obtain a num-ber of significant fundamental and applied results inthe field of medicine. Only some of them will be men-tioned.

Methods of DNA analysis for early diagnostics ofsevere hereditary diseases were developed andimplemented at the institutions of the NationalAcademy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine. Besides, atest-system was produced for diagnostics of differenttypes of lacteal gland tumors in humans for personal-ized therapy used at the National Cancer Institute.

Diagnostic procedures and separate componentsof test-systems were developed for DNA analysis ofmutant genes that cause the development of the mostcommon mono-gene hereditary diseases in Ukraineand determine predisposition to cardiovascular,reproductive, inflammatory and endocrine patholo-gies. A novel technology was worked out for produc-ing combined anti-tumor vaccine based on autolo-gous tumor cells enriched with heat-shock proteins.

Fundamental research in cryobiology was used asa basis for creating several immunologic drugs for thetreatment of various diseases (diabetes mellitus, heartischemia, hypertension etc.). Novel anti-virus drug‘Cryocell–Haemocord’, based on human cord blood,was produced.

Original hypnotic and anxiolytic drug Levana® IC(Cinazepam) was formulated, registered and intro-duced to the State Register of Medical Preparations ofUkraine; the manufacture of the medical form of thedrug was organized at industrial facilities of‘InterChem’ Additional Liability Company.

‘Alkotest’, ‘Lactatest’ and ‘Diagluk’ diagnostic setswere produced; they are 3–4 times as cheap as theirforeign analogs. For the first time in Ukraine, newpromising anti-tumor drug ‘Feroplat’ was developed.It contains nanoparticles of magnetic liquid and cis-platin, its performances being better than those of thestandard platinum preparation.

Novel combined vitamin drug ‘Metovitan’, immun-odiagnostic drugs for determining anti-diphtheriaimmunity and threat of clot formation in humans, aswell as immunochromatograpic tests for tuberculosisdiagnostics, which rely on Mycobacterium recombi-nant proteins, were proposed for industrial deploy-ment.

The effect of structure on properties was studiedfor more than two thousand compounds; for this pur-pose a hierarchic QSAR technology, aimed at opti-mizing the formulation of new efficient biologically-active compounds, was developed.

A number of other new drugs for medical needsare under development.

The NAS Section of Biochemistry, Physiology andMolecular Biology initiated the preparation of gener-alized printed edition «National Academy of Sciencesof Ukraine for Medicine». The publication of such abook will be an evidence of Academy’s significantcontribution to health protection and will also facili-tate popularization and commercialization of thedrugs developed.

Development of Scientific Fundamentals for Creating Drugs forMedicine at NAS Institutions

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Development of Social Sciences and Humanities in the NationalAcademy of Sciences of Ukraine

S.I. Pyrozhkov,Vice�President of the Academy

In 2015, the activities of the NAS Section of SocialSciences and Humanities were aimed at implement-ing research projects and preparing integrated ana-lytical and prognostic materials in major areas of eco-nomic, social and cultural development of Ukraine.That concerned, primarily, the issues of consolidatingthe Ukrainian society, ways of strengthening the inte-gration of Ukraine’s regions and Ukrainian identity.

According to the practice of preparing annualnational reports, started by the NAS of Ukraine, spe-cialists of the Economics Department prepared theNational Report ‘Innovative Ukraine – 2020’, whichstressed the need for immediate conversion of thenational economy to the innovative model. The specif-ic feature of this National Report is that it was devel-oped by specialists of the NAS Section of SocialSciences and Humanities in collaboration with numer-ous experts in nearly all areas of natural sciences.Scientists confirmed that the implementation of theinnovative model of Ukraine’s economic developmentis the only effective way to overcome the impacts ofthe financial and economic crisis and achieve socialprogress.

In order to implement the Decree of the Presidentof Ukraine №514 of 26 August 2015 ‘On the Deci -sion of the National Security and Defense Council ofUkraine of 20 July 2015 ‘On Implementing Measuresto Protect Property Rights and Interests of Ukraine inConnection with the Temporary Occupation of a Partof the Territory of Ukraine’, scholars of the Sectionprepared the analytical report ‘Revival of Donbas:Assessment of Social and Economic Losses, andPriority Trends of the State Policy’. In it, NAS special-ists proposed mechanisms to restore social and eco-nomic potential of Donbas through the developmentof public and private partnership, decentralizationand deregulation, creation of technology-deploymentand industrial-investment zone, introduction of a spe-cial regime of governing and targeted socio-econom-ic programs, protection of citizens’ and businesses’rights according to the requirements of theAssociation Agreement between Ukraine and the EU.

Specialists of the institutions of the NASDepartment of History, Philosophy and Law preparedan electronic version of the 16th and 17th volumes ofthe «Encyclopaedia of Modern Ukraine», publishedthe sociological monitoring materials «UkrainianSociety. 1992–2015. Status and Dynamics ofChanges», new volumes of the multi-volume collectionof works by M. Hrushevsky (vol. 10, books 1 and 2;vol. 22; vol. 46, books 1 and 2), collections of docu-

ments and materials «Ukrainian State (April –December 1918)» in 2 volumes, and «UkrainianIdentity and Language Issue in Russian Empire: anAttempt at State Regulation (1847–1914)».

Scholars of the Department made proposals toamend the Constitution of Ukraine on issues of statepower decentralization and development of localself-government and reforms of the judicial system ofUkraine. NAS specialists enlarged the database ofthe victims of political repressions of the Soviet periodwith the information on more than 207 thousandrepressed citizens.

Scientists of the NAS Department of Literature,Language and Art Criticism worked efficiently inpreparing such fundamental publications as «Historyof Ukrainian Literature» in 12 volumes (the 3rd volumeof this edition is being edited now), «Dictionary ofUkrainian Language» in 20 volumes (the 6th volumewas published), «History of Decorative Arts ofUkraine» in 5 volumes (the last volume is in the publish-ing house), «Ukrainian Music Encyclopedia» in 7 vol-umes (the 4th volume is going to be published),«History of Ukrainian Theatre» in 3 volumes (the 1stvolume is to be published), «Ukrainian Sacred Arts of10th–21st Centuries» in 3 volumes (the 3rd volumewas prepared for printing).

In the year under review the Section completed theimplementation of such targeted NAS integratedresearch programs as: ‘Modernization of UkrainianSociety and Economics in the Context of the 21stCentury’s Challenges’, ‘Humanitarian Technologiesas Means of Social Transformations in Ukraine’, ‘CivilSociety, Individual and State: National Experienceand Potential Co-Operation’, ‘Modernization of theSocial and Cultural Segments in Europe and Ukraine’.In the framework of those projects, Academy’s schol-ars prepared detailed proposals for modernizing theproduction sector and regulating investment process-es. They developed recommendations on the ways toreform the political system of Ukraine and mecha-nisms in public policy to promote the development ofcivil society and facilitate the resolution of regional,interethnic and inter-confessional conflicts, combatingseparatism and anti-Ukrainian propaganda.

Considerable attention was paid to implementingthe results of socio-humanitarian research. For exam-ple, in 2015 the institutions of the Section preparedover 930 analytical studies, expert conclusions, pro-posals and recommendations to state authorities,ministries and departments.

In the short-term period the efforts of the scholarsof the NAS Section of Social Sciences and Humanitieswill be focused on further research into topical issuesof state development, social and economic progressof Ukraine. In particular, special emphasis will beplaced on conceptual principles and strategies forrealizing the civilizational choice of Ukraine, integrat-ing Donbas and the Crimea into political, legal, andsociocultural spheres of Ukraine, modernizing thenational government and public institutions in accor-dance with European and international standards.

NAS of Ukraine 2015 New Challenges

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NAS of Ukraine 2015New Challenges

In 2015, scientists’ efforts were focused on study-ing regional problems of environment conservationand restoration, increasing the biota and landscapediversity in Ukraine under global environmentalchange, developing scientific fundamentals toachieve energy independence of Ukraine, as well ascreating safe and man-friendly environment.

In the reporting period, Academy scientists carriedout studies and research management activities in theframework of the State Program for forming thenational ecological network of Ukraine in2000–2015, the State targeted program of waterindustry development and the Dnieper basin rehabili-tation for the period till 2021, as well as NAS target-ed integrated research programs. Taking into accountthe successful implementation of the NAS targetedintegrated interdisciplinary scientific research pro-gram for sustainable development, rational naturemanagement and environment preservation, theAcademy Presidium launched a NAS targeted inte-grated interdisciplinary program to elaborate scientif-ic fundamentals for the rational use of natural-resource potential and sustainable developmentscheduled for 2015–2019.

A number of draft resolutions and orders of theCabinet of Ministers of Ukraine were analyzed andcoordinated. An Action Plan to implement theConcept of managing the risks of the onset of techno-logical and natural disasters was approved by therespective Cabinet order of 25 March 2015 #419.

NAS specialists were engaged in preparing sci-ence-based proposals to address various nature-pro-tection issues in Ukraine, particularly those concernedwith the draft of intended nationally determined con-tributions of Ukraine to the new global climate agree-ment, the elaboration of the international Conventionon UNESCO Biosphere Reserves, initiated inUNESCO by Ukraine, the feasibility of connecting theSasyk lake with the Black Sea etc.

The period under review generated a number ofimportant scientific results. Concepts and principleswere substantiated to build up an organization andstewardship system of nature management, along-side with economic aspects of using natural resourcesunder decentralization of authority. A new system offorming and assessing the territories of nature-conser-vation sites was proposed. Road maps for the devel-opment of renewable energy were worked out for theperiod till 2020; an energy-efficient technology forthermal disposal of the sludge of urban sewage-treat-ment facilities was proposed and tested. An assess-

ment of the current status of climate in Ukraine wasmade and trends in its change determined; method-ological principles were elaborated to forecast theeffects of air temperature, precipitation and vaporiza-tion on the formation of water resources.

A special focus was given to co-operation withUNESCO. In particular, NAS specialists were activelyinvolved in the work of the National Committee ofUkraine for UNESCO. An inter-agency commissionwas set up to implement the InternationalHydrological Program of UNESCO and theHydrology and Water Resources Programme of theWorld Meteorological Organization.

NAS scientists also participated in the work of the38th session of UNESCO General Conference, the27th session of the International Co-ordinationCouncil of the UNESCO ‘The Man and the Biosphere’(MAB) Programme. Relying on the results of the workof the Strategic group for the Action Plan to imple-ment the Strategy of developing UNESCO MABProgramme for 2016–2025, a draft Action Plan wasworked out and approved. It is to be adopted at the28th session of the International Coordination Councilof the MAB Programme (March 2016, Lima (Peru)).

NAS specialists were active participants in therealization of numerous projects and programs, inparticular, of the regional project of the EuropeanCommission ‘Consolidation of the network of protect-ed natural areas for biodiversity preservation and sus-tainable development of the Danube Delta and LowerPrut areas – PAN Nature’, the European endangeredanimal species programme, the EU programme‘Preservation of transboundary Polissia water andwetland areas in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine’, theproject of Poland–Belarus–Ukraine transbordercooperation in the framework of the EuropeanNeighbourhood Policy etc.

Besides, close collaboration of the interdisciplinaryteam consisting of several groups of scientists repre-senting different NAS institutions with the InternationalInstitute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) resultedin the development of a systemic methodology forintegrated safety management that relies on a set ofinterrelated models of water, agrarian and energyresources. These models enabled scientists to assessenvironmental, social and economic risks of thenational and regional scope. The methodology wassuccessfully tested in China.

The Institute for Space Research, operating underNAS and SSA of Ukraine, is involved in ‘SIGMA’ and‘ERA-PLANET’ projects of the EU FP-7 and FP-8‘Horizon-2020’. Those programs tackle importantsustainable development issues and are aimed at set-ting up Earth monitoring services.

In the short term, NAS scientists will focus on imple-menting the main ideas of the UN Declaration onMillennium Development Goals, documents of theInternational Conference ‘Rio+20: The Future WeWant’, the new Lima Strategy of the MAB Programmedevelopment for 2016–2025 and the relevant actionplan.

A.G. Zagorodny,Vice-Presidentof the Academy

Environment Research at the NAS of Ukraine: National andInternational Aspects

11

NAS of Ukraine 2015 New Challenges

V.L. Bogdanov,Chief Scientific Secretary of the Academy

Activities of NAS General Meeting and Presidium

In 2015 the main focus of the General Meetingand Presidium of the NAS of Ukraine was on advanc-ing top-priority areas of fundamental and appliedresearch, implementing its results, providing scientificsupport to the solution of major problems facing thestate and society, promoting international collabora-tion, improving Academy’s work.

Four sessions of the NAS General Meetings wereconvened last year. On 6 March, the session of theGeneral Meeting elected new Academy members –12 NAS academicians and 51 NAS correspondingmembers.

The reporting session of the General Meeting heldon 15 April considered main results of Academy’sactivities in 2009–2014, set guidelines for its furtherwork, determined nationwide problems requiring theinvolvement of scientific potential.

The session of the General Meeting on 16–17April elected NAS Academician B.E. Paton thePresident of the Academy. A new body of the NASPresidium was also elected.

On 30 October 2015 a jubilee session of the NASGeneral Meeting was held to commemorate the130th anniversary of Academician O.V. Palladin – anoutstanding Ukrainian scientist, one of the founders ofthe Ukrainian biochemistry school, a renowned publicand political figure, a former President of theAcademy of Sciences.

NAS Presidium paid a lot of attention to the scien-tific support for dealing with current challenges ofnational importance. In the year under review, itheard the results of implementing the state targetedS&T program ‘Nanotechnologies and nanomateri-als’, which was an interdisciplinary one and involvedscientists of 43 research institutions of 9 NASDepartments. The Presidium stated that the resultsobtained in this cutting-edge area were of great sci-entific relevance and held great promise for introduc-tion in various branches of industry and medicine. Toincrease the defense potential of the country, theAcademy launched its targeted program that wouldfacilitate the solution of S&T problems related to themodernization and development of Ukraine’s defenseindustry.

Special focus was given to the current situation inDonbas. Considered were both scientific aspects ofreviving the region and the issues of retaining theresearch potential of respective Academy institutions,first and foremost, evacuating them from the zone ofanti-terrorist operation and facilitating their work in

the new places.NAS Presidium approved of the National Report

‘Innovative Ukraine’, which substantiated the necessi-ty of creating conditions for the efficient use of innova-tive and S&T potentials of the state, and to economicdevelopment scenarios worked out through situationscale modelling. Of great significance for ensuringenergy supplies was the discussion of energy balanceoptimization, which is necessary for the efficient func-tioning of the economy and satisfying energy needs ofcitizens, as well as the preparation to launching thestate-of-the-art and powerful neutron source basedon the sub-critical assembly.

A joint session of NAS Presidium and the Board ofthe Ministry for Science and Education of Ukraine dis-cussed various aspects of their co-operation, partici-pation of Ukrainian scientists in the EU program of sci-entific research and innovation ‘Horizon–2020’, col-laboration with CERN, coordination of marineresearch. Jointly with the State Space Agency ofUkraine, the NAS of Ukraine determined areas of col-laboration in space exploration and exploitation.

Meetings of NAS Presidium thoroughly analyzedthe work of Academy sections in 2009–2014. Theystressed the successful organization of measures toaddress highly relevant interdisciplinary problems,high standards of basic and applied studies, and theinternational level of research in some areas.

Special emphasis was placed on the promotion ofresearch financing based on principles of targetedprograms and competition. NAS Presidium gave highappraisals to reports on the implementation of 8 inte-grated targeted programs.

Over 50 research presentations were heard. Theirdiscussions demonstrated the importance of theresearch outcomes considered for the progress of cut-ting-edge science areas, as well as their prospects forintroduction in different branches of economy andUkrainian culture. In particular, NAS Presidium notedthat the results of research into dark matter, neutrinoproperties, double β-decay of atomic nuclei corre-sponded to the world science level. Significant resultswere achieved in introducing nanotechnologies inmaterials science, biology and medicine, in optimizingthe operation regime of gas-transport systems, imple-menting technologies based on renewable energyetc.

NAS Presidium also focused on legal and norma-tive framework of Academy’s functioning. It approvedthe draft NAS Statute and draft Law of Ukraine ‘Onthe National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine’. Mainprovisions of the draft Law of Ukraine ‘On Scientificand S&T Activities’ were discussed as well.

A significant place in the work of NAS Presidiumwas also taken by various aspects of implementingthe Concept of Academy Development, improving themanagement of scientific research, supporting thestudies carried out by young scholars, popularizingscience etc.

12

A.M. Samoilenko, Academician�Secretaryof the Department

Mathematics

NAS of Ukraine 2015Progress in Research Areas

In 2015, significant outcomes of researchers of theNAS Department of Mathematics resulted from thedevelopment of integrated and interdisciplinary areasof fundamental and applied studies in the fields ofmathematics that are of high relevance for the worldscience. Some of those were produced through exten-sive international collaboration.

In the field of differential equations and dynamicalsystems, Department’s scientists studied the parabolicequation describing the phenomenological model ofgasless combustion on a cylindrical surface and, inparticular, investigated the problem of the existenceof asymptotic shape and stability of running waves, aswell as the pattern of their stabilization and loss of sta-bility. The conditions of unique solvability were estab-lished for both mixed and inverse problems of a weak-ly nonlinear ultraparabolic equation, which enabledresearchers to study the processes of diffusion withinertia in the theory of binary electrolytes, in models ofpopulation sizes, and in the theory of options.

In the field of mathematical physics and functionalanalysis, it is necessary to mention the classification ofSchrödinger equations with position-dependent masswhich admit second-order integrals of motion. It wasproved that all such equations are superintegrableand exactly solvable. Moreover, the algorithm of theirintegration was presented. The structure of algebrasof operators in Banach spaces over a non-Archimedean field generated by regular representa-tions of discrete groups was investigated with the aimof subsequent creation of the general theory of non-Archimedean operator algebras as a working tool ofthe quantum statistical mechanics and for describingthe dynamics of protein molecules in biophysics. Auniversal method was developed to investigate fluctu-ations of linear statistics of eigenvalues for matriceswith independent elements, which enables one to getnew results for banded matrices and significantly sim-plify the well-known proofs of the central limit theo-rems for fluctuations of linear statistics. Methods of thetheory of averaging were used to study the asymptot-ic behavior of an elastic system of point masses withnonlocal interaction and to construct a nonlocalmodel of continuous elastic medium. Analytic expres-sions for the advanced and retarded solutions of theMaxwell equations in special Riemannian spaceswere obtained, which opens up new possibilities ofdiscovering subtle properties of black holes. The com-plete description of scattering data was obtained forDirac systems on the semiaxis, and a solution algo-rithm for the corresponding inverse scattering prob-

lem was proposed, which enables one to study theinverse scattering problems for a broad class ofSchrödinger equations with energy-dependent poten-tials.

In the theory of probability and mathematical sta-tistics, Department’s mathematicians completed theinvestigation of the problem of large deviations in thescheme of asymptotically small diffusion with lumpingof a Markov random medium. For potentials of a sim-ple layer related to a class of pseudodifferentialequations generated by symmetric stable processes,they proved an analog of the classical theorem on thejump of normal or conormal derivative of the simple-layer potential, which is quite promising for variousapplications in mathematical physics.

In the theory of functions, our researchers estab-lished the exact-order estimates for the entropy num-bers and Kolmogorov widths of the Nikolskii–Besovclasses of periodic functions of many variables in theuniform metric, which can be used in the informationtheory. The problem of existence of the solutions ofclassical boundary-value problems of the theory ofquasiconformal mappings was solved in Jordandomains with measurable boundary data. Thatopened up new ways for investigating mathematicalmodels of natural sciences posed in media with com-plex structures.

In the fields of algebra, geometry, and topology,one is to mention the development of the theory ofquasihereditary noncommutative schemes for whichthe estimates of the global dimension and theRouquier dimension of derived categories wereobtained and the semiorthogonal decompositions ofderived categories were constructed. This allowed theestimates for the Rouquier dimension of the derivedcategories of singular curves to be established.

In mathematical problems of mechanics, newalgebraic criteria of the existence of static and dynam-ic regulators were established. These criteria guaran-tee the asymptotic stability of the equilibrium state andthe required level of damping of external perturba-tions in control systems, which can be used for con-structing highly reliable controlled engineeringobjects. To investigate the strength and reliability ofmultilayer structures of various shapes operatingunder conditions of high-temperature heating with thesimultaneous action of force loads, a method wasdeveloped for the analytic determination of their ther-mal stressed state. It proves to be quite promising forthe application in rocket and space technology as ittakes into account the distribution of temperature andmass forces in the layers of structures, force loads, aswell as functional dependences of various character-istics of layers on temperature.

In mathematical modeling, numerical and appliedmathematics, the exact analytic solutions of a series ofspectral problems for the Schrödinger operators withpolynomial potentials were obtained for the first timeby the functional-discrete method, relying on comput-er algebra. These solutions can be used in theoreticalphysics.

13

NAS of Ukraine 2015 Progress in Research Areas

P.I. Andon,Academician�Secretary ofthe Department

Information Science

In 2015 the work of scientists of the NASDepartment of Information Science was focused onimportant fundamental and applied issues in the fieldof intelligent information technologies and systems,information protection and security, etc.

In particular, in the field of mathematical modelingand analysis of complex systems, Department’sresearchers developed mathematical tools foradvanced analysis of mathematical model sets fornonlinear control processes and fields of variousnatures, on conditions which do not violate the ade-quacy of models and allow consideration of variouskinds of effects that are natural to the processes inves-tigated. It enabled them to build highly accurate algo-rithms for long-term forecasts of processes and phe-nomena occurring in superconductivity, chemicalkinetics, hydrodynamics, bioinformatics and econom-ics.

Mathematical methods were created for assessingthe vulnerability risk of a complex stochastic systemand for determining the weight of each of its compo-nents. For the first time this permitted scientists to sim-ulate and evaluate it, relying on the notion of systemicrisk measuring. Using these methods, they developedand tested through actual observations new mathe-matical models of agricultural production; thatenabled them to compare needs for different produc-tion factors (capital assets, human resources, energyand water supply) among all regions of Ukraine andto assess the role of weather and climate factors.

Mathematical methods, an information technolo-gy, the structure and composition of information-ana-lytical system of prompt content-monitoring of Internetwere developed to support decision-making in con-flict situations and in those that are difficult to formal-ize. The results obtained were aimed at providingeffective support to processes of decision-making atdifferent levels: from analytical support to situationcenters functioning to strategic planning objectives atthe levels of local or state authorities.

In the field of intelligent information technologies(IIT) and systems, Department’s scientists developedthe fundamental basis for constructing new IIT classesof figurative thinking that operate on the basis of pre-cise definition of target requirements. This approachopens up new ways to effectively address a wide classof problems.

New methods were worked out to synthesize refer-ence images for correlating-and-extreme guidancesystems with infrared and radar sensors which can

detect signs of steady informative indicators thatweakly depend on use conditions.

An algorithm of satellite image processing wasproposed to improve the accuracy and speed ofrapid analysis of farmlands. Its testing and computersimulation of model’s optimal parameters were per-formed.

In the field of information security, specialistsdeveloped the Analytical report for the AnnualAddress of the President of Ukraine to the VerkhovnaRada, National Security Strategy of Ukraine and sev-eral other documents of national importance that pro-vide for protection of national interests.

For the first time in Ukraine, models of attacks onstream ciphers were developed, which could signifi-cantly speed up their cryptanalysis. These results pro-vide the protection of information in communicationssystems, electronic document workflow systems ingovernmental institutions and departments ofUkraine, in particular, in defense and security agen-cies.

A spectral steganographic algorithm that is by10% more tamper-resistant as compared to the exist-ing ones was developed. A composite steganograph-ic system combining the use of CAPTCHA technologywith existing steganographic methods was created,which ensures the user-defined steganographic stabil-ity and bandwidth of steganoanalysis.

A unified game-theoretic approach to the analysisof Internet-networks was proposed. Within it, modelsand methods were developed to analyze distributedsystems in the presence of users’ competition for sys-tem’s resources, a conflict interaction between usersand malicious user’s actions aimed at system disrup-tion – denial of service attacks.

A portable hardware-software electrocardiogra-phy complex was produced. It was used in the MykolaPyrogov First Voluntary Mobile Hospital for medicalexamination of military personnel in the area of theanti-terrorist operation and for population screeningin Khmelnytska oblast, covering 22 thousand personsfrom 565 settlements. Its advantages as compared tothe existing hardware are portability, improved per-formance, 4th-generation diagnostic algorithms andautomated diagnostic report.

In the clinical setting, comprehensive studies ofpromising technologies of digital medicine in regularphysical examinations as well as dispensary treatmentwere carried out. Their results confirmed the highaccuracy of diagnosis and examination in both hid-den and manifested cardiovascular and neurologicaldiseases.

In the interest of national defense, the develop-ment of and scientific support to several projects wasprovided on a voluntary basis. One of the projectsconcerned the development of an automated central-ized system of command and control for the ArmedForces of Ukraine to replace obsolete equipment andimprove the quality and efficiency of command andcontrol in the armed forces.

14

A.F. Bulat,Academician�Secretary ofthe Department

Mechanics

NAS of Ukraine 2015Progress in Research Areas

In 2015, scientists of the Mechanics Department ofthe NAS of Ukraine continued fundamental andapplied research in priority areas of science and tech-nology. They obtained a number of new importanttheoretical and experimental results; some of thosewere honored with awards.

Algorithms were developed for calculating thethermo-elastoplastic deformation of shells and bodiesof revolution in the process of re-loading, withaccount being taken of the stress-state dependentand secondary plastic deformations. Those will beused to develop methods for predicting the strength ofthin-walled and thick-walled elements of space reen-try vehicles.

For non-linear equations of perturbed motion, newboundaries were determined for the solution norms;their applications were shown for a class of affine sys-tems and in the problem of the synchronization ofmovements. A new approach based on the theory ofmixed volumes was proposed for the qualitativeanalysis of sets of mechanical systems trajectories.

The exact analytical solution was obtained for theproblem on the stress-strain state of an elastic half-plane with mixed boundary conditions under arbitrarynon-stationary loading. Non-stationary displace-ments of non-closed spherical electro-elastic bimorphshell were determined and their optimization pathproposed.

A mathematical model was formulated for numer-ical simulation of gas-dynamic and thermophysicalparameters of a viscous non-equilibrium chemically-reacting non-isobarometric immersed jet of the endproducts of the combustion of rocket propellant fuel,taking into account its mixing with air and the deliveryof a drop phase (water) into the jet body; the respec-tive algorithm and calculation program were devel-oped. Special features of the effects of water evapo-ration and jet afterburning on its parameters werefound. The data obtained concerning the jet chemicalcomposition, the degree of its temperature and veloc-ity reduction, depending on the point and techniquesof water supply, should be used in selecting ways ofdamage effect mitigation for a supersonic high-tem-perature jet of a rocket engine on streamlined sur-faces.

A procedure was developed to determine fatiguecrack size and the number of cycles to fracture thatcorresponds to the transition from non-localized tolocalized fatigue damage. The analysis of crack sizesand the number of loading cycles corresponding to

this transition was made for various metals and alloys.It was shown that under high-cycle fatigue conditionsthe size of such a crack decreases with increasedstress amplitude and varies over a wide range for dif-ferent materials.

In order to protect military targets, civilian objectsand personnel, engineering solutions were proposedto develop basic transparent elements optimized withrespect to the level of stability during a ballistic attack.They allow the creation of high-reliability modular sys-tems, including the possibility of fast and efficientrecovery of the damaged transparent parts of themodule.

Modification of the existing energy criterion offracture mechanics of a brittle body was made; rely-ing on it, a new model of marginal zone of mine work-ing was developed. This differs in that it takes intoaccount the impact of rheology properties of thematerial on the formation and development of cracksin the marginal array of mine working. The model forthe first time enables specialists to describe theprocess of accounting for the effect of crack constantcreep, which provides a more accurate and adequatepicture of the stress-strain state of mine workings overtime. It permits a more accurate prediction of crackformation and rock breaking in the marginal array ofmine working, with a view to a significant improve-ment in the quality of their maintenance under inten-sive mining.

Features of feedback in sound generation by aflow of fluid were established, and an algorithm toestimate sound field characteristics was elaborated.

Calculation methods were developed to charac-terize the processes of waste treatment in aerotankswith biocenosis suspended (free-floating) andattached to auxiliary structures. Novel methods forestimating the parameters of radial drainage andnumerical simulation of water filtration for differenttypes of salinization of suffosive soil were proposed.

A generalization of the classical Lipschitz conditionwas proposed; in particular, it allowed scientists toconsider systems with discontinuous nonlinearities thatare often found in problems of mechanics and con-trol. For numerous nonlinear differential equations ofany order that satisfy the specified condition the exactupper limits of amplitude-frequency characteristicswere found.

The effect of certain geometric characteristics ofthe Darrieus rotor on the energy efficiency of the ver-tical-axis windmill was determined. The dependencesof power factor of the vertical-axis wind power plantwith a Darrieus rotor on specific speed, filling and theReynolds number were obtained. Using the engineer-ing method developed for calculating natural fre-quencies of H-Darrieus rotor blades, the dependenceof rotor design parameters was investigated at differ-ent ratios of blade stiffness and transverse parame-ters.

15

NAS of Ukraine 2015 Progress in Research Areas

V. M. Loktev,Academician�Secretary ofthe Department

Physics and Astronomy

Research in physics and astronomy was carriedout at 16 institutions of the NAS Department of Physicsand Astronomy and in a number of higher education-al institutions. Focusing on fundamental research, sci-entists of the Department also directed their efforts toobtaining, on its base, the results oriented towardspractical use and development of new technologies.

In the field of fundamental interactions and micro-scopic structure of matter, researchers of the M.M.Bogolyubov Institute for Theoretical Physics of theNAS of Ukraine proposed models describing colli-sions of heavy nuclei. The previsions made are widelyapplied to interpret the data obtained with the LargeHadron Collider at CERN (Geneva, Switzerland).

In solid-state physics, a record high (higher thanby a factor of 45) magnetoresistive effect in texturedpolycrystals of Bi93.99Mn6Fe0.01 was discovered inmagnetic fields of up to 14 T. It was shown that in thecase of a field normal to the current this effect is 10times as high as that for the longitudinal field, whichholds a high promise for the spintronic devices.

In the field of low and super low temperatures, anew type of the superconductive quantum magne-tometer was introduced. Its characteristics were calculated,proving that it exhibits extra capabilities for the superaccurate detection of a weak magnetic field, as well as forthe sensory diagnostics of superconductor properties.

In optics and laser physics, the spectra of microres-onator magnetic photonic crystals were investigated.The temperature stability of the frequencies of opticaltransmission and magnetic rotation of the light polar-ization area was found, which can be used in the for-mation of crystals with controlled optical characteristics.

In nanophysics and nanotechnologies, predictedwas the formation of submicron structures of atomsand molecules in a trap generated by the field of twocollinear standing waves with different frequencies. Itwas found that cooling of the particles down to a tem-perature corresponding to the Doppler line occurssimultaneously with their retention in the trap.

In radio physics and electronics, produced was anautomated system for remote video surveillance inspecial security areas, thus allowing the detection ofvarious objects hidden from direct observation.

In soft matter physics, the effect of metal-phthalo-cyanines and clathrochelates on human proteinaggregation products was investigated. The resultsobtained make it possible to consider the correspon-ding complexes as agents capable of producing sig-nificant impacts on the processes occurring in living

organisms, thus opening up ways to treating theAlzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases.

In physics of plasma processes, the method ofrenewable disturbances was employed to describeelectrostatic modes in the presence of ion tempera-ture gradients, and it was shown that liquid reso-nances play the main role in the excitation of zoneflows. This mechanism causes a displacement of theline of such flows generation and facilitates plasmaconfinement.

In astronomy, astrophysics and radio astronomy,the complete survey of star clusters in our Galaxy,covering 3210 of those, was carried out for the firsttime ever. Besides, the lowest-frequency (20–30 MHz)carbon lines amounting to about 100 for the record-high principal quantum numbers of 683–1105 weredetected for Cassiopeia A. This shows that atom as asingle system exists below boundary excitation levels,which opens up ways for ultrasensitive diagnostics ofspace plasma.

It is worth noting that a number of the resultsobtained by scientists of the Department were dulyappreciated. The State Prize of Ukraine in Scienceand Technology was awarded to associates of theMain Astronomical Observatory of the NAS ofUkraine P.P. Bertsyk, I.B. Vavilova, V.Yu.Karachevtseva, Ya.V. Pavlenko and L.S. Pilyugin, andassociate of the Institute of Radio Astronomy of theNAS of Ukraine A.O. Minakov . Three teams gotprizes named after distinguished NAS scientists, and anumber of scientists received awards of the NAS ofUkraine. The Honorary Diploma of the VerkhovnaRada of Ukraine was conferred on B.I. Lev, NASCorresponding Member, and Diplomas of theVerkhovna Rada of Ukraine – on L.S. Bryzhyk, M.I.Gorenshtein, O.O. Yeremko, V.O. Biloshenko andYa.Yu. Beigelzimer. Research associate of the NASInstitute of Electron Physics O.V. Snigursky wasawarded the Order of the Polish Republic ‘BronzeCross of Merit’. The Medal of the National Academyof Pedagogical Sciences of Ukraine ‘GrigorySkovoroda’ was conferred on NAS Academician I.R.Yukhnovsky.

Institutions of the Department gave much consid-eration to the training of research personnel. In 2015,13 theses for doctor’s degree and 59 theses for thecandidate’s degree were defended, and 16 text-books were prepared. Yet, the scientific cadre of theDepartment is growing old, this being caused by theloss of scientist’s prestige in Ukraine. Besides, inade-quate financing leads to the wear of physical researchequipment, which was produced back in 1970–1980.The centers for shared use of research equipment arein a difficult situation as well, as now neither consum-ables nor spares are provided for it.

All this taken together is a sign of a deep crisis theUkrainian science is suffering now. Nevertheless, sci-entists of the Department, together with their col-leagues from other departments and universities, donot lose optimism and aim their efforts at improvingthe conditions for research and attracting talentedyoung people to it.

16

O.M. Ponomarenko,Academician�Secretary ofthe Department

NAS of Ukraine 2015Progress in Research Areas

Earth Sciences

In 2015, scientists of the NAS Department of EarthScience obtained a number of significant fundamentaland applied results, some of which won awards andprizes. Some specific examples are to be mentioned.

The State Prize of Ukraine in Science andTechnology was awarded to V.M. Shuman and P.G.Pigulevskyi, researchers of the S.I. Subbotin Institute ofGeophysics, for their work ‘Geochemical, petrologi-cal and geophysical criteria for forecasting mineraldeposits of the Ukrainian Shield’.

NAS Academician V.I. Starostenko, NASCorresponding Member O.B. Gintov, G.M.Drogytska were awarded the NAS S.I. Subbotin Prizefor their book «Kirovohrad Ore Area. Deep Structure.Tectonophysical Analysis. Ore Deposits».

It was stated for the first time that the constructionof realistic models of the geological environmentwhich take into account rapid migration zones anddetailed 3d filtration modeling enabled scientists todetermine a significant (more than 15-fold) increase ininfiltration supply and, therefore, nearly a 2.5-fold risein groundwater resources. Allowance for the exis-tence of rapid migration zones (depressions and lin-eaments) to estimate groundwater resources in specif-ic areas is a pioneering research and is unique both inUkraine and the whole world (NAS Academician V.M.Shestopalov, V.M. Bublyas, A.S. Boguslavsky, I.P.Onyschenko, I.M. Romanyuk).

The ‘Isohypse’ program was worked out and test-ed; it was intended for automated interactive process-ing of geophysical object images for rectangular andspherical coordinate systems in calculating the 3ddensity model of the Ukrainian Shield, theDnieper–Donets basin and the Black Sea area (NASAcademician V.I. Starostenko, O.V. Lehostayeva, I.B.Makarenko, O.S. Savchenko, P.Ya. Kupriyenko).

In the framework of prospecting for hydrocarbons,it was discovered that the central parts of oil and gasbasins with anomalous thicknesses of sedimentarycover are characterized by current deep petrophysi-cal, geothermodynamic and fluid-dynamic zonation.It was shown that at the depths greater than 5–6 kmlarge segments of oil and gas basins acquire signs ofcommon oil and gas mega reservoirs that are current-ly being formed and are an inexhaustible source ofhydrocarbons (NAS Academician O.Yu. Lukin).

A new satellite technology was elaborated todetect anomalous decreases in sea surface tempera-tures which result from the efflux of cold bottom watersfrom the seabed by methane flows associated withhydrocarbon migration from deep deposits. This tech-

nology permits an increase in the efficiency of detect-ing methane discharges from the seabed (NASAcademician V.I. Lyalko, A.I. Vorobyov, A.M.Heyhman).

An integrated mapping database was compiledfor the comprehensive analysis of huge volumes ofdata available on the geology and distribution of min-eral deposits in the Black Sea region. The databasewas created in GIS in the real coordinate system,which permitted scientists to combine different typesof information, namely, to superimpose geophysicalanomalies, fault zones, lithological and geochemicalcharacteristics of rocks of different ages, developmentfields of marine and alluvial deposits etc. on actualtopography (NAS Academician Ye.F. Shnyukov, I.E.Lomakin, N.V. Shafranska).

Geodynamic processes in the deep seismogenicVrancea zone were studied relying on mechanisms of80 earthquake foci according to deep seismic sound-ing and seismic tomography (NAS CorrespondingMember O.B. Gintov, T.P. Yehorova, T.A. Tsvyetkova,I.V. Buhayenko, H.V. Murovska).

An atlas-guidebook of the nature reserve fund ofthe Kyiv oblast was prepared and published in bothpaper and interactive versions (NAS AcademicianL.H. Rudenko, K.A. Polyvach, S.O. Zapadnyuk, V.S.Chabanyuk).

In order to enhance navigation and hydrographicsupport to the Navy and Merchant Marine of Ukraine,new methods were developed for improving thedetection and estimation of nautical object motionparameters, as well as recognition of low-profile mov-ing marine objects. These methods are based on theanalysis of indirect optical signs of a moving marinefacility, which is of particular relevance due to thewide introduction of stealth technologies for marinefacilities (NAS Corresponding Member O.D.Fedorovskyy, M.O. Popov, S.A.Stankevych, V.H.Yakymchuk, A.I. Vorobyov et al.).

A model of pollutants transport and transforma-tion in the atmosphere was developed; it was tested incalculating the distribution of gas-aerosol cloudformed by a fire on the BRSM-Nafta oil tank farm nearthe Kriachky village of the Vasylkivskyi district (NASCorresponding Member V.I. Osadchyi, O.Ya.Skrynyk).

In the coming years, research efforts will befocused on the advancement of basic and appliedresearch in priority areas of geological sciences. TheDepartment will give particular attention to coordinat-ing the research that best corresponds to the newrealities and ensures a more efficient use of budgetallocations and facilities of its institutions, developingscientific principles of the multidisciplinary approachto and evaluation of mineral deposits exploitation, toprospects of the development and commercializationof mineral resources, upgrading technologicalaspects of exploring promising mineral resources,and geo-ecological studies in order to stabilize andimprove the environment in Ukraine.

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NAS of Ukraine 2015 Progress in Research Areas

L.M. Lobanov,Academician�Secretary ofthe Department

Physical and Technical Problems of Materials Science

In 2015, the work of scientists of the NASDepartment of Physical and Technical Problems ofMaterials Science was focused on advancing priorityinvestigations in modern materials science. Some sig-nificant research results of both fundamental andapplied nature were obtained.

Over 100 experiments in high-frequency weldingof nerve and tendon tissues were conducted. Weldingparameters were optimized to obtain quality joints ofepineurium of nerves and tendons using the designedmock-ups of tools with different electrode geometries.For the first time ever, welded joints of nerve tissues oflive rodents (rats) and tendon tissues of the pig (bioimitators) were produced. The results indicate that ascompared to the conventional (suture) procedure ofjoining such tissues a significant (within 20–40%)increase in the speed of recovery of sciatic nerve func-tions in rats is observed, which guarantees similar pos-itive results in surgical procedures in hospitals.

Experimental studies allowed determining the opti-mal parameters of the optical scheme of shearogra-phy interferometer and thermal load which are usedin the non-destructive quality control of aircraft struc-tural elements manufactured of composite materialswith defects. It was proved that shearography tech-nology permits the detection of all defective areaspresent in the specimens. A technology was devel-oped for diagnostics of different types of damages(cracks, delamination and thinning of material due topartial destruction) in the elements of aircraft struc-tures manufactured of composite materials.According to the results of the shearography diagnos-tic procedure developed, recommendations for itsindustrial application at the ‘Antonov’ ASTC wereworked out.

Using the method of reaction high-power mechan-ical grinding in hydrogen environment, Department’sscientists synthesized a series of alloys and compos-ites based on magnesium with additives of transitionmetals (Ti, Fe, Ni) and aluminium. The materials pro-duced possess high defectiveness, are nanostructuredand demonstrate increased hydrogen-sorption char-acteristics. They could be recommended for applica-tion in stationary hydrogen storage systems.

Under high pressures (up to 9.5 GPa) and temper-atures (1950oC) , by solid-phase sintering of homoge-neous mixtures in the Nb0.33Cr0.66C0.92 – СALM. andТа0.33Cr0.66C0.92 – СALM. systems, superhard compos-ite materials with high physical and mechanical char-acteristics and a significant heat resistance were pro-duced. It was proved that the high heat resistance

(~1250oC) of materials results from the significantchemical inertness of double carbides, as well as thepattern of microparticle distribution in the structure.

A method was proposed for reconstructing thescatterer shape; it relies on the solution of the inversediffraction problem on condition that the scatteredfield is recorded at many frequencies at differentobservation angles by a single receiver that is com-bined with the radiating antenna. The method is fea-tured by an increased resolution that was achieved byspecifying the solution of the diffraction problemobtained in the Born approximation for quasi-staticmeasurements.

On the basis of fundamental research into ther-mal, physico-chemical, hydrodynamic and magneto-hydrodynamic processes, a technology was devel-oped to manufacture ingots of aluminium alloysintended for aircraft industry. It relies on casting underregulated electromagnetic pressure into a sand-claymould, which can significantly upgrade the cast prod-ucts, save energy and improve the environmentalparameters of manufacture. The materials were sentto the ‘Antonov’ State Company for testing.

The first national specimens of transparent armourto protect against modern firearms were developed.The main element of the armour is crystalline sapphireplates. In general, the armour consists of a specialmultilayer package of 490x256x38 mm of sapphireand tempered glass plates whose thickness is nearlyone third of the standard of armoured glass design.This domestic product meets the NATO standardsand is intended for defence enterprises of Ukraine.

Fundamentals of the theory of microminiaturiza-tion of thermoelectric energy converters were creat-ed. Patterns of changes in the efficiency of such con-verters with a decrease in their thickness from 1 mm to50 µm were determined. It was found that theincrease in the quality factor due to size effects doesnot exceed 5% as compared to massive structures. Asignificant 1.5–2-fold increase in the quality factor oncondition of reducing the optimum additives concen-tration by 10–20% is only possible in the layers1–10µm thick. These research outcomes are promis-ing for the development of optimized miniature struc-tures of the metal–thermoelectric material–metal typefor coolers and generators. The results obtained are ascientific basis for mass application of thermoelectricsdue to the possibility of decreasing the need in scarcematerials, primarily Te, by dozens of times, andrespectively, of a significant reduction in the cost ofthermoelectric energy converters.

18

O.V. Kyrylenko,Academician�Secretary ofthe Department

Physical and Technical Problems of Power Engineering

NAS of Ukraine 2015Progress in Research Areas

In 2015, scientists of the NAS Department ofPhysical and Technical Problems of PowerEngineering addressed the most important scientificand technical problems of power engineering. Issuesof ensuring the transition of the United Energy System(UES) of Ukraine to synchronous operation with theAssociation of European Power Systems were givenspecial concern. The development of novel energy-saving and efficient power engineering technologies,including dual-use ones, were also attended to.

Department’s scientists carried out integratedresearch intended for: the reconstruction of gaseousmasut boilers of the Vuhlehirska Thermal Power Plant(TPP) and Trypilska TPP for transition to coal fuel; cost-effective transition of anthracite-coal TPP 200- and300-megawatt boilers to coal gas fuel; testing the safeburning of fuel mixtures based on anthracite coal andcoal gas mixtures in TPP boilers.

For the first time in Ukraine a system of multilevelinterconsistent dynamic simulation and optimizingmodels was elaborated. The system modelled thedevelopment of the structure of generating capacitiesof the national power engineering with integer andstochastic variables under market conditions. It wasimplemented in the ‘Pyramid-V’ program-informationcomplex, which provides a search for the optimal tra-jectory of the national power engineering develop-ment and evaluates the robustness of the solutionfound.

A technology for manufacturing granular compos-ite peat fuel was worked out. It allows an up to 25%increase in the caloric content of granules, up to 22%– in density and a reduction in the energy consump-tion for granulation. Specifications for granulated fuelbased on peat, plant raw materials and their mixtureswere approved by the Ukrmetrteststandart of Ukraine.

Theoretical basics for constructing electromechan-ical systems with adjustable electric drives were devel-oped further. A radically new concept of vector con-trol without sensors of mechanical displacements as abasis for producing new-generation systems was pro-posed and implemented. Determined were their uni-fied structures, whose precision was nearly the sameas that of the systems with angular velocity meters butwhose economic performances are significantly bet-ter. The systems were deployed at the ‘Azovstal’ JSC.

Department’s scientists carried out systemicresearch that allowed them to obtain stable nano-liq-uids using carbon nano-tubes, thermographenite andUkrainian aluminosilicates. They found that thermalconductivity of nano-liquids is 20–30% higher, so their

use in systems with boiling heat-transfer agent allowsa 2–3.5-fold increase of the critical heat flow.

Relying on the fundamental results obtained ourspecialists developed novel schemes of external cool-ing of gas turbine blades intended for energy engi-neering and aviation, which allows the efficiency ofturbine cooling to be increased by 10–15%. Theresults obtained were sent to ‘Zoria’–‘Mashproekt’and ‘Ivchenko – Progress’ state companies to be usedthere.

Carried out was comprehensive research into theoperation efficiency and reliability of the UES ofUkraine under its parallel operation with theAssociation of European Power Systems in compli-ance with ENTSO-E requirements. A structure of thesystem for automatic regulation of the frequency andpower of the UES of Ukraine was proposed; a modelof such a system was developed for conditions whena significant share of generation was based onrenewable energy. Practical recommendations wereimplemented at the ‘NEC ‘Ukrenergo’ state enter-prise.

A new effective method was developed for shield-ing the man-made magnetic field of three-phasecable lines on local sites adjacent to residential andpublic areas. It was implemented through local pas-sive contour screens with ferromagnetic rods andallowed a more than 5-fold reduction in the magneticfield of cable lines.

It was shown that dust-generating capacity ofradioactive fuel-containing materials in the ‘Ukryttia’(‘Shelter’) facility for the period before their controlledstorage or processing decreased 5–7-fold in 2015 ascompared to 2010. This result was based on studyingthe physico-chemical processes that caused thedegradation of fuel-containing materials.

Department’s researchers proposed a new math-ematical model to determine hydro energy potentialsof small rivers, which, unlike the existing criteria, tookinto account the environmental values of the territoriesinvolved and the probabilistic distribution of runoffs. Itenabled them to allow for environmental restrictionson the amounts of water used for electricity produc-tion.

A number of works carried out with the participa-tion of our scientists were highly acknowledged by thestate.

NAS Corresponding Member A.V. Nosovsky, T.V.Gablaya, V.M. Kolikhanov, Yu.O. Komarov, V.I.Skalozubov, V.M. Shcherbin won the 2015 State Prizeof Ukraine in Science and Technology.

NAS Corresponding Member A.O. Avramenkowas awarded the 2015 State Prize of Ukraine inScience and Technology as a member of researchteam.

NAS Academician I.M. Karp, Ye.Ye. Nikitin andK.Ye. Pyanykch won NAS V.I. Tolubinsky Prize.

For courage and heroism shown in defending thesovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine, A.O.Nazarenko was awarded with the Order ‘ForCourage’ III Class.

19

NAS of Ukraine 2015 Progress in Research Areas

M.F. Shulga,Academician�Secretary ofthe Department

Nuclear Physics and Power Engineering

In 2015, scientists of the NAS Department ofNuclear Physics and Power Engineering producednew significant scientific results.

On the basis of the experimental data obtainedwith the CMS detector of the Large Hadron Colliderhaving the proton energy of 13 TeV, scientists identi-fied the processes of inclusive production of Z°-bosons by their decays into µ+µ-, and the processesof hadron jet production.

A new theory of collective motion in nuclei wasdeveloped to establish the relationship betweenmemory effects and the dynamic perturbation of theFermi surface. Its consideration leads to an essentialincrease in the nuclear fission time and influences thespectrum of neutrons and gamma-quanta thataccompany nuclear fission.

Developed was a new concept of critical phenom-ena and phase transformations that is based on theresponse to spontaneous violation of symmetry.

For the first time, the geoneutrino flux was meas-ured to the highest precision, and a new, stricter, elec-tron lifetime limitation equal to τe > 6.6x1028 yearswas determined.

A kinetic theory of many-particle dissipative sys-tems in the external stochastic field of arbitrary naturewas constructed.

Relying on the theoretical analysis and numericalcomputations, Department’s scientists solved theproblem of torque transfer from the magnetic systemsof resonant disturbances (nowadays employed intokamaks and to be used in the ITER) to the confinedplasma.

Data were obtained on the effect of the defectmicrostructure of materials on the volume distributionsand accumulation of implanted gas impurities whichchange physical and mechanical properties ofnuclear reactor structural elements.

The concept of the multibunch wakefield accelera-tor was developed; it provides the acceleration ratewhich is several orders of magnitude higher than therates in the existing charged particle accelerators. Thisopens up the prospect for an essential reduction in thesizes and costs of both the accelerators intended formany applied programs and the lepton/hadron col-liders designed for solving fundamental problems ofhigh-energy physics.

The nuclear fuel qualification project for domesticNPPs was completed. Validated were alternativesupplies of ‘Westinghouse’-produced nuclear fuel forWWER-1000 reactors, as well as its operating safety

and operability under conditions of mixed core load-ing.

Feasibility study was carried out to organize thedomestic production of neutron-absorbing elementsand rods of control and protection systems withincreased operational life for 13 reactors of theWWER-1000 type in Ukraine. The economic benefit ofthe replacement of those with domestic neutron-absorbing elements and rods is expected to reachabout $2 million a year.

Investigations of the templates cut out from themain circulation pipeline of the Pivdennoukrainsk NPPUnit 1 after 100 000 and 200 000 service hours per-mitted the pipeline service life to be extended till 2031.

For scientific and technological arguments in sup-port of extending the accident-free service life of thePivdennoukrainsk NPP Unit 2 over the period of itsdesign value, fast neutron fluencies bombarding thesupporting elements of the reactor vessel were deter-mined. Engineering documentation was developed toassess the environmental impact of thePivdennoukrainsk NPP.

Health and safety of people in Kyiv under radia-tion accident that had emerged at the Kyiv ‘Radon’Association was validated experimentally. Over theperiod from 2011 to 2015, owing to measures takento minimize the radiation accident, the ingress of1x1013Bq of tritium into underground waters wasprevented.

Innovative radiation monitoring equipment wasproduced. It has a wide range of applications, suchas: uranium ore mining and processing plants; geo-logical explorations and regular radiological surveys;countering nuclear-radiation terrorism; detection ofradioactive materials, in particular, those in theExclusion Zone.

The total thorium metallogenic potential of theUkrainian Shield crystalline rocks was estimated forthe first time, and the prospects of its development forthe needs of nuclear-power industry were evaluated.It was found that Ukraine can fully meet its domesticthorium needs for many years ahead.

The NAS D.V. Volkov Prize was awarded to scien-tists of the National Science Center ‘Kharkiv Instituteof Physics & Technology’ G.I. Gakh, O.O. Isaiev, O.V.Shebeko for the series of works ‘New approaches inthe theory of nuclear forces, electromagnetic interac-tions with atomic nuclei, and astrophysics’.

The Award of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine forthe most talented young scientists working in basicand applied research, and R&D works was given toO.P. Novak, a scientist of the NAS Institute of AppliedPhysics, for his work ‘Generation of radiation andelectron–positron pairs in a strong magnetic field’.

20

M.T. Kartel,Academician�Secretary ofthe Department

Chemistry

NAS of Ukraine 2015Progress in Research Areas

In 2015 the work of scholars of the NAS ChemistryDepartment and its Bureau was focused on funda-mental research into integrated problems of chemistrydevelopment, use of the results obtained in varioussectors of the economy, improvement of scientific andorganizational activities, training of youngresearchers.

A number of important fundamental scientificresults corresponding to the international standardswere obtained.

For the first time shown was the possibility of envi-ronmentally friendly mechano-chemical production ofgraphene while modifying its external borders bynitrogen-containing functional groups that allowachieving high concentration and stability of disper-sions of such graphene in water (NAS AcademicianV.D. Pokhodenko).

It was demonstrated that the processes of electro-chemical activation of C-2 freons on nanostructuredCu/CuxO electrodes was characterized by muchhigher currents and a shift of peak current potentialstoward less negative region. The electrochemicalreduction of C-2 freons on such electrodes in the pres-ence of carbon dioxide resulted in the efficient single-stage formation of important fluorine-containing pro-pionic acids under soft conditions (NAS AcademicianV.G. Koshechko).

Basic patterns of photo-activity changes werefound for a number of phthalocyanine metal complex-es, namely, the values of fluorescence quantum yieldand lifetimes of the excited states of complexesdecreased in the series: Mg(II) > Zn(II) > Ti(IV) > Zr(IV) >Hf(IV), and out-of-plane ligands, depending on theircomposition, strengthened or weakened this effect(NAS Academician S.V. Volkov).

In the framework of joint scientific research of theNAS of Ukraine and ‘Pivdenne’ Design Bureau,binders were developed for special-purpose materi-als for the aerospace industry (NAS Academician E.V.Lebedev).

It was found that peroxo-solvates can be used as astable and convenient source of hydrogen peroxide inthe development of systems for oxidation of organicsulfides in various media (NAS Academician A.F.Popov).

Based on comprehensive studies of the propertiesof water depending on its isotopic composition, it wasfound that light water (D/H = 4.2 ppm, 18O/16O =910 ppm) froze at positive temperature 0.3 ± 0.10C,and the formation of the solid phase began only in

supercooled metastable state. The freezing processwith heavy water began at (–3.0)–(–4.0) ± 0.1°C andcorresponded to the reference value 3.9 ± 0.1oC(NAS Academician V.V. Goncharuk).

Relying on studies of the dependence of biologicalactivity of N-(aryl-piperazynil) alkyl-pyrimidines ontheir structure, Department’s scientists carried out themolecular design and synthesis of ligands of a newtype 5NT1A of serotonin receptors, which are effectiveanxiolytic remedies and actoprotectors (NASAcademician S.A. Andronati).

A technology for synthesizing composite sorbentsbased on lingo-cellulosic matrix and incorporatednanoclusters of some d-metal ferrocyanides wasworked out; those materials possess high selectiveaction to capture and remove radiocesium (distribu-tion coefficient Kd ~ 105-106 ml/g) from complex liquidmedia (NAS Academician M.T. Kartel).

Methods were developed to synthesize 3-polyfluo-ro-alkyl- and 3,3-difluoro-amino-oily acids – new flu-orinated analogs of natural neuromediator and 2-amino-4-(trifluoro-methoxi) butane acid – a newOCF3-containing analog of natural hydrophobicamino acids such as leucine, valine, isoleucine (NASAcademician V.P. Kukhar).

For the first time ever, using quantum chemistrymethods, the correctness of carbon nanomaterialsmodeling through graphene clusters with open elec-tronic shells was validated. The molecular structureand energy parameters of graphene modified by het-eroatoms were determined, which enabledresearchers to interpret the mechanisms of het-eroatoms effect on the process of carbon nanostruc-ture formation and the effect of heteroatoms on thecatalytic, photo-catalytic and redox properties of acti-vated carbons (NAS Academician V.V. Strelko).

For the first time the mechanism of energy losses insystems based on super paramagnetic nanoparticlesof Fe3O4, CoFe2O4, (La,Sr)MnO3 exposed to externalalternating magnetic field was revealed; this permit-ted scientists to optimize the conditions for obtainingstable and non-toxic magnetic nanoparticle disper-sions which were heated up quickly and efficiently bymagnetic field (NAS Academician A.G. Bilous).

It was found that the kinetics of the interaction ofacetone with glycerol in the presence of acid-modi-fied samples of natural clinoptilolite and bentonitewere satisfactorily described by Michaelis–Mentenmodel. At practical equality of KM constants for bothgroups of catalysts the values Vmax were significantlyhigher for bentonite-based samples (NASAcademician G.L. Kamalov).

The new reaction product – triethyl-ammonia saltof bis (2,1-1H-benzotiazin-4(3H)-oн 2,2-dioxide) – tobe refined and the mechanism of three-componentinteraction to be extended. Methods of synthesizingnew 6-azolotieno [2,3-d] pyrimidines that exhibitedanticancer and antimicrobial activity were developed(NAS Academician V.P. Chernykh).

21

NAS of Ukraine 2015 Progress in Research Areas

S.V. Komisarenko,Academician�Secretary ofthe Department

Biochemistry, Physiology and Molecular Biology

The activities of the Department of Biochemistry,Physiology and Molecular Biology of the NAS ofUkraine in 2015 were aimed at basic research in thehighest priority areas of biology, medicine and ecolo-gy. Considerable attention was paid to the develop-ment of new biotechnologies, issues of fundamentaland practical medicine, the creation of medicines andmeans to enhance the defense potential of the nation.A number of important scientific results of the interna-tional level were obtained.

Palladin Institute of Biochemistry found new unspe-cific effects of positive allosteric modulator of GABABreceptors rac-BHFF. The modulator affected trans-porter-mediated accumulation of GABA and causeddissipation of the proton gradient of synaptic vesiclesthat masked its specific receptor-mediated effects inbrain nerve terminals. These data are an essentialcontribution to the strategy for the development ofnew pharmacological modulators of GABAergic neu-rotransmission.

Scientists of Bogomolets Institute of Physiologyestablished that R2H3-knotted ganglia neuron cur-rents reversibly inhibited leyenkefalinom, dependingon the dose and time, like similar currents in DSH neu-rons. In both types of neurons, naloxone – the com-petitive antagonist of opioid receptors – abolishedthe leyenkefalin effect. These results are important forfurther elucidation of the fundamental differences inthe molecular mechanisms of the inhibition of somaticand visceral pain.

Zabolotny Institute of Microbiology and Virologyestablished that the joint cultivation of ethanol-form-ing yeast culture with active amylolytics in the mediumcontaining starch and lactose significantly increasedthe growth of yeast biomass and starch assimilation.Oxygen modes of cultivation also affected the growthof mixed yeast cultures and ethanol production.

The Institute of Molecular Biology and Geneticsobtained and characterized recombinant individualsubunits of the human eEF1B translation elongationfactor complex. Reconstruction of full eEF1B complexas well as mini complexes, which are its constituents,was achieved. This creates the necessary basis forunderstanding the complete molecular organizationof the complex, which is the key to protein biosynthe-sis.

Kavetsky Institute of Experimental Pathology,Oncology and Radiobiology proved that lactoferrinwas involved in the formation of molecular andpro/antioxidant profiles of human breast cancer cells.It was established that substantial inhibition of lacto-

ferrin expression was observed in receptor negativebreast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468).This inhibition correlated with the reduced adhesionand increased invasive characteristics of these cancercells.

Scientists of the Institute of Cryobiology andCryomedicine found that penetrating cryoprotectantDMSO caused an increase in the number of nucleus-containing cord blood cells with an excessive contentof reactive oxygen species. This happened before andespecially after the cryopreservation. The pronouncedantioxidant and cytoprotective N-acetyl-L-cysteineeffect was established, allowing a 15–20% increasein the number of preserved and viable cells.

The Institute of Cell Biology designed a cassettewith SEF1 gene flanking sequences to produce strainsof Candida famata yeast with this gene deletion (geneflanking sequences were separated by a selectivemarker – the LEU2 gene). The presence of deletion inC. famata transformants was confirmed by PCR andSouthern hybridization.

The International Centre of Molecular Physiologyestablished that saturated N-stearoylethanolamineand mono-nonsaturated N-oleyilethanolamin had aneffect on potential-dependent activation, inactivationand INa kinetics that could, at least partially, causethe reduction in cardiomyocyte excitability under theinfluence of these lipids in health and disease.

In the area of medical research it was found thatthe most reliable prognostic indicator of the prostatecancer progress is the level of immunohistochemicalmarker Ki-67 expression in the tumor tissue; a newsurgical tactics was developed for patients with theacute rupture of the interventricular septum; stem celltechnologies were developed and improved for vari-ous experimental pathologies; new experimental datawere obtained on phenomena and mechanisms ofneuroendocrine disorders in reproductive system andhormonal adaptation.

An important focus of the Department in 2015 wason organizing the education and raising the aware-ness in the field of biosafety and biosecurity amonglife scientists. In the framework of the implementationof the STCU project ‘The spread of education andconsciousness (on biosafety) in Ukraine’, in co-opera-tion with the Ukrainian Biosafety Association, a num-ber of international and national educational activitieswere held.

Amongst priorities for the Department institutionsin 2016 will be the research aimed at solving theproblems of the most relevant areas of biochemistry,physiology, molecular biology, microbiology, genet-ics, oncology, cryobiology and cryomedicine that areconcerned with the major challenges of modern biol-ogy and medicine. In 2015 the Department started toreview and systematize the results of the research con-ducted by NAS institutes in the interest of medicine informer years, and this work will continue in 2016.

22

V.V. Morgun, Academician�Secretary ofthe Department

General Biology

NAS of Ukraine 2015Progress in Research Areas

Despite the grim economic situation in Ukraine in2015, institutions of the Department of GeneralBiology continued their work and focused on studiesof molecular, cellular and physiological fundamentalsof living systems functioning. Faunistic, floristic andmycological studies went on, as well as research inecology and bioindication. Department’s scientistsgave ever increasing attention to genetics, genomics,genetic improvement of plants, biotechnology,nanobiotechnology, biosafety, etc.

For example, geneticists and plant breedersdemonstrated the efficiency of using the DNA markersfor selection of valuable genotypes resistant to abiot-ic stressors. Molecular markers for cereals genotypingwere developed, alongside with in planta and in vitrosystems for Agrobacterium-mediated genetic trans-formation of soft wheat. Molecular, genetic, physio-logical and biochemical peculiarities of the function-ing of symbiotic legumes were studied, and tools toimprove their effectiveness were developed. In thereporting year, as many as 27 new plant varietieswere registered and received respective certificates.

A new approach was proposed to ensure theexpression of genes transferred into transgenic plantswithout using previously known promoters. It wasshown that the treatment of human tumor cell withextracts of interferon-expressing biotech plants leadsto a significant reduction in the accumulation of thereparative enzyme that protects malignant tumorsfrom the action of chemotherapy drugs.

Radiobiologists discovered that, due to the activa-tion of microevolution processes in the Chornobylexclusion zone, the balance between vascular plantsand phytopathogenic bacteria and fungi was disrupt-ed, which was accompanied by a drastic fall in thebiological productivity of higher plants.

Scientists of the Department gave a lot of attentionto studying climate change on the global scale andthe responses of plants and animals to those. Resultsof the studies of anthropogenic transformation ofmountain ecosystems were generalized, and a typo-logical classification of the Ukrainian Carpathiansforests was developed. The levels of phytobiotic con-tamination by alien plant species in protected areas ofthe forest-steppe zone of Ukraine were determined.

The list of recent and fossil animal species ofUkraine was extended. Using molecular genetic meth-ods, researchers investigated dominant mite speciesand found a number of microorganism pathogensdangerous to humans. Scientists of the Department,collaborating with the international team, successfully

completed their long-term work on the Red List of theInternational Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCNRed List) of all species of pollinator insects in Europe.In 2015, our botanists and zoologists described asnew for science a total of nearly 120 taxa of plants,fungi and animals representing modern and fossilflora and fauna.

Hydrobiologists developed a conceptual model ofthe functioning of mountain and lowland rivers ofUkraine as a basis for developing a river-basin man-agement plan under Ukraine's commitments in theimplementation of the EU water directives.Recommendations for improving aquatic ecosystemsand living conditions of aquatic organisms were pro-posed. Scientists also summarized the results of long-term studies of contour habitats and their inhabitants(contourobiont organisms), which play the key role inthe functioning of marine ecosystems and could beused as strategic indicators in ecological monitoringof the aquatic environment.

Relying on high-throughput molecular screeningtools within the framework of CSLabGrid virtualorganization, researchers selected 136 promisingtubulin inhibitors, which, according to their calcula-tions, can depolymerize microtubules of parasiticworms. Our scientists discovered and tested new anti-cancer compounds of the imidazole group actingthrough direct inhibition of the molecules of α- and β-subunits of human tubulin.

A biotechnology for microclonal breeding of theLysimachia genus lines was developed to obtain ahighly efficient bactericidal drug characterized by ahigh content of aliphatic compounds and terpenoids.

Results of the studies of structural and functionaladaptation of tropical orchids in hothouse and in vitroculture will contribute to their long life in artificial con-ditions. On the basis of organic material and silicon-containing minerals, compositions were formulatedand implemented to restore soil fertility, reduce soilfatigue, and improve plant resistance to abiotic andbiotic stresses.

The importance of scientific achievements ofDepartment’s scholars was confirmed by awardingone State Prize of Ukraine in Science and Technology,the election of one researcher an associate memberof the French Academy of Agriculture (Academied’Agriculture de France), and a number of govern-ment and Academy awards and distinctions.

In 2015 our scientific institutions received 43patents for their R&D. Simultaneously, scientific sup-port of nearly 3 000 licensing agreements was carriedout for the cultivation of innovative wheat varieties inagricultural production. The annual economic benefitdue to the introduction of scientific developments (cul-tivars and technologies) by plant physiologists andgeneticists in agricultural production amounted toUAH 6.7bn, which is a significant contribution to thefood security of Ukraine.

Today’s situation would require a revision ofresearch areas, the identification of institutions’ priori-ty research, optimization of the organizational struc-ture and personnel of the Department.

23

NAS of Ukraine 2015 Progress in Research Areas

E. M. Libanova, Academician�Secretary ofthe Department

Economics

In 2015, the efforts of researchers of the NASEconomics Department were aimed, primarily, atdetermining the main areas and mechanisms of cor-recting institutional transformations, substantiating thecontent of economic policy in terms of its instrumentsfor the state regulation of the economy, substantiatingthe ways to improve the state policy for the recoveryof both public and real economy finance, of the bank-ing system, grounding the peculiarities and promisingtrends of the state innovation policy.

A number of important results were obtained.Researchers revealed the formation of preconditionsfor the transition to a reconstructive type of reproduc-tive dynamics which combines simple, narrowed andexpanded reproduction of various components of theeconomic system and changes the measure of andcriteria for socio-economic development. That booststhe potential of employing such negative forms ofeconomic dynamics as crisis, depression, destructivegrowth for the qualitative renovation of the economicstructure.

New approaches to substantiating the concept ofunbalanced human development and considering itas a global social process were determined, whichenabled researchers to identify the determinants ofunbalanced human development at the global level.Indicators of their assessment and quantitativeparameters for interregional comparisons were alsoproposed.

Dominants and contradictions of the monetarydevelopment of small resource-based transitionaleconomies were revealed, factors and features of themonetary component of the economic crisis weredetermined, the basic concepts of modernizing themonetary mechanism in Ukraine in the context of chal-lenges and risks resulting from the global financialimbalances were substantiated.

Economics scholars determined the strategic waysof consolidating public finances that are crucial underconditions of a high degree of Ukraine’s financial sys-tem dependence on external debt and the necessity toreduce the debt burden.

They also estimated the effect of the liberalizationof trade regimes during the period of Ukraine's mem-bership in the WTO and the potential impact of furtherliberalization of trade regimes in the FTA with the EUon the structure of the domestic market of Ukraineand some commodity markets. The main lines of stateprotectionist policies towards accelerated structuralchanges in the domestic commodity production weredetermined.

Formulated were proposals for and comments onparticular articles of the Association Agreementbetween Ukraine and the EU, with a view to broaderreplacement of the markets of real economy prod-ucts, and improvements in the legal provision of stateaid within the integration processes with the EU.

The impact of labor migration on the long-termdemographic developments and long-term labourmarket development in Ukraine was estimated.Recommendations towards minimizing the negativeimpacts of labour migrations and obtaining maximumeffect from the positive ones were provided. Migrationlosses of Ukraine's population in general and those ofparticular areas of Donbas as a result of the militaryconflict were estimated.

Basic approaches to formalizing and accountingfor the principles of economic equity, maximum cover-age, solvency, targeting etc. in the development andevaluation of measures on the taxation of the popula-tion were determined. Methodological approaches tothe evaluation of socio-economic effects of introduc-ing a new model of social standards and guaranteeswere determined.

The impact of the hostilities in Donbas on the leveland quality of life in the affected areas and Ukraine ingeneral was studied, and potential risks of its furtherdecline due to the deteriorating socio-economic situ-ation in the country and its regions were determined.

A mechanism was developed to activate the inno-vative interaction component of the labour marketand the education system on the basis of transforma-tional change; it involves the formation and develop-ment of the national qualifications system towards abetter institutional interaction among the subjects ofestablishing, approving and implementing profession-al and educational standards.

A scientific methodological approach to thegreening of production in the context of neo industrialdevelopment based on the principles of eco-techno-logical determinism, group environmental loyalty,cyber evolutionism, and the theory of constraints waselaborated.

Approaches to introducing modern organizationaland economic mechanisms for the implementation ofhigh technologies in Ukraine's economy under theAssociation Agreement with the EU were grounded.Possibilities to assess the level of country’s innovativedevelopment according to EU standards were ana-lyzed.

In the short term, the efforts of economists will befocused on: identifying the main guidelines and institu-tional mechanisms to overcome reproductive dispari-ties, with a view to improving the stability of Ukraine’ssocio-economic system; fundamental concepts forinstitutional modernization of its financial sector;determining the characteristics of the domestic high-tech production in the implementation of the econom-ic part of the Association Agreement between Ukraineand the EU; development of theoretical and method-ological approaches to determining the risk of humandevelopment in socio-economic terms.

24

V.A. Smolii,Academician�Secretary ofthe Department

NAS of Ukraine 2015Progress in Research Areas

History, Philosophy and Law

In 2015, scholars of Department’s institutionsobtained significant theoretical results in comprehen-sive interdisciplinary research for the preservation ofthe integrity of the Ukrainian State and national iden-tity, the support of ethno-political and informationsecurity, as well as to the development of political andlegal mechanisms for counteracting disintegration ofthe State and improving the public dialogue as a toolfor resolving social conflicts.

The main focus was on citizens’ assessment of thesocial processes happening in economic, political,social, spiritual and cultural spheres. That allowedresearchers to reveal people’s attitudes to state insti-tutions, local self-government bodies and civil societyinstitutions, as well as record prevailing emotionalstates and moods in the society that were caused byevents in Donbas.

Issues of information security during informationwar were investigated. The ways to address themalongside with methodological and practical guide-lines for using social networks as a tool for societydemocratization were developed.

The NAS Institute of the History of Ukraine pub-lished fundamental studies concerned with the historyof the East and South of Ukraine, such as: «Donetskand Luhansk Regions in 17th–21st Centuries:Historical Factors and Political Techniques of Formingthe Particular and the General in Regional Area»;«Southern Ukraine at Civilization Frontier» (NASAcademician V.A. Smolii, L.D. Yakubova, S.V.Kulchytskyi, Ya.V. Vermenych). In the series of publica-tions (started in 2014) entitled «Studies of RegionalHistory of Ukraine: the Steppe Ukraine» 12 workswere published, among them being «Donetsk andLuhansk Regions – Cossack Lands of Ukraine (16th–18th Centuries)»; «Donbas as Frontier Region:Territorial Dimension»; «Donbas in the System ofSocial, Demographic and Economic Processes (19th– Early 20th Centuries)»; «Holodomor 1932–1933 inDonbas»; «‘Novorossiya Project’ and CurrentRussian–Ukrainian War» (Ya.V. Vermenych, S.V.Kulchytskyi, V.I. Marochko, V.B. Molchanov, F.H.Turchenko, T.V. Chukhlib, L.D. Yakubova et al.), refer-ence book «History of Crimea in Questions andAnswers» (NAS Academician V.A. Smolii, NASCorresponding Member H.V. Boriak, T.B. Bykova,O.I. Halenko, S.V. Kulchytskyi et al.).

Scholars of the NAS Institute of Sociology pub-lished their study «Ukrainian Society: Monitoring ofSocial Changes. 1992–2015» (NAS AcademicianV.M. Vorona, NAS Corresponding Member M.O.

Shulha et al.). NAS Institute of Encyclopedic Studiesprepared volumes 16 and 17 of the «Encyclopedia ofModern Ukraine»; its researchers also made the con-tents of volumes 1–17 available online (M.H.Zhelezniak et al.). M. Hrushevsky Institute of UkrainianArcheography and Source Studies of the NationalAcademy of Science of Ukraine published volumes10, 22 and 46 of Mykhailo Hrushevsky’s CollectedWorks in 50 volumes (G.V. Papakin, M.M. Kapral, I.B.Hyrych et al.).

To implement the Decree of the President ofUkraine №169 of 26 March 2015 ‘Measures towardsthe 70th anniversary of the Victory Day and the 70thanniversary of the end of World War II’, scholars ofV.M. Koretsky Institute of State and Law of the NAS ofUkraine prepared the commemorative jubilee edition«Victory is One for All: to 70th Anniversary of Victoryin World War II» (edited by NAS Academician Yu.S.Shemshuchenko).

Leading scholars of the Department prepared pro-found analytical materials, expert conclusions, pro-posals and guidelines concerning the risks and dan-gers resulting from events in Donbas and preventingUkrainian society from consolidation; social protec-tion as a factor of social order in the country; the roleof Ukrainian science in modernizing the society; for-eign-policy attitudes of Ukrainian people; formationof effective local communities in Ukraine; cultural risksin Ukrainian society during crisis; typological criteriaof Ukraine’s historical regions; prospects ofPolish–Ukrainian academic collaboration in humani-ties; modern interpretations of state-developmentpractices for Donetsk and Luhansk regions.

Experts of the Department sent their remarks andproposals on the draft Strategy of national security ofUkraine, alongside with proposals towards improvingdraft Labor Code of Ukraine, Laws of Ukraine ‘On theprinciples of national security of Ukraine’, ‘On the fun-damentals of home and foreign policy’; remarks andproposals to the draft Laws of Ukraine ‘On theNational Academy of Sciences of Ukraine’, ‘Onamendments to the Law of Ukraine ‘On nationalminorities in Ukraine’’ to various bodies of statepower.

In 2016, all institutions of the Department will focuson comprehensive studies of state-developmentissues, historical experience and current status ofadministrative regulation of inter-ethnic relations inEastern Ukraine and the Crimea, as well as on devel-oping and intensifying the processes of decentraliza-tion and mechanisms to cope with social inequalityand ensure adaptation of different strata of Ukrainiansociety under crisis.

25

NAS of Ukraine 2015 Progress in Research Areas

M.H. Zhulinsky, Academician�Secretary ofthe Department

Philology Studies, Art Criticism, Ethnology

In the year under review, scholars of the NASDepartment of Literature, Language and Art Studiesfocused their research efforts on studying fundamen-tal and applied issues of the development of litera-ture, language, arts, every-day culture and computerlinguistics; they addressed numerous challenges ofthe scholarly backup to the national and culturalrevival of Ukraine, provided the unbiased analysis ofvarious stages in the development of Ukrainian spiri-tual culture in the past and in the context of globaliza-tion processes of the early 21st century.

The practical outcome of the abovementionedtasks was the publication of 88 individual and co-authored monographs and collections of writings, 5study textbooks and manuals for university studentsand schoolchildren, 24 reference books and diction-aries, 33 academically treated and commentedbelles-lettres texts, over 1600 articles in research pro-ceedings and periodicals.

The high academic level of Department’s researchis proved by the election of literature scholar Ye.K.Nakhlic a NAS corresponding member, awarding the2015 NAS O.O. Potebnia Prize to linguistics scholarV.V. Luchyk and 2015 F.I. Schmit Prize to art scholarsL.O. Parkhomenko and N.B. Kalutska. In the reportingyear the President of Ukraine signed Ordinance№686 ‘On awarding 2014 State Prizes of Ukraine inScience and Technology’, according to which thisprize went to NAS Academicians M.H. Zhulinsky andH.A. Skrypnyk, Doctor of Art Studies V.V. Ruban andCandidate of Philology M.P. Bondar for their work«History of Ukrainian Culture» in 5 volumes (9 books).

Literature scholars of the Department carried outresearch in literature theory, the history of Ukrainianand foreign literatures, comparative literary studies,the present functioning of belles-lettres, they preparedencyclopedic editions and academic publications ofartistic heritage. Analyzed was the status and trends inthe development of Ukrainian and world literatures inthe early 21st century as well as issues of textologicalstudies of the Ukrainian classical literature works.Published were a number of co-authored and individ-ual writings, among them being «Word on Guard ofNation. Literary and Critical Articles, Reminiscences,Memoirs» (by NAS Academician M.H. Zhulinsky), «Inthe Literature and Around it» (by NAS AcademicianI.M. Dziuba), «Turned World of Ivan Kotliarevsky: Text– Intertext – Context» (by NAS CorrespondingMember Ye.K. Nakhlik),«History of Text, SourceStudies and Textological Aspects of the CreativeWork of P.H. Tychyna, V.M. Sosiura and Ostap

Vyshnia» (by S.A. Halchenko, «Poet and His Prose: Genesis,Semantics and Reception of Shevchenko’s CreativeWork» (by O.V. Boron), «Apology of Personality(Articles about Lesia Ukrainka)» (by L.I. Skupeyko), anumber of collected academic writings, commentededitions of selected works by M. Smotrytsky, M. Drai-Khmara, V. Vynnychenko et. al. Prepared for publica-tion were next volumes of the 12-volume fundamentalacademic «History of Ukrainian Literature».

Linguistic scholars of the Department carried outresearch in the areas of theoretical and general lin-guistics, Slavic etymology, comparative and structur-al-and-mathematical linguistics, the current function-ing of the Ukrainian language and its practical intro-duction in all spheres of social life. They published 3dictionaries, including the next – the 6th – volume ofthe fundamental academic «Dictionary of theUkrainian Language» in 20 volumes, such fundamen-tal works as «Slavic Linguistic History Studies. SelectedWorks» (by NAS Corresponding Member H.P.Pivtorak), «Ukrainian Menology of 1489» (by NASCorresponding Member V.V. Nimchuk, «ActualizedModels in the Word-Formation System of ModernUkrainian (Late 20th – 21st Centuries» (by O.O.Taranenko), «Essays in Proto-Slavic Anthroponymics»(part 2) (by V.P. Shulhach), «Text Corpus Data inLinguistic Research», «Paradigmatic and CategoricalBasics of Applied Linguistics», and a number of col-lected scholarly writings. Also published was the book«Ukrainian Language of the 10th – 13th Centuries:Reading Book» (by NAS Corresponding Member V.V.Nimchuk) etc. Relying on the theory of lexicographicsystems and the methodology of creating virtual lexi-cographic laboratories they constructed a conceptualmodel and produced software for the virtual lexico-graphic laboratory «Ukrainian–Crimean TatarDictionary», created the experimental zone (web-site)of the Virtual Lexicographic Laboratory «Ukrai ni -an–Crimean Tatar Dictionary».

Art scholars, folklorists and ethnologists of theDepartment published 36 co-authored and individualmonographic works addressing the history andmethodology of research in these areas, individualfolklore genres and art forms, rituals, outstanding cul-tural landmarks and prominent personalities who hadcontributed to their creation, conservation and popu-larization. Those include, in particular, «UkrainianEthnology in Personalities» (by NAS AcademicianH.A. Skrypnyk), «Ritual Musical Folklore of the MiddleDnieper Area. Genre and Regional Anthology» (byNAS Corresponding Member A.I. Ivanytskyi),«Mykola Budnyk and Kobzar Art» (by M.Yo. Khai),«Volodymyrsky Cathedral: History. Architecture.Paintings» (by D.V. Stepovyk), «Melodic Basis ofUkrainian Folk Epic Songs» (by S.Yo. Hrytsa),«Ukrainian Folklore Studies: Methodology Issues» (byM.K. Dmytrenko), «Family Rituals of Ukrainians of the20th – Early 21st Centuries» (by V.K. Borysenko), «FolkArchitecture of Starosambir Area of the 19th – FirstHalf of the 20th Century (Housing and UtilityComplex)» (by R.B. Radovych). A number of folkloristand ethnographic expeditions to 11 oblasts ofUkraine and to Poland and Bulgaria were organized.

Newly Formed:

* The status of NAS institutions situated in the Crimea AR is determined by the law of Ukraine ‘ On ensuring the rights and freedoms of citizens and the legal

regime on the temporarily occupied territory of Ukraine’

Interdepartmental Coordination Council of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine on Marine Research and Improvement of the System of Training, Retraining and Professional Development of Scientific Personnel in the Field of Marine Sciences

6

6

2

*

*

*

2015

Commission of the NAS of Ukraine for European Integration.

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

2015

2011 2012 2013

70,1%25,9%

4,0%

69,8%24,6%

5,6%

72,8%21,3%

5,9%

2014 2015

76,4%18,7%

4,9%

75,3%23,1%

1,6%

2011 2012 2013

58,3%19,0%

22,7% 56,1%20,4%

23,5%

2014

59,1%20,2%

20,7%

2015

62,6%18,7%

18,7% 61,7%18,2%

20,1%

2011 2012 2013 2011 2012 2013 2014 2014 2015 2015

2925633,8

2337864,3

1758697,2

533532,8

8271,1

587769,5

2899263,7

2182188,6

47618,2

3087,9

233024,3433344,7

37363,2

160150140130120110100

908070605040302010

0

1601501401301201101009080706050403020100

2015

11,7% 11,5%

5,2%

14,2%

8,4%

12,0%7,4%

14,20%

15,6%

9,8%

6,5%

12,1%

3,0%

22,4%

13,8%

7,2%

18,7%

6,5%

2012

2013

2014

2015

2011

2015

( incl. abroad)

11,3%

8,7%

4,3%

5,6%

4,9%

2,8%

2,7%

10,2%19,9%

21,7%

7,9% 10,6%

4,3%

9,2%

4,6%

5,5%

6,4%

12,5%7,2%

21,2%

7,1%

10,6%

2011 2012

2013 2014

2015

20112012

2013 2014

2015

15197,0

16574,0

14644,9

786

785

776

630 10530,1

558 9

466,3

20

20

86

87

21

87

21

87

20

85

2015

2011 2012 2013 2011 2012 2013

2663

2877

3708 3660

2014

2939

2014

2530

2015

1007

2047

2015

1492

1587

Contents

Main Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3B. E. Paton, President of the Academy

High-Efficiency S&T Developments of NAS Institutions for Economy Branches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6A. G. Naumovets, First Vice�President of the Academy

Applied Research and Developments of NAS Institutions for State Companies and Design Offices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7V.P. Gorbulin, First Vice-President of the Academy

Development of Scientific Fundamentals for Creating Drugsfor Medicine at NAS Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8V.G. Koshechko, Vice�President of the Academy

Development of Social Sciences and Humanities in the National Academyof Sciences of Ukraine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9S.I. Pyrozhkov, Vice�President of the Academy

Environment Research at the NAS of Ukraine:National and International Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10A.G. Zagorodny, Vice�President of the Academy

Activities of NAS General Meeting and Presidium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11V.L. Bogdanov, Chief Scientific Secretary of the Academy

Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12A. M. Samoilenko, Academician�Secretary of the Department

Information Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13P.I. Andon, Academician�Secretary of the Department

Mechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14A. F. Bulat, Academician�Secretary of the Department

Physics and Astronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15V. M. Loktev, Academician�Secretary of the Department

Earth Sciences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16O.M. Ponomarenko, Academician�Secretary of the Department

Physical�and�Technical Problems of Materials Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17L.M. Lobanov, Academician�Secretary of the Department

Physical�and�Technical Problems of Power Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18O.V. Kyrylenko, Academician�Secretary of the Department

Nuclear Physics and Power Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19M.F. Shulga, Academician�Secretary of the Department

Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20M.T. Kartel, Academician�Secretary of the Department

Biochemistry, Physiology and Molecular Biology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21S. V. Komisarenko, Academician�Secretary of the Department

General Biology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22V. V. Morgun, Academician�Secretary of the Department

Economics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23E. M. Libanova, Academician�Secretary of the Department

History, Philosophy and Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24V.A. Smolii, Academician�Secretary of the Department

Philology Studies, Art Criticism, Ethnology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25M.H. Zhulinsky, Academician�Secretary of the Department

Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26