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National and Regional Perspectives –Carbon Storage R&D Program Traci Rodosta - Carbon Storage Technology ManagerVirginia Coal & Energy Alliance, Southern States Energy Board and Virginia Energy Research 40th Annual Conference & Expo May 21, 2019

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Carbon Storage Program Structure

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Are Sufficient Storage Opportunities Available for Widespread CCS Deployment?

The U.S. has a very large storage resource for saline, oil and gas, and coal reservoirs

Evaluated a variety of geologic settings to prove the ability to accept CO2 at commercial-scale injection rates

Business case based on entire value chain should be evaluated

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Number on Map Project Name Project

Type CO2 Source GeologicBasin

Metric Tons of CO2 Stored

1 Big Sky Carbon Sequestration Partnership-Kevin Dome Project

Saline Storage

Kevin Dome (natural)

Kevin Dome N/A

2Midwest Geological

Sequestration Consortium -Illinois Basin - Decatur Project

Saline Storage

ADM Ethanol Production Facility

Illinois Basin 999,215

3Midwest Regional Carbon

Sequestration Partnership -Michigan Basin Project

Enhanced Oil Recovery

Core CO2 Services, LLC Natural Gas

Processing FacilityMichigan

Basin 1,253,480

4The Plains CO2 Reduction

Partnership-Bell Creek Field Project

Enhanced Oil Recovery

Conoco Philips Lost Cabin/Madden

Natural Gas Processing Plant

Powder River Basin 2,982,000

5Southeast Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership -

Citronelle ProjectSaline

Storage

Southern Company’s Plant Barry Coal-Fired

Power Plant

Interior Salt Basin, Gulf

Coast Region114,104

6Southeast Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership -

Cranfield Project

Enhanced Oil Recovery/

Saline StorageJackson Dome

(natural)Interior Salt Basin, Gulf

Coast Region4,743,898

7Southwest Regional Partnership

on Carbon Sequestration -Farnsworth Unit Project

Enhanced Oil Recovery

Arkalon Ethanol Plan (Liberal, KS)Agrium Fertilizer Plant (Borger, TX)

Anadarko Basin 739,863

Important step towards enabling 50+MMT scale storage sites

Is Geologic Storage Viable at Scale?RCSP Development Phase Field Projects

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Field Projects AccomplishmentsDemonstrate Large-Scale Injectivity/Capacity

2012 2013 2014

Simulation of plume at MGSC generated and history matched

Integration of extensive characterization, monitoring, and simulation used to predict and validate injectivity and capacity• Characterization wells, seismic, well logs and cores• Reservoir models and simulations (Eclipse, Petrel, STOMP, etc)• Risk Assessment and accounting (CO2-PENS)

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Field Projects AccomplishmentsPredict CO2 movement and confirm confining integrity

Crosswell seismic results show containment at Citronelle project

Numerical codes used to predict hydrologic, geomechanical, geochemical processes and plume stabilization

Near-surface and deep subsurface monitoring confirm containment

Improve the fidelity of modeling and monitoring technologies

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Field Projects AccomplishmentsRisk Assessment Strategies

Risk RegistryAdaptive Management Approach

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Generate Synthetic Seismic Image of CO2

Plume from Simulation Model (FM)

CO2 Plume Actual Shape from 4-D Seismic (IM)

Compare (FM) vs. (IM)Check If There Is a Sufficient Fit

Adjust the Geological and Simulation Models

Field Projects Lessons Learned Identifying Further R&D Needs

Improve the fidelity of technologies to characterize small scale heterogeneity

MVA technologies to better quantify CO2 saturation in the far field

Detect and predict fluid injection-related micro-seismic (non-felt) events

Intelligent (Autonomous) monitoring systems for real-time operating

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CarbonSAFE Phased ApproachThe intent of CarbonSAFE is to address the R&D knowledge gaps and technologies needed for a 50+ million metric tons CO2 storage:

Phase I: Integrated CCS Pre-Feasibility (18 months)Formation of a CCS team, Development of a feasibility plan and High-level technical evaluation of the sub-basin and potential CO2 sources

Phase II: Storage Complex Feasibility (2 years)Data collection, Geologic analysis, Identification of contractual and regulatory requirements and plans to satisfy them, Subsurface modelling to support geologic characterization, risk assessment, and monitoring, and Public outreach

Subject to funding Phase III: Site Characterization (2 years)Tentative - Address pore/surface rights, Rights of way, Permitting processes and requirements, Liability relief and Finance agreements

Subject to funding Phase IV: Permitting and Construction of storage complex (3.5 years)Tentative - Submission of Class VI permits, Drill and Complete injection and monitoring wells, Acquisition of baseline monitoring data and Risk management and mitigation plan

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Moving Forward - CarbonSAFE Initiative

MontanaThrustBelt

Williston

PowderRiver

Denver

Forest City

Greater Green River

Paradox

Uintah

SanJoaquin

Michigan

Illinois

Appalachian

Anadarko

Salt

SanJuan

Western Gulf

Arkoma

Palo Duro

PermianColville Ft. Worth

Piceance

BlackWarrior

VenturaRaton

WindRiver

Bighorn

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8

6

7

12

13

2

5

11

10

5

34

653

3

6

241

1

9

42

LosAngeles

RCSP Projects

CarbonSAFE Feasibility

CarbonSAFE Pre-Feasibility

Sedimentary Basins

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Pre-Feasibility Lessons Learned

Require a strong industry collaboration and a business-focused strategy

Critical to have oil/gas company collaboration and strong host site support

One limiting factor to making CCS economical is high capture cost Pressure management may be necessary to meet target rates/volumes

Reservoir models including faults need to be improved to model heterogeneity and pressure effects

Simplistic models on fault leakage and dynamic storage efficiency are required, can then be integrated into current NRAP tools

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Storage Complex Feasibility Projects

Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois

Terre Haute, IN

University of WyomingPowder River Basin/ Gillette, Wyoming

Southern States Energy Board

Kemper County, MS

Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois

Decatur, IL

University of North DakotaGreat Plains Synfuels Plant or

Milton R Young Station

Battelle Memorial Institute Patterson Site/

Sleepy Hollow Area

Perform initial characterization of potential commercial-scale storage complex

Determine suitability of the potential 50+MMT geologic storage site (reservoir characteristics)

Technical and non-technical challenges

Risk assessment and CO2 management strategy

Validate National Risk Assessment Partnership (NRAP) tools and other NETL tools

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Establishing an Early CO2 Storage Complex in Kemper County, Mississippi: Project ECO2SSouthern States Energy Board

Seismic reflection data does not show any large-scale faulting near and above the caprock

Abundant stacked storage reservoirs:• Paluxy • Washita-Fredericksburg • Lower Tuscaloosa sandstone formations

Strategy changed from a single source to multiple sources within the region

Storage complex adjacent to Kemper County Energy Facility—potentially over 400 MMT

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Energy & Environmental Research Center (EERC)

Storage complex near Antelope Valley Station (7.7 MT/Y) and Dakota Gasification Company Synfuels Plant (3.4 MT/Y) site and the Milton R. Young (6 MT/Y) site

Storage site would be buffer for ~1MMT per year from Synfuels Plant and future AVS CO2

North Dakota Integrated Carbon Storage Complex Feasibility Study

CO2 storage potential in the area of investigation—two complexes have an estimated 563 MMT in the Broom Creek Sandstone

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Illinois State Geological Survey

Multiple sources including Abbott Power Plant, City Water Light and Power, Archer Midland Daniels and potentially Prairie State Energy Campus

Storage in Podolsky Oil Company’s fields in Christian County, Illinois

Lower Mt. Simon sandstone formation has estimated storage capacity of 455 MMT of storage in Christian County

CarbonSAFE Illinois Macon County

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Wabash CarbonSAFEUniversity of Illinois

Storage Complex near the future Wabash Valley Resources ammonia production plant• Repurposed IGCC plant for ammonia (2021)

Drilled and characterized a stratigraphic well in Wabash Valley Resources and update

Evaluating 2D seismic for reservoir and seal continuity and geologic structure

Storage resources in excess of 172 BMT in Mt. Simon sandstone, Knox Group and St. Peter Sandstone

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Integrated Mid-Continent Stacked Carbon Storage Hub: Storage Complex Feasibility AssessmentBattelle Memorial Institute Strategy is to develop a source corridor that leverages

ethanol sources to develop infrastructure to add power plants in the future (725 MMT – 30yrs)

Mid-continent hub with stacked storage in both Nebraska and Kansas

Evaluating pipeline infrastructure through corridor

Working with ethanol plants, oil and gas operators and state agencies

Drill stratigraphic wells at both Patterson and Sleepy Hollow sites

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Commercial-Scale Carbon Storage Complex Feasibility Study at Dry Fork Station, WyomingUniversity of Wyoming Powder River Basin near Basin Electric Power

Corporation Dry Fork Power Station (3 MMT/Y)

Injection and Storage will occur on site centrally located in Powder River Basin

Potential strategy could include CO2 pipeline network linking major sources to stacked storage opportunities including CO2 EOR fields in region.

Evaluating Muddy, Lakota/Fall River, Lower Sundance and Minnelusa Formations

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Is There An Integrated R&D Approach for Future Commercial-Scale Deployment?

2017Large Capture Pilots Initiated

2017Initiate Storage Feasibility for Integrated CCS

2020R&D Completed for Carbon Capture 2nd Generation Technologies

2025Integrated CCS Projects initiated

2022Commercial-scale storage complexes characterized

2035Advanced technologies available for broad commercial-scale deployment

CarbonCapture

CarbonStorage