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9B Fit and healthy
© Tony P. Thould
September 2000
FOOD GROUPS
There are SEVEN food groups :-
1 Carbohydrates
2 Fats
3 Proteins
4 Vitamins
5 Minerals
6 Water
7 Fibre
CARBOHYDRATES
FATS
PROTEINS
Potatoes Rice Pasta
BreadButter Cream
Fried Food Peanuts
Meat Fish Soya
Energy giving foods full of
StarchStored energy and insulation
For growth and repair
Vitamins Minerals Fibre
Fruit
Vegetables
Cereals
Fruit
Vegetables
Fruit
Vegetables
MilkTo prevent
deficiency diseases like Scurvy - lack
of Vitamin C
To prevent deficiency diseases
like anaemia - lack of iron
Helps to move food along the
system
HEALTHY OR NOT?
•What do we mean by healthy?
•What helps us to stay in good health?
•What makes us unhealthy?
ARE THESE HEALTHY OR NOT?
CigarettesOranges
Salmonella
Beer
Chips
Drugs
Medicines
Solvents
Water
AerobicsSugar
Coffee
Milk
Vaccinations
Cakes
Baked Potatoes
Salt
SwimmingSleep
N
What do some people take into
their bodies which makes them ill?
SmokeTar
Nicotine CarbonMonoxide
THE HARMFUL SUBATANCES
HeartAttacks
Breathing Problems
BlockedArteries
Cancer
SMOKING IS UNHEALTHY
THE LUNGS
Trachea
Left Bronchus
Ribs
Left Lung
DiaphragmAlveoli
Bronchioles
Cartilage Rings
IntercostalMuscles
Used the information on the next three slides to help you to explain why smoking affects your breathing and your fitness level.
Why does smoking affect your fitness and a breathing gradually over the years and does not noticeably harm you straight away?
The main job of the lungs is to get oxygen into the blood and remove, but Sun from the blood into the lungs to be breathed out.
To make sure that this happens quickly and easily, the tiny air sacs in the lungs have a very thin walls.
There are millions of Alveoli in each lung to ensure that the body absorbs enough oxygen and to get rid of in the build-up of waste carbon dioxide.
GASEOUS EXCHANGE IN THE ALVEOLI
Waste carbon dioxide passes from the blood though the thin walled alveoli into the Lungs.
Oxygen passes easily into the blood through the thin walls of the Alveoli.
CO2 CO2
O2O2
Exhale the waste Carbon Dioxide
Inhale Air containing
Oxygen
WHICH ONE IS THE SMOKERS’ LUNG?
A B
Why do you think this? What has caused the differences in the way they look?
N
CocaineEcstasy
Cannabis Heroin
SOME COMMON DRUGS
DehydrationBrain
Damage
HIV / AidsOrganFailure
DRUGS ARE UNHEALTHY
GlueLighter
Fuel
PaintStripper
HairSpray
SOME COMMON SOLVENTS
BreathingProblems
FaceSores
ComaBrain
Damage
SOLNENT ABUSE IS UNHEALTHY
WhiskyBeer
Wine Gin
SOME COMMON DRINKS
Liver damage
Depressant
DestroysBrain Cells
AffectsJudgement
HOW ALCOHOL CAN BE UNHEALTHY
CAFFEINE
A chemical found in Coffee, Tea and Coke Cola.
Once in the blood and taken to the cells of the body it:-
•Speeds up your heart / pulse rate
•Makes you breathe more quickly
FASTER BREATHING FASTER
PULSE
Plan an Experiment
A shop keeper lost all of the labels from his stock of Coke Cola bottles in a flood.
How could he do an experiment that would give him measurable results to prove which bottles contained normal Coke and which ones contained Decaffeinated Coke?
Hint
Skeletons
Animals have skeletons for three reasons:-
1. Support - to give them shape and to hold everything together.
2. Protection- the bones protect lots of the important organs inside the body e.g. the skull protects the brain.
3. Movement - the muscles and bones work together to help the animal move.
Cranium
Rib Cage
Femur
Spine or Vertebral Column
Humerus
Pelvis
Some of the Main Bones of the Body
Radius
Ulna
Scapular
TibiaFibula
Patella
Some of the Main Bones of the Body
On The Move
To move our bodies we use our muscles.
These are joined to our bones.
Muscles can only Pull they cannot push.
This means that you have to have pairs of muscles - one pulls to move your body part one way but another muscle has to pull it back again. They are known as a pair of Antagonistic Muscles.
Moving Your Arm
Triceps Muscle
What would happen to your lower arm when this muscle pulls?
lower arm
Moving Your Arm
Triceps Muscle
When this muscle pulls it makes the lower arm move downwards. The whole arm is now straight.
lower armWhat do you notice about the size and shape of the muscle once it has pulled?
Moving Your Arm
Triceps Muscle
lower arm
You have to have another muscle to pull the lower arm back up - why is this?
Where in the arm would you find this muscle?
Moving Your Arm
Triceps Muscle
lower armYou have to have another muscle to pull the lower arm back up - why is this?
Biceps Muscle
Moving Your Arm
Triceps Muscle
lower arm
Biceps Muscle
These are the two muscles that make your lower arm move up and down.
N
Muscle Cells
Long cells which pull when they get shorter ( contract) making different parts of our body move
How could running on a treadmill upset the balance
of our internal environment?
To run your muscles work harder and need more
energy to move your limbs.
GLUCOSE + OXYGEN = ENERGY + WATER + CARBON DIOXIDE
O2
+ GLUCOSE
CO2
+
H2O
C6H12O6 + 6O2 = E + 6H2O + 6CO2
Aerobic respiration is the way your body makes energy available to your body.
GLUCOSE + OXYGEN = ENERGY + WATER + CARBON DIOXIDE
This process uses up Glucose and Oxygen and makes Water and Carbon Dioxide so the level of these begins to change in your
body as you exercise
O2
+
Sugar
CO2
+
H2O
C6H12O6 + 6O2 = E + 6H2O + 6CO2
The Brain checks the body systems and picks up when the levels are too high or too low
In this case the blood Oxygen is falling and the blood Carbon Dioxide level is rising
The breathing rate will increase to take in more Oxygen and to get rid of the Carbon Dioxide
The heart beats faster to transport the Oxygen to the muscles and take away the Carbon Dioxide and Water
SYSTEMSFor the muscles to move they must be able to get energy. Energy is available in foods high in Carbohydrates - these can be digested and absorbed into the blood.
Oxygen is needed to react with the Glucose to release energy. The blood delivers these to the muscle cells. Blood takes away the waste water and carbon dioxide produced.
What are the three Systems involved in the release of Energy by muscle cells?
N
The Heart has the main function of acting as a PUMP.
It pumps the blood around the body in one direction - made sure with the help of VALVES.
The blood passes through the heart twice in order to complete one circuit of the body. This is known as a Double Circulation.
THE HEART
Pulmonary Artery Aorta
Pulmonary Vein
Vena Cava
Deoxygenated Blood
Oxygenated Blood
Semi Lunar Valve
Tricuspid Valve
Bicuspid Valve
Left Atrium
Right Atrium
Right Ventricle Left Ventricle
Tendons
Oxygenated Blood delivered to organs and tissues
Blood rich in Oxygen from Lungs
Deoxygenated blood rich in Carbon Dioxide picked up from Organs and Tissues
Deoxygenated blood rich in Carbon Dioxide back to the Lungs to get rid of the Carbon Dioxide
The Heart is a pump The blood passes through the heart twice to complete one cycle. This is called a Double Circulation
Thick Cardiac Muscles provide the power for the pump
THE BLOOD CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
•This is the Transport System in our body
•The heart pumps the blood around the body
•Blood travels through tubes called Blood Vessels
•Blood carries food, oxygen, waste such as Urea and Carbon Dioxide, antibodies and heat.
legs
kidneys
Stomach
Liver
Lungs
Head
THE MAIN BLOOD VESSELS
Carotid Artery
Pulmonary Vein
Aorta
Hepatic Artery
Mesenteric Artery
Renal Artery
Iliac Artery
Pulmonary Artery
Superior Vena Cava
Inferior Vena Cava
Hepatic Vein
Hepatic Portal Vein
Renal Vein
Iliac Vein
DIGESTION
The breaking down
of complex foods into
simple soluble substances
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Salivary Glands
Oesophagus
Stomach
Pancreas
Colon
RectumAnus
Appendix
Ileum
Duodenum
Gall Bladder
Liver
RESPIRATION
Once the Glucose has been absorbed into the blood it is then available to the cells for use in providing Energy.
The release of energy from Glucose in the cells is by a process called
RESPIRATION
AEROBIC RESPIRATION
Energy is released in the cells for the body to use. The energy is in the Glucose sugar we eat and can be released by chemically reacting with Oxygen in our cells - Aerobic Respiration
Summary Equation
Glucose + Oxygen = ENERGY + Carbon Dioxide + Water
C6H12O6 + 6O2 = ENERGY + 6CO2 + 6H2O
Raw Materials Waste Products
THE LUNGS
Trachea
Left Bronchus
Ribs
Left Lung
DiaphragmAlveoli
Bronchioles
Cartilage Rings
Intercostal Muscles
INHALE / EXHALE
The whole point of Inhaling is to get air into the Alveoli so that the surrounding blood capillaries can pick up some Oxygen on the Red cells and carry it to every living cell in the body along with Glucose. The cells can then use the Oxygen and Glucose to release energy.
When the cells release Energy two waste products are made - Carbon Dioxide and Water.and carried back to the Alveoli in the blood Plasma and exhaled.
Summary Word Equation
Glucose + Oxygen = ENERGY + Carbon Dioxide + Water
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
When your muscles demand energy but the blood has little
oxygen left ( an Oxygen debt )e.g. in a marathon, the muscles use Anaerobic respiration to make
energy
Glucose Energy +Lactic Acid
YOU MUST LEARN THESE EQUATIONS
Glucose Oxygen = ENERGY Carbon Dioxide
+ + Water
C6H12O6 6O2 ENERGY 6CO2 6H2O+ + +
AEROBIC RESPIRATION
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
Glucose Energy + Lactic Acid
+
=
GLUCOSE
+ OXYGEN
=
ENERGY
+
WATER
+
CARBON DIOXIDE
C6H12O6
+
6O2
=
E
+
6H2O
+
6CO2
Rearrange the rectangles below to form the word and symbol equations for Aerobic Respiration