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National EmpowermentA Stronger Nation (Unit 6)
Identify and describe events in the early 20th century that led Canada toward independence
Examine Canada’s and Newfoundland’s participation in the First World War
Explain the effects of the First World War on Canada and Newfoundland
Events Leading Toward Independence
Self-governing dominions 1910– England still controlled foreign policies
South African War 1901– first step in creating a Canadian military
Alaskan Boundary Dispute 1903– Canadians angry with Britain & saw U.S. as threat
Naval Service Bill 1910– creation of Canadian navy
Nationalist views– Pushed for greater independence
More Events Leading Toward Independence-p.263
Canada got its own flag 1965 National Anthem 1980 “O Canada” (c.1901)
popular in Quebec 1880
Red Ensign
Diamond Jubilee - Colonial Conference
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Anglophone
Imperialists
Britain Chamberlain
Francophone
Nationalists
-closer ties with Britain
-wanted strong ties with Britain
-wanted greater indepence for Canada
Sunnyways approach1. Praised Britain. Politely but firmly refused closer ties with Britain.2. Visited France and praised France
South African (Boer) War
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Anglophone
Imperialists
Sam Hughes
Britain Chamberlain
Francophone
Nationalists
Bourassa
-Colonies should help British empire
-Send Canadian troops
-Wanted quick and positive response to Britain’s request
-Send troops
-Felt a far away war was of no concern or threat to Canada
-Canada should stay out
Sunnyways approach1. Laurier said Canada was not required to send troops to a British war that did not directly involve Canada.2. But volunteers that wanted to go and help Britain were organized, equipped and transported by the Canadian government.3. Laurier said Canada did not have to help in future British wars
Alaskan Boundary Dispute
thecanadianencyclopedia.com
Issue: disagreement about the border between Canada & the U.S. where B.C. and Alaska meet
Economic benefit from Klondike Gold Rush depended on owning good harbours in the north.
6-member commission
(3 Americans,
2 Canadians,
1 British) to decide the issue.
Note:
-Canada did not control its own foreign affairs.
-First Nations were not consulted.
Results:
-British official sided with American
Reasons:
-Britain wanted U.S. support if Germany started a war.
Laurier worked to get Canada more control of foreign affairs.
Naval Service Bill
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Anglophone
Imperialists
Britain Francophone
Nationalists
Bourassa
-worried about strength of German navy
-asked Canada for money to build warships
-send immediate aid (money) to Britain
-against sending money to Britain
-focus on building our own military forces
Sunnyways approach1. Naval Service Bill: Canada would create its own navy.2. Canadian navy would defend Canada and could be lent to Britain in times of war.3. Navy: 2 old ships (Niobe & Rainbow) purchased from Britain.4. 400 crew and officers to run the ships.Reactions: Imperialists embarrassed by small navy (Tin-Pot Navy). Nationalists thought it
would be useless in defending Canada and did not want to offer to lend it to Britain.
First World War (Great War)Canadian Participation
Chain of Events Arms Race Balkans Black Hand Assassination Declare War Canada Joins
– 30 000 army– 8000 horses– 1000 Nfld.– 600 000 end
Who Enlisted (CEF)? p.279-281
First Nations, Inuit, and Métis– 33%
British-Canadian– 31%
French-Canadian– 15% (discrimination)
African-Canadian– #2 Construction, 960– Racism
Newfoundland– 35%
F. Pegahmagabow
VAD ambulance
Number 2 Construction Battalion
Major Vanier
Over There p.282-286
Trench Warfare– Over the top
War in the Air– Cda. 25% of RAF– Billy Bishop (72)– Roy Brown (Red Baron)– Black Flight
War at Sea– Shipbuilding– Supply Britain
2nd Battle of Ypres– 6035 Cda. died in 2 days– Held the line for 16 days
Battle of the Somme– Newfoundland Regiment
of 801 only 68 survived– 8000 Cda. killed (141 d.)
Vimy Ridge– French & British failed– Cda. practiced– Surprise attack in storm
and bombardment– 3598 killed; 6000
wounded
Canadians capture Vimy Ridge
Effect of World War I Life on the Home Front Conscientious objectors
– White feather symbol Victory Bonds Women Take Charge Young People Halifax Explosion Feeding the Allies Munitions Industry War Measures Act Income Tax Enemy Aliens
Life on the Home Front Conscription Armistice Long-Term Effects
– Debt– French vs. English– National respect– Newfoundland’s foreign
affairs– Aboriginal people
discriminated against– African-Canadians faced
mixed reaction