NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE COMMUNICATION · No. NSL/ISSN/INF/2017/538 Dated: November 14, 2017 Shri Trikamajibhai Chatvani Arts & J.V Gokal Trust Commerce College, ... He is a

ISSN: 2457-0273

(Online)

An International Peer Reviewed Multidisciplinary Research Journal

(Bi-Annual)

RADHANVALLI

Vol.:01 Issue :02 Month : November - 2017

Chief Editor Dr. C. M. Thakkar

Chief Executive Editor Dr. Chirag V. Raval

Shri Trikamjibhai Chatwani Arts & J.V. Gokal Trust Commerce College, Radhanpur

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE COMMUNICATION

AND INFORMATION RESOURCES

(Council of Scientific and Industrial Research)

14, Satsang Vihar Marg, New Delhi 110 067

S. B. Burde, Head, National Science Library, ISSN Phone: 91-11-26863759 E-Mail: [email protected]

No. NSL/ISSN/INF/2017/538 Dated: November 14, 2017

Shri Trikamajibhai Chatvani Arts & J.V Gokal Trust Commerce College,

Patan – 385340 (Gujarat) Dear Sir/Madam,

महोदय/महोदया,

We are happy to inform you that the following serial(s) published by you has/have been registered and assigned ISSN(s) [Online].

हम� आपको यह स�चत करत हए �स�नता हो रह� ह �क �न�न�ल�खत �काशन पजीकत कर �लए गय ह एव

ऑनलाइन आई.एस.एस.एन. आब�टत कर �दय गय ह�|

ISSN 2457-0273 Radhanvalli It is mandatory that the ISSN must be printed on every issue preferably at the right-hand top corner of the cover page.

�काशन क� ��यक ��त क कवर पज क दा�हन� ओर क ऊपर� �सर पर आई.एस.एस.एन. छपा होना अ�नवाय� ह|

We will be responsible for monitoring the use of ISSN(s) assigned to Indian Serials and for supplying up-to-date data of the same to the International Centre for ISSN, Paris. For this purpose, we request you to send us the forthcoming issue of your serial on complimentary basis.

भारतीय रा��य क� � क� िज�मदार� होगी �क वह भारतीय प��काओ को आब�टत आई.एस.एस.एन. क� जाच

करगा एव उ�यतन डाटा क� जानकार� इटरनशनल स�टर फॉर आई.एस.एस.एन. प�रस को भज�ग| अतः आपस अनरोध ह

�क इस काय� हत �काशन क� एक ��त आई.एस.एस.एन. ��ट करक स�मानाथ� भ�ट हम� भज�|

Kindly note that assigning the ISSN does not amount to approving the journal or its contents by National Science Library/CSIR-NISCAIR. In future, the names and/or logos of NISCAIR, CSIR should not be mentioned on the journal or the journal website.

कपया �यान द� �क आव�टत �कया जा रहा आई.एस.एस.एन. रा��य �व�ान प�तकालय/सी.एस.आई.आर.-�न�कयर �वारा

�कसी भी जन�ल/प��का या इसक� �वषय- व�त को अनमो�दत करन का �योतक नह� ह| भ�व�य म� प��का या प��का

क� वबसाइट पर �न�कयर या सी.एस.आई.आर. का नाम अथवा �तीक �च�ह नह� दशा�या जाय|

We solicit your cooperation in this regard.

आपक सहयोग क �लए हम आभार� रहग�|

Yours sincerely,

For Head ISSN National Centre of India

ISSN: 2457-0273 (Online)

RADHANVALLI: An International Peer Reviewed Multidisciplinary Research Journal (Bi-Annual)

Vol.:01 Issue :02 NOV-2017

Editorial Board

Chief Editor : Dr. C. M. Thakkar,

Principal

(M) 9825915116

Email : [email protected]

Chief Executive Editor : Dr. Chirag V. Raval ,

Assistant Professor,

Commerce Department

(M) : 7698002789


Editors

: Dr. V.B.Khamar,

Associate Professor& HOD,

Gujarati Department

(M) : 94291 56800

Email :[email protected]

: Shri K.C.Thakkar,


Commerce Department

(M) : 9925622832


: Dr. S.K.Prajapati ,

Associate Professor, Sanskrit Department

(M) : 94288 53859


: Dr. Reji George,


English Department

(M) : 94275 46448


Dr. T.D.Vyas

Assistant Professor & HOD,

Hindi Department

(M) : 9825798717


: Dr. B. A. Rathod,

Assistant Professor & HOD,

Sociology Department

(M) :99749 61595


mailto:[email protected]






Advisory Board

DR. Shileshbhai Parmar

: Professor,

Department of Commerce,

Saurashtra University, Rajkot

Dr. Sandip K. Bhatt

: Professor & Head,

Department of Business Studies,

Sardar Patel University,

Vallabh Vidyanagar

Dr. Param Pathak

: Professor,

Department of Gujarati


Vallabh Vidyanagar

Dr. Bharat Thakor : Associate Professor,

Department of Gujarati

Veer Narmad South Gujarat

University,

Surat.

Dr. Manibhai Prajapati : Former Principal

Arts & Commerce College, Thara

Dr. Ajit Thakor : Former Head,

Department of Sanskrit,


Vallabh Vidyanagar

Dr. Anil Kapur : Associate Professor,

Arts & Commerce College,Vijapur.

Dr. Piyush Joshi : Former Reader

Department of English


Vallabh Vidyanagar




EDITORS PROFILE

Chief Editor

Dr. C.M.Thakkar was born on 01st Jun 1966. He

graduated in Commerce (B.Com.) in the year 1988 from

Gujarat University. Prin. Thakkar did his Post Graduation

(M.Com.) from North Gujarat University in 1990 and Ph.

D. North Gujarat University in 2004. He had also

completed B.Ed. and LL.B. from Hemchandracharya

North Gujarat University, Patan.

Prin. Thakkar started his academic career as an Lecturer

in Accountancy. After joining the noble profession of teaching, he served this

profession in different capacities like Lecturer, Assistant Professor, Professor

and Principal at Shri Trikamjibhai Chatwani Arts & J.V. Gokal Trust

Commerce College, Radhanpur for 25 years.

He has written two books to his credit He participated in long term and short

term training programs. He also participated and presented research papers

in State, National and International level seminar Conferences etc. He has

guided numerous candidates for their Master Thesis and has conducted many

Seminars/workshops & Training Programs in the state. He has to his credit

many publications in various National and International Journals. He also

guided 09 Ph.D students and 21 M.Phil students in the Hemchandracharya

North Gujarat University, Patan.

Prin. Thakkar was a Chairman of Board of Studies of Accountacy at

Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Patan. He has been appointed

as member of Academic Council Hemchandracharya North Gujarat

University, Patan. Looking to his efficiency and capacity to work continuously,

he was entrusted with overall responsibility of Principal of college. During this

tenure, ACCR has received prestigious accreditation of NAAC with B+ Grade

in the year 2013. He was also a member of BUTR, and is a member of

Examination Reforms Committee at Hemchandracharya North Gujarat

University

He is a Co-ordinator of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Open university of the

Radhanpur Study Center.He was also a President of Vanijay Vartual of

Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University (Commerce) .He is a member of

the Board of Commerce Sankalchand University, Visnagar.He is an invited

member of Local Inquiry Committee. He is the role model for the Young

Faculty to follow his footprints to contribute meaningfully in enhancing

Commerce Education. In short, Prin. Thakkar is a dynamic personality with

combination of Academic and Administrative excellence.




CHIEF EXECUTIVE EDITOR

Dr. Chirag V. Raval is M.Com., M.Phil., Ph.D. from Sardar

Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar. He has 09 years of

teaching, administration and research experience. He has

been teaching Commerce and Management subjects. Besides

above he has been associated as paper setter, moderator and

examiner of Commerce and Management subjects.

He possesses many feathers in his crown – Appointed as a member of

College Development Council from 01/04/2012 to 31/03/2015 in Sardar

Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar. He was appointed as a member of

Board of Studies of Business Studies (Commerce) and Management Faculty

at Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar. He was recognized Ph.D.

Guide in Commerce subject at Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar.

He is Life Member of Indian Commerce Association. He has also published

various research papers in the various referred journals. He has also

participated and presented research papers in several State level, National

level and International level seminars and conferences. He has delivered

lectures at various institutes. He is member, Editorial Board in International

Journal AVANSEAZA. He is recognized P.G. teacher in Commerce subject at

Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Patan. Previously, He was

working as Principal (I/c.) at AIMS College of Management & Technology,

Sardar Patel University, Bakrol, Anand from June 2009 to January 2016.

Presently, He is working as Assistant Professor of Commerce at Shri

Trikamjibhai Chatwani Arts & J.V.Gokal Trust Commerce College, Radhanpur

from January 2016 onwards.




EDITORIAL DESK

New Year Greetingsto all….!! I am extremely happy to introduce our college

Research Journal “RADHANVALLI” : An International Peer Reviewed

Multidisciplinary Research Journal (Bi-Annual). It is slowly but firmly gaining

its momentum. The first issue is being presented to you with all fresh

insightful reflections from learned academicians, researchers and scholars.

I am very much pleased to present the “RADHANVALLI”: An International

Peer Reviewed Multidisciplinary Research Journal (Bi-Annual) before the

readers, academicians and researchers. The journal aims at disseminating

research output and provides crucial information about recent developments

in the relevant fields, through high quality research papers on the topics

related to multidisciplinary subjects

We are trying our best to bring before you the latest and authoritative insights

into the facilitating world of multidisciplinary education.

I hope that all of you will share yours experience, skills, knowledge and

education to move our college forward.

The multidisciplinary journal contains thevariety of discussions on topics

from Commerce, Accountancy, Management, Gujarati, Sanskrit, English,

Sociology, Hindi, Physical Education, Library Science etc.

In this issue of the journal, we have put together the 08 research papers,

regarding diverse interests in the field of multidisciplinary subjects covering

the topics of Commerce, Accountancy, Management, Gujarati, Sanskrit and

English. A prominent researcher has taken meticulous efforts in illumination

useful points about multidisciplinary research. We are proud to have you as

part of our team and look forward to your future contributions.

We are grateful to all of you who have done, and imparted your best effort in

continuing this service. I express my gratitude to the amine authors for their

valuable contributions and thank you for bringing your passion, intellect,

insight, experience and resources to the journal. I will repay your kindness

with a promise to make your time here enriching, and perhaps even

transformative. At last but not the least, I conclude by quoting few lines by

“Gautama Buddha”: “Let us rise up and be thankful, for if we didn't learn a lot

at least we learned a little, and if we didn't learn a little, at least we didn't get

sick, and if we got sick, at least we didn't die; so, let us all be thankful.”

With warmest heartfelt thanks, Dr. C.M. Thakkar

Chief Editor

Dr. Chirag V. Raval Chief Executive Editor

Ú¢{Ý±ËHè : Lkk{fhý[An International Peer Reviewed Multidisplinary Research Journal]

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INDEX

SR.

NO.

NAME TITLE PAGE

NO.

1 Ðí¢ï. Ç¢ü. }¢ç‡¢|¢¢§ü §ü. Ðí…¢Ðç¼ }¢Š²ÜU¢HèÝ ÜU¢Ã²à¢¢›è ¥¢™¢²ü ãï}¢™‹Î ¥ï±æ ¥¢{éçÝÜU ÜU¢Ã²à¢¢›è

ÜUëc‡¢¢±{ê¼ Ðç‡Ç¼

¥¢ñÚ ç±l}¢¢Ý ÜU¢Ã²à¢¢S~¢è Úï±¢Ðí„¢Î çmí±ïÎè…è

01

2 zku.{nuLÿ fu.LkkE økãfkh çk.f.Xkfkuh 07

3 DR.C.M.THAKKAR Challenges for Implemtation of Ind-As in

India

17

4 zku.rð{÷ ¾{kh fkLíkLkkt ¾tzfkÔÞku 22

5 PROF. K.C.THAKKAR Challenges in Implementation of Startup

India

33

6 zko.Mk{ehfw{kh fu. «òÃkrík yÚkðoðuËeÞ ÷kufMktøkúnLke ¼kðLkk 39

7 DR. REJI GEORGE Total Quality Management in Higher

Education: An Endeavour towards

Qualitative Excellence in Education

47

8 DR. CHIRAG V. RAVAL M Wallet: Current Scenario in India 51



1


}¢Š²ÜU¢HèÝ ÜU¢Ã²à¢¢›è ¥¢™¢²ü ãï}¢™‹Î ¥ï±æ ¥¢{éçÝÜU ÜU¢Ã²à¢¢›è

ÜUëc‡¢¢±{ê¼ Ðç‡Ç¼ ¥¢ñÚ ç±l}¢¢Ý ÜU¢Ã²à¢¢S~¢è Úï±¢Ðí„¢Î çÎí±ïÎè…è

- Ðí¢ï. Ç¢ü. }¢ç‡¢|¢¢§ü §ü. Ðí…¢Ðç¼

( Ú¢cÅîÐç¼ - „}}¢¢çÝ¼ )

x¢é…Ú¢¼ ÜUï ¥¢™¢²ü ãï}¢™‹Îí Ýï Ðê±ü±¼èü Ðí}¢é¶ ÜU¢Ã²à¢¢›è ç±™¢Ú{¢Ú¢¥¢ïæÜU¢ „æÜUHÝ

ÜUÚÜUï ¥ï±æ S±¢Ðïÿ¢ ‘ ¥HæÜU¢Ú™êÇ¢}¢ç‡¢ ’ ¥¢ñÚ ‘ ç±±ïÜU ’ Ý¢}¢ÜU Î¢ï Ï¢ëãÎì ±ëçœ¢ -

ÅèÜU¢¥¢ïæÜUï m¢Ú¢, ©Ý „|¢è ÜU¢Ã²¢æx¢¢ï ÜU¢ ç±ÔHï¯‡¢ - ÐÚèÿ¢‡¢ ÜUÚ ÜUï ¥ï±æ „±¢Zx¢è‡¢

„}¢èÿ¢¢ ÜUÚ ÜUï Ã²éyÐó¢ ÐæçÇ¼, ÜU¢Ã²à¢¢›è ¥¢ñÚ „}¢x¢í |¢¢Ú¼è² ÜU¢Ã²à¢¢S~¢ ÜUï |¢è

„}¢èÿ¢ÜU ç±±ï™ÜU ÜUï ç~¢ç±{ S±LÐ ‘ ÜU¢Ã²¢Ýéà¢¢„Ý ’ ( ç±.„æ. 1196 ) m¢Ú¢ çÝcÐó¢

çÜU²ï ãñ ¢ ‘ ÜU¢Ã²¢Ýéà¢¢„Ý ’ ÜUï±H „¢çãy²à¢¢› ÜU¢ „¢ƒüÜU RU¢ï{ Ýãèæ ãñ, çÜU‹¼é ‘

„¢çãy²à¢¢› - ç±±ïÜU ’ ãñ, ¥ï„¢ ã}¢ ÜUã „ÜU¼ï ãñ ¢ ãï}¢™‹ÎíÝï ¥¢Ý‹Î±{üÝ¢çÚ m¢Ú¢

Ðí…ç¼¼è Ú„ - Š±çÝ ÐÚ}ÐÚ¢ ÜU¢ï x¢é…Ú¢¼ }¢ïæ ¥±¼çÚ¼ çÜU²¢ ¢

ãï}¢™‹Îí ÜUï Ðí|¢¢± „ï x¢é…Ú¢¼ ÜUï ÜU¢Ã²à¢¢›è¥¢ïæÝï |¢è Ðé¶²¼: Ú„ ÜU¢ï ÜUï‹Îí }¢ïæ Ú¶ÜUÚ, ‘

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7


økãfkh çk.f.Xkfkuh

zku.{nuLÿ fu.LkkE

økwshkíke rð¼køk ¼ðLMk

fku÷us,zkfkuh

çk.f Xkfkuh Mkk[k yÚko{kt MkkûkkhÞwøkLkwt MktíkkLk Au.ykÃkýk yu Mk{ÞLkkt ½ýk-çkÄk Mkkûkkhku

fhíkkt íku{Lkku ¿kkLkfku»k yLk {Lkkufku»k Lkku¾ku-rLkhk¤ku sýkÞ Au.íku{Lke ÷ur¾Lke ykrníÞLkkt

yLkuf ûkuºkku{kt [k÷e Au.Ãký ykÃkýk MkkrníÞLkkt EríknkMk{kt íkuyku ðÄw íkku frðíkk yLku

rð[u[LkLkkt ûkuºkLkkt íku{Lkk ykøkðk yÃkoýLku fkhýu M{hýeÞ Au. íku{Lkwt ÷u¾LkfkÞo

økktÄeÞwøkLkkt MkkrníÞLkkt fhíkkt MkkûkkhÞwøk MkkÚku yLkwtMktÄkLk Äkhðu Auu. MkkrníÞ rðþu rMkØktík

[[koyku íku{ ykÃkýk Mkòoíkk ykrníÞLkwt {qÕÞktfLk yu{ çktLkuÞ ûkuºku rðÃkw÷ ÷u¾Lk fÞwo Auu.

Ãkãfkh çk.f Xkfkuh sux÷kt ðÄw òýeíkk Au, íkux÷k økãfkh çk.f Xkfkuh ykuAk ÃktfkÞk

Au.çk.f XkfkuhLku ÞkË fhíkk íkhík s - ‘rðþk¤ þheh Ãkh òýu økhËLk ðøkh s økkuXðu÷wt

{kuxwt {kÚkwt,r[çkwfÚke Akíke MkwÄe yLkuf ð¤{kt rðMíkhíkw t øk¤w,÷çkzíkk økk÷ yLku Z¤íke

{qAku’-yk çk.f.XkfkuhLke ðkÌk Açke Au.çk.f.XkfkuhLke yktíkrhf-¼eíkhLke Açke Ãký òuðe

òuEyu.su{kt íku{Lkwt ÔÞÂõíkøkík yLku r{òs òuE þfkÞ Au,su çk.f.Xkfkuh íku{s økãÞLku

Mk{òðk {kxu íku sYhe ÷køku Au.

rfþLk®Mkn [ðzk ÷¾u Au: ‘çk÷wfkfk «rík¼kþe÷ ÔÞÂõík níkk. MkíÞkLðu»ke yLku Lkezh

SðLkÞºke níkk.MkkrníÞ Lkk{Lkk ÃkËkÚkoLkk W{Ëk òýfkh yLku fMkçke {kýMk níkk; Ãkhtíkw

yu{Lkk{kt Lkçk¤kE Lknkuíke yLk{u Lkenet. yuf ð¾íku {u t Wzíke ðíkkku Mkt¼¤e fu çk÷wfkfkLku

fkuE Mkhfkhe E÷fkçkLke EåAk òøke Au. yk EåAkLke ÃkqŠíkLku {kxu yu{ýu,fux÷kf

Mkhfkh{kt yLku økðLkoh ÃkkMku ÷køkðøk Ähðkíkk r{ºkkuLku ðkík Ãký fhe Au.íku ð¾íkLkk

økððoLkhLkk yuf MLkuneLku rðþu»kYÃku økðLkoh fkLku yk ðkík Lkkt¾ðkLke rðLktíke fhðk{kt

ykðe Au.{Lku Úkkuzwt ykùÞo yLku Ëw:¾ Ãký ÚkÞwt.Ãký yk ðíkLkku Mkk[ku íkkøk



8


{u¤ððk,çk÷wfkfkLku ÃkkuíkkLku s ÃkqAðkLkwt {U Lk¬e fÞwO.{wtçkE sðkLkw Úkíkkt yu{Lku rLkhktíku çku

ºký ðkh {¤ðkLkwt çksíkwt s .Mkðkhu yu{Lke ÃkkMku ÃknkuåÞku íÞkhu xuçk÷ WÃkh ftEf ÷¾íkk

níkk. {Lku òuÞku yux÷u ‘yuðku yuðku’ nt{uþkLkku MLkun¼Þkuo Mkífkh fÞkuo.÷¾ðkLkwt çktÄ fheLku

{khe MkkÚku ®n[fu ykðeLku çkuXk.nwt Úkkuzkf þktík yLku økt¼eh níkku.[nuhk ÃkhÚke ¼kð Ãkkh¾e

sELku çkkuÕÞk : fu{ þktík Au.?’ {U fÌkwt : ‘yuf ðkík ík{khu rð»ku Mkkt¼¤e Au Ãkhtíkw MkíÞ þwt

Au yu ík{khe ÃkkMkuÚke òýðwt Au.’Wkhk ykðsLku MLkunÚke shkf økËTøkËT ÚkÞu÷ku òuELku yu

Mk{S økÞk.çkkuÕÞk : ‘Mkhfkhe E÷fkçkLke ðkík Au Lku ? {U {kÚkw n÷kðeLku EþkhkÚke nk

fne.

nª[fkLku ÃkøkÚke yuf Ä¬ku {kheLku,{kuxe Vqf ðzu r[Yx{kt¾e Äw{kzkLkku økkuxku WzkðeLku

yíÞtík þktrík yLku MðMÚkíkkÚke çkkuÕÞk : ‘ðkíkk Mkk[e Au. {khk fux÷kf MkkrníÞfkh MkkÚke

r{ºkkuLku E÷fkçkku {éÞkt Auu RecoginitionEåAk {Lku Ÿzu - Ÿzu Au. Þþk÷kEMkk yu {khe

Lkçk¤kE LkÚke, Ãkhtíkw rfíkeo yLku Recoginition{¤u íkku íkxMÚk ¼kðu nwt ¾wþ ÚkktW Awt yux÷u

ÞþLke ðkMkLkk {Lku rçk÷fw÷ LkÚke yu{ fnuðk nwt íkiÞkh LkÚke.{khkÚke fMk yLku fkiðík{kt,

«rík¼k yLku ÃkktrzíÞ{kt ftEf Qíkhíkk {kýMkkuLku òu E÷fkçkku {¤íkk nkuÞ íkku {Lku yuðk

ÞþLke EåAk ÚkkÞ yu{kt ykùÞo LkÚke.nwt Ãký {kðstíkwzw Awt yux÷u {U yuf - çku r{ºkkuLku ðkík

sýkðe.r{ºkkuyu íkhík yk ðkíkLku ÃkkukíkkLke {u¤u WÃkkze ÷eÄe Auuuu. ðkík çknkh økE yux÷u

Vu÷ðkLke íkku ¾he s.Vu÷kÞ Ãký ykuAk{kt ykuAwt ‘rËðkLk çknkËwh ’ykÃkþu íkku s

Mðefkhþ. Lknª íkku yuLke yux÷e çkÄe LkÚke Ãkze fu nwt rçk[khku çkLke òô.ðkMkLkkLke MkkÚku-

MkkÚku yuLkk ÃkhVLke çkuÃkhðk Ãký Au.nwt yuLkku økw÷k{ LkÚke.fkuE ík{Lku ÃkqAu íkku ík{khe ÃkkMku

ðkíkLkwt {q¤ yLku yuLke nfefík nkuðk sEyu.’(Ãk].46-47 çk.f.Xk yæÞøkútÚk)

ÃkkuíkkLke ºkwxe,fk{Lkk yLku Lkçk¤kE rð»ku yk {kýMk fux÷kt òøkúík níkk ? {kýMkLke þÂõík

yuLke {ÞkoËkykuLkkt ¿kkLk{ktÚke LkeÃksu Au,yríkþÞkuÂõíkykuLkk yntfkh{ktÚke Lknª.{ÞkoËkLkwt

¿kkLk,Lk{úíkkLkwt çkes çkLkeLku yu {kýMkLku LÞk÷ fhe Ëu Au. yu ðkík ðkík ynª Mk{S -



9


Mk{òðe þkfkÞ Au.‘Ãkt[kuíkuh{u’ ÃkwMíkf {kxu ÃkkuíkkLke ykÃkðeíke ÷u¾u ÷¾u÷e r{íkkûkhe

LkkUÄ {kuf÷íkkt yu{ýu ÷ÏÞwt níkwt:

‘tík{u yk LkkUÄ{kt ykðu÷e MÚkq÷ nfefík{kt ftEf Mkhík[qf Lk Úkíke nkuÞ íku æÞkLkÚke

òuòu.fkuE ð¾ík ËwrLkÞk yríkþÞkuÂõík s økýu yLku ík{Lku yLku {Lku çkuÞLku yLÞkÞh fhu

yuðwt íkku fktE ÷¾kE økÞwt LkÚke Lku? ykx÷k Ãkqhíkwt s òuðkLkwt.çkkfe íkku {Lku ÷u¾f íkku {Lku

÷u¾f íkhefu sux÷e {khe ÃkkuíkkLke Mðíktºkíkk ðnk÷e íkux÷e MkkiLku ÃkkuíkkLke nkuÞ yu çkhkçkh

òýwt Awt,yLku ík{Lku ¾çkh Au fu òýw Awt.’

çk÷wfkfkLkk Ãkºk{kLkwt yk yðíkhý yux÷k {kxu fu yk {kýMk ÃkkuíkkLkk rðþu fux÷k

¾çkhËkh níkk! íkuyku fnuíkk : ‘ykÃkýk ÷u¾fku yðíkhýLkwt {níð Mk{síkk LkÚke.su çkwrØ

yk[hý ðzu hMkkíke LkÚke íku fkuE rËðMk Wßsð¤ çkLkeLku rð¤ãkÞf þÂõík Úkíke

LkÚke.íku{Lkwt yuf r«Þ Mkqºk níkwt : ‘{kºk nkuXÚke çkzçkzu Lknª , Ãký sL{khkLkkt yk[hýku{kt

rsðkÞ Au íku s MkíÞ SðLk{kt hMkkÞý çkLkeLku {kLkðstíkwzkLke yÕÃkíkkLku ykuøkk¤eLku,

yu{ktÚke ykí{kLkwt íku s yLku ykí{kLke f÷k «økxkðu Au. yk Au {khe rsfh,yuLku Sððk

{Úkwt Awt.’(Ãk].49 çk.f.Xk yæÞÞLkøkútÚk) yne Eü{køkuo,Eüðuøku,Eü[k÷u rðnhíkk

çk.f.Xk.Lkwt økã yLku ÔÞÂõíkíð çktLku Ãk{kÃk Au.

çknkhÚke fXkuh Ëu¾kíke AçkeLke ¼eíkh yuf fku{¤ «{Lkwt Íhýwt ¾¤¾¤ ðnuíkwt níkwt. yu

ÍhýkLkk rLk{o¤ yLku Ãkkðf s¤{kt yu{Lke «rík¼k yLku «ðwrØ MkËk Ãk¾¤kELku Ãkrh»f]ík

Úkíke yLku yuLkku Ãkrh{÷ çknkh «økx Úkíkku.

nðu,ykÃkýu ‘økã’ rðþu Úkkuze ðkíkk fheyu-

fux÷ef ð¾ík hMkkí{f yÚkðk hMk÷ûke økã ykÃkýu ðkt[eyu fu Mkkt¼¤eyu Aeyu - yu{

fnuðwt Wr[ík Au ¾hw ? fkuE Ãký f¤k hMkkLkw¼ð÷ûke s nkuÞ yLku ‘økã’ fkÔÞf÷kLkku yuf

«fkh Au yux÷u ‘økã’ yu þçËMktfuík{kt s hMkkí{íkkLkku rLkËuoLk ykðe òÞ Auu. MktMf]ík

rðÄkLk ‘fkÔÞtøkÄtÃkã[’ Lkwt íkkíÃkÞo íkku MÃkMx Au. nk,ÔÞðknkh ¼k»kk{ktÚke f÷kMðYÃkLku

ðhu÷e(Ãkk{u÷e)fkÔÞ ¼k»kkLkku ÔÞkðnkh ¼k»kkÚke [Vkðík sux÷e ykMkkLkÚke Ãkã{kt

Ãkh¾kÞ Au íkux÷e ykMkkLkeÚke økã{kt Ãkh¾íkku LkÚke fkhý fu Ãkã{kt nkuÞ Au íkuðe AtË suðe

rðrþü «ÞwõíkÚke, íkuLke ÔÞðnkh ¼k»kk{kt ÔÞkfhý ðøkuhuLkk çktÄkhýÚke «kÃík h[Lkk swËe



10


Ãkze ykðíke LkÚke. çktÄkhý áüeyu økã ÔÞðnkh¼k»kkÚke ¾qçk LkSf hnu Au. ykÚke ¼k»kk

yLku økãLku y÷øk íkkhðLkkhu økãLkkt f÷kík¥ðLku ykÞkMkÃkqðof yku¤¾ðwt hnu Au.{kur÷ÞoLkkt

xw[fk Ãkh yur÷ÞxLkwt rÃkÃÃký ‘ÔÞðnkh¼k»kk’ yLku ‘økã’ðå[uLkku íkVkðík MkhMk [ªÄu Auu.

y¼ý økk{rzÞku rV÷kuMkkuVh ÃkkMku ÃkkuíkkLke Lkðe Mkðe ðkøËk¥kkLku Ãkºk ÷¾kððk òÞ

Au,rV÷kuMkkuVh,yk íkku «u{Ãkºk nkuE ÃkqAu Au, - økã{kt ÷¾ðku Au fu Ãkã{kt ? íkwt yk çkku÷u íku

økã !’íku Mkkt¼¤íkk s Ãku÷ku íkku nh¾u Lkk[e QXu Au - ynku ! ykx÷k ðhMk MkwÄe {Lku ¾çkh

s níke fu nwt økã çkku÷íkku níkk !’

xe.yuMk.yur÷Þux yk rðþu xefk fhíkkt fnu Au - økk{zeÞku økã çkku÷íkku s Lk níkku.ku íkku

ÔÞðnkh¼k»kk s çkku÷íkku níkku. økã íkku ¼k»kkLkwt f÷kMðYÃk Au.- çkku÷íkku s Lk níkku.íku íkku

ÔÞðnkh¼k»kk s çkku÷ðíkku níkk. økã íkku ¼k»kkLkwt fk÷kMðYÃk Au. - f÷kí{f økãLke

fMkkuxe Ãký yu s Au - íkuLkk ÃkXLkÚke,íkuLkk ðkfYÃkÚke «kÃý Úkíkku hMkkLktË rLkYrÃkík nkuÞ Au

íku ¼kðkí{fYÃku ðÄw Mkh¤íkkÚke yu rðrþü økãçktÄLku fkhýu yLkw¼ðkÞ Au. økã¾tzLke

h[Lkkíkhkn{kt yk{us ÚkÞu÷e ¼k»kkfeÞ «ÞwÂõíkyku Wfu÷ðkLkku «ÞíLk fhðkÚke ‘økã’ Lku

Ãkk{ðkLke ûk{íkk ðÄu Au yLku ‘økã’ yLkw¼ð Mk{]Ø Lkeðzu Au.

nðu,ykÃkýu çk.f XkfkuhLkkt økã rðþu òuEyu - çk¤ðtíkhkÞLkku yuf yíÞtík LkkuÄÃkºk Vk¤ku

yu íku{Lke yÚko½Lk MktrûkÃík økãþi÷e Auu. {rý÷k÷ yLku økkuhÄoLkhk{Lke su{ ykÃkýu y{Lku

Ãký þi÷efkh fne þfeyu. økkuðÄoLkhk{Lke ¾krMkÞík su{ rðMíkkh Au íku{ XkfkuhLke

rðþu»kíkk çknw s ykuAk Ãk]»Xku{kt yLku økýíkh ÷ktçkk ðkõÞku{kt yLkuf rð[khkuLku Mk{kðe

ËuðkLke f÷k Au.yu{Lke þi÷e ¾hçk[ze fXkuh,rf÷ü yLku ËwçkkuoÄ Au yu{ fux÷ktf {kLku Au

Ãkhtíkw íku {kuxk{kxu MkíÞ LkÚke,Ãkðoík {k¤kLke {kVf yu{Lkkt ðkõÞku yLku WÃkðkõÞku yuf

ÃkAe yuf WÃkhkWÃkhe rðMkíkkhÚke økkuXðkÞu÷k nkuÞ Au suyku ykhkuný fhe þfu yu{Lku yu

ðkõÞ{k¤k sYhe ykLktË ykÃku Au.

Mkk{kLÞ heíku {wÏÞ ðõíkÔÞLkku ykukAku rLkËuoþ fhíkkt ðkõÞÚke yu{Lke ftrzfk þY ÚkkÞ Au.

Äe{u Äe{u ÷ktçkk,Mk{íkku÷,ÞkuøÞ þçËkuðk¤kt «kiZ ðkõÞkuÚke ykøk¤ ÄÃku Au yLku ytíkr{

ðkõÞ {wÏÞ ðõíkÔÞLku Mk[kux yfo YÃku hsq fhe ykÃk Au.yu «¾h rð[khf Au yLku yu{Lke

{u½k øknLk rð»kÞkuLku ÍzÃkÚke ÔÞÃkfYÃku Ãkk{e Auu. nk, yu MkwtËhíkk yLku þçË{kÄwÞoíkkLkk



11


Ãkqòhe LkÚke,yux÷u ßÞkt Ãk¤ÃkËk,ÔÞðknkYt Lku òu{ðk¤k þçËkuÚke fk{ [k÷e þfu íÞkt

Vffz Mkwfw{kh fku{÷ktøke MkwtËheyku suðk Ãkku[k {tsw÷k þçËku yu fËe Lkne ðkÃkhu,ykÚke

fux÷eðkh yu{Lkk ÷¾kýkuLke yMkh sux÷e {øks WÃkh ÚkkÞ Au. íkux÷e nËÌ WÃkh Úkíke

LkÚke.

çk.f. XkfkuhLkwt økã økwshkíke¼k»kkykuLku yu{Lkwt ykøkðwt «ËkLk Au.rððrûkík rð[kh íkuLkkt

Vr÷íkku MkkÚku Ãkqhku ÔÞfík ÚkE òÞ Lkrn íÞkt MkwÄe yu{Lkkt ðkõÞku Ãkqhkt Lk ÚkkÞ.ykLku ÷eÄu

yu{Lke ðkõÞh[Lkk Úkkuze yxÃkxe yLku Mktfw÷ íkÚkk ÷ktçke çkLke òÞ íkku yu{Lku ðktÄku Lk

níkku.yu{ Aíkkt yu{Lkku ðkõÞçktÄ fËe Ze÷ku Lk çkLkíkku.yu{Lku ¼k»ký fhíkkt su{Lku

Mkkt¼éÞk nkuÞ íku yu ðkíkLke íkhík s Mkkûke Ãkqhe þfþu fu çkku÷ðk{kt Ãký íku{Lkkt ðkõÞku

÷ktçkk çkLkíkkt Aíkkt ðkõÞçktË áZ hnuíkku yLku ÔÞkfhýLke áüeyu sðÕ÷us Ëqr»kík çkLkíkku.

[kufMkkELkku yu{Lkku ykøkún yu{Lkkt ðkõÞku{k [ Qíkhíkkt yu{Lke ¼k»kk çknwÄk r{íkÔÞÞe

yLku MkÄLk çkLkíke, yLku Aíkkt õÞkhuf þçËk¤ Ãký çkLke síke.ðkík[eíkLke Axk,yLku

ík¤ÃkËk íkÚkk çkku÷kíke ¼k»kkLkk þçËkuLkk «Þkuøk «Þkusðk{kt yu{Lke Mkkûkhíkk Mktfku[kíke fu

þh{kíke Lknª,W÷xwt hk[íkeÞ Ëu¾kíke.

ykÚke yu{Lkkt økã{kt ysçk MkSðíkk ykðíke yu{Lkkt økãLku Sðtík yLku Mk«{ký

çkLkkððk{kt «Mktøkkur[ík WŠ{,ykðuþ,EíÞkËe MkkÚku íku{s Ãkqhíkk ¼kh MkkÚku çkku÷ðk -

÷¾ðkLke yu{Lke heík fu xuðLku Vk¤ku ½ýku Au.yk yu{Lkk økãLku çkr÷c çkíkkðu

Au.økku.rºk.,{.Lk. rîðuËe, Lkh®Mknhkð,h{ý¼kE,ykLktËþtfh ÃktzeíkÞwøkLkk yk

{nkhÚkeykuLkwt økã yu{Lkkt ÔÞÂõíkíðLkkt MktMÃkþuo fu yðíkhýLku ÷eÄu ÷kûkrýf çkLÞwt Au íku{kt

çk.f.Xk. Lkwt økã ÃkkuíkkLke yLkku¾e yËk MkkÚku ¼kík Ãkkzíkwt þk¼u Au.yu{Lkkt ÔÞÂõíkíðLku

òýfkh yLku íku{Lku çkku÷íkk Mkkt¼¤ðkLkku yLkw¼ð ÄhkðLkkh yu{Lkkt ÷¾kýku{kt ÷kûkrýf

¼kh Lku ykðuþ íkÚkk nkÚk - {kULkk ¼kð hýfkËkh yðksLkku yLkw¼ð Ãký Ãkk{e þfu.

çk.f.XkfkuhLkkt ‘økã’ Lku òuEyu - swyku : MkL{kLkkno yuf íkku nwt økýwt Awt ÃkqhuÃkqhkt çk÷,

ykðzík,yLku rË÷u {sqhe fhíkk {sqhLku.çkeòu økýwt Awt çkwrØ{kLk,çkwrØMkss,çkwrØLkuðkÃkhe

òýLkkh,¾uzLkkh,ÃkËkuzLkkh, Lke[kuðLkkh, {ÚkLkkh, ð÷ðLkkh, {kÚkwt ¼{e ¼{e ÄwB{ÚkE

òÞ,Vkxe Ãkzíkwt ÷køku, {qAeoík ÚkE òÞ, íÞkt ÷øke ¾uËku Lk AkuzLkkh {LkLk ÃkhkÞý LkhLku

fkuËk¤e,Ãkkðzku, n¤, Ëtíkk¤e, su{ {qswhLkkt ykuòh Au íku{ rðãk, þk†, EríknkMk,



12


yLkw¼ð, yð÷kufLk, ¼kðLkk yLku MðÃLkktLke MkkÚku Mkkûkkík rðhkxLkku yk¾ku

[h¾ku,rð[khf {kýMkLkkt MkkÄLkMkk{økúe Au, ykuòh nrÚkÞkhu Au. yuýu {kýMkòíkLke

Lkçk¤kEykuLku Ãký þkuÄðkLke íkÚkk Ãkhk{þoðkLke Au.yuýu yMÃk~Þo yLku yÃkrðºkLku MkzkLku

yLku hkuøkLku Ãký íkÃkkMkðk [qtÚkðkLkkt Au, suLku swðuÞ Lknª íkuLku Mk{su þe heíku,Mk{su Lkenª

íkuLku Mk{su þe heíku, Mk{su Lknª íkuLkk WÃkkÞ þkuÄu Þkusu õÞktÚke ? yuýu {kýMk Lkk{u

çkkÌkktíkh MÚkq÷ íkÚkk Mkqû{ yk¾k ¼q -¾ - ðíkwo÷Lkku,ík{k{ [kðeyku yLku økwÌkkuLke MkkÚku

çkLku íkux÷ku Ãkrh[Þ yLku Wfu÷ MkkÄðLkku Au. {kýMkku{kt {kýMkuu MkL{kLkkno sux÷ku {sqhe Au

íkux÷ku rð[khf Au,sux÷ku rð[khf Au íkux÷ku rð[khf íkux÷ku {sqh Au.’

ynª òuE þfkÞ Au fu çkkÌk [¤fkxðk¤e Mkwfw{kh ¼k»kkLkk íkuðk rðhkuÄe Au,YrZ¼tsfíkk

íku{Lkkt Mð¼kðLkwt {wÏÞ ÷ûký nkuðkÚke ík¤ÃkËe, ðkíkÃkËe, ðkík[eríkÞk, økúkBÞ yLku

çkhAx, ÔÞðknkhw økýkÞ íkuðe çkku÷eLke MktMf]íkLke Aktxðk¤e ¼k»kk MkkÚku hkuÞf r{÷kðx

fheLku íkuyku Äkhe yMkh WÃkòðu Au.økku.{k.rºk.suðk «÷tçk ÷Þ Au, Ãkhtíkw økku.{k. rºkLke

þi÷eLke htøkeLkíkk r[ºkí{fíkk XkfkuhLkkt økã{kt LkÚke.½Lkíkk {rý÷k÷Lkkt økãLkwt M{hý

fhkðu Au Ãký {rý÷k÷Lke þi÷eLkku ðuøk XkfkuhLkkt økã{kt õðr[íkT þçËk¤wíkkLkku Ëku»k ykðu

A.rð[khLkku Wÿuf Mk[kux çk¤fx ðkýe{kt WíkkheLku ðk[fLkk rË÷Lku nhe ÷uíkkt XkfkuhLkt

÷ûkýku yðko[eLk økwshkíke økãLke yLkku¾e rMkrØ Au.

fwxwtçkLkkt ðze÷ íkhefu íku{Lkwt fuðwt fku{¤ niÞwt níkwt íku íku{Lkk MkkrníÞ{ktÚke Lknet Ãkhtíkw yu{Lkkt

r{ºkku,fwxwtçkesLkku yLku çkk¤fku WÃkhLkkt Ãkºk ÷¾ký{ktÚke {¤e hnu Au.LkkrhÞu¤ suðe

«Úk{ËþoLku frXLk Ãkhtíkw fXkuh fk[÷e Ëqh fÞko ÃkAe {¤íkk r{ü ËqÄ suðe íku{Lke økã

þi÷eLkku yLkw¼ð Ãkºkku yLku r{íkkûkh LkkUÄ fhkðu Au.ÃkkuíkkLkkt Ëkurnºk ©e øksuLÿ XkfkuhLku

÷¾u÷k yuf Ãkºk swËe s þi÷eLkku yLkw¼ð fhkðu Au.swyku -

r[.r«Þ ¼kE øksuLÿ

‘ykÃkýk çkihkt ÷kux fu [ku¾kLkku nkuÚke fu{ nfkzu Au íku fËkrÃk òuÞwt Au ? nwt f÷{ WÃkkzâk

ðøkh ynet fnkzwt yux÷u ínLku Mk{òE sþu. nkÚkeLkwt ríkºk fnzkÞ.

yk «{kýu ÃkxÃkxe{kt ÷kux fu [ku¾k fu htøkku¤eLkku øk{u íku htøkkuLkku ¼qfku ÷ELku nkÚkeLkwt r[ºk

fnzkÞ.



13


ðkY,{wfwLËLku AuÕ÷ku fkøk¤, C/o T.Cook & Son yuÞh{u÷{kt 1÷e ykuøküu ÷ÏÞku

níkku yLku ínLku Ãknu÷ku ÷ÏÞku 4Úke MkÃxuBçkhu,{íkçk÷ fu Bnkuh íkku rð÷kÞíke xÃkk÷

E.Mk.1930 Lkk ykuøküÚke þY ÚkE íku Ëh yXðkzeyu Sðeþ íÞkt øk÷e ÷ÏÞk s fhðkLke

yu{ sýkÞ Au íkwt ÃkkAku Vheþ íku Ãknu÷kt «çkkuÄ íÞkt ykðu íkku ykðu yLku yu ÃkkAku Vhu íÞkt

÷øke Sðwt yux÷wt çkÄwt ÷ktçkw ykÞw»Þ íkku Lkk nkuÞ íku s W¥k{ - ½hkE økÞku.çknwt ÷ktçkwt

ykÞw»Þ fþkt Mkw¾ fu ÷k¼ ykÃku yu{ LkÚke {Lkíkku.ÞwhkuÃk y{uhefk{kt ½hzkt ½hzeykuLku

Ãkhýu Au,{kºk MknðkMkw¾ íkuðku rnLË{kt nS MkB¼ð Au Lknet.

íkwt £uL[,s{oLk þe¾ yLku MktMf]ík ¼q÷e ò yu íkku ftE [kuõ¾e «økrík Lk fnuðkÞ.çku

ÃkøkrÚkÞkt [Zðk{kt ËkuZ ÃkkAwt Lke[u ½Mke ÃkzkÞ yuðe yu «økrík ÚkE.MktMf]ík íkku ykÃkýe

MktMf]ríkLke [kðe Au {kxu çkeS ¼k»kkykuLku yuf ÃkøkrÚkÞkLkwt íkku yuLku ËkuZ ÃkøkrÚkÞkLkwt {kÃk

½xu Au.

{Lku ykÃkýe MktMf]ríkLkku {kun Au yu{ Lk ¼ú{íkku.yu {æÞfk÷eLk yk[khrð[kh sqÚk BnLku íkku

çkuzeykuLke su{ yf¤kðu Auu.Ãkhtíkw yu çkuzeyku{ktÚke AqxðkLkku hMíkku Ãký yuf s: yu

çkuzeykuLke fhk{ík,íku{Lkk ykþÞ yLku WËTþe,íku{Lke ¼kðLkkyku yLku {qr¤Þkt,ykx÷k

Mkifk yu{ýu ykÃkýe sLkíkkLku xfkðe hk¾ðe.yLku ykx÷e rLk»f]ü Ëþk{kt s hk¾e íku

çktLkuLkk fkhý yLku fkhýkuLkkt þÂõíkyþÂõík çktLku Mk{ÍkÞ íkux÷u Ëhßsu s ykÃkýu çku

çkuzeyku{ktÚke Aqxe þfeyu : y yLÞÚkk.

MktMf]ík ¿kkLk Mkíkus hk¾ðkLkku yLku ðÄkhðLkku yuf W¥k{ WÃkkÞ fhkt[e{kt yuf rðîkLk fhu

Au, su{Lku íÞkt nwt AuÕ÷u fhkt[e økÞu÷ku íÞkhu WíkÞkuo íkku. yu{Lke ÞkËþÂõík ½ýe òuhkðh Au

yLku íkuLku yu{ýu fu¤ðýeLku ðÄw òuhkðh çkLkkðe.Au yu {kL[uMxhLkkt çke.yuMk.Mke.yLku

fhkt[e yuLSLkey®høk fku÷usLkk «kuVuMkh Auu. Ãký MktMf]ík Ãktrzíkku yLku þk†eykuLkk ðtþ s

yux÷u yu íkku hkus Mkðkhu yÄkuo f÷kf rMkÆktLík fki{wÆe - økku¾u Au-yZe ð»koÚke yu

rLkíÞrLkÞ{ Ãkk¤u Au. økkzeLke {wMkkVhe fu yuf÷k VhðkLkwt fu {ktËøkeLku çkeAkLku nkuÞ íÞkhu

yu Mkðo {kUyu [zu÷k økúLÚkLkku Vhe VheLku ÃkkX fhu Au. çkeò ð»ko ËkuZ ð»ko{kt rMkØkLíkfki{wÆe

yk¾e ftXMÞ ÚkE yøkíÞLkk ¼køk Backwards- Q÷xe ¢{u Ãký ðøkh ¼q÷u çkku÷e þfu

Au.



14


ykíkkuHeroic Method ÚkE. yMkkÄkhý Ãkwhw»kLku s MkkæÞ Ãký yuLku ykÃkýu ykÃkýe

÷½w þÂõíkykuLkk {kÃkLkwt YÃk ykÃke þrfÞu.íkw ¼økðËTøkeíkkÚke s þY fh. {kºk 700

&÷kufku.hkus Ëþ &÷kuf rLkíÞrLkÞ{u økku¾ðk.MkeÄk ¢{{kt yLku W÷xk ¢{{kt 70 Lku çkË÷u

122 rËðMk yuf ðhu»kLkk ík]ríkÞ ¼køk{kt yk¾e [kuÃkze {ktuyu ÚkE sðe skuEyu. íkÚkk

ÃkAe yu {kuyu MkËkLku {kxu hnu íku Mkkhw ßÞkhu shk yuf÷k ÃkzkÞ yLku çkeswt fíkoÔÞ Lkk nkuÞ

íÞkhu yuLkku {w¾ÃkkX fhe sðku. {rý÷k÷ Lk¼w¼kE íkku hkus yk¾e økeíkkLkku yuf fhíkkt.

{rý÷k÷.hkus yuf yæÞÞLkku ÃkkX fhíkkt,Ãkhtíkw yu çkwrØþk¤e Ãkwhw»k økeíkk Mk{Ííkk íkku

Lknkuíkk íku nwt òýw Awt.nkuÞ.

økeíkk {kuyu ÚkE òÞ ÃkAe çkeS ðkík. nk÷ yu s - ynet Mkki {Ík{kt Au.ínkhwt þheh

Mkk[ðsu.

çk÷tðík f.XkfkuhLkk yLkuf

ykþeðkoË

íkk.11 - 09 -31 þw¢

hkðÃkwhk,ðzkuËhk

-----------x----------x------------x----------x--------x-----------x------

(ÃkíLke) ‘[tÿ{ýe Ônu÷e økE íkuÚke {kuxku ÃkrhðíkoLk ÚkE økÞku y{khk ÃkwºkkuLkk

rðfkMk yLku SðLk{kt; çkeò þçËku{kt yu çkeò Ëþ s ð»ko Sðe nkuík íkku yu ÃkwºkLkku

rðfkMk yLku yu{Lkkt ¼krð ½ýkt MkwÄhe òík.yk LkwfMkkLk yu{Lku - yLku íkuÚke BnuLku Ãký-

fux÷wt {kuxwt níkwt íku nS Ãký nwt òuô Awt, Ãký yuLkwt {kÃk íkku fkuEÚke Ãký Lkef¤u yu{ LkÚke.

y{khwt SðLkLkkð ykht¼{kt s Auf ¾hkçku [ze ¼køke òík yuðkt Ãký yufçku ð»ko

y{u ðuXu÷kt.Ãký «Úk{Úke sBnkhk r[íktºk{kt çkuºký ðkLkkt áZ{q÷ yLku ÂMÚkhãwrík.ßnkhk

SðLkLke ¼krøkÞý yu; y{khkt çkk¤fkuLkkt [krhºk yLku ÌËÞ ½zðk yLku nwt ðÄw Ãkzíkku

fzf,yu Mktòuøkku{kt Ãký yu ËçkkE Lkk òÞ.

yuLkwt ÔÞÂõíkíð xfu yux÷wt s Lknª Ãký ÃkkuíkkLk heíku ¾e÷u, fux÷ktf íkhwðhLke AkÞk íkuLke

ík¤uLkk Lkkswf AkuzLku þku»ke Lkk¾Lkkhe nkuÞ Au íku{ yuLkk ÔÞÂõíkíðLkwt çkLkðk Ãkk{u,yu {kxu



15


nwt nhnt{uþ òøkúík.yk øknLk çkkçkík rðþu ðÄkhu ÷¾kðeþ yu fE ðÄkhu rðþË ÚkkÞ

Lknª,yux÷u ynª s yxfe òô Awt.’

Xkfkuh yu{Lkk ÷¾kýku{kt MktÏÞkçktÄ Lkðk ÃkÞkoÞku ÞkusÞkt Auu.yu{ktÚke ¼køÞu s fkuE ÃkÞkoÞ

«[kh{kt ykÔÞkLkwt ykÃkýu òuEyu Aeyu. ‘LkuþLkkr÷Í{’ {kxu «òÂM{íkk, Lkuøkuxeð {kxu

LkøLkkí{f,MkçkfkuÂLþMk {kxu ArÆ suðk íku{Lkkt ÃkÞkoÞku [÷kýe çkLÞk LkÚke.fkuBÞwrLkfuþLk

{kxu rðíkhý,rhÃkuÍLxuþLk {kxu «rík®çkçk,«[r÷ík çkLkuuíkuu{ LkÚke.nk,‘r÷rhf’{kxuLkku

XkfkuhLkku‘Q{eofkÔÞ’ ÃkÞkoÞ YZ çkLke þõÞku Au.Xkfkuh yLk wLkkrMkf (z,ý, Lk,{)Lke søÞk

Lk¬h yLkwMðkh Lknª, Ãkku÷k yLkwMðkh fhíkk Ëk.ík MkwtËh, ytíkh, Ãkhtíkw ðøkuh íku Ãký

íku{Lke økã rðþu»kíkk Au,

yk{, frðíkkLke {kVf økwshkíke økãLku Ãký Xkfkuhu Lkðku ð¤ktf ykÃÞku Auu. ½eøkwt,

MÃkþoûk{,çkr÷c, ykusMkÃkqýo yLku ðfíkÔÞLke [zWíkh yLku WífhíkkLku yLkwYÃk rðrðÄ

¼trøkyku Äkhý fhíkwt LkãLkwt fkXwt ynª WÃkMÞt íkuLke yMkh økktÄeÞwøkLkkt økã÷u¾fku WÃkh ð¥ku

ykuAu ytþu Ãkzâk rðLkk hne LkÚke. yu heíku økwshkíke økãLkkt rðfkMk¢{{kt XkfkuhLkkt

økã÷¾kýku yuf {níðLkku íkçk¬ku çkLke økÞu÷ Au.

ykÃkýu íÞkt Ãkãku-(fkÔÞku) Lkk «fkhu hMkËþoLkLkk suðk - sux÷k «Þkuøkku ÚkÞk Au íkuðk -

íkux÷k økãLkk MktçkÄ{kt ÚkÞk LkÚke.Ãkã ÃkXLkLkkt fkÞo¢{ku ÞkuòÞ Au,økãÃkXLkLkk Lknª.

Ãkrhýk{u õÞkhuf yuðwt ÷køku Au fu W¥k{ økãLku {kýðk {kxuLke árü, íkk÷e{,ûk{íkk ykÃkýu

økw{kðe hÌkkt Aeyu økãÃkXLkLkkt «Þkuøkku ¾qçk WÃkfkhf Lkeðzu Ãký íku «íÞûk «ÞkuøkkuLkku

rð»kÞ Au.

:: MkLË¼o Mkqr[ ::

(1) «ku.çk.f.Xk yæÞøkútÚk,økwhkíke rð¼køk øk.Mk rðïrðãk÷Þ ðzkuËhk «Úk{ ykð]rík

- 1969

(2) yæÞÞwo, rðLkkuË - ‘økãík rð{þo’ «fkþ : rðLkkuË yæÞÞwo MktðkË,«Úk{ ykð]rík

sqLk - h003,

{wÕÞ-130/-

(3) [kðzk, rfþLk®Mkn (MkBLkkËf) ‘Ãkt[kuíkuh{u’ «fkþf yuLk.yu{.rºkÃkkXe

rð{kuf,{wtçkE,«Úk{ ykð]rík



16


E.Mk.1946 rf{ík-60/-

(4) þwõ÷,hk{«MkkË,Íðuhe rçkrÃkLk - ‘ykÃkýwt MkkrníÞ-2’ (yðko[eLk fk÷) «fkþf

: MkhMðíke ÃkwMíkf ¼tzkh MktðkË «Úk{ ykð]rík - 10-9-71

(5) rºkðuËe,n»koË (MktÃkkËf) økw.Mkk.EríknkMk økútÚk -3 «fkþf : økw.Mkk.Ãk.«Úk{

ykð]rík,1976, rf.hhÃk

(6) Xkfh,½eY¼kE,yðko[eLk økwshkík MkkrníÞLke - rMkf÷ hu¾k - 3 (MkkûkkhÞwøk)

«fkþf : økwsoh økútÚkhíLk fkÞko÷Þ, MktðkË rf.1hÃk/-

(7) rºkðuËe,n»koË (MkBÃkkËf) ËeÃkkuíMkð rðþu»kytf 11-22 ‘þwõ÷Mkwüe’ Lkðu-

rzMku.19 - 6-1996 økw.Mkk.yfkË{e – økktÄeLkøkh



17


CHALLENGES FOR IMPLEMTATION OF IND-AS IN INDIA

DR. C. M. THAKKAR

PRINCIPAL

SHRI TRIKAMJIBHAI CHATWANI ARTS & J.V.GOKAL TRUST COMMERCE COLLEGE

RADHANPUR

INTRODUCTION

The transition from Indian GAAP to Ind AS is a historic and a landmark change.

Inaccordance with its commitment to G20, is converging to IFRS in a phased manner

starting from annual periods beginning on or after 1 April 2016. The IFRS converged

standards will be known as Indian Accounting Standards (Ind-AS) and will contain

numerous carve outs from IFRS. The change to Ind AS is a hugely positive move that

will bring the accounting in India substantially closer to the accounting followed by

the global companies under IFRS. Due to carve outs, Indian companies may not be

able to make a dual statement of compliance with both Ind AS and IASB IFRS.

Therefore, Indian companies may not beable to use Ind AS financial statements for

global listing purposes that require compliance with IFRS. However, Indian

companies may find it easier to prepare IFRS financial statements from Ind AS

financial statements rather than Indian GAAP financial statements. The paper deals

with Introduction, objectives and challenges in implementation of IND-AS in India.

KEY WORDS: Challenges, IND-AS

INTRODUCTION

In India, Central Government prescribes accounting standards in consultation with the

National Advisory Committee on Accounting Standards (NACAS) established under

the Companies Act, 1956. NACAS, has been engaged in the exercise of examining

Accounting Standards prepared by ICAI. It has adapted the international norms

established by the International Financial Reporting Standards issued by the

International Accounting Standards Board. The Central Government notified 28

Accounting Standards (AS 1 to 7 and AS 9 to 29) in December 2006 in the form of

Companies (Accounting Standard) Rules, 2006, after receiving recommendations of

NACAS.The Government has adopted a policy of enabling disclosure of company

accounts in a transparent manner at par with widely accepted international practices,



18


through a process of convergence with the International Financial Reporting

Standards (IFRS). The initiative for harmonization of the Indian accounting standards

with IFRS, taken up by NACAS in 2001 and implemented through notification of

accounting standards by the Central Government in 2006.

The Indian corporate accountant today, while presenting financial statements,

prepares them as per AS (Indian Accounting Standards), US GAAP if the stocks are

listed in USA, or other standards depending on where the stocks are listed. This is

also true of MNCs who establish their shop in India, which is one of the most sought

after destinations for setting up their business operations. Further, different reporting

frameworks in various countries lead to inconsistent treatment and presentation of

economic transactions by entities. This can cloud the outlook and perspective of

investor’s vis-à-vis the entities, which, in turn, results in capital market inefficiencies

across the world.

OBJECTIVES OF STUDY:

To understand challenges in implementation of IND-AS in India.

Such increasing complexity of business operations and globalization of capital

markets makes mandatory a single set of high quality reporting standards. This space

can aptly be filled in with the emergence of International Financial Reporting

Standards (IFRS), as formulated by the International Accounting Standards Board.

IFRS has emerged as a new force in aligning the global firms on a single line.

International Financial Reporting Standards are set by the International Accounting

Standards Board (IASB). The mission of IASB is to develop, in the public interest, a

single set of high quality, understandable and International Financial Reporting

Standards (IFRS) for general purpose financial statements. IASB is an independent

standard-setting board, appointed and overseen by a geographically and professionally

diverse group of Trustees of the IASC Foundation who are accountable to the public

interest. It is supported by an external advisory council (SAC) and an interpretations

committee (IFRIC) to offer guidance wherever divergence in practice occurs. The

IASB cooperates with national accounting standard setters to achieve convergence in

accounting standards around the world.



19


CHALLENGES IN IMPLEMENTATION CONVERGENCE OF INDIAN

ACCOUNTING STANDARDS WITH IFRS

The High Powered Core Group for discussing and resolving the implementation

challenges with regard to convergence of Indian Accounting Standards with

International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) from the year 2011 has expressed

confidence in the issuance of the roadmap at an early date. In its meeting held at

Mumbai at SEBI Bhavan the Core Group expressed satisfaction about the progress in

developing necessary capacity and capability to bring about the convergence and

decided to accelerate efforts to engage with more stakeholders in this process.

There were detailed deliberations on the presentations made by the two sub-groups on

various implementation challenges especially those related to legal and accounting

framework and transitional issues. Further, sector specific challenges especially in the

banking, insurance, shipping, small and medium enterprises were also discussed.

TRAINING: The ICAI presented the details of a comprehensive capacity building

programme which the Institute is carrying on preparing the CA profession for this

transition and stated that a large number of professionals have undergone training and

the process is being accelerated.

GETTING PREPARED: The Chairman of the Accounting Standards Board of

ICAI placed on record that the convergence project is at an advanced stage of

completion. CFOs present in the meeting stated that industry was getting prepared

though there were some concerns from smaller companies. They also requested

amendments to the Companies Act and other Regulations and also the early exposure

of accounting standards which are IFRS compliant, to enable them to prepare for

meeting the deadline.

LANGUAGE : The discussions were encouraging and witnessed strong support for

convergence from all participants in the meeting. The legacy of English that the

British left in India was a dormant competitive advantage until a decade ago until

technologies emerged to enable Indian employees to serve customers anywhere in the

world. In addition to adopting English, India’s corporate culture also appears to

adopting global corporate cultural practices in the areas of entrepreneurship,



20


professionalism, and governance. This complements many of India’s existing strong

cultural traditions such as a belief in education and will contribute to India’s long-

term competitive advantage.

POSITIVE ASPECTS: India can take a few steps to further nurture the positive

aspects of its emerging corporate culture. Entrepreneurship can be fostered by

strengthening bankruptcy laws so that failed enterprises can be restructured, creditors

can be assured of legal recourse to reclaim assets, and the participants in a failed

enterprise can start again without a negative stigma.

GOVERNANCE AND REPORTING: In addition, Indian regulators should react

cautiously to moves by some Indian companies to enforce strict non-compete and

non-poaching clauses because such moves would limit the competition for talent

between companies and thereby slow the spread of professionalism. Last, India

should seek to surpass many of the governance and reporting requirements in the

developed world for its publicly listed companies to further enhance the governance

mechanisms and oversight within Indian corporations.

CONCLUSIONS

India has already leveraged English to develop a leading position for its economy in

exporting services. India now has the golden opportunity to take some of the steps

described above as well as other to encourage a constructive corporate culture that

provides a new source of long term competitive advantage. Professionalism can be

boosted by a continuing effort against corruption in government and business

relations so that all Indian enterprises, instead of just a few, comply with globally

accepted behaviors.

REFERENCES:

Sowmya.S., VarunMonnappa K C, A paper on “ A Study On Challenges Of

Adopting Ind-As In Indian Context”

www.ifrs.org.

www.icai.org.

www.iasb.org.



21


http://www.onlinefiling.in/implementation-of-ind-as-final-step-towards-ifrs-

challenges-thereof/

www.eminencejournal.com

thesis

(512)

L$pÞ[_p¬ M¬X$L$pìep¡

X$pµ. rhdg¡i Mdpf,

AÝen, NyS>fp[u rhcpN,

îu rÓL$dÆcpB Q[hpZu ApV® ¹ $k A_¡

S> ¡.hu. Np ¡L$m V ² $õV$ L$p ¡dk® L$p ¡g¡S>,

fp^_`yf,

dp¡. 94291 56800

L$pÞ[ NyS>fp[u cpjp kprlÐe_p DÑd A_¡ kd\® kS>®L$ R> ¡. [¡dZ¡ M¬X$L$pìep¡_y ¬

rhriô$ kprlÐe kS>®_ L$ey¯ R>¡. M¬X$L$pìedp¬ [¡d_u ApNhu, dp¥rgL$ âr[cp Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡.

[¡Ap¡ Äepf¡ dy ¬bB_u A¡rëaõV$_ L$p ¡g¡S>dp¬ Aæepk L$f[p¬ l[p¬ Ðepf¡ [¡d_pdp¬ k¬õL© $[

kprlÐe, `pòpÐe kprlÐe A_¡ NyS>fp[u kprlÐeL$pfp¡dp¬ Np¡h^®_fpd, _ftklfph, fdZcpB

r_gL¬$W$, b.L$.W$p. _p kprlÐe k¬õL$pf_p¡ rhi¡j âcph `X¡$gp¡ R>¡. [¡ S> `qfbmp¡A¡ L$pÞ[_y¬

kprlsÐeL$ OX$[f L$f¡gy¬ R>¡.

NyS>fp[u M¬X$L$pìe_u QQp® L$fuA¡ Ðepf¡ M¬X$L$pìe dpV¡$_u bû rkÂ^p¬[QQp® kfhpm¡

L$pÞ[_p M¬X$L$pìeL$gp_u QQp® b_u fl¡ R> ¡. L$pÞ[_p M¬X$L$pìep¡_¡ Ap^pf¡ NyS>fp[udp¬

rhh¡QL$p¡A¡ M¬X$L$pìe_u ìep¿ep Ap`hp_p¡, gnZp¡ bp¬^hp_p¡ âeÐ_ L$ep® R>¡. A¡hp kd\®

M¬X$L$pìe kS>®L$ L$pÞ[ R>¡. L$pÞ[¡ ]$k¡L$ S>¡V$gp¬ M¬X$L$pìep¡ fÃep¬ R>¡. S>¡_u k|rQ Ap âdpZ¡ R>¡.

(1) k©rô$ kp¦]$e®\u \[u d_ D`f Akf (1886)

(2) õhN®N¬Np_¡ [uf¡ (1887)

(3) râep L$rh[p_¡ Apðpk_ (1887)

(4) fdp (1887)

(5) L$ë`_p A_¡ L$õ[yfud©N (1887)

(6) d©N[©óZp (1887)

(7) ]¡$hep_u (1890)

(8) hk¬[rhS>e (1889)

(9) Q¾$hpL$rd\y_ (1890)

(10) Ar[op_ (1893)


ISSN: 2457-0273 (Online)RADHANVALLI: An International Peer Reviewed Multidisciplinary Research Journal (Bi-Annual)

22

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thesis

(513)

îu ky¬]$fd¡ "Ahp®Qu_ L$rh[p' dp¬ L$pÞ[_p Dèy®¼[ ]$k M¬X$L$pìep¡_p¡ r_]£$i L$ep£

R>¡. S>¡dp¬ [¡dZ¡ â\d ÓZ M¬X$L$pìe ârkÂ^ ep¡Áe _lv NZ¡gp L$pìep¡ R>¡. `Z [¡ L$pìép¡

L$p ¬[_p L$gp rhL$pkdp¬ dlÐh_p¡ cpN cS>h¡ R> ¡. Ðepf`R>u_p Qpf L$pìep¡ L$pÞ[_u L$gp

DÞd¡jp¡dp¬ ×Y$[p âpà[ L$f[p¬ Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡, A_¡ A¬[_p ÓZ L$pìep¡dp¬ L$pÞ[_u L$pìeis¼[

`|f¡`|fu fu[¡ rhL$ku[ \pe R>¡.

Dèy®¼[ L$pìep¡_p¡ `qfQe d¡mhuA¡.

* "k©rô$ kp¦]$e®\u d_ D`f \[u Akf :

âõ[y[ L$pìefQ_p L$p ¬[_u â\d L$pìefQ_p R> ¡. âõ[y[ L$pìedp¬ L$rhA¡

]$pç`Ðe_y¬ rQÓ A¬qL$[ L$ey¯ R>¡. Ap rQÓdp¬ âkÞ_[p-L$Vy$[p-âkÞ_[p A¡hp ¾$d\u

cphpg¡M_ \ey¬ R>¡. L$pìe_peL$ - _preL$p âkÞ_[p\u h_rhlpf L$f¡ R>¡, Ðepf¡ Ðep¬

L¡$V$gp¬L$ A_pX$u gp¡L$p¡ ]¡$Mpe R>¡ [¡ kde¡ _peL$-_preL$p hÃQ¡ L¬$BL$ d[c¡]$ `X¡$

R>¡. Ap_¬]$dp¬ rhn¡` \pe R>¡.

""rh_p¡]$ kOmp¡ A¡ ¼ep¬ L$p¡Z ÅZ¡ idu Nep¡,

hp[rQ[ `X$u b¬^, õhf R>¡L$ kdu Nep¡.''

âL©$r[ ApV$gu ky¬]$f A_¡ fdZue R>¡ Ðepf¡ dpZk S> L¡$d ApV$gp¡ hfhp¡,

_uQ A_¡ A_pX$u R> ¡? âL©$r[ A_¡ dp_hu hÃQ¡ k¬hp]$ _lv `f¬[y rhfp¡^ A_¡

rhjd[p A_ychu_¡ L$rh A¡L$pA¡L$ D]$pk \B Åe R>¡. L$rh_y¬ Ap d_p¡d¬\_ L$pìe_p¡

dy¿ek|f b_¡ R>¡. A¬[¡ râep_u Q¡ô$p L$rh_p M¡]$_¡ lf¡ R>¡.

""iy¬ iy¬ Q¡ô$p L$uû, [¡ hZ®hhy¬ _lv DrQ[ ^pfy¬

A_ych frkL$p¡ kdS>¡, buÅ_¡ iy¬ S>Zphhy¬ hpfy¬.''

Ap L$pìe_u hõ[y k¬L$g_p rir\g R>¡, L$rhA¡ _uQ, A_pX$u, _¬Mphu S>¡hp

iå]$p¡ âep¡Äep R>¡ Ðep¬ L$rh iå]$ `k¬]$Nudp¬ blz Ap¥rQÐe Åmhu i¼ep _\u.

* õhN® N¬Np_¡ [uf¡ :

Ap L$ìedp¬ L$rhA¡ A¬N[ c|rdL$p `f âZe A_¡ k¬Nu[_p¡ Agp¥qL$L$ N|Y$

A_ych ìe¼[ L$ep£ R>¡. L$rh_¡ fpÓ¡ õhà_ Aph¡ R>¡ [¡dp¬ [¡ fçe âL©$r[_y¬ ]$i®_ L$f¡

R>¡, Aàkfp_y¬ Np_ k¬Nu[ kp¬cm¡ R>¡. [¡dp¬ L$rh Mp¡hpB Åe R>¡. õhà_c¬N \[p¬

[2]



23

thesis

(514)

L$rì ip¡^ A_ych¡ R>¡ L$rh_¡ A¡V$gu â[ur[ \ep L$f¡ R>¡ L¡$ Ap Np_ Np_pf_¡ lz ¬

Ap¡mMy¬ Ry > ¬. Ap fu[¡ âõ[y[ L$pìedp¬ A¡L$ N|Y$-flõede[p_p¡ A_ych \pe R> ¡.

rQ_ydp¡]$u L$l¡ R>¡ [¡d Ap L$pìe_p¡ D`pX$ AÐe¬[ r_b®m R>¡. gpOh_p¡ Acph R>¡.

* râep L$rh[p_¡ Apðpk_ :

âõ[y[ L$pìe_y ¬ rhjehõ[y râep A_¡ L$rh[p hÃQ¡_y ¬ R> ¡. L$rh[p L$rh_p

QfZp¡dp¬ Aphu_¡ fX$hp gpN¡ R>¡, aqfep]$ L$f¡ R>¡ L¡$-

""Aff dyS> li¡ _kub L¡$hy¬

_\u dm[y¬ ¼etl dp_ lp¡e !''

L$rh[p_¡ L$rh`Ð_u A_¡ BÑfS>_p¡\u [uh° dp_lp_u D`¡np_p¡ A_ych \pe

R>¡. râe L$rh[p_u aqfep]$\u L$rh rhõde A_¡ M¡]$ A_ych¡ R> ¡. L$rh L$rh[p_¡

Apðpk_ Ap`¡ R>¡.

Apd, âõ[y[ L$pìedp¬ L$rhA¡ L$rh[p A_¡ râep hÃQ¡_p k|ÿd L$gl_¡

ìe¬rS>[ L$ep£ R>¡.

Dèy®¼[ ÓZ¡e L$pìep¡_u hõ[yk¬L$g_p rir\g R>¡. Alv hõ[y_u k¬q]$Á^[p,

_pV$é[Ðh_p¡ Acph, gpOh_p¡ Acph hN¡f¡ bpb[ D`f Ýep_ M¢Qpe R>¡.

* fdp :

cpf[ue kdpS>dp¬ _pfu_u sõ\r[ rhi¡j L$fyZ R>¡. `yfyjâ^p_ kdpS>fQ_pdp¬

÷u_¡ OZp¬ L$ô$p¡ kl_ L$fhp_p¬ Aph¡ R>¡. `Ð_u `r[_¡ â¡d L$f¡ `Z `r[ [¡_u

D`¡np L$f¡ A_¡ AÞe _pfu_u kp¡b[ ip¡^¡ A¡ _pfu Æh__u A¡L$ L$fyZ[p R> ¡.

"fdp'dp¬ fdp_u Aphu L$fyZ[p Apg¡Mpe¡gu R>¡. [¡_p¡ `r[ [¡_u D`¡np L$fu L$p¡B

AÞe _pfu_u kp¡b[dp¬ kde `kpf L$fu dp¡X$u fp[¡ Of¡ Aph¡ R>¡. fdp Ap¬ky kpf[u

b¡ku fl¡ R>¡. d¡Ogu fp[¡ fdp_u L$fyZ[p h^y O¡fu b_¡ R>¡. -

""ìep¡d\u S>g_u ^pfp Å¡fdp¬ `X$[u l[u,

Y$mu `g¬N_p `pe¡ ky¬]$fu fX$[u l[u.''

[3]



24

thesis

(515)

[¡_p¡ `r[ Aph¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ fdp [¡_p `r[_p L©$Ðep¡_¡ Myëgp `pX$hp_u _ur[

A`_ph[u _\u `Z [¡_¡ lmhp¡ W$`L$p¡ Ap`¡ R>¡. [¡_p¡ `r[ ndp dpN¡ R>¡. L$pìe

kyMp¬[ b_¡ R>¡. `r[-`Ð_u kyM_u i¥epdp¬ gu_ b_¡ R>¡.

âõ[y[ L$pìedp¬ L$rhA¡ âL©$r[ rQÓp¡_p¡ kdyrQ[ rhr_ep¡N L$ep£ R>¡. d¡Ogu

fp[¡ fdp_p ]y$:M]$ A_¡ kyM]$ b¬_¡ âL$pf_p d_p¡cphp¡ kp\¡ kpd¬S>õe kpÝey¬ R>¡.

Apf¬c¡ d¡O_u ^pfpAp¡ fdp_u Ap¬Mp¡_u Aîy^pfpAp¡ kp\¡ kdp_[p kp^¡ R> ¡. [p¡

L$pìe_p A¬[¡ hjp®_u S>g^pfpAp¡ fdp_u Ap_¬]$^pfpAp¡ kp\¡ A¡L$[p fQ¡ R>¡.

L$pÞ[_u gpOh`|Z® hZ®_i¥gudp¬\u õhÃR> kyf ¡M iå]$rQÓp¡ kÅ®ep¬ R> ¡.

ìep¡d\u Å¡fdp¬ `X$[u S>g^pfpAp¡, `g¬N_p `pe¡ Y$mu fy]$_ L$f[u ky ¬]$fu fdp,

ie_N©ldp¬ bm[p¡ õhÃR> ]$uhp¡, _uQy¬ Å¡B c|g L$b|g L$f[p¡ fdp_p¡ `r[, A¬^pf

O¡fu fpÓudp¬ \[p¬ huS>mu_p QdL$pfp BÐepq]$ iå]$rQÓp¡ ky¬]$f, Apb¡l}b bÞep¬ R>¡.

`pÓâ^p_ M¬X$L$pìe_u kyf ¡Mä¡d kl_iug, k¬õL$pfu A_¡ â¡dpm

`r[cs¼[hpmu _pfu [fuL¡$ fdp_u õhÃR> A_¡ kyf¡M R>bu ip¡cu fl¡ R> ¡. âZe

AÞepe_u L$rhrQÑ_u h¡]$_pdp¬\u kÅ®e¡gy¬ Ap L$pìe R>¡.

* L$ë`_p A_¡ L$õ[yfud©N :

Ap`Z¡ L$p¡B rhQpf_¡ d_dp¬ M|b k¡ìep¡ lp¡e [¡_u A¡L$ L$ë`_pk©rô$ d_dp¬

Ecu \[u lp¡e R>¡. [¡d âõ[y[ L$pìedp¬ L$pÞ[_p d_dp¬ A¡L$ AÞepe`|Z® k©rô$_u

fQ_p rhi¡_p rhQpfp¡ Q¾$_u S>¡d Qpëep¬ L$f¡ R>¡ A_¡ A¡ rhQpfp¡ [¡d_¡ A¡L$ L$ë`_p

k©rô$dp¬ gB Åe R>¡.

L$pÞ[_¡ õhà_dp¬ A¡L$ Aàkfp `p¬Mp¡ D`f b¡kpX$u A¡L$ ky¬]$f â]¡$idp¬ rhlpf

L$fph¡ R>¡. A¡V$gpdp¬ A¡L$ L$õ[yfud©N ]$p¡X$[p¡ [¡d_u _S>f¡ `X¡$ R>¡. [¡ d©N `pfOu_p

L$p¡B hpÛ_p k|fp¡ [fa ApL$jp®ep¡ R>¡. L$õ[yfud©N_¡ Å¡ `pfOu_y¬ rQÑ L$õ[yfudp¬ gyå^

\[p¬ hpÛ_p¡ _p]$ d¬]$ `X¡$ R>¡. d©N A¡ _p]$ kp¬cmhp df[p¬ kyû epQ_p L$f¡ R>¡.

`pfOu bpZ dpfhp [¥epfudp¬ R> ¡. L$rh_¡ Ap Akü gpN¡ R>¡. Ap\u L$rh `pfOu

D`f [ghpf hX¡$ Op L$f¡ R>¡. `pfOu `X$u Åe R>¡. bu_ b¬^ `X¡$ R>¡. k¬Nu[ b¬^

[4]



25

thesis

(516)

\hp_p ApOp[\u d©N `Z d|rR>®[ \B Åe R>¡. L$rh L$ë`_pdp¬ Aph¡gu Aàkfp_¡

L$l¡ R>¡ L¡$ "[y¬ d_¡ Alv ¼ep¬ gphu? Ðep¬ S> L$rh_u L$ë`_p c¬N \pe R>¡.

âõ[y[ L$pìe OZuhpf `pù_¡ kÅ Ap`[p¬ R>¡hV¡$ r_]$p£j_¡ S> cp¡Nhhy¬ `X¡$

R>¡ [¡hp¡ A\® âNV$ \pe R>¡. kpdpÞe fu[¡ dpZk L$ë`_p rhlpfdp¬ lp¡e Ðepf¡ kyM

S> lp¡e, b^y ¬ S> ky ¬]$f S> lp¡e A¡hy ¬ dp_hpdp¬ Aph¡ R> ¡. `f¬[y Alv [p¡ L$rh_¡

[¡_p\u rhfyÙ A_ych \[p¡ ]$ip®ìep¡ R>¡.

* d©N[©óZp :

"d©N[©óZp' A¡ L$pÞ[_u âp\rdL$ Ahõ\p_y¬ kp¥\u _p_u hedp¬ fQpe¡gy¬ L$pìe

R>¡. Ap L$pìedp¬ L$rhA¡ ^p¡d^M[p dÝepl_dp¬ `pZu dpV¡$ fTm[u A¡L$ d©Nbpm_y¬

L$fyZrQÓ A¬s¼[ L$ey¯ R>¡. Ap d©Nbpm fZdp¬ `p¡[p_u [fk rR>`phhp ìepLy$m \B

Apd[¡d ]$p¡X$u flu R>¡. [¡_¡ ]|$f\u S>g S>¡hy¬ ]¡$Mpe R>¡ `f¬[y [¡ kdÆ iL$[u _\u L¡$

A¡ d©NS>m R>¡.

L$rh d©Nbpm_u L$f yZp[_¡ h^pf¡ DÐL$V$ fu[¡ â[u[ L$fphhp rhfp ¡^_u

krÞ_r^L$fZ_u eys¼[ AS>dph¡ R>¡.

""^pfpN©l rhj¡ b¡ku d_yóe lpg Þlpe R>¡.

A¡ kpd¡, lpe! r_]$p£j bpgp Ap Apd ^pe R>¡!''

L$rh Ap fu[¡ `qfsõ\r[N[ rhjd[p_¡ ìe¼[ L$f ¡ R> ¡. L$rh rhjd[p_y ¬

A¬r[d `qfZpd `Z Apg¡ R> ¡. d©Nbpg [©jp_u dpfu R> ¡hV¡ $ âpZÐepN L$f¡ R> ¡.

Ðepf¡ L$rh Ap¾$p¡i L$f¡ R>¡.

""]$uk¡ R>¡ ¾y$f[p L¡$hu L$[p®_u L$fZu dlv !

Óp[p Å¡ lp¡e, [p¡ Ap_u L¡$d k¬cpm g¡ _lv?''

Apd L$pÞ[_y ¬ ]$i®_ L$pìedp¬ L$f yZê$`¡ ìe¼[ \ey ¬ R> ¡. L$pÞ[ D`f N°uL$

V²¡$S>¡X$u_u Akf R>¡ N°uL$ V²¡$S>¡X$u_p L¡$ÞÖdp¬ L$p¡B ANp¡Qf [Ðh A\hp rhr^ d_yóe_¡

]y$:Mu L$f¡ R>¡. [¡d Alv d©Nbpg rhr^_u rhjd[p_¡ L$pfZ¡ d©Ðey `pd¡ R>¡. `f¬[y,

Alv N°uL$ V²¡$S>¡X$u_u dpaL$ [¡ rhr^_u ¾y$f[p_¡ `X$L$pf[u _\u.

[5]



26

thesis

(517)

âõ[y[ L$pìedp¬ L$pÞ[_u Arcìes¼[ dpÓ rh^p_p¡dp ¬ rhMfpB Åe R> ¡.

d©Nbpg A_¡ S>gq¾$X$p L$f[p¬ ]¬$`[uAp¡_p S>¡ rhfp¡^rQÓp¡ ep¡Ä¹ep R>¡. [¡ QdÐL$pqfL$

gpN[p _\u. Ap L$pìedp¬ L$rh _¡f¡V$f [fuL¡$ hpf¬hpf Aphu_¡ `qfsõ\r[Ap¡ rhi¡

`p¡[p_y¬ tQ[_ A_¡ A\®OV$_ âõ[y[ L$f¡ R>¡. L$rh f¡, Af¡ f¡, lpe f¡ A¡hp iå]$p¡

hpf¬hpf ep¡Æ_¡ R>¬]$ep¡S>_p_u `p¡[p_u r_b®m[p_¡ âNV$ L$f¡ R>¡.

* ]¡$hep_u :

`yfpZ ârkÙ D`p¿ep_dp¬\u L$Q-]¡$hep_u_p k¬b¬^_y ¬ hõ[ybuS> gB Ap

L$pìe fQpey¬ R>¡. ]¡$h-]$p_hp¡ hÃQ¡ Qpg[p eyÂ^dp¬ k¬Æh_u rhÛp rh_p Æ[pi¡ _rl

A¡d gpNhp\u ]¡$hp¡_p Nyfy b©lõ`r[_p `yÓ L$Q_¡ ]$p_hp¡_p Nyfy i¬L$fpQpe® `pk¡

k¬Æh_u rhÛp iuMhp dp¡L$ghpdp¬ Aph¡ R>¡. ]¡$hep_u ]$p_hp¡_p Nyfy i¬L$fpQpe®_u `yÓu

R>¡. ]¡ $hep_uA¡ [¡_u bpëephõ\p hjp£ kyû L$Q_p kpr_Ýedp¬ rh[phu R> ¡. lh¡

]¡$hep_u bpgp dV$u fdZu b_u R>¡.

Adu Tf[u A¡L$ Qp¬]$_u fp[¡ ]¡$hep_u â\d â¡dp¡]$e_u fdZue A_¡ dp¡lL$

Akfp¡ A_ych¡ R>¡. [¡ Q¬Ö_u Qp¬]$_u\u h_dp¬ `\fpe¡gu A]¹$c|[ kp¦]$e®ip¡cp Å¡B_¡

[¡ A¡hu [p¡ Ap_¬]$rhcp¡f \B DW¡$ R> ¡ L¡ $ Ap Ap_¬]$dp¬ klcpNu b_hp [¡ [¡_p

kMp L$Q_¡ dp¡V$p AhpS>¡, k|fp¡ g¬bphu_¡ bp¡gph¡ R>¡. `R>u [¡ L$Q `pk¡ ]$p¡X$u Åe

R>¡. L$Q r_durg[ _¡Óp¡A¡ L$p¡B rigp `f b¡W¡$gp¡ R>¡ [¡ _\u Å¡[p¡ k©rô$_u ip¡cp L¡$

_\u Å¡[p¡ ]¡$hep_u_¡. EëVy L$Q ]¡$hep_u_¡ W$`L$p¡ Ap`¡ R>¡ L¡$ "lh¡ Ap`Z¡ bpmL$

_\u füp¬ L¡$ A¡L$p¬[dp¬ Ap`Z¡ dmuA¡.' ]¡$hep_u_p Dëgpk_p¡ A_p]$f \[p¬ fX$u

`X¡$ R> ¡. Ðepf¡ L$Q ]¡$hep_u_p d_p¡cph kdÆ Åe R>¡ [¡_p â¡dp¡]$e_u Aiå]$

Arcìes¼[_¡ `pfMu Å¡B [¡_p õ_¡l_p¡ õhuL$pf L$f¡ R>¡. ]¡$hep_u a}g-R>p¡X$_u S>¡d

çlp¡fu EW¡$ R>¡. rhiyÂ^ õ_¡l_p Ap eyNg_¡ Q¬Ö A_¡ [pfgpAp¡ `Z A¡L$uV$i¡ Å¡B

fl¡ R>¡.

L$Q_p Ap AÐe¬[ DÐL$V$ õì£ ]¡$hep_u_p ù]$e `f buÆ S> Akf L$fu A¡

Akf_¡ gu^¡ [¡_p dp¥ÁÝedp¬ i©¬Npf_u L|$¬`mp¡ a}V$u _uL$mu.

""õa}f¡ gpeÎe_y¬ iy¬ Ap `qfh[®_ A¬Ndp¬

fd[u fdZu cpk¡ q]$ìe _|[_ f¬Ndp¬!''

[6]



27

thesis

(518)

Apd, ]¡$hep_u_y¬ dp¥ÁÂe ApS>¡ `l¡guhpf ep¥_hÐhdp¬ Mug¡ R>¡ A¡ Ap L$pìe_p¡

rhje R>¡. L$gudp¬\u a}gê$`¡ Mughp_u k¬¾$p¬r[_p L$pm_¡ A_¡ q¾$ep_¡ âÐen L$fhp_y¬

^ÞecpÁe [p¡ L$p¡BL$hpf S> dm¡ R>¡ A¡hu rhfg ^Þe k¬¾$p¬r[nZ_y¬ r_ê$`Z L$pÞ[¡

Ar[ kycN fu[¡ L$ey¯ R>¡.

* hk¬[rhS>e :

L$rh L$pÞ[ î¡�$ M¬X$L$pìe_p L$rh\u ¿epr[ `pçep R> ¡ [¡ M¬X$L$pìe R> ¡.

"hk¬[rhS>e' âõ[y[ M¬X$L$pìe NyS>fp[u M¬X$L$pìep¡dp¬ A¡hf¡õV$ riMf S>¡hy¬ khp£Ñd R>¡.

L$pÞ[_u M¬X$L$pìeL$gp_p¡ rhS>e "hk¬[rhS>e'dp¬ R>¡.

âõ[y[ L$pìe_y¬ L$\phõ[y dlpcpf[_p Apq]$`h®_p `p¬Xy$`fd _pd_p 125dp¬

AÝepedp¬\u gu^¡gu R> ¡. A¡ AÝepe_p â\d bpf ïgp¡L$dp ¬ S> Ap L$pìe_y ¬

rhjehõ[y fl¡gy¬ R>¡.

A¡L$ hM[ `p¬Xy $ fpÅ dlpfÎedp¬ riL$pf L$f[p¬ l[p¬ Ðep¬ qL $]$ddyr_ A_¡

[¡d_u cpep® d©Nd©Nuê$`¡ d_yóep¡_u gÄÅ d|L$u fr[ L$f[p¬ l[p¬. d©N ÅZu `p¬Xy$A¡

[¡d_¡ bpZ\u c¡]$u _p¬¿ep. df[p¬ -df[p¬ `p¡[p_y ¬ õhê$` ^pfZ L$fu_¡ [`õhu

qL$]$dF>rjA¡ `p¬Xy$_¡ ip` ]$u^p¡ L¡$ ""kh® âpZuAp¡_p rl[ A_¡ Bsàk[L$pgdp¬ [¡

dpfu L$pddp¡rl[_u tlkp L$fu dpV¡ $ l¡ d|Y$! [pfp¡ `Z A¡hu S> Ahõ\pdp¬ A¬[

Aphi¡.'' F>rj_p dfZ `R>u ]y$:Mp¬[¡ `p¬Xy$A¡ h_dp¬ [` L$fu ]¡$l `pX$hp_p¡ r_òe

L$ep£. [¡_u b¡ `Ð_uAp¡ Ly ¬ $[p A_¡ dpÖuA¡ `Z L$pdkyM ÐeÆ, BrÞÖep¡_p¡ r_N°l

L$fu [¡_u kp\¡ [` L$fhp h_dp¬ Aphu_¡ fl¡ R>¡. hk¬[F>[ydp¬ h_dp¬ af[p¬ h__u

gugp Å¡B `p¬Xy$_p ù]$edp¬ L$pd DÐ`Þ_ \pe R>¡. dpÖuA¡ [¡_u [fa Aph[p `p¬X$y_¡

hpep® `Z `p¬Xy$ L$pd_¡ ]$pbu i¼ep _rl. ip`_p¡ ce R>p¡X$u bm\u dpÖu_¡ N°lZ

L$f¡ R>¡ Ðep¬ L$pÞ[ L$pìe_p¡ A¬[ gph¡ R>¡.

Ap L$pìe_u A_yc|r[ rhi¡ fp.hu. `pW$L$ "`|hp®gp`'_p D`p¡]¹$Op[dp¬ _p¢^¡ R>¡

L¡$ ""dpZk_p op_ dpÓdp¬ L¬$BL$ A¡hu A`|Z®[p R>¡ L¡$ [¡ bfp¡bf Æh_ rhN°ldp¬

`X$ép¡ lp¡e Ðep¬, L$Z®_p ip÷p¡_u `¡W¡$, [¡_¡ L$pd Apù iL$[y¬ _\u.''

[7]



28

thesis

(519)

âõ[y[ L$pìedp¬ dp_hu A_¡ âL©$r[ hQ¡_p¡ k¬Oj® b[phu_¡ dp_hu_¡ `fpÄe

`pd[p¡ A_¡ âL©$r[_p¡ rhS>e \[p¡ L$rhA¡ b[pìep¡ R> ¡. dp_hu_p Ap `fpS>edp¬

dp_h âpZu_u L$f yZ[p fl¡gu R> ¡. rhð_u AÞepe`|Z® fQ_p rhi¡_p ¡ L$rh_p¡

dlpd¬\_ âñ Ap L$pìe_p lp]®$dp¬ fl¡gp¡ R>¡. "âZedp¬ S> k¬`|Z® kyM lz¬ kdSy>¬ `Z

[¡ kyMu L$f[p¬ ]y $:Mu h^pf¡ L$f¡ R> ¡.' L$rh_u A¬N[ A_yc|r[_p Ap D]¹$Npfp¡ Ap

L$pìedp¬ hZ®he¡gu OV$_pdp¬ Ap¡[âp¡[ \e¡gp R>¡.

* Q¾$hpLrd\y_ :

""Ap A¥ðe£ âpZekyM_u, lpe ! Apip S> L¡$hu !''

Ap `¬s¼[dp¬ fl¡gp âZe r_fpip_p Ýhr__¡ ìeL$[ L$f[y¬ Ap L$pìe L$pÞ[_p

î¡�$ M¬X$L$pìe `¥L$u_y ¬ A¡L$ M¬X$L$pìe R>¡. "rhr^ ¾y$f R>¡ [¡ L$p ¡B_¡ e k¬`|Z® kyM

cp¡Nhhp ]¡$[u _\u' A¡hp¡ cph Ap `¬s¼[dp¬\u Ýhr_[ \pe R>¡. L$pìedp¬ d_p¡lf

âL©$r[rQÓp¡ R>¡. Q¾$hL$eyNg S> âL©$r[`pÓ R>¡.

L$pìek©rô$dp¬ Q¾$hpL$-Q¾$hpL$u_u A¡L$ Ap]$i® â¡du eyNg [fuL¡$ L$ë`_p \B

R> ¡. âZeÆh__u L$f yZ[p ]$ip ®hhp Ap â¡dueyNg_¡ ] ¡ $hep¡N¡ fpÓu rhep¡Ndp¬

rh[phhu `X¡$ R>¡. (S>¡ âZeÆh__p kyM dpV¡$ DÑd A_¡ kyep¡Áe kde R>¡.) k|e®

lp¡e Ðep¬ kyû S>¡ [¡d_p¡ klep¡N fl¡ R>¡. k|e®_p R>¡ëgp qL$fZ kp\¡ [¡d_p¡ klep¡N

`Z A¬^pfpdp¬ rhgu_ \B Åe R>¡. fpÓu `X$[p¬ S> `fõ`f_¡ kp¬cmu iL¡$ [¡V$g¡ S>

A¬[f¡ b¡ku, [¡Ap¡ ApMu fp[ A¡L$buÅ dpV¡$ T|f[p¬, rhfl_p¡ rhgp` L$ep® L$f¡ R>¡.

k¬`|Z® âZe[©rà[dp¬ S> kyM, S>¡ dp_hu_u A¡L$ eyN S|>_u ipð[ Mp¡S> R>¡. [¡dp¬e

rhr^ rhÂ_ê$` b_¡ R>¡ A_¡ rhfl cp¡Nhhp¡ `X¡$ R>¡.

`qfZpd¡ Aphu S> d_p¡ìe\p tS>]$Nucf cp¡Nhhp dp_hu_p cpÁedp¬ gMpe¡g

R>¡, A¡d L$pÞ[ dp_¡ R>¡. r_er[ A_¡ ìes¼[ hÃQ¡_p A¡ k¬Oj® A_¡ dp_hÆh__p

A¬[N®[ L$pfyÎe_p `p¡[p_p ]$i®__¡ D`L$pfL$ dpV¡$ [¡ `nuL$\p_p¡ Dèp¡N L$ep£ R>¡. A¡

Æh_ L$pfyÎe_¡ r_hpfhp_p D`pe dpV¡$ ""Qpgp¡ A¡hp õ\g dtl, hk¡ k|e® S>¡dp¬

k]¥$h.'' A¡ Q¾$hpL$u_p L$\_dp¬ d|L$¡g rhQpfbuS> L$pÞ[¡ Ap L$\_dp¬ D`kpìey¬ R>¡.

[8]



29

thesis

(520)

Apd, Ap k©rô$ A_¡L$ AÞepep¡ A_¡ rhjd[pAp¡\u cf¡gu R> ¡, [¡ L$rh

rQÑ_¡ ìer\[ L$fu d|L¡$ R>¡, L$pÞ[ L$pìedp¬ Þepeu L¡$ ]$epmy Ar^�$p[p R>¡ A¡d

dp_hp [¥epf _\u. [¡Ap¡ dp_¡ R>¡ L¡$ âZedp¬ S> kyM fl¡gy¬ R>¡ A_¡ A¡ S> âZe

kyMu L$f[p¬ ]y$:Mu h^pf¡ L$f¡ R>¡ [¡hu [¡d_u d_dyÖp A¬qL$[ L$fhp d\[p¬ S>Zpe R>¡.

Apd, L$pÞ[ `p¡[p_p¡ F>Sy>, k¬h¡]$_iug dlpâñ Q¾$hpL$ eyNg_u d_p¡h¡]$_p A_¡

âZe h¥fpÁe Üpfp ìe¼[ L$f¡ R>¡.

* Ar[op_ :

"Ar[op_'dp¬ L$rh rhð_u AÞepe`|Z® fQ_p kp\¡ âñ DW$ph¡ R>¡ L¡ $ Ap

ip dpV¡$ r_]$p£j ìes¼[Ap¡_¡ ]y $:M_u ep[_pdp¬\u `kpf \hy¬ `X¡$ R> ¡? A¡hp A¡L$

dlpâñ_¡ L¡$ÞÖõ\p_¡ fpMu, L$rh_p d¬\_iug rQÑ_¡ hgp¡hu L$pìe rhõ[f¡ R>¡.

eyr^r�$f_p _p_pcpB kl]¡ $h_u Ar[ìepLy $m A_¡ h¡]$_pAp¡\u cf¡gu

d_:sõ\r[_¡ Ap L$pìedp¬ fS|> L$f¡ R>¡. kl]¡$h rÓL$pmop_u lp¡hp R>[p¬, Aph_pfp¬

Ar_ô$p¡ rhi¡ L$p¡B_¡ L$lu iL$[p¡ _\u, Q¡[hu iL$[p¡ _\u. [¡_p Ar[op_ D`f

A¡L$ A¬Ly$i R>¡ Äep¬ kyû L$p¡B [¡_¡ `|R>¡ _lv Ðep¬ kyû [¡ L$p¡B_¡ L$iy¬ S>Zphu iL$[p¡

_\u. [¡_¡ A¡L$ bpSy> crhóe]$i®__y¬ op_ R>¡ A_¡ buÆ bpSy> b¬^yAp¡_¡ bQphu

_lv iL$hp_u gpQpfu R>¡. Ap b¡ rhfp¡û A¬r[dp¡_u hÃQ¡ [¡_y¬ d_ õ[å^ b_¡gy¬

R>¡. [¡_u Akü h¡]$_p Ap L$pìedp¬ ìep`¡gu R>¡.

kl]¡$h ÅZ¡ R> ¡ L¡ $ Ûy[dp¬ Adpfp¡ `fpS>e r_rò[ R>¡ A_¡ [¡_¡ `qfZpd¡

Öp¥`]$u_u dp_lp_u \hp_u R>¡-

""_lv iLy$ lpe! bQphu L$p¡B_¡

Ai¼[ S>¡hp¡ flz¬ b¡ku fp¡B_¡

Mf¡ q]$k¡ ]y$:M]$ ip` Ap d_¡

r_lpmy¬ Ry>¬ c|[ crhóe S>¡ L$_¡!''

Alv õhS>_p¡_¡ bQphu _lu' iL¡ $ [¡ ÅZhp R>[p ¬ r_er[ kpd¡ V$½$f

Tughp_p¡ kl]¡$h_p¡ L$p¡B âeÐ_ _\u. lpe, Ai¼[, fp¡B_¡ S>¡hp iå]$p¡ kl]¡$h_u

L$pef[p_¡ âNV$ L$f¡ R>¡. L$pÞ[ [f[ S>-

[9]



30

thesis

(521)

""lp r^L¹$ ! lp r^L¹$ ! L©$[Â_u lz¬ Apd dp¥_ ^fu flz¬''

DÃQpfZp¡ kp\¡ `qfsõ\r[_¡ hmp¬L$ Ap`hp_p¡ âeÐ_ L$f¡ R>¡. kl]¡$h Öp¥`]$u_¡

AptgN_ Ap`hp Åe R>¡ `Z `R>u [f[ S> R|>V$p ¡ `X$u Åe R>¡. S>¡_u dp_lp_u

\hp_u R>¡ [¡_¡ bQphu iL$[p¡ _\u [p¡ [¡_¡ â¡dõì® L$fhp_p¡ `Z Ar^L$pf _\u

A¡d [¡ d_p¡d_ DÃQpf¡ R>¡.

kl]¡$h_p d__u h¡]$_p Akü \B `X¡$ R>¡. [¡dp¬\u dy¼[ \hp [¡ A¡L$ T¡fu

`]$p\® ù Åe R>¡ A_¡ Y$mu `X¡$ R>¡. Öp¥`]$u `Z [¡ Å¡B b¡lp¡i \B Åe R>¡.

L$pìe_p Apf¬c¡ âL©$r[rQÓ d|¼ey¬ R>¡. i|ÞephL$pi, Tp¬Mu q]$ipAp¡ A_¡ [¡_u

`R>u Aph[u Op¡f A_¡ L$fpg fpÓu Ap âL©$r[rQÓ Ar_ô$ OV$_pAp¡_y¬ k|Q_ L$f¡ R>¡.

hZ®_pÐdL$, _pV$épÐdL$ A_¡ flõe`|Z®[p\u DOX$[p L$pìe_u â\d b¡ `¬s¼[Ap¡dp¬

A_ychp[p¡ L$rhL$d®_p¡ QdÐL$pf AÐe¬[ âcphipmu R>¡.

L$pìe_y¬ iuj®L$ op__u Ar[ie[p lpr_L$pfL$ R>¡, ip`ê$` R>¡ A¡ lL$uL$[ [fa

A¬Nygur_]£$i L$f¡ R>¡.

L$pÞ[_u i¥gu k¬rnà[ R> ¡, L$pÞ[ `pk¡ iå]$p ¡_u L$fL$kf_u L$gp R> ¡.

Ap¥rQÐe`|h®L$ iå]$p¡ ep¡Æ_¡ `pÓ, `qfsõ\r[_y¬ kyf¡M rQÓ D`kph¡ R>¡. ]¡$Mphdp¬

Op[L$ A_¡ ]y$ô$ ]|$ep£^__p¡ ]|$[, Op¡f A_¡ L$fpgfprÓ, Öp¥`]$u_p L¡$i lp\dp¬ fpMu

[¡_p dyMQ¬Ö_¡ r_lpm[p¡ kl]¡$h, T¡fu `]$p\® NV$NV$ph[p¡ A_¡ àepgu R>p[u `f S>

fpMu_¡ b¡cp_ \B S>[p ¡ kl]¡ $h BÐepq]$ k¬rnà[ i¥gudp¬ Apg¡Mpe¡gp h¡^L$

iå]$rQÓp¡ L$pÞ[_u rQÓ r_dp®Z is¼[_p r_]$i®_p¡ R>¡.

â¡d_p Apõhp]$_y¬ kyM dpZk `|f¡`|fy¬ gB iL$[p¡ _\u A¡hu `qfsõ\r[ Ecu

L$fhpdp¬ rhr^_u ep¡S>_p r_rdÑ b_¡ R>¡ Mfu, `f¬[y dp_hu_y¬ d_ `Z L$pfZc|[ R>¡

S>¡ kl]¡$h_p ìes¼[Ðhdp¬\u A¡_p õhcphdp¬\u S>Þd[u L$fyZpdp¬ ìe¼[ \[u Å¡hp

dm¡ R>¡. A¡ r_ê$`Z L$fu L$pÞ[¡ õhL$ue[p b[phu R>¡.

Dèy ®¼[ M¬X$L$pìep ¡_p `qfrig_\u ¿epg Aph¡ R> ¡ L ¡ $ L$pÞ[dp¬ hõ[y_p ¡

Ap¥rQÐe`|h®L$ Dèp¡N L$fhp_u AphX$[ A_¡ [¡d_p L$pìep¡_y ¬ hõ[y A_¡ cph_y¬

A\®hplL$ iå]$p¡\u, rïgô$ A_¡ k¬hp]$u fu[¡ âdpZkf k¬ep¡S>_\u \[p¬ r_ê$`Zdp¬

[¡Ap¡ kam `|fhpf \ep R>¡.

[10]



31

thesis

(522)

L$\phõ[y_p¡ D`pX$ L$pÞ[ Qp¡V$`|h®L$ L$f¡ R>¡. hõ[y_¡ âdpZkf DW$ph Ap`[p¬

Ap`[p¬ [¡_¡ OV$_ph¡N¡ ¾$di: `fpL$p�$p kyû gB Åe R>¡ A_¡ `R>u L$gpÐdL$ fu[¡

[¡_y¬ kdp`_ L$f¡ R>¡. [¡d_¡ âk¬N_y¬, `qfsõ\r[_y¬ L¡$ d_p¡cphp¡_y¬ e\p\® A_¡ k¬n¡`dp¬

rQÓZ L$fhp_u OZu aphV$ R>¡.

L$pÞ[_p dp¡V$pcpN_p `pÓp¡ `qfsõ\r[_u kpd¡ rhhi \B_¡ b¡ku _ fl¡[p¬,

`Z `p¡[p_p A¬[:L$fZ_u â¡fZp gB TT|d[p b[pìep¬ R>¡.

L$pÞ[ M¬X$L$pìe_p L¡$ÞÖdp¬ L$p¡BL$ flõe d|L$u [¡_¡ `pÓp¡_p¡ Æh__u A¡L$p]$

k|QL$ `qfsõ\r[dp¬ fS|> L$f¡ R>¡, A¡ `qfsõ\r[_¡ M¬X$L$pìep¡dp¬ L$gpÐdL$ fu[¡ r_ê$`¡

R>¡.

[¡d_p L$pìep¡_u cpjp [m`]$u L¡$ Ar[riô$ lp¡e [p¡ `Z [¡ AõhpcprhL$

b_[u _\u. [¡Ap¡ Ag¬L$pfp¡_u _|[_[p A_¡ õhpcprhL$[p dpV¡$ hZ®kNpB, A_yâpk

A_¡ A\p®g¬L$pfp¡_p¡ DÑd e\phíeL$ fu[¡ Dèp¡N L$ep£ R> ¡. [¡d_p M¬X$L$pìep¡dp¬

R>¬]$p ¡_u kycN[p, ge_u k¬hpq]$[p, `Ûb¬^_u ×Y$[p hN¡f¡dp¬ L$pÞ[ [¡d_u DÑd

L$gp fur[_p ]$i®_ L$fph¡ R>¡. L$pÞ[ M¬X$L$pìep¡_p khp¯Np¡dp¬ L$rh [fuL¡$ kam `|fhpf

\pe R>¡.

A¬[¡, L$pÞ[_y ¬ kS> ®_ cg¡ dlpL$pìe b_u iL$[y ¬ _ lp ¡e `Z [¡d_pdp¬

dlpL$pìe_u A_¡ dlpL$rh_u âr[cp [p¡ fl¡gu S> R>¡.

* k¬]$c® _p¢^ :

ß L$pÞ[_p L$pìep¡, k¬`p. ÅX¡$Å q]$gphftkl, `y_dy ®ÖZ, Ap¡Nô$-1988, Ap]$i®

âL$pi_ Ad]$php]$.

ß Ahp®Qu_ L$rh[p, ky¬]$fd¹, `y_:dyÖZ, Ap¡¼V$p ¡.-2004, NyS>®f N° ¬\fÐ_ L$pep®ge,

Ad]$php]$.

ß M¬X$L$pìe õhê$` A_¡ rhL$pk, dp¡]$u rQ_y, â\d Aph©rÑ-2001, `pð® âL$pi_,

Ad]$php]$.

[11]



32



33


CHALLENGES IN IMPLEMENTATION OF STARTUP INDIA

PROF. K.C.THAKKAR

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR


RADHANPUR

ABSTRACT:

Young Indians today have the conviction to venture out on their own and a conducive

ecosystem lets them watch their ideas come to life. In today’s environment we have

more Startups and entrepreneurs than ever before and the movement is at the cusp of a

revolution. However, many Startups do not reach their full potential due to limited

guidance and access. The Government of India has taken various measures to improve

the ease of doing business and is also building an exciting and enabling environment

for these Start-up, with the launch of the “Start-up India” movement. The “Start-up

India Hub” will be a key stakeholder in this vibrant ecosystem. With 4200

startups registered in India, India ranks 3rd globally.Indian startups draw $18 billion

during 2010-15 including $9 billion in 2015 alone. This paper present Introduction of

Startup India, Challenges, Impact and Conclusion.

KEY WORDS: Start up India, Stand up India, Challenges, Impact

INTRODUCTION:

Startup India Standup India was first mentioned by PM Narendra Modi on August 15,

2015 while addressing the nation on Independence Day. However the scheme was

formally launched on January 16, 2016 in New Delhi by PM Modi. The scheme aims

to push for Entrepreneurship in the country by providing enabling environment for the

entrepreneurs. On the last Independence Day, Prime Minister Narendra Modi had

introduced the Start-up India, Stand Up India' initiative.

As with any central government initiative, the success of a programme lies in its

ability to percolate its benefits to the intended beneficiaries. In this case, the

government will have to address all issues not just at the policy level, but ensure its

implementation at the grassroots i.e. the Tier II, Tier III towns and subsequently at the

village level.



34


PM rightly recognizes this fact and understands that this is the right time to bring in

the government to define a conducive policy framework, backed by necessary

financial and tax incentives, and nurture the creative and innovative potential of the

youth. He also sees the downstream benefits of job creation in smaller towns and

villages.

Towards this, the government plans to form a secretary level inter-ministerial panel

comprising representatives from various ministries like biotechnology, science &

technology, information technology etc, which will work in coordination with DIPP

to evaluate proposals based on innovation and commercial potential.

PLANS FOR START-UPS:

Self-certification: The start-ups will adopt self-certification to reduce the

regulatory liabilities. The self-certification will apply to laws including payment

of gratuity, labour contract, provident fund management, water and air pollution

acts.

Start-up India hub: An all-India hub will be created as a single contact point for

start-up foundations in India, which will help the entrepreneurs to exchange

knowledge and access financial aid.

Register through app: An online portal, in the shape of a mobile application,

will be launched to help start-up founders to easily register. The app is scheduled

to be launched on April 1.

Patent protection: A fast-track system for patent examination at lower costs is

being conceptualised by the central government. The system will promote

awareness and adoption of the Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) by the start-up

foundations.

Rs 10,000 crore fund: The government will develop a fund with an initial corpus

of Rs 2,500 crore and a total corpus of Rs 10,000 crore over four years, to support

upcoming start-up enterprises. The Life Insurance Corporation of India will play

a major role in developing this corpus. A committee of private professionals

selected from the start-up industry will manage the fund.



35


National Credit Guarantee Trust Company: A National Credit Guarantee

Trust Company (NCGTC) is being conceptualised with a budget of Rs 500 crore

per year for the next four years to support the flow of funds to start-ups.

No Capital Gains Tax: At present, investments by venture capital funds are

exempt from the Capital Gains Tax. The same policy is being implemented on

primary-level investments in start-ups.

No Income Tax for three years: Start-ups would not pay Income Tax for three

years. This policy would revolutionise the pace with which start-ups would grow

in the future.

Tax exemption for investments of higher value: In case of an investment of

higher value than the market price, it will be exempt from paying tax

Building entrepreneurs: Innovation-related study plans for students in over 5

lakh schools. Besides, there will also be an annual incubator grand challenge to

develop world class incubators.

Atal Innovation Mission: The Atal Innovation Mission will be launched to boost

innovation and encourage talented youths.

Setting up incubators: A private-public partnership model is being considered

for 35 new incubators and 31 innovation centres at national institutes.

Research parks: The government plans to set up seven new research parks,

including six in the Indian Institute of Technology campuses and one in the

Indian Institute of Science campus, with an investment of Rs 100 crore each.

Entrepreneurship in biotechnology: The government will further establish five

new biotech clusters, 50 new bio incubators, 150 technology transfer offices and

20 bio-connect offices in the country.

Dedicated programmes in schools: The government will introduce innovation-

related programems for students in over 5 lakh schools.

Legal support: A panel of facilitators will provide legal support and assistance in

submitting patent applications and other official documents.

Rebate: A rebate amount of 80 percent of the total value will be provided to the

entrepreneurs on filing patent applications.

Easy rules: Norms of public procurement and rules of trading have been

simplified for the start-ups.



36


Faster exit: If a start-up fails, the government will also assist the entrepreneurs to

find suitable solutions for their problems. If they fail again, the government will

provide an easy way out.

CURRENT STATISTICS FOR STARTUPS:

With 4200 startups registered in India, India ranks 3rd globally.

Indian startups draw $18 billion during 2010-15 including $9 billion in 2015

alone.

Indian startups have been valued at more than a billion dollars.

Increase in number of incubators: 80 in 2014, 110 in 2015; 50% outside Delhi,

Bengaluru, and Mumbai.

CHALLENGES IN IMPLEMENTATION:

There are few things which are pre- requisite for successful implementation of the

scheme. They are:

Electricity

Internet connectivity

Roads

Clean environment

Corruption

The absence of specific start-up laws and lack of exit options.

Tough compliance laws that were framed keeping in mind traditional businesses

have to be done away with in the case of start-ups and new laws have to be framed

keeping in mind new-age businesses and its rapidly evolving technology.

Start-up funding is based on risk taking and ability to understand the application

and commercial potential of the proposed business. Lack of dedicated start-up

capital funding without guarantors or collateral is a major hurdle today.

Furthermore, the lack of risk taking ability by public sector banks is mainly on

account of restrictions based on current laws. These need to be changed and banks

given the freedom to fund a proposal once it has been approved by an expert panel,

either within the bank or by a competent and approved outside agency.

Most start-ups fail either due to lack of market acceptance, market entry timing,

lack of suitable mentoring, or simply lack of adequate funding. Whatever the case,



37


the ratio of failures compared to success is skewed. Almost all successful

entrepreneurs have tasted several failures before hitting a jackpot. Therefore, the

government must factor in failure and ensure that an entrepreneur is not penalized

for failing, but is encouraged to try again.

Once a proposal is vetted and approved, easy funding on favourable terms must be

made available based on the capital required to initiate the business and expand as

per projections.

Lack of government-sponsored physical incubators with the latest technology

backbone is important for an ecosystem to develop. This along with mentors and

subject matter experts that can assist first time entrepreneurs to handle the required

paper work for establishing the business and guide the business to the next level of

funding is essential.

Lack of government experience at the Centre and state level in supporting tech-

based entrepreneurs is yet another problem. The government needs to bring state

governments on board to ensure that bureaucrats are trained to extend full support

to young entrepreneurs and ensure they contribute to growing their business rather

than act as a hindrance.

A lot of talent exists in smaller towns and villages for basic need based innovation,

as well as social innovation. At present, there is a complete lack of eco-system

outside the larger metros, therefore, if Start-up India; Stand-up India has to

succeed, it is important for the government to extend this new initiative at the

grassroots level. And this will be no easy task as many government officials at the

district and block levels still don’t know how to use the computer, let alone advise

anyone on innovative entrepreneurship.

The government has to identify officials at the Centre and state level, in

coordination with state governments, and initiate an extensive and ongoing training

program that will prepare these officials to be entrepreneur friendly and actually

develop the skills required to provide support, as needed.

IMPACT OF THIS POLICY IN THE LONG RUN:

This policy will encourage entrepreneurship.

It will create new employment opportunities for the unemployed.



38


It will also promote entrepreneurship among SC/ST and Women

Entrepreneurs.

It is expected to benefit at least 2.5 lakh borrowers.

It will restrict the role of state and facilitate ease of doing business.

CONCLUSION:

As per the latest NASSCOM Start-up Report 2015, start-ups created 65,000 new jobs

in 2014 and by 2020, the number is expected to touch 2,50,000. That’s an ambitious

plan and as of now, driven almost entirely by private sector initiative. If PM Modi

succeeds in establishing a pro-active start-up eco-system as intentioned, then the

potential for new job creation will be far greater than NASSCOM’s projections.All

inclusive action plan to boost such ventures that would boost employment generation

and wealth creation. It is expected to benefit at least 2.5 lakh borrowers.It will restrict

the role of state and facilitate ease of doing business.

REFERENCES:

http://www.mapsofindia.com/my-india/government/start-up-india-stand-up-india-

pm-modis-job-creation-drive

http://gradestack.com/blogs/highlights-of-start-up-india-stand-up-india-scheme/

http://startupindia.gov.in/actionplan.php

http://indiatoday.intoday.in/education/story/start-up-india-stand-up-

india/1/573128.html



39


yÚkðoðuËeÞ ÷kufMktøkúnLke ¼kðLkk

zko.Mk{ehfw{kh fu. «òÃkrík

©e rºkf{S¼kE [íkðkýe ykxoTMk yuLz su.ðe.økkuf¤ xÙMx fku{Mko fku÷us,

hkÄLkÃkwh

ÜU}¢ü‡¢ñ± çã „æç„çÃÎ}¢¢çSƒ¼¢ …ÝÜU¢Î² : ¢

H¢ïÜU„æx¢íã}¢ï±¢çÐ „æÐà²‹ÜU¼éü}¢ãüç„ ¢¢

ðirËf ÷kufMktøkúnLke E{khík ©e{ËT ¼økðËTøkeíkk YÃke WÃkrLk»kËT ²lÎ¢™çÚç¼

Ÿ¢ïDS¼œ¢Îï±ï¼Ú¢ï …Ý: ¢ „ ²¼Ðí}¢¢‡¢æ ÜUéL¼ï H¢ïÜUS¼ÎÝé ±¼ü¼ï ¢¢ðkõÞþe÷k WÃkh

ykÄkrhík Au. yuðwt yÚkðoðuËLkk Ãkrhþe÷LkÚke ÷køku Au !

©e{ËT þtfhk[kÞo ¼øk.øke ( 3.h0 ) ÃkhLkk ¼k»Þ{kt ÷kufMktøkúnLkku yÚko ykÃkíkkt

fnu Au fu, “ ÷kufkuLku W÷xk {køkuo sLkkhe «ð]r¥k{ktÚke Ëqh fhLkkÁt su fk{ íku ÷kufMktøkún : -

”

H¢ïÜUS²¢ï‹}¢¢x¢üÐí±ëçœ¢çÝ±¢Ú‡¢æ H¢ïÜU„æx¢íã : ¢

¼øk.øke.ÃkhLke ‘ íkíðrððu[Lke rnLËe xefk ’ íkuLke ÔÞkÃkf rð¼kðLkk ykÃkíkkt fnu Au fu “

Mk]rü - Mkt[k÷LkLku Mkwhrûkík hk¾ðwt, íkuLke ÔÞðMÚkk{kt fkuE yðhkuÄ Lk ykðu íku heíku MknkÞf

Úkðwt yLku ðíkoðwt ðøkuhu çkkçkíkkuLku ‘ ÷kufMktøkún ’ fnu Au. rðþu»k heíku fnuíkkt çkÄkt s

«kýeykuLkk ¼hý - Ãkku»ký yLku hûkýLkwt ËkrÞíð {Lkw»Þ Ãkh Au, íkuÚke ÃkkuíkkLkkt ðýo,

yk©{, Mð¼kð yLku ÃkrhÂMÚkíke «{kýu fíkoÔÞf{kuoLkwt ÞÚkkÞkuøÞ yk[hý fheLku çkeò

÷kufkuLku ÃkkuíkkLkk ykËþkuoÚke Ëwøkoý - Ëwhk[hýÚke Ëqh fheLku íku{Lkk MðÄ{o{kt «ð]¥k fhðk

yu s ÷kufMktøkún Au. ”

ðíko{kLk Mkk{krsf ÂMÚkrík{kt ßÞkhu E»Þko - ÿu»k, yfÕÞkýLke ¼kðLkk, Mkðo¼qík «íÞu ðih

- ði{LkMÞ, ®nMkk, ykŠÚkf yMk{kLkíkk ( økheçke ), MktøkXLkLkku y¼kð, ÃkhMÃkh

«ríkfw¤íkk, ºkkMkðkË, ¼Þ, yMkíÞ, Ët¼Lkwt yk[hý, [kuhe, ÔÞr¼[kh, ÔÞMkLk ðøkuhuLku

fkhýu MkßsLk ÃkwÁ»kkuLkwt Sððwt {w~fu÷ çkLku Au. SðLk{kt Mkw¾ - þktríkLkku y¼kð yLku

Mkk{krsf yMk{kLkíkkLkwt ðkíkkðhý yLkw¼ðkÞ Au. íÞkhu økeíkkLke ÷kufMktøkúknf ¼kðLkk s

WÃkÞkuøke rLkðze þfu ykðwt fkÞo ykËþo ÃkwÁþ s fhe þfu.



40


yÚkðoðuË{kt Ãký økeíkkLke su{ ËwükuL{qðLkYÃke Ãkrðºk fkÞo {kxu yuf Mkûk{ ÃkÞwoþLke

fÕÃkLkk fhðk{kt ykðe Au. suLkk {kxu sYhe níkw fu, íku «òLkku r{ºk ÞkLkðkLk, ykËhýeÞ,

yrÄf íkusMðe íkÚkk ÿw»xkuLkku Lkkþ fhðkLkku Mkk{Úko hk¾Lkkh íkÚkk ©ic f{oLkku «ËkLk fhLkkh

nkuÞ !

Úÿ¢¢ïã‡¢æ ±¢ç…Ý}¢¢ ô…{<}¢ ç}¢~¢æ - ÐíçƒC}¢éÐ ²¢ç}¢ à¢}¢ü ¢

¥¢ ç…Ã{²¢ }¢êÚ Îï±¢Ýí|„± RUÃ²¢Î¢ïæ ±éC¢ç± {yS±¢„Ýì ¢¢

íkífk÷eLk ( yÚkðo. ) Mk{ks{kt «ríkfw÷ ÔÞðnkh fhLkkh Mkðo íkíðku Ëw»xLke ©uýe{kt

ykðu Au. íkuyku ®nMkk, {ktMk ¼ûký, hõíkÃkkLk, økkinetMkk, ( ðÄ ), yMkíÞ ¼k»ký,

økk¤kuLkku «Þkuøk íkÚkk fÃkxLkku yk©Þ ÷uíkk níkk. ( ynª yufkË {tºk ÿ»xÔÞ Au. ) :

²: Ð¢ñL¯²ï‡¢ RUç±¯¢ „}¢Çì¼ï ²¢ï ¥ÚÃ²ïÝ Ðà¢éÝ¢æ ²¢¼é {¢Ý: ¢

²¢ï ¥ŠÝ²¢²¢ |¢Úç¼ ÿ¢èÚ}¢xÝï ¼ï¯¢æ à¢è¯¢üç‡¢ §üÚ„¢çÐ ±ëE ¢¢

ykðkt Ëw»x íkíðkuLkk Ëwøkwoýku íkÚkk yu{Lkkt fkÞkuoÚke Mk{ks{kt ykðLkkh Ëw»Ãkrhýk{kuLku

æÞkLk{kt hk¾e yÚkðoðuË{kt yu{Lku Mk{ks{ktÚke Ëqh fhðk fk{Lkk fhðk{kt ykÔÞk Au. MkkÚku

s yu Ãký «kÚkoLkk fhðk{kt ykðu Au. fu ËwükuÚke Mkwhrûkík hnu íkÚkk yu{Lkkt Ëw»f]íÞ Mk{kó

ÚkE òÞ :

Ýë™ÿ¢¢ Úÿ¢:ÐçÚ ±à² ç±ÿ¢é ¼S² ~¢èç‡¢ Ðíç¼ à¢ë‡¢èlx¢í¢ ¢

¼S²¢x¢íï ÐëDèãüÚ„¢ à¢ë‡¢èçã ~¢ï{¢ }¢êHæ ²¢¼é {¢ÝS² ±ëpæ ¢¢

ykLkkÚke çkkuÄøkBÞ çkkçkík yu Au fu ‘ Mk{ks{kt hnuíkk Ëhuf ÔÞÂõíkyu yu «fkhLkku ÔÞðnkh

fu yk[hý fhðwt òuEyu fu suLkkÚke {Lkw»ÞLkk Mkwhrûkík hnu. ’ Mð Lke yÃkuûkkyu ‘ Ãkh ’ Lke

yLku ÔÞrü fhíkkt Mk{rüLke ¼kðLkk «ÄkLk hnu. Mk{økú Mk{ks suLkkÚke ÷k¼kÂLðík ÚkkÞ.

ykËþo ÔÞÂõíkÚke Mk{ksLk Mkth[Lkk, su{kt þkLík yLku Mkw¾{Þ ðkíkkðhýLkwt «ÄkLÞ nkuÞ.

yux÷wt s Lknª rLk¼oÞ íkÚkk WL{wõík ðkíkkðhý{kt ÔÞÂõík yLku Mk{ksLkku MkðkOøkeý rðfkMk

ÚkkÞ : su {kLkð SðLkLkwt «{w¾ ÷ûÞ nkuðwt òuEyu. yk {kxu MkíÞLke «rík»Xk, ÃkhkuÃkfkh -

ÃkhkÞýíkk, ÷kuf{tøk÷fkhe Ãkrðºk ¼kðLkk MkÆþ MkíÞøkwýe ð]r¥kLkku Mk{kðuþ ÚkE þfu !



41


ykÚke ÷kufMktøkúnLke ¼kðLkk ykËþo ÔÞÂõíkíðÚke s MktÃkÒk ÚkE þfu, Mk{ks ËoZ íku{s

ÂMÚkh hne þfu.

«Úk{ íkku ykðe ÷kufMktøkúnLke ¼kðLkkLkk {q¤{kt {kLkð - {Lk, {kLkðu hý fÕÞkýuåAk

«ÄkLk nkuðe òuEyu. {Lkw»ÞLke rLk:MðkÚko ¼kðLkk íkuLke r[¥kð]ríkLku þhË íkÚkk ÌËÞLku

rðþk¤ çkLkkðu Au. ÃkhkÚko SðLk s r[¥kLkk yLku ÌËÞLku {nkLk çkLkkðu Au. ÃkkuíkkLke

EåAkykuLku þwØ rðï{kt ykðu íkku ¾hkçk f{kuo õÞkhuÞ Lk ÚkE þfu. yÚkðoðuË yk «fkhu

ÔÞkÃkf rð[kh Ëorü hsw fhíkkt fÌkwt fu, ík{u ÃkkuíkkLkk r[¥k{kt çkeòyku {kxu ¼÷w Úkkyku yuðe

EåAkyku WíÃkLLk fhku. ykðk rð[kh yLku EåAkykuÚke çkeòLkwt ¼÷wt fhðkLkkt fk{ku{kt

yLkkÃkkMk «ð]ík ÚkE þfþku. {Lk suðwt rð[kheLku íkuðe s EåAk fhþu, suðe EåAk suðwt s

f{o fhþu. ykÚke þwØ yLku Ãkrðºk EåAkykuÚke s fkÞo Ãký þwØ yLku Ãkrðºk ÚkE þfu Au.

su{ fu -

S±çS¼ }¢¢~¢ ©¼ çÐ~¢ï Ý¢ï ¥S¼é S±çS¼ x¢¢ï|²¢ï …x¢¼ï ÐéL¯ï}² : ¢

ç±Eæ „é|¢ê¼æ „éç±Î~¢æÝ¢ï ¥S¼é Á²¢ïx¢ï± Îüà¢ï}¢ „ê²ü}¢ì ¢¢

yÚkðoðuËfk÷eLk Mk{ks{kt ÃkkÃk - ÃkwÛÞ, Lkhf - MðøkoLke fÕÃkLkkLke {kÞk Mk{ksLku

MkwÔÞðÂMÚkík yLku WÒkríkþe÷ çkLkkððkLke ¼kðLkk - ÔÞkÃkf níke. Mk{ks{kt MktøkrXík

yLku ÃkhMÃkh yLkwfw¤íkkÚke MkkÚku hnuðwt íkÚkk MkíÞ çkku÷ðwt yu ÃkwÛÞ Au. yu{ {kLkðk{kt

ykðíkwt.

„}¢¢™èÝéc±¢Ýé„æÐí²¢sx¢íï Ðƒ: ÜUËÐ² Îï±²¢Ý¢Ýì ¢

¥ï¼ñ: „éÜUë¼ñÚÝéx¢ÓÀï}¢ ²¿¢æ Ý¢ÜUï ç¼D‹¼}¢}¢ç{ „#Úà}¢¢ñ ¢¢

yu s heíku þw¼ MktfÕÃk Þwõík {LkÚke Ãk]ÚðeLke hûkk fhðkÚke íkÚkk ©u»X Ãkhk¢{e ÚkðkÚke

MðøkoLke «kró ÚkkÞ Au.

.......... ©Ï…ñÝ¢æ }¢ã¼ï ±è²¢üÃ² ¢ .......... §ü²æ }¢ãè Ðíç¼ x¢ëãì…¢¼é ™}¢ü Ðëçƒ±è Îï±è

„é}¢ÝS²}¢¢Ý¢ ¢ ¥ƒü x¢ÓÀï}¢ „éÜUë¼S² H¢ïÜU}¢ì ¢¢

ynª rðï yuõíkk, rðï þkÂLík yLku rðï - fÕÞkýLkku Ãkh{ MktËuþ yk{ktÚke æðrLkík ÚkkÞ

Au. ¼khíkeÞ ðirËf Ä{oLke Ëorü nt{uþk Mk{kLkíkk yLku {kLkð fÕÞkýLke hne Au. {kLkð -



42


Mk{ksLkwt rník fhLkkÁt fk{ íkku Mk{qnÞ¿kÚke s ÚkkÞ. ynª MkíÞ çkku÷ðwt - ykðe ¼kðLkk

Ët¼ yLku ykiÃk[krhõíkkLkku Ãkzðu [ehe Lkk¾u Au. ykðe MkíÞ MðYÃk {ÄwhðkýeÚke {kLkð -

{kLkð ðå[u ¼kðkí{f yufíkk sL{u Au. yÚkðo {kÄwÞoLke «kró {kxu ËoZ - ~kÂõík fu ËoZ -

MktfÕÃkLkku «Þkuøk fhðku òuEyu yu{ {kLku Au.

ç…ãì±¢²¢ ¥x¢íï }¢{é }¢ï ç…ãì±¢}¢êHï }¢{êHÜU}¢ì ¢

}¢}¢ïÎÝ RU¼¢±„¢ï }¢}¢ ç™ÿ¢}¢éÐ¢²ç„ ¢¢

Ãkhtíkw YÃk yu ÔÞÂõík{kt yLku Mk{ks{kt hnu÷e WÄE Au. {kýMk yk rðfkMkLkk LkÚke fþe

þfíkku. Ãkhtíkw çkeòLkk ÿu»k{kt Mkíkík «ÞíLkþe÷ ÔÞÂõík Mk{ks {kxu ÿu»k MðYÃk çkLke hnu Au.

íkífk÷eLk íÞkhçkkË «kó økýíke LkÚke. yu Mk{Þu fuð¤ Ë]»x ÔÞÂõíkykuÚke s ÿu»k fhðk{kt

ykðíkku LkÚke.

§ü‹Îí„¢ï}¢¢ „}¢{à¢æ„}¢|²Îí{æ ¼Ðé²ü²S¼é ™LÚçx¢í}¢¢æ §ü± ¢

Ï¢íHçm ï RUÃ²¢Îï Í¢¢ïÚ™ÿ¢„ï mï¯¢ï {œ¢}¢Ý±¢²æ çÜU}¢è çÎÝï ¢¢

îu»k fhLkkh ÔÞÂõíkLku Mk{ks{kt ykËhLke Ëo»xeÚke òuðk{kt ykðíkku LkÚke. Mkðoºk yuLkk Lkkþ

íku{s MkneíkLke s fk{Lkk fhðk{kt ykðíke. îu»k¼kðLkk yÄkuøkríkLke nuíkw {kLkðk{kt

ykðíke LkÚke.

çÐí²æ çÐí²¢‡¢¢æ ÜUë‡¢±¢„ ¼}¢S¼ï ²‹¼é ²¼}¢ï çm¯ç‹¼ ¢

{ïÝéàÝÇì±¢Ýì ±²¢ ï±² ¥¢²Îï± ¯¢ñL ï²}¢²}¢ëy²éæ ÝéÎ‹¼é ¢¢

yk{ íkkífk÷eLk Mk{ks îu»k¼kðLkkLkk WL{q÷Lk {kxu MkËið «ÞíLk þe÷ hne Mk{ks yLku

hk»xÙLkk rðfkMkLkwt rník s EåAíkku níkku. {Lkw»ÞLkwt Wæðeofhý yu s {kLkð {kLkð ðå[uLke

{Lke»kk níke.

ykÚke íkku yÚkðoðuË Mkðo¼qík{iºkeLku «kÄkLÞ ykÃku Au. Mkðo¼qík{iºke íÞkhu s Mkt¼ð çkLku,

ßÞkhu {Lkw»Þ çkeòLkku yÃkfkh Lkne. Ãkhtíkw WÃkhfkh fhu økeíkk yu Ãký rLkðuuno : „±ü|¢ê¼ï éæ (

11/1Ãk ), ¥¢y}¢¢Ð}²ïÝ „±ü~¢ „}¢æ Ðà²ç¼, ¥Îíï Å¢ „±ü|¢ê¼¢Ý¢æ }¢ñ~¢ : ÜUL‡¢ ¥ï± ™,

„}¢: „±ïü é |¢ê¼ï¯é suðk ðkõÞkuÚke Mkðo «kýesøkík {kxu fÁýk yLku «u{Lkku ¼kð ðGkõík

fÞkuo Au. yÚkðo Ãký þwÿ Mkrník [khuÞ ðýo, Mk{økú «kýeyku «íÞu «u{¼kð «ËŠþík fhíkkt



43


çku EåAkyku «økx fhu Au. :- (1) nwt çkÄk ðýkuoLkku ÃÞkhku çkLkwt yLku (h) nwt çkÄkt

«kýeykuLkku ÃÞkhku çkLkwt :

çÐí²æ }¢¢ ÜUë‡¢é Îï±ï¯éæ çÐí²æ Ú¢…„é }¢¢ ÜUë‡¢é ¢

Ðíè²æ „±üS² Ðà²¼ ©¼ à¢êÎí ©¼¢²ïü ¢¢

yk{ ðuË þwÿku «íÞu Ãký fkuE Ä]ýkLkku ¼kð «økx Lk fheLku Mk{íkk Mk{kLkíkkLkku ¼kð «økx

fhe ÷kuf fÕÞký yLku ÷kufMktøkúnLke ¼kðLkkLku Wòøkh fhu Au.

MkðoLkk r«Þ çkLke hnuðk yÚkðoðuË fkhu fíkoÔÞþkMºkLke {ÞkoËkykuLkku rð{þo ÔÞõík fÞkuo Au.

yu {wsçk ykðe {ÞkoËkykuLkwt WÕ÷t½Lk fhðwt, suLku ðuË ÃkkÃk Mk{su Au yLku WÕ÷t½Lk Lk fhðwt

íku MkífíkoÔÞ fu Ä{o Mk{su Au. {Lkw»Þ ÃkkuíkkLkwt fíkoÔÞf{o fhu íku s Mkk[e ÷kufMktøkúnLke

¼kðLkk, økeíkk{kt f]»ýu yk çkkçkíkLku Mk{òðíkkt fÌkwt Au fu, {Lkw»Þ fíkoÔÞf{o Lk fhu íkku,

íkuLkk {køkoLku yLkwMkhLkkh nkrLk Ãknkut[kzLkkh Lkkx-¼ú»x fhLkkh íkÚkk Mktfh{ýkLkk rLkr{ík

çkLke Mk{økú «òLkwt Lk»x fhLkkh çkLku Au.

²çÎ ç{ãæ Ý ±¼ïü²æ }¢¢¼é ÜU}¢üÛ²ï¼~¢è¼ ¢

„æ™¢Ú Ð¢y™ ÜU¼¢ü S²¢}¢²¢ç}¢}¢¢ Ðí…¢±¢ü ¢¢

fíkoÔÞf{o{kt Ãký fux÷ef {ÞkoËkyku ykð~Þf Au. ykÚke yÚkðoðuËfkh Ãký ðuË{kt

çkíkkðu÷e {ÞkoËkykuLkwt WÕ÷t½Lk Lk fhu íkuðku MktËuþ ykËþo ÃkwÁ»kLku ykÃkíkkt fnu Au :

„# }¢²¢üÎ¢: ÜU±™ S¼¼ ÿ¢éS¼¢„¢ç}¢Îï ÜU¢}¢|²æãéÚ¢ ïÇx¢¢¼ì ¢

¥¢²¢ïãü SÜU}|¢ ©Ð}¢S² ÝèÇï Ðƒ¢æ ç±„x¢ïü {Ú‡¢ï¯é ¼S²¢ñ ¢¢

yk Mkkík {ÞkoËkyku yk «{kýu Au : (1) S¼ï² - [kuhe (h) ¼Ë²¢Ú¢ïã±¢ -

ÔÞr¼[kh (3) Ï¢íHãy²¢ - LkkÂMíkõíkk (4) |¢íé‡¢ãy²¢ - øk¼oÃkkík (Ãk) „éÚ¢Ð¢Ý -

{rËhkÃkkLk (6) ÎéSÅS² ÜU}¢ü‡¢: ÐéÝ: ÐéÝ: „ï±¢ - Ëw»x f{oLkwt ðkhtðkh MkuðLk. (7)

Ð¢¼ÜUïÇÝë¼¢ïl}¢ì - ÃkkÃk fÞko ÃkAe yuLku AwÃkkððk sqXwt çkku÷ðwt.

ðíko{kLk Mk{Þ{kt Ãký WÃkÞwfoík yÄ{ f]íÞku ¾qçk s ÔÞkÃkf çkLÞkt Au. yk {kxu rðïLkk

«íÞuf hk»xÙkuyu rðrðÄ ËtzLke òuøkðkEyku Ãký fhe Au. íku Mkðo¿kkLk Au. yk f]íÞkuÚke

hk»xÙLkwt, Mk{ksLkwt yLku ÔÞÂõíkLkwt Lkiríkf yÄ:ÃkíkLk rLkrùík nkuðkÚke yÚkðoðuËfkh ykðkt



44


f]íÞkuÚke yxfðkLkku MktËuþ ykÃke ÷kufMktøkún ¼kðLkk Wòøkh fhðkLkku MÃk»x çkkuÄ ykÃku Au.

Ãkhtíkw ykðe MkkÚku ðirËffk÷eLk W{Ëk ¼kðLkkLkk ËþoLk íkku íÞkt ÚkkÞ Au fu Ëwþ[kheLku Ãký

Mk{ks{ktÚke çkrn»f]ík fhðk{kt Lk ykðíkku. òu Ëwhk[khe ÔÞÂõík Ëwhk[khLku íÞsðk «ÞíLk

þe÷ hnu íkku Mk{ks íkuLku Mðefkhðk íkiÞkh hnuíkku níkku. fkhý fu, Ëwhk[kh íÞsðkLku fkhýu

ÔÞÂõík Vhe Mk{ks {kxu WÃkÞkuøke çkLke þfu. yuðku {kLkðíkkðkËe yr¼øk{ hk¾ðk{kt

ykðíkku.

Ðí ÐÎ¢ïÇ± ÝïçÝçx{ ÎépçÚ¼æ ²Ó™¢™¢Ú à¢éhñ : à¢ÜUñÚ¢ RU}¢¼¢æ Ðí…¢ÝÝì ¢

¼èy²¢æ ¼}¢¢æç„ Ï¢ãé{¢ ç±Ðà²ó¢…¢ï Ý¢ÜU}¢¢ RU}¢¼¢æ ¼ë¼è²}¢ì ¢¢

{kLkð Mk{ks Ä{o, yÚko, fk{, yLku {kuûk YÃke [íkwŠðÄ ÃkwÁ»kkÚkkuoLkk ÃkkÞk WÃkh h[kÞu÷ku

Au. {kLkð Mk{ksLke Ëirnf yLku {kLkrMkf Mk{MÞkykuLkk {q¤{kt yÚko yLku fk{ hnu÷k Au.

yk Ãkife ykŠÚkf Mk{MÞkLkk Mk{kÄkLk{kt ËkLk yu Mk{ksLkk fÕÞký YÃk W¥k{ {kæÞ{

{LkkÞ Au. ËkLk - Ä{oLkku ÏÞk÷ ÔÞkÃkf sLkMk{ks{kt ËoZ fhðk ðuËkuLkku Vk¤ku LkkUÄÃkkºk Au.

{LkwLkk fÚkkLkkLkwMkkh MkíÞ {uíkk - îkÃkh íku{s fr÷ÞwøkLkk «{w¾ íkíðku ¢{þ: ¿kkLk Þ¿k

íku{s ÄLk Au.

¼Ð: ÐÚæ ÜUë¼²éx¢ï }¢ï¼¢²¢æ ¿¢¢Ý}¢éÓ™¼ï ¢

m¢ÐÚæ ²¿¢}¢ïÜUãé Î¢Ý}¢ïÜUæ ÜUçH²éx¢ï ¢¢

økheçk rLkðkLk ðå[uLke {íkhu¾k ykuAe fhe {kLkð - {kLkð ðå[u ykùÞo Lke MkkÚku

Mkk{krsf - Mk{kLkíkk ÔÞkÃku yu sYhe Au. ykÚke ykÚke fnu Au MktMkkh{kt ËkLkðe «ð]r¥kyku

òøkúík hnu :-

„„‹¼é y²¢ ¥Ú¢¼²¢ï Ï¢¢ï{‹¼é à¢êÚ Ú¢¼²: ¢

ðkMíkð{kt ðirËf MktMf]rík íkÚkk íku{s íÞkøk Ãkh ¼kh ykÃkuAu. çkÄk {Lkw»Þku{kt Mk{kLkíkkLkku

MktËuþ ykÃku Au. MktÃkqýo Mk]rü ÃkhMÃkh ykËkLk - «kËkLkLkk ¢{Úke s [k÷u Au. ykÚke

Mk{ks{kt Mktíkw÷Lk çkLkkðe hk¾ðk {kxu ÃkhMÃkh n¤e - {¤e ðnU[eLku ¾kðwt òuEyu. ykÚke

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yuLke MktÃkr¥k õÞkhuÞ ûkeý Lkne ÚkkÞ Ãkhtíkw ð]rØ Ãkk{íke hnuþu. ’ –



45


à¢¼ãS¼ „}¢¢ãÚ „ãdãS¼ „æçÜUÚ ¢

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ykð]r¥k - h004, ÃkkLk Lkt. Ãk1.



46


4. xe. sÞ ËÞk÷ økkuÞLËfk, ©e{ËT ¼økðËTøkeíkk ( íkíðrððu[Lke rnLËe xefk Lkku

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* ©e yLku ©e{íke Ãke.fu.fkuxkðk÷k ykxoTMk fku÷us, Ãkkxý îkhk Vedic Literature

Present Perspectiverð»kÞkLíkøkoík íkk.11{e Vuçkúw-h017 Lkk hkus ykÞkuSík yuf

rËðMkeÞ hk»xÙeÞ Mku{eLkkh{kt «Míkwík yÇÞkMk ÷u¾.



47


Total Quality Management in Higher Education: A Journey towards Qualitative

Excellence and Sustenance

DR. REJI GEORGE

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR & HEAD


RADHANPUR

Abstract

In order to have a sustainable development in higher education, it is very much

essential to have Total Quality Management policy. Total Quality Management

provides quality assurance and develops it in all the facets of higher education. The

concept of Total Quality Management has been adopted by many of the multinational

companies and industries. However, gradually, in today’s world of competition

Higher Education Institutions with high qualitative education and reputation are

adopting this TQM policy for quality education and management. The present paper

deals with concept of TQM and its relevance in Higher education in today’s world of

competition. The paper also talks about the need of TQM in higher education and its

role in quality assurance in various facets of education. TQM culture is something that

has to be inculcated and incorporated. It does not mean imposition or compulsion, but

it means developing a culture of quality management at micro level in the functioning

of the institution. Total Quality Management is an approach, mindset, an attitude and

a method of continuous improvement sustaining high quality standards. It aspires for

a permanent qualitative change in an institution’s focus on students and the

expediency to the long term quality improvement. The present paper explores the

possibilities of TQM in higher education. It also aims at improving the quality of

courses, input and connections with teaching learning aspects. To be precise TQM is

user centric and speaks for the degree of ‘excellence’ by which we quench the thirst

for quality education.

Keywords: TQM (Total Quality Management), continuous improvement,

quality, values, excellence.

Introduction:



48


Total Quality Management incorporates quality assurance, and extends and develops

it. TQM is about creating a quality culture where the aim of every member is to

delight their customers and where the structure of their organization allows them to do

so. Here the customer is sovereign. This approach has been popularized by Peters and

Waterman in In Search of Excellence. Many companies, such as Marks & Spencer.

British Airways and Saintsbury have been pursuing this approach for a number of

years. It is about providing the customer expectations which are thought to be short-

term & fickle. Thus the changing tastes, needs and wants. TQM is not an imposition.

It cannot be done to you or for you. For TQM to work an institution must itself want

to introduce it. It is not inspection. It is about always trying to do things right first

time and every time, rather than occasionally checking if they have gone wrong. TQM

is not about working to someone else's agenda. The 'total' in TQM dictates that

everything and everybody in the organization is involved in the enterprise of

continuous improvement. The 'management' in TQM likewise means everyone,

because everyone in the institution, whatever their status, position or role, is the

manager of their own responsibilities. It is both a mind set and a set of practical

activity an attitude of mind as well as a method of promoting continuous

improvement. It is a practical & strategic approach to function an organization which

focuses on the needs of its customers and clients. It seeks a permanent shift in an

institution's focus on the needs of its customers expediency to the long term quality

improvement. Constant innovation improvement : "Kaizen" - means step - by -- step

improvement. TQM requires a change of attitudes & working methods, a change in

the way in which institutions are managed and led. Two things to work.

1. A suitable environment to work.

2. Encouragement and recognition of their successes & achievements.

The key to successful TQM culture is an effective internal / external customer -

supplier chain. In education, it changes the usual set of relationships to one with a

clear customer focus. Education is about people learning. If TQM is to have relevance

in education, it needs to address the quality of .the learner's experience - the prime

activity - learning. Miller Dower and Inniss make the same point in Improving

Quality in Further Education. The use of TQM principles begins in the classroom with



49


the teachers establishing their 'mission' - which provides a sense of direction &

purpose and which also acts as a unifying factor, criteria for decision making. It

articulates values, ensures consistency of purpose, defines customers, characterizes

the organization to its community & provides challenge & motivation. Form this,

negotiation might take place about how the two parties will seek to achieve the

mission - the styles of learning & teaching and the resources they require.

a) Establishment of a quality steering Committee

b) Strong feedback loop - for quality assurance

TQM is concerned with people, system & culture. There are some barriers to be

overcome when introducing TQM :

1. Cultures are conservative, homeostasis is the norm

2. Most staff are most comfortable with what they know and understand

3. Strategic plan - institution's mission

4. Trust - senior management

It is (MBWA) management by walking about - where the leader has to visualize and

understand the feeling of the frontline & processes of institution because total quality

culture has shared values, commitment to always getting right, open and explicit

communication, time for team work,training in quality, total involvement and

sensitivity to others need. In educational institutions the focus is on the customers

wants i.e. the learners, who are external customers and the staff members who are

internal customers. The stakeholders are parents, governors, employers or government

and the society as a whole. The institution should clearly define the nature of service

it would provide to its customers. It should maintain an excellent and incessant dialog

with them. While the major focus must be on external customers i.e. learners, it is

important to remember that everyone working in the institution provides service to his

colleagues. TQM staff members are the internal customers. Poor internal relationships

prevent an institution working properly and in the end it is the external customers who

suffer. There should be proper coordination in the components of the TQM i.e.

structures, processes, customers, team, leadership and values. Total quality



50


management in higher education means improving quality of courses, input,

instructional processes, resources, management processes and structures as well as

student support services, output and linkages with world of work and other

organizations. On the basis of the analysis of the initiatives taken by the universities

such as Virginia Commonwealth University, South Bank University and Aston

University, P.K.Tulsi has suggested the following approach for total quality

management : Identifying Customers Needs; Specifying quality standards;

Benchmarking; Identifying gaps in the existing system; Planning for improvement;

Implementation of improvement plans; Monitoring and Evaluating, and Modification

of plans; Implementation of total quality management in higher education requires

deep commitments; full involvement of people; top management support, fair reward

and recognition policies and training of concerned people in the concept; tools and

techniques of total quality management. While Crawford has visualized the following

stages in the implementation of TQM: Mission to be compatible with its vision;

Objectives to be transformed into specific attainable, measurable goals; Goals

motivating individuals and offering a payoff to the institution; Plans to bring together

human, physical and financial resources; Resources that permit implementation of the

plans.

References:

1. Craw Ford, F. Total Quality Management, Occasional Paper . London: C V P,

1994. P. 8.

2. Malhotra, M.M. Quality Improvement in Technical Education a Training in

MM Malhotra( ed )Collections of Paper on Excellence in Technical

Education. Chandigarh: Technical Teachers Training Institute.1993.

3. Udpa, SR. Quality Circles: Progress Through Participation. New Delhi:

TataMcGraw- Hill Publishing Co, 1992.

4. Kumar Ravidra.Improving Quality of Higher Education, University News

,Vol.42 No.18, AIU, New Delhi.

5. Sareen Sandeep.Quality Management.New Delhi:Ivy Publishing House,2001.



51


M WALLET: CURRENT SCENARIO IN INDIA

DR. CHIRAG V. RAVAL

ADHYAPAK SAHAYAK


RADHANPUR

ABSTRACT:

The e-commerce market in India is growing at a rapid pace, as a result of growing

smartphone and internet penetration. E-Commerce companies are making strategic

acquisitions to expand their market presence, enter newer markets and niche

segments.Also, few e-commerce companies operate only through mobile

application and do not have web presence, which require only m-payment.Over the

past few years, India has emerged as one of the largest economies in the world; and

it is set to emerge as the world’s fastest-growing major economy in couple of years

ahead of China, as per the recent report by the World Bank.The paper deals with

Introduction, objectives of study, results, findings, suggestion and conclusion.

Mobile Payments are the backbone of an e-commerce industry.

KEYWORDS: M Wallet, Mobile, Banking, India

INTRODUCTION

The m-wallet has appeared as a shining star in the horizon of Indian non-cash

transactions. The growth of the m-wallet segment can be attributed to the

conjunction of rising smartphone usage and internet penetration in the nation. Also,

demonetization in India has proved a lucrative opportunity for m-wallet players in

the country. The m-wallet companies are flooded with millions of transactions and

double the number of users. The average wallet spend for retail which was about

INR 500-700 prior to demonetization move, is expected to increase to INR 2,000-

10,000.

M-payments have been available in India since 2010; and are majorly driven by the

increase in smartphone and tablet users, low mobile tariffs, affordable handsets,

and penetration of the internet. However, trust and security issues have remained



52


as the major roadblocks for the industry.The Indian Mobile Payment market can be

segmented into three categories: Mobile Banking, Mobile POS and Mobile Wallet.

Mobile wallet allows its users to save their money in their m-wallet account like

they save in the bank account, and at the time of transaction they can simply log

into their m-wallet account and pay the desired amount. They do not have to enter

their card details every time they make a transaction, rather they only have to enter

their m-wallet ID and password. This service has made the online and offline

transactions easy and hassle free in addition to saving time.

The m-wallet market can be segmented into three broad services: Money

Transfers, Recharge, and Others. During the period FY 2017, the Money Transfer

segment, which includes money transfers from bank to wallet, wallet to wallet and

wallet to bank, is estimated as the largest segment of Indian m-wallet market with

around 38% share, followed by Recharge and Bills Payments for mobile phones,

DTH, landline, etc.

With more than 1 Billion1 mobile subscribers, India has a promising potential for

internet on mobile, and the same is expected for payments and business

transactions on mobile.The improvement in India’s economic fundamentals has

accelerated in the year 2015 with the combined impact of strong government

reforms, RBI’s inflation focus supported by benign global commodity prices. The

size of the Indian economy was estimated at US$ 2.07 Trillion (INR 132.7

Trillion) for the year 2015, compared to US$ 2.04 Trillion (INR 124.5 Trillion) in

2014.

Number of Commercial Banks rises to 152 in the year 2015, as against 151 in

2014, registering an increase after 2 years. As regards to broadband subscribers,

the Central Government had revised the definition of Broadband in July 2013.

According to revised definition of broadband, the numbers of broadband

subscribers have increased to 99.2 Million in 2015 as compared to 15 Million

subscribers in the year 2013 (as per prerevised definition).



53


There is a tremendous interest among Indian policy makers, academicians and

commercial enterprisesto explore the possibility of moving towards acashless

economy. However, cash still continues toremain the predominant form of

transaction. Beforedemonetization move in November 2016, cashaccounted for

96% of the monetary transactions inthe country. The move primarily aims to curb

theblack money in the economy and making it a “cashlesseconomy”.

All the transactions would be done through cheques, debit & credit cards, m-wallet

etc., which will curb the corruption in the country. Also, demonization drive by

Prime Minister “Mr. Narendra Modi” will not only be fruitful for m-wallet

companies, but it is also beneficial for debit and credit card offering banks as well.

This will lead to lower lending rates and increased supply of money in an

economy. The non-cash payment instruments in India include debit card, credit

card, cheques, and money transfer through NEFT, RTGS, and CCIL.

The Reserve Bank of India is also working towards making India a cashless

economy, and to bring in accountability and transparency in each financial

transaction. Therefore, m-wallet is gaining importance with the growth of e-

commerce industry. Almost all the e-tailing players in Indian context have tied up

with one or more m-wallet companies to attract customers with huge discounts and

cashbacks, when paying through these wallets. However, COD or Cash-On-

Delivery is still a pertinent part of the e-tailing business. Therefore, both the e-

commerce companies as well as m-wallet companies.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:

To identify non cash payment transactions type

To know uses of e wallets in India

To recognize preferences of youth for payments and uses of smart phones

in India.

To distinguish leading m wallet players in India

RESEARCH DESIGN: Descriptive type of research

SOURCES OF DATA



54


The secondary sources have been used in the above research paper along with

different research paper, books, journals published on the topic and literature.

RESULTS:

Breakup of Non-Cash Payment Transaction Value by Type of Transaction

(%), FY 2017

Source: RNCOS, ASSOCHAM

Note: Others include NEFT, Mobile Banking and Prepaid Instrument

Breakup of Non-Cash Payment Transaction Volume by Type of Transaction

(%), FY 2017

Source: RNCOS, ASSOCHAM

Note: Others include NEFT, Mobile Banking and Prepaid Instrument

0% 5%

39% 56%

CCIL

RTGS

Cheques

Others

CCIL, 0.3 RTGS, 5

Cheques, 39 Others, 55.7



55


Transaction Volume of Mobile Payment (Billion), FY 2016 to FY 2022

Sr. No. Financial Year Volume (Billion)

1. 2016 2.9

2. 2017e 6.9

3. 2018f 16.2

4. 2019f 37.8

5. 2020f 90.0

6. 2021f 195.0

7. 2022f 460.0

Source: RBI, RNCOS,ASSOCHAM

Note: e/f = RNCOS Estimation/Forecast

Transaction Value of Mobile Payment (INR Trillion), FY 2016 to FY 2022


Note: e/f = RNCOS Estimation/Forecast

6

11.2

16.3

27.8

81.7

102

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

Million



56


Mobile Payment by Segment (%), FY 2017


Note: Breakup is shown in terms of transaction value

Leading M-wallet Players and their User Base (Million), 2015

Sr. No. M-Wallet Players Users (Million)

1. Paytm 120

2. ITZ Cash 40

3. Mobikwik 30

4. Citrus Pay 21

5. Oxigen 20

6. Vodafone M-Pesa 5.4

7. Airtel Money 1.7

Source: ASSOCHAM and Companies’ Press Release

40%

4%

56%

M-POS

Mobile Wallet

Mobile Banking



57


Smartphone Shipments (Million), 2010-2015

Sr. No. Financial Year Million

1. 2010 6

2. 2011 11.2

3. 2012 16.3

4. 2013 27.8

5. 2014 81.7

6. 2015 102

Source: International Data Corporation (IDC),ASSOCHAM

FINDINGS:

Currently, approximately 100 million consumers in India are using e-

wallets as an option to make transaction.

People still prefer to transact either through RTGS transfers, or through

CCIL or cheques.

The youth of the nation prefers internet and mobile banking over traditional

payments through cheques or cash.

In FY 2017, RTGS is estimated to contribute the major share in the value of

non-cash transactions with 56%, followed by the CCIL with 34%.

Majority of the retail market does not have POS installations to offer card-

based payments.

The retailers are reluctant about non-cash payments, and sometimes charge

extra if payments are being done through debit or credit cards.

However, the demonetization move will lead to huge changes in cashless

payment system. More and more people have started transacting in

Cheques, debit and credit cards.

All small and large merchants, street dwellers have started accepting

mobile wallet payments.

During FY 2016, the total transaction volume of the m-payment in India

was 2.9 Billion; and it is expected to grow at a CAGR of 132% during FY

2016-FY 2022, and reach around 460 Billion by the end of 2022.



58


In FY 2016, India m-payment reported INR 8.2 Trillion worth of

transaction value; and it is expected that it would grow at a CAGR of 150%

during FY 2016 to FY 2022, reaching INR 2205 Trillion.

Banks have started issuing credit cards at a very low rate of interest

resulting into increased penetration of debit and credit cards in the country.

In FY 2017, mobile banking segment is estimated to contribute a largest

share in Indian mobile payment market, with the majority being money

transfers. Its share in the m-payment is estimated to increase tremendously

from 8% in FY 2014 to 56% in FY 2017 in terms of value.

On the other hand, mPOS is expected to have a largest market share in

terms of volume in FY 2017. However, its share is expected to fall from

85% in FY 2014 to 58% in FY 2017.

Mobile Wallet service is estimated to contribute 30% share in the mobile

payment volume transactions in FY 2017, its share has increased in the last

couple of years due to increasing awareness among the consumers and

increasing merchant tie-ups especially at very small terminals, such as

Taxi, Bus, Auto, vegetable sellers etc.

Some of the m-wallet companies charge their users for loading money in

their wallets. These charges vary between 1% and 1.5%, depending upon

the source of loading money and the total amount of money to be loaded.

However, companies like Paytm, Mobikwik and ITZcash do not charge for

loading money.

E-payments and mobile wallets are getting more popular among the youth

in the country.

The major growth driver of m-wallet market is the availability of huge

cashbacks and discount, which is attracting customers rapidly. As Indians

have tendency to save, they are easily attracted by the coupons, discounts

or cashbacks that allow them to spend less.

Many people in India have started utilizing credit card and m-payment

services in light of the presence of various coupon companies offering deals

on every transaction a user makes. This is a major reason why m-wallet

companies in India, aggressively offer discount coupons to attract more



59


customers to utilize their services and build the trust factor with the

consumers.

Moreover, with the dramatic increase in the number of mobile internet

users in India; m-wallet platforms are proffering new deals everyday to

survive in this highly consolidated market.

RECOMMENDATIONS

The RBI takes all possible measures to assure consumers that their safety is

not compromised, for instance:

RBI keeps changing these measures time to time in order to avoid hacks.

The m- wallets companies must take important steps to gain their

consumers’ trust.

The m wallets companies should organize awareness workshop for all the

customers.

The banks should give safety and security to all the customers for using of

m wallets.

Mobile phone companies should introduce low priced cell phones in the

market which can be bought by all the customers, as the ultimate goal of m-

wallet is to improve financial inclusion in the country.

CONCLUSION

M-wallet users can pay their utility bills, insurance premium, and can recharge

their metro cards with just one click from anywhere. They do not have to go the

government offices or to the merchants for paying bills and wasting their time.

Also, they get discounts and cashbacks along with the cited benefits.Mobile wallet

is a recent phenomenon, not many people are aware about this service in India. The

consumer’s mindset is the biggest factor that hinders the growth of Indian m-wallet

market, as they are more sceptical about the safety and security issues as in the

case of internet banking. Users worry that their devices could be hacked or

attacked by some kind of viruses.

M-payment is a crucial driver for the growth of the e-commerce industry in India.

People can shop online; book movie tickets, rail or flight tickets; and pay their bills

by making m-payment through their debit and credit cards



60


REFERENCES:

M-Wallet Press Report, ASSOCHAM, New Delhi, India

www.rncos.com

www.assocham.org

http://www.bbc.com/news/business-38032626

http://www.assocham.org/upload/docs/M-Wallet_Report_press.pdf

http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/at-akodara-indias-first-digital-

village/article7418012.ece

www.rbi.org.in




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Submission Guidelines:

Papers submitted for publication should be exclusively written for this journal

and should not have been published or sent for publication elsewhere. The

papers submitted should evince serious academic work contributing new

knowledge or innovative critical perspectives on the subject explored.

Each paper must be accompanied by:

A declaration that it is an original work and has not been published anywhere

else or send for publication as per given format.

Abstract of paper about 100-200 words and 4 to 8 keywords to describe

your research paper and facilitate identifying research domain

A short bio-note of the contributor(s) indicating name, institutional affiliation,

brief career history, postal address, mobile number and e-mail, should be

provided on a separate page along with the title of the paper in the format.

Each contributor will get a complimentary copy of the issue (free of charge)

There is no publication fee or charge




Format:

Paper size: A4, Font & Size: Times New Roman 12, Spacing: 1.5 space,

Margin of 1 inch on all four sides, Justified Alignment.

The length of papers should not be more than 15 (1.5 space) typed pages,

including tables, diagrams and appendices

Title of the paper: bold, title case (Capitalize each word), centered.

Review Procedure

All the papers submitted to the “Shri Trikamjibhai Chatwani Arts & J.V. Gokal Trust

Commerce College, Radhanpur” shall be reviewed by peer-review process. The

editor has the final authority for the acceptance or rejection of any article.

Management and this journal reserve the right to republish the paper in any

form, at any time in the future.

Rejected papers won’t be sent back to the contributor.

Guidelines for Reference

Only cited works should be included in reference list. Please follow APA style

of citations. Papers not submitted in the standard format, as suggested above

will not be considered for publication. The reference list should be

alphabetized and not numbered. Please refer: www.apastyle.org

Titles of articles from journals and books: “quoted”.

Mode of submission

The manuscript shall be accepted in only soft copy sent to:

[email protected]

Deadlines The journal will be published bi-annually. For May edition, papers must be

submitted before 30th March. For November edition, papers must be

submitted before 30th September.

However, contributions are accepted round-the- year.




CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY

Please complete and sign this form and send it back to us with the final version of your manuscript. It is required to obtain a written confirmation from authors in order to acquire copyrights for papers published in RADHANVALLI Title of the Paper: ______________________________________________

DECLARATION: I / We,______________________________ the author/authors of the research paper/article entitled _____________________________________ authorize you to publish the above mentioned paper/article in the RADHANVALLI We declare that:

This contribution is original, except for such excerpts from copyrighted works as may be included in the reference.

This paper has not been published in the same form elsewhere.

I/We will not publish above said contribution anywhere else without the prior written permission of the publisher.

Furthermore, I/We hereby transfer the unlimited rights of publication of the above mentioned paper in whole to RADHANVALLI. The copyright transfer covers the exclusive right to reproduce and distribute the article, including reprints, translations, photographic reproductions, microform, electronic form (offline, online) or any other reproductions of similar nature.

The signatories signs for and accepts responsibility for releasing this material on behalf of any /or all co-authors.

1st Author's Signature: 2nd Author's Signature: Author's Name: Author's Name: Address: Date: Mobile No:

Brief Biodata of Author(s)

Paper Title :

Title :

Full Name :

Designation :

Institution :

University (Affiliation) :

Address :

Pin Code :

City :

District :

State :

Country :

Fax :

Email :

Documents

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE COMMUNICATION · No. NSL/ISSN/INF/2017/538 Dated: November 14, 2017 Shri Trikamajibhai Chatvani Arts & J.V Gokal Trust Commerce College, ... He is a