National Latin Exam: Study Guide Latin III

1st Declension 2nd Declension 3rd Declension (mostly fem.) M. N. M/F N.

sing. pl. sing. pl. sing. pl. s. pl. s. pl.

nom. -a -ae -us -i -um -a -- -es -- -agen. -ae -arum -i -orum -i -orum -is -(i)um -is -um/iumdat. -ae -is -o -is -o -is -i -ibus -i -ibusacc. -am -as -um -os -um -a -em -es -- -aabl. -ā -is -o -is -o -is -e -ibus -e- -ibus

4th Declension 5th Declension (M./F) (N.) ( F.) s. pl. s. pl. s. pl.

nom. -us -ūs -u -ua -es -esgen. -ūs -uum -ūs -uum -ei -erumdat. -ui -ibus -u -ibus -ei -ebusacc. -um -ūs -u -ua -em -esabl. -u -ibus -u -ibus -e -ebus

vocative case rule: -us becomes e Marcus—Marce, -ius becomes i Salvius--- Salvi,

Case Uses:Nominative:subject, predicate nominative with passives apello, fioGenitive: possession, partitive, w/causā or gratiā, description, objectiveDative: indirect object, possession( mihi nomen est), purpose&reference(double dative), agent, w/adj: amicus, carus, similis; w/ verbs: impero, pareo, placeo, praeficio, prosumAccusative: direct object, extent of time and space, subject of infinitive, object of prepositions, place to whichAblative: time when, agent, -cum with pronouns,place from which, alb. Absolute, description, separation,causeAblative of Comparison: If the word to be compared is in the nominative or accusative, quammay be omitted and the second word put in the ablative: Puellae diligentiores pueris sunt.Locative: place where w/names of cities, towns, small islands, domus, humus, rus

accusative prepositions ablative prepositionsad- to praeter- except ab from/ byante- before super- above cum withcircum- around apud- at, among de down from/about/concerningcontra- against ex out ofin- into in in/oninter- among pro for/on behalf ofper - through sine withoutpost- after/behind sub underprope- near trans- acrossob- on account ofpropter- on account/because of

Pronouns: nom. ego (I) tu (you) nos (we) vos (you all)gen. mei (of me) tui(of you) nostrum(of us) vestrum(of y’all) dat. mihi (to/for me) tibi (to/for you) nobis (to/for us) vobis (to/for y’all)acc. me (me) te (you) nos (us) vos (y’all)abl. me (by me) te (by you) nobis (by us) vobis (by y’all)

Interrogatives: quis? who(sing.)quid? whatqui?who (plural) quem?whom? Quos? whom? (plural)Cui? To/for whom?

Cuius? Whose?quot?- how many?cur? whyubi? where?quomodo? Howquando? when

Demonstrative Pronouns: he, she, it, they, etc Relative Pronouns: who, whomsingular plural singular plural

m f n m f n m f n m f nnom is ea id ei eae ea qui quae quod qui quae quae  gen eius eius eius eorum earum eorum cuius cuius cuius quorum quarum quorum  dat ei ei ei eis eis eis cui cui cui quibus quibus quibus  acc eum eam id eos eas ea quem quam quod quos quas quae  abl eo ea eo eis eis eis quo qua quo quibus quibus quibus  

Cardinals Ordinals Roman Numerals Conjunctions

unus, -a, -um one primus I aut orduo, duae, duo two secundus II et andtres, tria three tertius III neque (nec) and not, norquattuor four quartus IV quod becausequinque five quintus V sed butsex six sextus VI atque andseptem seven septimus VII et…et both…andocto eight octavus VIII neque..neque neither…nornovem nine nonus IX aut..aut either ….ordecim ten decimus X quamquam althoughquinquaginta 50 L postquam aftercentum hundred C si ifquingenti 500 D nam formille thousand M enim for

igitur thereforeEnclitics autem however,but-ne question ? -cum with tamen nevertheless-que and -ve or sive..sive whether..if

Vel..vel either…orUt so that, as

Comparison of Regular Adjectives:Positive Comparative Superlativealtus, a, um altior, altius altissimus,a ,umiratus, a,um iratior, iratius iratissimus,a, umpulcher,a, um pulchrior, pulchrius pulcherrimus,a,umfacilis, e facilior, facilius facillimus,a,umliber liberior, liberius liberrimusidoneus magis idoneus maxime idoneus

Irregular Adjectives:Positive Comparative Superlativemagnus maior maximusparvus minor,minus minimusbonus melior optimusmalus peius pessimusmultus plus plurimus

Unus, nullus, alius, alter, solus are declined like nullus above. Pay attention to the genitive and dative.

to turn 1st/2nd Decl. Adjectives into Adverbs (drop the ending and add e) 3rd Decl. Adj. to Adverbs

certus (certain) certe (certainly) fortis (brave) fortiter(bravely)cautus (cautious) caute( cautiously) celer (swift) celeriter( swiftly)

laetus (happy) laete (happily)

Comparison of Adverbs

positive comparative superlativelonge(far) longius(farther) longissime (farthest)fortiter (bravely) fortius (more bravely) fortissime (most/very bravely)

irreg. adverbs: bene- well melius- better optime- very well male- badly,poorly peius- worse pessime- very poorly diu- for a long time diutius- for a longer/rather long time diutissime- for a very long timemagnopere- greatly magis- more greatly maxime- very greatlyquam + superlative adverb= as ____ as possible: quam celerrime as quickly at possible

Active Indicative Endingspresent imperfect future perfect pluperfect fut. perfect-o -bam -bo -am -i -eram -ero-s -bas -bis -es -isti -eras -eris -t -bat -bit -et -it -erat -erit-mus -bamus -bimus -emus -imus -eramus -erimus-tis -batis -bitis -etis -istis -eratis -eritis-nt -bant -bunt -ent -erunt -erant -erint______________________________________________________________________________Passive Indicative Endingspresent imperfect future perfect pluperfect fut. perfect-r -bar -bor -ar ppp + sum ppp + eram ppp + ero-ris -baris -beris -eris ppp + es ppp + eras ppp + eris-tur -batur -bitur -etur ppp + est ppp + erat ppp + erit-mur -bamur -bimur -emur ppp + sumus ppp + eramus ppp + erimus-mini -bamini -bimini -emini ppp + estis ppp + eratis ppp + eritis-ntur -bantur -buntur -entur ppp + sunt ppp + erant ppp + erunt

Pres. (I am) Imperf. (I was) Fut. (I will be) Perf.(I was/have been) Pluperf. (I had been)Fut. Perf (I will have been)

sum eram ero fui fueram fueroes eras eris fuisti fueras fuerisest erat erit fuit fuerat fueritsumus eramus erimus fuimus fueramus fuerimusestis eratis eritis fuistis fueratis fueritissunt erant erunt fuerunt fuerant fuerint

Impersonal Verbs: licet- it is allowed + dative placet- it is pleasing + dative oportet- it is right +acc/inf

Infinitives Imperatives: Negative Imperatives s. pl. s. pl.

portare (to carry) porta (carry!) portate (you all carry!) noli / nolite portare- don’t carry!tacēre (to be quiet) tace (be silent!) tacete (you all be silent!) noli /nolite tacēre- don’t be silent!trahere (to drag) trahe (drag!) trahite (you all drag!) noli/ nolite trahere- don’t drag!audire (to listen) audi (listen!) audite (you all listen!) noli/ nolite audire- don’t listen!

see packet for infinitives of all conjugations!! n.b. 3rd conj. verb infin., ducere (to lead) duci (to be led)

active infin. Passive infin.pres. infin. portare (to carry) portari (to be carried)perf. infin. portavisse (to have carried) portatus esse (to have been carried)fut. infin. portaturus esse ( to be about to carry)

phrases:Salve- hello! Quid est nomen tibi?- what is your name? Gratias tibi ago- I thank you

Sol lucet- the sun is shining Quota hora est?- what time is it? Adsum- I’m present/here Quid novi?- What’s new? Quid agis?- How are you?Quaenam est tempestas? How is the weather Surge- rise/get up Ignosce mihi- Excuse me/forgive meBene respondisti- you have answered well mihi placet- it pleases me/I likeVitā excedere- to depart from life; die in matrimonium ducere- to marry consilium capere- take a planplaudites omnes- everyone clap! me paenitet- it grieves me ut bene scis- as you well know

History: Monarchy (753 BCE- 509 BCE) Republic (508 BCE-28 BCE) Empire (27 BCE-476CE) (7 kings) Romulus, (consuls) 1st consul Brutus (emperors)Numa Pompilius, Horatius- holds Sabine army Augustus (Octavian)Tullus Hostilius at Sublicius bridge, swims TiberiusAncus Marcius to safety/drowns. CaligulaTarquinius Priscus Cincinnatus- called from plow ClaudiusServius Tullius to defeat Aequi tribe; dictator NeroTarquinius Superbus for 16 days then back to farm.

Hannibal- Carthaginian General, led troops (elephants) across Alps, invaded Italy, won battles, in 2nd Punic War (Battles of Cannae, Lake Trasimene, lost at Zama near Carthage to Scipio AfricanusCleopatra- last Egyptian Ruler; had affairs with Caesar and Antony, lost to Octavian w/Anthony at ActiumMarc Antony- in 2nd triumvirate with Octavian; later fought against him at Actium, lostJulius Caesar- 1st triumvirate, conquered Gaul; invaded Britain; assassinated on Ides of March 44 BCSpartacus- slave who led slave revolt; finally put down.Pyrrhus- led Greek cities against Rome; won costly and inconclusive battles; defeated at BeneventoMarius-reorganized the army; won war in Numidia; consul 104-100;Sulla-campaigned with Marius in African wars; lost command against Mithridates to Marius; declared dictatorPompey-supressed Spartacus’ slave revolt; 1st triumvirate; defeated the pirates; lost to Caesar at Pharsalus; murdered in EgyptLivia- Augustus’ wife; mother of TiberiusTiberius- Emperor after Augustus; son of Livia; retired to Capri died of natural causesCannae-One of Hannibal’s victories over the RomansActium- battle where Augustus defeated Antony and Cleopatra’s forces

Mythology:

Daphne & Apollo- she turns into a tree rather than give into his advanceArachne & Minerva- Turned into a spider after losing weaving contest against Minerva goddess of handicraftsHercules: 12 labors; Nemean lion, hydra, Cerberus, apples of HesperidesAeneas: legendary Trojan war survivor and founder of the Romans; son of Venus; Medusa: snaked-haired monster; who turns people to stone; beheaded by PerseusCyclops: one-eyed son of Poseidon; blinded byUlysses( Odysseus); Achilles: greatest Greek warrior in Trojan war; died from shot in heel (achille’s tendon); killed HectorHector: greatest Trojan warrior in Trojan war: killed by AchillesUlysses (in Greek Odysseus) crafty inventor of Trojan Horse; returns to Ithaca after 20 years of adventures;Helen: most beautiful woman/ kidnapped by Paris/ cause of Trojan war/ face launched 1000 shipsJason- got the golden fleece from Colchis on ship Argo (Argonauts)/ married MedeaPerseus- killed Medusa, Theseus- killed Minotaur in Labyrinth in CreteDaedalus- inventor, designed Labyrinth in Crete, made wings of wax and feathers, flew away w/son IcarusMinotaur- half-man half-bull; lived in labyrinth in Crete; killed by TheseusChimera- fire-breathing lion-snake-goat monster killed by BellerophantesCerberus- 3-headed dog, guardian of underworldCharon- ferryman of underworld, paid to ferry souls across riverProserpina- queen of underworld; wife of Pluto (Hades); daughter of Ceres (Demeter)Styx- river in underworld; gods swore oaths by itPluto- King of underworldMucius Scaevola- tried to assassinate Lars Porsenna; stuck his hand in fire to show braveryJanus-god of beginnings; two faces; 1st month; his temple doors closed only in time of peaceVesta- goddess of hearth/fire; eternal flame to her attended by vestal virginsPygmalion- sculptor who fell in love with his statue, Galatea, whom Venus made come to lifeBaucis and Philemon- elderly couple spared from the flood for offering hospitality to Jupiter; turned into treesNiobe- arrogant woman brought death to her 14 kids by saying she was better than Leto; turned to crying rock

Architectural structures and City Places: aqueduct: carries water from mountains to city by gravity thermae: baths circus: track for chariot races; spina is diving line down center; meta is the turning point at end amphitheater: arena for gladiator fights/beast hunts (Colosseum)curia- Senate Housebasilica- large rectangular building used for court cases theater: stage performancesPalatine Hill: one of seven hills with homes of prominent Romans Capitoline Hill: Temple of Jupiter and the citadel Via Appia: connected Rome with Brundisium and the port to the east Campus Martius: area for military training and athletic exercises Pantheon: temple of all gods with an opening to the sky

Culture: triclinium- dining room insulae- multi-story apartment block cena- dinner culina- kitchentoga- formal wrap worn by male citizens tunica- worn under toga; by slaves stola- woman’s long dressKalends- 1st of month Nones- 5th day of month Ides- 13th of the month pr.(pridie) day before named day

a.d.(ante diem) days before a named dayPontifex maximus- head of all state religionAugures- college of priests who took the auspices, observed flights of birds

Abbrev./Mottoes: e.g.- exempli gratia (for example) i.e. id est (that is) veni vidi vici- I came, I saw, I conquered (Julius Caesar)summa cum laude- with greatest/highest praise per annum- by the year/ each yearcaveat emptor- buyer beware et al.- and others vs.- (versus) againstad astra per aspera- to the stars through difficulties status quo- (the state)as things are/were ars longa, vita brevis- art is long, life shortPyrrhic victory- victory where you lose too muchCrossing the Rubicon- no turning backNon sequitur- it does not follow, something illogical unconnected to the argumentAd hominem- against the man; personal attack on the opponentQ.E.D.- quod erat demonstrandum, “which had to be proved” at solution of a math problem

Geography: Adriatic Sea: sea between Italy and GreeceAegean Sea: Sea around the Greek islandsBlack sea: Sea north and east of Asia Minor (Turkey)Rhine River: river separating Gallia from GermaniaPo River: River in North Italy on the east near VeniceRubicon river: River dividing Italy from Gaul in the northGermania: Aegyptus: province in North Africa Sicilia: island at foot of ItalyCreta: Large Greek island between Africa and Greece in the Mediterranean