National Music Education Systems AEC

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ERASMUS NETWORK FOR MUSIC

NATIONAL MUSIC

EDUCATION SYSTEMSDESCRIPTIONS OF NATIONAL SYSTEMS FOR MUSIC IN

HIGHER EDUCATION, PRE-COLLEGE MUSIC EDUCATION,

NSTRUMENTAL/VOCAL MUSIC TEACHER TRAINING

AND TRAINING OF MUSIC TEACHERS IN GENERAL

DUCATION IN 31 EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

EC PUBLICAT IONS 2010 - HANDBOOK


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CONTENTS

AUSTRIA 2

BELGIUM12

BULGARIA 24

CROATIA 30

CZECHREPUBLIC 38

DENMARK 46

ESTONIA 55

FINLAND 62

FRANCE 70

GERMANY 85

GREECE 91

HUNGARY 99

ICELAND 109

IRELAND 116

ITALY 124

LATVIA 135

LITHUANIA 142

LUXEMBOURG 159

MALTA 166

THENETHERLANDS 171

NORWAY 182

POLAND 191

PORTUGAL 197ROMANIA 205

SLOVAKIA 212

SLOVENIA 219

SPAIN 227

SWEDEN 235

SWITZERLAND 243

TURKEY 250

UNITEDKINGDOM 258


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AUSTRIA

OVERVIEWOFHIGHERMUSICEDUCATIONSYSTEMProfessionalmusictrainingonhighereducation levelexistsmostly inthethree MusicUniversities inAustria,whichareprovidinghighereducation financedbythegovernment.TherearealsosocalledKonservatorien inAustriathatofferprofessionalmusiceducation fundedby theprovincesoronaprivatebasis.Theyareable to issuediplomasequivalenttouniversitydegrees,althoughtheydonotawardBachelorandMasterdegreesaccordingtotheBolognastructureyet.Their focus isalsoslightlymoreon theeducationonprecollege level.Outof those institutions,twobecameprivateuniversities (Privatuniversitten).Those two institutions areable toawardaBachelor andMasterdegreeaswell.

Inthe2002winterterm,some60Bachelorstudyprogrammeswereactuallyrunatartsuniversities.11%ofalltypesofstudiesofferedareteachertrainingstudies.Doctoralstudyprogrammesarerunatallartsuniversities.Studentsof

artsuniversitiesmustpassanadmissiontest.

The1998KunstuniversittsOrganisationsgesetz(KUOG)(ArtsUniversitiesOrganisationAct)transformedthefineartscollegesintoartsuniversities.Thiswenthandinhandwithafundamentalrestructuringoftheirorganisationalsetupand strengthened the links between the arts and science. The 1999 amendment to the University Studies Act(UniversittsStudiengesetz)introducedthethreetiersystemofuniversitystudies.

The 2002 Universittsgesetz (University Act) created a common legal basis for science and arts universities. TheUniversity Act transformeduniversities from federal institutions topublic law entitieswhich are no longerunderfederal administration. Universities are funded via a global budget which is set up for threeyear periods mostlyorientedonoutputsandoutcomes.TheservicesrenderedbytheFederalMinistryofScienceandResearchandtheuniversityare laiddownbywayofnegotiation in socalled performanceagreements.The roleof theMinistry islimitedtolegalsupervision.The2002UniversityActprecedesalmostalllegalcompetencestotheuniversities,which

arenowaccountablefortheirownprogrammes,whilsthavingtocomplywithEUdirectives, ifapplicable.Theshiftfrom semester hours to a credit pointbased system according to the European Credit Transfer System (ECTS)promotesnationalandinternationalstudentmobility.

Austria is introducing theelementsof theBolognaDeclarationProcessstepby step.Thediploma supplementwasintroduced in 2002; since 2005 every university hands it out to graduating students automatically. The 1999amendment to the University Studies Act already constituted the basis for the introduction of BA/MA studies. Itbecame possible to offer a degree structure based on twomain cycles at universities. The Accreditation Council,which isresponsiblefortheaccreditationofprivateuniversities,hasbeenestablishedatthebeginningof2004.TheAustrianAgency forQualityAssurance (AQA)wasestablished in regardofqualityassuranceundertakenbypublic(statefinanced)universities,whichcurrentlyisacandidatememberoftheEuropeanNetworkforQualityAssuranceinHigherEducation(ENQA).

Totalnumberofinstitutions

There are three public (state financed)universities for professional music training inAustria: theUniversityofMusicandPerformingArtsVienna, theUniversityofMusicandDramaticArtsGrazandtheUniversityMozarteumSalzburg.

And two private (funded by the municipalities) universities for professional musictraining in Austria: the Anton Bruckner Privatuniversitt (Linz), the KonservatoriumWienPrivatuniversitt

Totalnumberofmusicstudents

5.000+(publicuniversities)


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Funding In addition to government funding, the universities have access to other sources offunding.Nowbeingendowedwithfulllegalcapacity,theyareentitledtoacquireassetsor toundertakecommissioned researchand touse these revenues fordelivering thetasksoftheuniversity.Additionally,inrecentyears,tuitionfeeswereintroducedforall

students(thetuitionfeesonlypartlyfeedbackintotheuniversitybudget).

Curricula Thusfar,theacademicrecognitionofperiodsofstudies,examinationsanddegreeswasregulatedbylaw.Now,itisthetaskoftheuniversitiestoestablishcurriculawithintheirautonomoussphereofcompetence.

2cyclesystem 1stcycle:Bachelor(180ECTScredits althoughsome1stcyclesinmusicatthemoment

have240ECTScredits)

2nd

cycle:Magister(minimumof120ECTScreditsafterthe1stcycle)

Qualifications 1stcycle:Bakkalaurea/BakkalaureusderKnste (Bakk.art.):Artisticaljobpreparationandworkingqualification.

2nd cycle: Magistra/Magister der Knste (Mag. art.): Based on Bachelor degree,additionaljobpreparation.

Entryrequirements(2nd

cycle)BachelorDegreeandsometimesanadmissionexam.

3rcycle Third cycle studiesareonlyofferedat the threeMusicUniversities.Thequalification

awarded after completion of the third cycle is Doktorin/Doktor der Philosophie (Dr.phil.), Doktorin/Doktor der Naturwissenschaften (Dr.rer.nat.) or PhD. Students musthave successfully completed aMagister certification inorder topursue a third cyclequalification.

Vienna,GrazandSalzburgofferthirdcyclestudiesinmusicologyandinnaturalsciences(Acoustics).Graz isconsidering introducingapracticebaseddoctoralstudy inthenearfuture.

Creditpointsystem AllinstitutionsmakeuseoftheECTScreditpointsystem.

Qualityassurance Underthe2002UniversityActuniversitiesareunderanobligationtoinstallqualitymanagementsystems.Generally,theentireperformancespectrumoftheuniversityissubjecttocontinuousevaluation,andspecificareasofexternalevaluationwithinathreeannualperiodaredeterminedintheperformanceagreements.Theperformanceofuniversitystaffmustbeevaluatedat5yearintervalsatminimum.Evaluationshavetobeconductedaccordingtointernationalstandardsandareregulatedindetailbythe

individualuniversityscharter.Theuniversitybodiesmustbasetheirdecisionmakingontheresultsoftheseevaluations.

TheAustrianAgencyforQualityAssurance(AQA)wasestablishedatthebeginningof2004.AQAaimsatassistinghighereducationinstitutionsinimplementingqualityassuranceprocedures,incoordinatingevaluationsandinelaboratingqualityassurancestandards.Alawontheaccreditationofprivateuniversitieshasbeeninforcesince1999.


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Postsecondarystudiesandprivateeducationalestablishmentsofaquasiuniversitycharactermaybeofficiallyrecognisedasprivateuniversities.Forthispurpose,anindependentAccreditationCouncilwassetupintheyear2000.Privateuniversitiesareaccreditedforamaximumperiodof5years.TheAccreditationCouncilismoreover

responsibleforensuringcontinuousandconcomitantqualitycontroloftheaccreditedprivateuniversities.MusicinstitutionsinAustriaarecurrentlyduetothewellknownproblemsinevaluatingartistic/musictrainingnotyetsubjecttoregularqualityreviewsoraccreditationprocedures.Atthemomentappropriatemethodsaccordingtheevaluationofmusictrainingaredeveloped.

Employability Graduatesworkasperformersorteachers,andoften alsohaveportfoliocareers.

Academicyear Theacademicyearstartson1Octoberandendson30September;itisdividedintotwosemesters(terms).Detailedarrangementsarelaiddownbytheuniversitysenate.


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OVERVIEWOFTHEPRECOLLEGEMUSICTRAININGSYSTEM

Austriaisafederalrepublicwithninefederalstates,calledBundeslnder.Themusicschoolsystemisdifferentineachfederalstate.ThefollowingtextprovidesageneraloverviewofprecollegeeducationinAustria.

TYPESOFPRECOLLEGEEDUCATION

MusicSchool(Musikschule) MusicSchoolsoffermusiceducationoutsideofthegeneraleducationsystem,inprinciple to students of all ages and stages. However, the exact situation isdifferent ineachfederalstate.Differencesmaybeconceived inthefundingofthepaymentofteachers,the levelofteachingoffered,theamountand lengthof lessons,theuseofentrancetestsorexaminations,andtheageofstudents(someschoolsonlyacceptchildren).

There isacurriculum formusicschoolscomposedbytheKOMU,theAustrianaffiliate of the European Music School Union (EMU), which is used by manyschools.Thecurriculumdoesnot leaduptotheentrance levelofhighermusiceducation, but schools will support those students who would like to. MoststudentsproceedingtohighereducationcomefromMusicSchools.TheKOMUaimsatimplementinganationalcurriculuminthefuture.

MusicSchoolscaterforthemajorityofamateurmusicstudentsinAustria.Theonly exemption isVienna,wheredue to the small capacityof music schools,privatetuitionhasbecomeverypopular.

PrivateMusicSchool PrivateMusicSchoolsprovidemusiceducationtochildrenandadults.Thecurricula that schools use may vary; many have developed their own

system, or use special teaching methods (e.g. Yamaha). Private MusicSchoolsarefundedprivately.

MusicGymnasium(Musikgymnasium)

Austria knows eight Music Gymnasia. They offer music education on anadvancedlevelincludinggeneraleducation.Theiraimistopreparestudentsforthe entrance level of higher music education, and therefore, only highlymotivatedstudentsareaccepted.

The schools provide instrumental training in cooperation with universities,conservatoriesor,insomecases,musicschools.

BundesoberstufenrealgymnasiumfrMusik

Within the general education system there also exist a so calledBundesoberstufenrealgymnasium fr Musik. In contrast to the Music

Gymnasium, which is intended as a step towards a professional career, aBundesoberstufenrealgymnasium fr Musik offers general education with afocusonmusic.Theactualdifference is shown, forexample,by the fact thatinstrumentaltrainingisgenerallytaughtingroupsinsteadofonetoonetuition.

Austria knows 56 Bundesoberstufenrealgymnasien fr Musik. There aregymnasiafocusingonsportorsciencesaswell.

Conservatoire(Konservatorium) Conservatoiresprovideprofessionalmusictraining.Theyprovidemusicteacher


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training (which enables graduates to teach at Music Schools) and Konzertdegrees(thattrainsoloistsandorchestralmusicians).Incooperationwithotherinstitutions (in Austria or abroad), conservatoires are able to offer academicdegrees as well. To enter conservatoires, students have to pass an entrance

examination.Tuitionfeesmustalsobepaid.

Conservatoiresplacespecialemphasisontheeducationof(veryyoung)childrenand youngsters. Schools may have different courses for amateurs and preprofessional students,and sometimeshave special courses foradultsaswell.Some schools use entrance examinations as a tool for selection. As statedbefore, many conservatoires offer music teacher training (professional musictraining); as part of their studies, these students often teach young childrenstudyingattheconservatoire.

Conservatoire education at preprofessional level can lead directly toprofessional music education or higher music education within the sameinstitution,ortoanadmissionexamatamusicuniversity.

Therearea fewprivatelyownedKonservatorienaswell.Thesedonot receivepublicfunding.

PreparatoryCourseinmusicuniversities(Vorbereitungslehrgang)

MusicUniversitiesofferPreparatoryCourses tohighly talented studentswhoaretooyoungtoentertheUniversity,orhavenotyetcompletelymasteredthelevel of the entrance examinations. Students need to audition to enterPreparatoryCourses,whicharefreeofcharge.

Brassband(includingwindinstruments) (Blasmusikkapelle)

In certainpartsofAustria,brassbands (includingwind instruments) are verypopular. Bands offer musical training to their members, but this is privatelyorganised; there is no curriculum. Teachers do not always have degrees.However, there are students frombrassbandswhoproceed tohighermusic

education. Brass bands have started to cooperate with Music Schools andregularschools,andthiscooperationisbecomingincreasinglymorepopular.

Privatetuition Qualified teachers provide instrumental and vocal tuition, outside of anyinstitutesorgeneraleducationsystems.

In somepartsofAustria,private tuition is verypopularbecauseof the smallcapacity (e.g. Vienna) or lack of music schools (small villages). Not manystudents fromprivate teachersseem tocontinuetheirstudies inhighermusiceducation.

ADDITIONALINFORMATION

STUDENTSENTERINGHIGHERMUSICEDUCATION

MoststudentscomefromMusicSchools.TherearealsomanystudentscomingfromMusicGymnasiaandPrecollegeDepartments.

Fewer students come from Private Music Schools, private teachers orBlasmusikkapellen. It is important to note that there are also many foreignstudents (who often already graduated from higher music education abroad)studyinginAustrianhighermusiceducation.

SPECIALFACILITIESFORTALENTED There are many competitions for young talented students. The largest


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STUDENTSATPRECOLLEGELEVEL competitionforyounginstrumentalistiscalledPrimalaMusica.Itisconceivedforpupilsupto19years indifferentcategories (soloandensemble).The firstroundtakesplaceineveryfederalstate,thebestmeetafewweekslaterforthesecondround.

For those who aim for a professional career there is a competition calledGradusadParnassum (up to theageof26).Studentscanenterassoloistorwithchambermusicensembles.

There are orchestra camps for children in the summer vacations, which areaimedatamateurplayers.


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OVERVIEWOFMUSICTEACHERTRAININGSYSTEM

Music teacher training in Austria is provided by a variety of institutions. There are separate study paths andcurricula forperformers,musicteachers ingeneraleducation,andmusicteachersoutsidethegeneraleducationsystem.

INSTRUMENTAL/VOCALMUSICTEACHERTRAINING

Institutions Instrumental/vocalmusicteachertraining(Instrumental/Gesangspdagogik,i.e.IGP) takes place at public music universities (Musikuniversitten), privateuniversities (Privatuniversitten) and conservatories (Konservatorien). Theuniversities inVienna (UniversittfrMusikunddarstellendeKunstWien),Graz(Kunstuniversitt Graz), Salzburg (Universitt Mozarteum Salzburg) and Linz(Anton Bruckner Privatuniversitt) awarddegrees in instrumental/vocal teacher

education. Those conservatories which offer study programmes forinstrumental/vocal teachers award their degrees through cooperations withforeignpartnerinstitutions.

Structure Music universities award Bachelor and Master Degrees. The Bachelor studyprogramme takes 4 years, and the Master study programme 2 years. Theadmission is regulated throughanentranceexamination,whichusuallyconsistsof an audition, a music theory test, and a German language test for foreignstudents.Theprogrammesarespecificallyaimedforinstrumental/vocalteachereducation, but it is usually possible to combine them with a performanceprogramme,generalteachereducationorotherstudies.

Curriculum Instrumental/vocalteachertrainingcurriculainAustriahaveincommonacentral

artisticsubject(themain instrument),musicpracticalsubjects,musictheoreticalsubjects, instrumentspecific pedagogical subjects and general pedagogicalsubjects. Instrumental/vocal teacher trainingprogrammes include always someformofteachingpractice,eitherwithintheinstitution,incooperationwithmusicschoolsorinacombinationofboth.

Employability Studentsaretrainedforpositionsinmusicschools,conservatoiresandmusicuniversities,andformusiceducationalactivitiesindifferenteducationalandculturalinstitutionsorfreelance.Regulationsconcerningqualificationsformusicschoolteachersarenotasstrictasingeneraleducation,andthustheinstrumental/vocalteachertrainingdegreeisnotnecessarilyarequirementtoapplyforapositioninamusicschool.Butasthestudentsaretrainedatahighartisticandpedagogicallevel,thedegreeiswidelyrecognizedasrelevantbyemployersinthemusiceducationfield,anddoesplayaroleforjobopportunitiesandremuneration.

ContinuingProfessionalDevelopment(CPD)

ThefieldofCPDininstrumental/vocalteachereducationisverywideanddiverse.MusicschoolshaveusuallywellstructuredandestablishedCPDsystems,whichbringtogetherteachersfromtheworkingfield,nationalandinternationalspecialists,andteachersfrommusicuniversities.Ontheotherside,musicuniversitiesmakebigeffortsthemselvestoconnecttheuniversitywiththeprofessionalfield,anddevelopjointprojects,mentoringsystems(learningin


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practice)andspecificadditionalcourses.Someoftheseactivitiesoccursystematicallyonaregularbasis,andinanincidental,notveryformalisedway.Bothstudentsandgraduatescantakepartintheseactivities.

Besidesinstrumental/vocalteachertrainingandgeneralmusiceducation,therearealsospecificoffersandstudyprogrammesinthefieldofmusiceducation:Fieldswithalongtradition,suchaselementarymusiceducation(Elementarmusikpdagogik,i.e.EMP),butalsomergingfieldsrepresentingnewtendenciesintheeducationalculturallandscape,suchasmusiccommunication/ concertpedagogy(Musikvermittlung)amongmanyothers,areofferedbyhighermusiceducationinstitutionseitherasspecialisationswithinotherstudyprogrammes(forinstancewithintheinstrumental/vocalteachertrainingprogramme),asseparatestudyprogrammes,oraspostgraduate/CPDcoursesofstudy.

TRAININGFORMUSICTEACHERINGENERALEDUCATION(PRIMARYANDSECONDARYSCHOOL)

Institutions GeneralmusicteachertrainingtakesplaceatthethreemusicacademiesVienna,Salzburg (withadditionalcourses in Innsbruck)andGraz,orat the13staterun,private or churchrun teacher training colleges. These are known aspedagogicacademies(PdagogischeHochschulen)oruniversities(Universitten).

Structure The structureof training for music teachers in generaleducation (primary andsecondaryschool)coincideswiththeprimaryandsecondaryeducationsysteminAustria.Withinthegeneraleducationsystemtherearethreelevels:

Volksschulen(primaryeducation,age610):TeachersinVolksschulenaregeneralteachers. However, an entrance examination in music exists for the pedagogicacademy (Pdagogische Hochschulen), where teachers are trained. Training,whichlaststhreeyears,includesstrongpedagogicandpracticalcomponents.The

degree obtained is Bachelor. Some Volksschulen have a musical emphasis. Forteachingintheseschools,additionaltrainingisavailableattheacademy.

Hauptschulen (secondary education, age 1115): Teachers in Hauptschulen aresubject teachers,which are trained at thepedagogical academy (PdagogischeHochschulen). There theyare required to specialise in two subjects:music andanother subject (e.g. geography or mathematics). The degree obtained isBachelor.Trainingtakesthreeyearsandincludesstrongpedagogicalandpracticalcomponents.ForteachingatspecialisedMusikhauptschulen,additionaltrainingisavailable.

Allgemeinbildende Hhere Schulen (AHS) (age 1118): Teachers at AHS arespecialised in two subjects,e.g.musicandgeography.Their trainingconsistsoftwophases:

Teachertrainingat (music)university:Duringcoursestudies,there isarelatively largeamountofattention to the subjectofmusicandmusiceducation.Musicuniversitiesspenda largershareofthecurriculumonpracticalexperience.Duration:ninesemesters,title:MagisterArtium.

Teaching practicum (Unterrichtspraktikum): Work experienceprogrammeofoneyear,duringwhich thestudent ismentoredby two


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school teachers each of his/her subject, complemented with subjectspecificseminarsatapedagogicalacademy.

Generalmusicteachertrainingcanalsooccuratthepedagogicacademies. The

degreeobtainedisaBachelor. Formusicacademies,secondarylevel(generalandacademic)educationistaught. ThedegreeobtainedisMagister.

Curriculum Togainadmissionto pedagogicacademiesandMusicUniversitiesstudentsmusthave attained the academic standard required for university entrance or havepassed an examination entitling them to study at university. In addition, theymustpassanentranceexamination(todeterminetheirsuitability).

Atpedagogicacademies,potential studentsmustprove their suitability for theteachingprofessionbytakinganentranceexaminationthatdeterminesnotonlywhether their language and general skills are sufficient, but also tests theirmusical and rhythmic proficiency. The exact forms and approaches differ fromone institution to another. Elements that such aptitude tests are obliged to

include by law are selfassessment modules, information and guidanceworkshops, individual assessment interviews and consultation and, where acandidatessuitabilityisstillindoubt,specialassessments.

Atuniversities,candidatesare requiredtopassanentranceexaminationbeforetheycanbegin thedegreecourse.Thisexaminationteststheoryofmusic (bothorallyandinwriting),proficiencyontwomusicalinstrumentsandofsinging,andcommunicationandteachingskills.

Thetraineeprimaryschoolteachers (Volksschule)donotspecialise inparticularsubjects, as they teach all subjects. Trainee general secondary school teachers(Hauptschule)mustchoosetwosubjects.ThefirstmustbeGerman,mathematicsorEnglish.Thestudentsarefreetochoosethesecondfromalltheothersubjects,

includingmusic. Subjectrelatedcoursesandsubjectdidacticsmakeup84outof180 ECTS; 36 additional ECTS credits are allotted for classroom teaching orclassroomoriented practical training for teachers at polytechnic schools. Thestudentmustcomplete180ECTScreditsandcompleteaBachelorsthesisinordertoreceivetheBakkalaureat.

ForteachinginVolksschulenandHauptschulen,aqualificationfromthepedagogicacademyinthefieldofpedagogyandpracticalschoolexperienceisrequired.

For teaching inAllgemeinbildende Hhere Schulen a music universitydegree isrequired,combiningmusicwithanothersubjectfromthegeneraluniversity.Ifthesecondsubjectisnottakenatthegeneraluniversitybutconsistsofthesubjectofinstrumental music pedagogy (Instrumentalmusikerziehung) the qualification

obtained isconsideredveryhigh. Graduates from teacher trainingprogrammescanalsobecometeachersatpedagogicacademies.

The training is mainly focusedon teaching in schools;otherprofessional fields(likeconcertpedagogyormusicjournalism)aremoreorlesscoincidental.

ContinuingProfessional

Development(CPD)

School teachers are provided with continuing professional development bypedagogicalinstitutes,whichhaveastrongemphasisonschools,howevercontactwithmusicuniversitiesisscarce.Musiceducationstudents(notyetgraduated)do


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not have access to these programmes. Music universities do provide somecoursesinCPDsomeofthembeingcoursesthatmixteacherswithstudents.

InAustriamanymusiciansdo teach in schoolswithouthavingpassedanexam.

Thereforesomeinstitutionsareprovidingapplicationcourses. Forexample,thereisabasiccourseformusicprofessionalswhowouldliketoteachinschoolswhichis organised by some of the regional educational government bodies(StadtschulrteundLandesschulrte). TheViennesemusicuniversityalsooffersan individuallyorganisedcourseforthosewhomisssomesubjectsbecausetheylefttheirmusicteachertrainingtooearlyandarealreadyteachingforsomeyear(withoutaproperdegree).


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BELGIUM

OVERVIEWOFHIGHERMUSICEDUCATIONSYSTEMFlanders

Theprofessionalmusiceducation inFlanders isregardedasacademiceducation,whichmeansthat it ispartoftheuniversitysystem. Inadditiontothebasictraining,conservatoirescanofferpostgraduatestudiesasadeepeningofthebasic trainingorasaparticularspecialization.Thesepostgraduatestudies takeat leastoneyearand lead toaDegree inAdvancedStudies (ina specific specialization). Incaseofposthogeschool studies, the trainingdoesnothavetoberelatedtotheexistingbasictraining.Posthogeschoolstudiesleadtoacertificate.

TheFlemishanswertotheBolognaDeclaration istheStructuurdecreet,adecreeonhighereducation,approvedbytheParliamentonApril4th2003.With thisdecree, theprocessofclustering institutesofhighereducation,whichbegan in1994,hascarriedon, resulting inthe introductionof Associations,a legalconstructionofacooperation

betweenseveralhogeschoolsandoneuniversity.

In20032004 the twocycleprogrammes (3+2), including thebasicmusic trainingwere changed into anacademicprogramme,meaning that the trainingofferedwouldbe imbedded in scientific research,or the studyof thearts.ResearchcanbeconductedtogetherwithotherpartnersoftheAssociation, includingthepartneruniversity.Whennecessary, external partners can be involved. Only the hogeschools which are members of an Association areallowed to issueBachelor and Masterdegrees. Thequalityof educationwill be guaranteed;onone handby theexisting system of inspection visits,on theotherby anew accreditationorganisation, which verifieswhether theprogramme meets the predetermined minimal quality requirements. This quality mark will guarantee that theaccredited programme offers the knowledge, understanding, skills and qualifications associated with aninternationallyrecognisedBachelorsorMastersdegree.

Wallonia

Higher education in Francophone Belgium (Wallonia and Brussels) is organised through three different systems:Universities, Hogescholen (Universities of Professional Education, UPE) and Ecoles Suprieures desArts (HigherSchoolsoftheArts).Professionalmusictraining isorganised infourEcolesSuperiorsdesArts. Diplomasfromtheseinstitutionsarethesamelevelauniversitydiploma.

Thesystemhasundergonemajorreformin20022003.TheoldRoyalConservatoiresusedtheclassicmodel inorigininspiredonthemodelofParis(1832fortheConservatoiredeBruxelles) basedonhighereducationwithuniversitystatus. The20022003reformimpliedvariousconsequences:

ThatthedelivereddiplomashaveaclearsignificationonEuropeanlevel;

Thatthecourseprogrammesandcourseswereextended(generalculture,profoundtechnicalaspects,etc.);

Thatstudentsmusthaveasecondaryeducationdiplomabeforeenteringaconservatoire;

Thatcollaborationwithuniversitiesfortheorganisationofdoctoralcoursesispossible.

Thestudyprogrammesareclearlystructuredinsections(instrumentaleducation,vocal,jazz,earlymusic,writingandtheory)andinoptions(piano,winds,strings,etc.),whichfacilitatesreadabilityandexchanges.

From20042005, theBolognaDeclarationhasbeenapplied in theCommunautFranaiseWallonieBruxelles. Thecoursesarestructuredin3(Bachelor)+2(Master)years,withtheoptionofsupplementaryspecialisationof60credits(ECTS),calledamasterspcialisartistique.


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Flanders

LemmensinstituutinLeuven

HogeschoolAntwerpeninAntwerp

KoninklijkConservatoriuminBrussels

KoninklijkConservatoriuminGent

Wallonia

FourEcolesSuprieuresdesArts,domainede laMusique, theRoyalConservatoiresofBrussels,LigeandMonsandtheInstitutdeMusiqueetdePdagogie(IMEP)inNamur.


Flanders

1.700+(infirstandsecondcycle)

Wallonia

1000+

Funding Flanders

ThehogeschoolsaresubsidizedbytheMinistryoftheFlemishCommunity(Education).TheMinistrydistributesthesubsidiesamongdepartments.Theallocation isbasedonthe Hogescholendecreet, and on arrangements within a hogeschool and itsdepartments.

Wallonia

Professional music training is financed by the State (Communaut francaise deBelgique).

Curricula Flanders

TheHogescholendecreetleavestheartisticdepartmentsacertainamountoffreedominthedevelopmentof theircurricula.Althougheachconservatoirehas itsownaccents,thecorrespondencesarestillconsiderable.

Wallonia

The curricula are submitted for approval to the responsible authorities (theCommunautfranaisepour lesConservatoiresRoyaux).Twothirdsofthecoursesare

commonforalltheinstitutions;onethirdisfreetodecideuponbytheorganisingbody.Newcoursescanbecreatedbythegovernment,attheproposaloftheHigherCouncilofHigherArtisticEducation(ConseilSuprieurdelEnseignementSuprieurArtistique).

2cyclesystem Flanders

1st cycle:3years


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2nd

cycle:2years

Wallonia

1

st

cycle:3years2nd

cycle:2years

Qualifications Flanders

1st cycle:Bachelorinmusic

2nd

cycle:Masterinmusic

Wallonia

1st cycle:Bachelierenmusique

2nd

cycle:Masterenmusique

Inthesecondcycleaspecialisation ispossible,of300coursehours(MasterspecialisenMusique),issuingaspecialcertificate.Thereisasecondcyclepedagogicoption(450coursehours)whichgivesaccesstothediplmepdagogique(qualifiedforeducationatsecondarysuperiorlevel).

From2004:thelastyearofthesecondcyclewillbeeither:1)specialized(instrumentalorvocalspecialisation),2)didactic(pedagogicalspecialisation),or3)deepening(preparationforresearchandforDoctorate).

Entryrequirements(2nd

cycle)Flanders

Thefirstcycleisanautomaticpreparationforthesecondcycle.BAstudentscanentertheMAlevelwithoutanentranceexamination.

Wallonia

Thetitleofcandidatorbachelierissufficienttoenterthesecondcycle.

3rdcycle Flanders

The Orpheus Institute in Gent has started to offer practicebased PhD courses incollaboration with the University of Leiden/Royal Conservatory The Hague, theConservatoryofAmsterdam(TheNetherlands)andtheUniversityofLeuven.OtherPhDcoursesinFlandersarecurrentlyunderdebate.

Wallonia

Access to a doctoral course (organised by the universities in collaboration with theconservatoires)ispossible.

Creditpointsystem Flanders

AllinstitutionsmakeuseofacreditpointsystemwhichiscompatiblewithECTS.


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Wallonia

TheroyalconservatoiresandtheIMEPallusetheECTSsystem.

Qualityassurance Flanders

AccreditationbeganwiththeintroductionoftheStructuurdecreetin20042005(highereducation act concerning the structure of the HEA of the Flemish community).However, external quality assurance has existed since the early 1990s in Flemishuniversitiesandsincethe late1990s inFlemishuniversitycolleges (hogescholen).TheDutchFlemish Accreditation Organization (NVAO) establishes the accreditationframework for existing study programmes, in conformity with the provisions in theStructuurdecreetwhichregulatestheintroductionofthebachelorsmastersstructureinFlanders. NVAO was set up by the Dutch and Flemish governments. VLHORA, theassociationofFlemishhogescholen,andVLIR, theassociationofFlemishuniversities,

jointlyorganize the inspectionofacademic studyprogrammes (inFlanders,academicbachelors and masters credentials are granted in higher education) according to a

commonprotocolwhich isapprovedby theNVAO.All institutionsoffering the samestudy programme areobliged to takepart in the review which is organized for thatprogramme. The institution can use the inspection report to get its reviewedprogrammeaccreditedbytheNVAO.Theprocessmakesuseofaselfevaluationreport,avisitationbypeers,whichincludesaspartoftheinspectioncommissionaneducationexpert as well as a student. External evaluators do not receive special training. Thequalityassuranceprocesstakesplaceeveryeightyearsandisobligatoryandpublic,asboth the NVAO accreditation decisions and the quality assessment reports arepublished by NVAO on its website. The process is organized binationally, since theNetherlands and Flanders have signed a Treaty with country specific national lawsgoverningaccreditation inbothcountries.Thedecreeonhogescholenanduniversitiesprescribesthateach institution is,ontheonehandresponsiblefor itsquality(internalquality assurance) itself and, on the other hand, required to participate in externalquality assurance (e.g. through peer review) for its education and its research(separately).

Accreditationofstudyprogrammesisarequirementforissuingdiplomas(bachelorsormasters)and receivinggovernment funding forstudyprogrammes.Thequalityof theinspection report depends on the expertise of the inspection commission andspecifically its chair. Because of this, it is highly recommended that panel membersparticipate inaoneday training session.Theyare informed about the structureandcharacteristics of the Flemish HEA, the latest developments in higher education, thestructureandcharacteristicsof thequalityassurancesystem,aswellastheirpositionandtaskswithinthissystem.Theyarealsogivencasesandreallifeexamples.

Wallonia

Institutions are required to submit to quality assurance reviews organized by theAgencepour lvaluation de la qualit dans lenseignement suprieur (AEQES), theQuality Control Agency for Higher Education in the Frenchspeaking community inBelgium, according to European norms which includes selfevaluation and externalreviewbyapanelofinternationalexperts.Theevaluationisundertakenbyprogrammeand is transversal (universities,high schools,higher schoolsof thearts)when similarprogrammesareorganizedindifferentkindsofeducation(engineers,etc.).Forthearts(music,theatre,finearts,performingarts),evaluationisundertakenbytheartisticfield


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and not by the school. The process is organised regionally and is quasiobligatory.Resultsoftheevaluationsareconfidentialexceptthefinalreportwhich istransmittedto the government. The final reportdoes not mention any individual result for theschool but does indicate general trends. The panel members are not required to

participateinanyformaltraining,however,informationisavailableinawrittenguide.

Academicyear Flanders

All four Conservatoires work within an annual system: the academic year starts inSeptemberandendsinthebeginningofJuly.

Wallonia

TheacademicyearstartsinSeptember;thefirstsessionofexamsisinJune,thesecondinSeptember.SinceSeptember2004,theyearisorganisedinthreetrimesters(1and2:courses,3:evaluationsandexams).


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ThereareseveralpossibilitiesinBelgiumtobemusicallytrainedpriortoenteringhighereducation.


Flanders

MusicSchool(DeeltijdsKunstonderwijs(DKO))

Most students who study at the conservatoire (higher music educationinstitution)havereceivedregularprimaryandsecondaryeducation.Besidethiseducation, they have been taught music through the so called DeeltijdsKunstonderwijs (DKO). The DKO can be perceived as a music school and ismeantforpupilsbetweentheagesof7and18,althoughadultscanentertheschools as well. Lessons are given after school time;during the evenings, on

Wednesday afternoons and on Saturdays.Next to instrumental/vocal tuition,studentsreceivetheorylessons.

TheDKOaimsitseducationatamateurtrainingaswellaspreparationforhighermusiceducation.

Theschoolsarefinancedbythestate;pupilshavetopayacertainfee.

SecondaryLevelEducationalInstitution(KunsthumanioraorKunstsecundaironderwijs(KSO))

Flanders knows so called kunsthumaniora (KSO). These are SecondaryLevelEducationalInstitutionsspecialised indifferentartdisciplines,musicbeing one of them. Kunsthumanioras provide music education on anadvanced levelcombinedwithgeneraleducation,forstudentsfrom12to18yearsofage.Theireducation leadsup totheentrance levelofhigher

musiceducation.Studentsareadmittedafterentranceexaminations.

Theschoolsarepartofthegeneraleducationsystem;nexttoadiplomainmusic, graduates receive a regular secondary education diploma whichallowsthemtostudyanyothersubjectinhighereducation.

Therearemusichumanioras inBrussels,Antwerp,Gent,Leuven,HasseltandTurnhout.Themusichumaniorasarenotconnected tohighermusiceducation institutions (with the exception of the music humaniora inLeuven). However, humanioras and higher music education institutionsoftenmaintainclose relationships.Therearemany teachers fromhighermusiceducationinstitutionsteachingathumaniorasandviceversa.

At some music humanioras, there is a representative of a higher musiceducationinstitutionpresentatthefinalexams.Thefinalexaminmusicisthenbeingregardedastheentranceexamofhighermusiceducation.

PreparatoryyearatKunsthumanioras(7thyear)

Kunsthumaniorashaveaspecialpreparatoryyear.Thisyearofstudy ismeantfor musically talented youngsters who intend to begin professional musictraining after finishing high school, but who first have to improve theirinstrumental level and knowledge about music and music theory. Since theregular music humaniora curriculum takes six years, this Preparatory year is


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knownasa7thyear.The7thyearisalsobeingusedbystudentscomingfromabroad who need to master the Flemish language, or who do not have adiploma of general education needed to enter higher music education inFlanders.

Privatetuition Thereareprofessionallyqualifiedprivateteacherswhoteachmusicoutsideanyinstitutions or general education systems. Private teaching is not widelypopular.


STUDENTSENTERINGHIGHERMUSIC

EDUCATION

Moststudentscome fromaMusicSchool (DeeltijdsKunstonderwijs [DKO]). Asmall percentage of students are extraordinary students who have alreadystudied at higher education institutions while still studying in secondaryeducation. Another small percentage comes from Kunsthumanioras,Kunstsecundaironderwijs(KSO),orprivatelessons.

SPECIALFACILITIESFORTALENTEDSTUDENTSATPRECOLLEGELEVEL

Flandershasmanyyouthorchestrasandchoirs.Therearespecialcompetitionsforamateursaswell.There isanationalorganisationcalled JeugdenMuziek(Youth and Music) that coordinates many musical activities and educationalprojectsforchildrenandyoungsters.Theyarenot limitedtoonemusicalstyle.JeugdenMuziekhasdifferentdepartmentssituatedalloverFlanders,and isparttheworldwideorganisationJeunessesMusicales.

Recently, higher music education institutions have developed a system thatallowstalentedyounghumaniorastudentstostudyattheir institutions.Thesestudents receive a personalised curriculum, mainly focusing on musical andartisticsubjects.Classesaretaughtathighereducationlevel.Thereisnospecialdepartmentornameforthissystemorthestudents.

Thebiggestadvantageofthesystem isthatstudentsreceivehighereducationstudy points (ECTS). So, by studying at a conservatoire while still being at ahumaniora,studentscanshortentheirfuturestudiesinhighereducation.

It is possible for extremely talented youngsters to study as extraordinarystudentsat theLemmensinstituutLeuven,Conservatorium HogeschoolGent,Koninklijk Conservatorium Brussel Erasmushogeschool or the KoninklijkConservatoriumAntwerpenHogeschoolAntwerpen.


Wallonia

MusicAcademy(AcadmiesdeMusique/Conservatoires)

There are 96 Music Academies spread all over the French speaking part ofBelgium.Theyprovidemusiceducationtochildrenfrom5yearsofageonwardsas well as adults; in most cases, students can enter without entranceexaminations.MusicAcademiesfollowanationalcurriculum,butareflexibleinthe way they implement it. Some schools are more specialised in certaininstrumentsormusicalstyles.

The curriculum goes up from beginner level to the entrance level of higher


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music education. It includes instrumental/vocal tuition and some theorysubjects. However, over the last years school have been focusing more onamateur training; as a result, the amount of theory classes has droppedsignificantly. Some schools have ensembles. Students need to take

examinationsandreceiveadiplomaupongraduation.

MusicAcademiesarefundedbytheirregionorthecity.Inprinciple,educationisfree,butstudentsoftenhavetopaysmallfeestocovercertaincosts.

Some schools are named conservatoire, not to be confused with RoyalConservatoiresthatprovidehighermusiceducation.

PrivateMusicSchools There are Private Music Schools; these are not accredited by thegovernmentandarenotallowedtogiveoutdiplomas.

A special private institution is the Chapelle Musicale Reine Elisabeth(QueenElisabethCollegeofMusic). Itoffersfourspecialprogrammesfor

highly talented pianist, violinist, vocalist and chambermusic ensembles.Studentscanenterfromasearlyas8yearsofage.TheChapellealsooffersprofessional music education. The institute mainly focuses on futuresoloistandrecruitsstudentsfromallovertheworld.

Privateteaching Therearemanyqualifiedprivateteacherswhoprovidemusiceducationoutsidethe general education system and any institutes. Since the Music Academiesbecame more focused on amateurs, the number of students studying withprivate teachers has raised. There are students proceeding to higher musiceducation.

Humanitsartistiques There are a few secondary schools that offer humanits artistiques. Theseschools provide the possibility to talented musicians to take music lessons,

outsideof theirnormal school,aspartof theirgeneraleducationcurriculum.Thesystemexistsfordanceandsportsaswell.

SpecialprogrammeforyoungtalentwithinRoyalConservatoires

Recently,aprogrammefortheeducationofyoungtalentedstudentsfromtheage of 12 has been developed. These pupils, after being selected throughentranceexaminations,may studyatRoyalConservatoires.They receive theirgeneraleducationattheirowncomprehensiveschool.

Studentswillreceive40creditsforgraduatingfromtheprogramme.Thecreditscanbeusedtoshortentheeducationinhighermusiceducation.


Many teachers from Royal Conservatoires teach at Summer Schools. During these courses, attended by preprofessionalstudents,teachersoftenrecruitfuturestudentsfortheirinstitutioninaninformalway.


EDUCATION

Most students come from Music Academies. Some students come fromschoolsthatprovidethehumanitsartistiques.Therearestudentscomingfromprivateteacherstoo.


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Belgiums special cultural and political situation with three different language communities that are clearlyseparatedfromeachothermeansthatthepoliticalframework iscrucialtounderstandthecurrentsituation,alsowithregardtotheformandimportanceofgeneralmusiceducation.Since1993Belgiumhasbeenafederalstate,spliton theonehand into three language communitiesandon theother into three regions (Flanders,with itscapitalBrussels,Walloniawith itscapitalNamurandthemunicipalregionofBrussels).Thepopulation isdividedintothethreelanguagecommunitiesasfollows:

1. Flemishcommunityapprox.5.8millioninhabitants

2. Frenchcommunityapprox.4.2millioninhabitants

3. Germanspeakingcommunityapprox.70,000inhabitants

Since theendof the1970s responsibility for culture andeducationpolicyhasno longer lainwith thenationalgovernment,butwiththethreeindividuallanguagecommunities.

In the communautfranaise, the Frenchspeaking community, music education takes place at the followinginstitutions:

Thethreeroyalconservatoires:

ConservatoireRoyalinBrussels

ConservatoireRoyalinLige

ConservatoireRoyalinMons

Additionally,the"IMEP"musicacademyinNamur.

Note:sincetheacademicyear2002/03asweepingstructuralreformofthemusicacademiesintheFrenchcommunityhasbeentakingplacethathaschieflyaffectedthethreeroyalconservatoiresinBrussels,LigeandMons.Theentrancerequirementhasbeenchangedtomatchthatofthemusicacademies, i.e.theschoolleavingexaminationequivalenttoAlevels intheUK.Therange of additional compulsory subjects has been increased considerably to include music theory,philosophy, informationtechnology,historyofmusicetc.

IntheFlemishcommunity,theVlaamseGemeenschap,musiceducationtakesplaceatthefollowinginstitutions:

Thethree(royal)conservatoires:

KoninklijkConservatoriuminBrussels

KoninklijkConservatoriuminAntwerp

KoninklijkConservatoriuminGent

There is also the Lemmensinstituut music academy in Leuven. In addition there are four other educationalinstitutionsofferinga"BachelorofEducation"degreecoursewithaspecial focusonmusic.Atall four,studentsgraduateasqualifiedteachersoftwoschoolsubjectsatsecondaryschoollevel,e.g.musicandmathematics,music


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Institutions GeneralteachertrainingisofferedasasubjectintheeightconservatoiresandasaBachelorofsecondaryeducation/musiceducationinuniversitycolleges.

Structure Entrance examinations include a test of artistic aptitude (instrument, etc.),

melodicandrhythmiceartraining,sightsinging,aswellasawrittentask,whichasksthestudentto writeanessayonamusicaltopic(e.g.commentonareviewofaconcert). Noadmissioncriteriabasedonmusiceducation.

Thereare twoperiodsofexaminationperyearduring thebachelorandmastercourses,aswellasa finalexamination,which includesasocalledmmoireorathesisonasubjectrelevanttomusiceducationthatmustbedefendedinfrontofajury.

CurriculumArtssubjects Piano(mainsubject/privatetuition)

Secondinstrumentoptionalgrouplessons(usuallyrecorderorguitar)

Singinggrouplessons

formationmusicale(formerly"solfge"lessons):sightsingingwithsolfgesyllables(absolute)andconductingmovements;eartrainingandnotation

Choralsinging,choralconducting,instrumentalensembles,creativemusicmaking(Orff,Kodaly),eurhythmicsandexpressivemovement(Dalcroze)

Musicmaking,arrangingandelementarycompositionforschoolinstrumentalensembles,pianoplayingforteaching

Musictheory/

musicology

Analysisofmusic,writtenharmony

Historyofmusic,contemporarymusic,musicencyclopaedia

Comparativearthistory

Musicalethnology

Listeningtomusic

Musicandthecomputer,acoustics,instrumentology


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Musicpedagogy Generalmusicpedagogy

Generalpsychopedagogy

Philosophy

Generalpsychology

Musicdidactics

Othercourses Interdisciplinarycourse:comparativearts

Internshipsinmusicschools;20%oftheinternshipstakeplaceatotherinstitutions(culturalandmediacentres,concert

institutionsandpromoters,etc.)

Studentschooseeitherashortstudycyclelastingthreeyears(bachelor,180ECTScredits)ora longeronelastingfiveyears(masterofeducation,120ECTScredits,masterofarts,114ECTScredits).ThemasterdegreecanbefollowedbythePhDormatrise(4semesters).Thedegreeof teacher inmusiccanonlybeobtainedafterhavingobtainedamasterinmusic.

TheMasterscurriculumincludesthefollowingsubjects,amongothers:educationlaws, musical ethnology, music pedagogy, specialised methodology,improvisation,didactics,informationtechnologyandteachingpracticeinschools.

Employability Itisbecomingnecessarytoredefineandrevisetheguidelinesformusiceducationever more frequently (teaching and learning objectives, lesson content etc.).Schools, institutions that maintain schools and ministries recommend furthereducation courses, and in some subjects such courses have recently becomecompulsory. It isforthisreasonthatan institutedealingspecificallywithfurthereducation,the IFC (InstitutdeFormationContinue)was foundedtwoyearsago.This institute is responsible for the planning and implementation of furthereducationcourses. InFlanders,ortheFlemishcommunity,mostoftheactivitiesare organised by the Flemish Association of Music Teachers (Muzes). The newcurriculaforsecondaryschooleducationdemandaninterdisciplinaryapproachtoeducation. Inorder tomeet thisdemand,music teacherswillhave tobemoreheavilyinvolvedingeneralartsinstructionandtraininginfuture;theintention is

that this will be achieved both within the undergraduate course as well as bymeansofspecialcoursesofferedinthefieldoffurthereducationforteachers.
http://www.muzes.be/http://www.muzes.be/


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BULGARIA

OVERVIEWOFHIGHERMUSICEDUCATIONSYSTEMInBulgaria,therearemany localcommunitiesthereareopportunitiesforchildrentolearnan instrument westernclassicalorBulgarian folk.ThesocalledMusicHighSchoolsseemtoplayan important role forthosewhowanttobecomemusicians.Therearesuchschoolsforclassicalmusicandforfolkmusic.Theytakestudentsfromtheageof1314,andofferacurriculumwhichgivesthestudentaspecialisationinmusictogetherwithacomprehensivegeneraleducation.Itwasmaintainedthatthegraduatesofthemusichighschools1819yearsofagenormallywouldbepreparedtojointheprofession.

Ontertiarylevel,therearetwonationalacademies SofiaandPlovdivwhichofferfouryearbachelorprogrammes,oneyearmastersprogrammes,and(onlyinSofia)athreeyeardoctorateprogramme.TheSofiaAcademyfocusesonwesternclassicalmusic.Ithastwomaintracks:performanceandtheory.Theorystudiesgiveafoundationforfurtherstudiesinareassuchasconductingandcomposition.ThePlovdivAcademyhasastrongprogrammeinfolkmusicand

dance.Italsoencompassesclassicalballet,visualarts(amongthevisualartsdisciplines,churchartand iconpainingwereimportantareas),stagedesign,andphotography.

Inaddition tothetwonationally fundedacademies,anumberofprivateuniversitiesoffermasterclasses inmusic.One of these private schools has an accredited music programme. It was maintained that the steadily growingnumberofprivateuniversitiesmightprovetobeathreat to thestateownedand funded institutions, in that theyoftenwereinthepositiontoofferbetterconditionsforstaffandstudents.


TwostatefundedacademiesinSofiaandPlovdiv,andoneprivateinstitution.


Approximately1.000

Funding Statefunded;foreignstudentspayafee.

Curricula Musiceducationcurriculum isdetailed inBulgaria;pleaseseetheOverviewforMusicTeacherTrainingofthisdocument.

2cyclesystem 1stcycle: 4years

2nd

cycle: 1year

Entryrequirements(2n

cycle)Toenterthesecondcycle,astudentmusthavesuccessfullycompletedthefirstcycle.

%ofstudentswhocontinuewith2ndcycle

Approximately 15% of first cycle students go on to complete a second cyclequalification.

3rdcycle TheSofiaAcademyoffersathirdcycleprogramme,whichlaststhreeyears.

Creditpointsystem MusiceducationinBulgariausestheECTSsystem.


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Academicyear 2semesters:15SeptemberChristmas,and12February1June.


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EDUCATION

Must hold a secondary school diploma (Diploma za Zavurcheno SrednoObrazovanie).

For less demanded specialities, candidates may matriculate on the basis ofdocumentsubmission,gradedaccordingtoacademicrecord.


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ThemusicteachertrainingsysteminBulgariaoffersspecifictrainingformusicteachersingeneraleducation,whileinstrumentalandvocalteachertrainingisofferedwithinperformancecurricula. Musicteachertrainingisofferedathighereducationlevel.


Institutions Instrumentalandvocal teachers trainingprogramsareofferedby the followinginstitutions:

NationalMusicAcademySofia(instrumentalfaculty:classicinstruments,vocalfaculty),

Plovdiv Academy of Music, Dance and Fine Arts (faculty of musicpedagogy: classical instruments, faculty of music folklore andchoreography:folkinstrumentsandsinging).

SomefacultiesinotherBulgarianuniversitiesofferthesamekindofeducation.

StructureandCurriculum The trainingofmusicpedagogues (whowillbeproviding instrumentalor vocalteachingoutsidegeneraleducation) ispartof the regular trainingprograms for(performing)musicians.Thepedagogicalcoursesareacompulsorypartoftrainingofstudents inperformingart.Thestudyprogramofmusicpedagogues issimilartothestudyprogrammeofthegeneraleducationmusicteachers(seebelow).

Curricula include subjects like theory of music, methodology, instrument

(singing),andteachingpractice.

Employability Thedegreeobtainedattheendofaperformanceprogrammeallowsgraduatestoteachatstateandprivateschools(includingmusicschools)and,afterpromotion,alsoatmusicacademiesanduniversities.


Therearepossibilities for continuingprofessionaldevelopmentby followinganadditional specialisation in different kinds of methods, or obtaining a Masterdegree.


Institutions Trainingprogrammesformusicteachers ingeneraleducationareofferedbythefollowinginstitutions:

National Music Academy Sofia (Faculty of Theory, Composition andConducting),

AcademyofMusicandDanceinPlovdiv(facultyofmusicpedagogy),

StateUniversitiesofSofia,Blagoevgrad,VelikoTarnovo,Shumen,Plovdiv(Faculties of Pedagogy) and music departments of two private


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universities:NewBulgarianUniversitySofia,andFreeUniversityVarna.

Structure Thedurationofthe trainingprogramsis:

Bachelorinpedagogyofmusiceducation:fouryears

Master in pedagogy of music education: one year (after Bachelordegree).

The Masters programme (Magister) is finished with a promotion, including athesisdefence.

Since2004,themusicteachertraininginstitutionsareusingacreditsystemwhichfacilitates comparison of training programs in a European framework. Thediplomaofmusicteachersarerecognizedinothercountriesallovertheworld.

Curriculum In training of music teachers for general education, four focus areas can bedistinguishedthatbelongtothebasicandsubjectspecificstudiesoffuturemusicteachers.

Historyandaesthetics:musichistory,musicaesthetics,folklore;

Psychologyandpedagogy: generalpedagogy,developmentpsychologyandmusicdidactics;

Musictheory:harmonyandpolyphony,(repertoire)analysis,knowledgeofinstruments;

Practical subjects: solfeggio, auditive analysis, choir conducting, piano,

singing,instrumentsetc.

The students can in various stages of their training choose additional subjectssuchasjazz,artshistory,basiccomposition,etc.

Expectedlearningoutcomesandcompetencesforgraduateswhowillworkintheprofessionalfieldinclude:

Possession of knowledge and development of skills necessary forcontrollinglearningprocessesinmusic;

Controlofmethodsandapproachesusedinmusiceducation;

Competencytoleadmusicalcreativeactivitiesofchildren;

Researchonthefieldofmusiceducation.

The central point in study programmes for music teachers in relation to theirknowledgeandskillsliesinthefarreachingbalancebetweentheirtheoreticalandtheirpracticalpreparation.


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Employability The qualifications obtained by students in the programme Pedagogy of musiceducation(learningtobecomeclassroomteachers)are:

Bachelor of Pedagogy of Music Education permitted to teach in

kindergarten, primary schools, secondary general schools, and musicgymnasiums;

MasterofPedagogyofMusicEducationallowsthegraduatestoteachin the same institutions, as well as at private and community musicschools,andincentresformusicallytalentedchildren.

Thismodelofstudyprogramsintheprivateuniversitieshasbeentakenfromthestateacademies. In thepast tenyears,thestudentsofmusicpedagogy inbothmusicacademiesalsohavehadthepossibilitytolearnanadditionalsubject,suchasan instrument, songorchoirconducting. In thisway, theircompetenciesarebroadenedandtheyhavemorepossibilitiestodevelopthemselvesasspecialistsinalaterstage.


Thecontinuationofprofessionaldevelopmentofmusicteachers isregulatedbyanordinancefromtheMinistryofEducation.Itsgoal istokeepdevelopingtheircompetencies throughout their lives (lifelong learning). Itcontains five levelsofprofessionalquality,whicharetobereached inthecourseofat leasttwoyears.Thereisanumberofexaminationsthatmusicteacherswillhavetotakeinordertogainlevels:

Voralexaminations

IVwrittenexamination

IIIisawardedafteraoneyearspecializationanddefenceofdiplomathesis

IIdefenceofresearchthesis

Iisawardedafterdefenceofathemefromtheinnovativepractice

Musicianswhoworkasteachers,butdonothavetheappropriatequalificationscan reach these levels only after finishing a oneyear course for pedagogicqualification.


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CROATIA

OVERVIEWOFHIGHERMUSICEDUCATIONSYSTEMMusiceducationintheRepublicofCroatiahasitsowneducationsystemthatisparalleltothegeneraleducationsystem.Thesystemismadeupofthreelevels:

ElementaryMusicSchool: 6yearsagefrom 6,7,812,13,14

SecondaryMusicSchool: 4yearsagefrom1418

AcademyofMusic: 4yearsagefrom1823(24)

Croatiaknowsalargenumberofelementarymusicschools(6yearsofnonobligatoryeducation),whichisfinancedalmost100%bytheState.Thesecondarymusicschoolisanindependentschoolthatissuesmatriculation,butitcan

alsobeattendedinparallelwithsomeothersecondaryschool.Astudentofanelementarymusicschoolmustalsobeenrolledatandattendageneraleducationelementaryschool.Asarule,theAcademyofMusicenrolsstudentswhohavecompletedthetwoprecedinglevels,butitcanalsoacceptothercandidateswhopassanentranceexamination,whichisthesameforthemandforstudentswhohavecompletedasecondarymusicschool.Intheacademicyear20052006thenumberofpupilsinallmusicschoolswas15.748.

BolognaDeclarationandImplementationThestudyofmusicatallinstitutionsofhighereducation,i.e.inZagreb,OsijekandSplitandPulaareorganisedintwocycles,taking(asarule)4+1years,thusfollowingtheBolognasystem.Thereisalsoapossibilityofa3+2combinationbutonlyfortwosubjectstudyavailableintheDepartmentsofMusicologyandMusicPedagogyinZagreb.InlattercasethecombinationsarebeingmadewiththesubjectsattheFacultyofArts(inCroatian:FacultyofPhilosophy).Thenew,reformedsystemhascommencedintheacademicyear2006/2007.


Therearethreeinstitutions inCroatiaofferingmusic studies:theAcademyofMusic inZagreb,theArtsAcademyinSplit,andtheArtsAcademyinOsijek.Theyarefinancedbythe State. In addition, the course in music pedagogy for music teachers in generaleducationschoolsisalsoavailableinCroatia,attheteachingtrainingfacultyinPula(infact:TheFacultyofPhilosophy)withabout60students.


There are about 800 music students in Croatia (Instruments, Singing, Composition,Conducting,MusicTheory,Musicology,MusicPedagogy).

Funding The Academies' work is funded in full by the State through theMinistry of Science,EducationandSport,but it isalsopossible for students themselvespartly topay fortheirtuition.Suchstudentsmakeupsome10%ofthetotalnumberofstudents.

Curricula The teachingcurriculaaredrawnupby theAcademiesandverifiedby theUniversityand/or the National Council for Higher Education, and the Ministry of Science,EducationandSport.

2cyclesystem Thefirstcycleof4(orpossibly3)yearsofstudyendswiththeBachelorDegreewiththetitleBachelorofArtspianist(forexample).

BachelorDegree is followedby aone yearMasterDegree which endswith the titleMaster of Arts pianist (for example).With thisdegree, the graduate canpursue aprofessionalcareerassoloist,chamberplayerororchestralplayer.Ifhe/shehasstudies


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theadditionalpedagogicalgroupofsubjects,hecanalsoteachaninstrument/singing.

Qualifications Study at the Academy of Music in Zagreb (and in Osijek and Split as well) is now

organised in the new way i.e. to the principles of Bologna Declaration. The ArtsAcademiesinOsijekandPulaandtheAcademyofMusicinZagrebaremembersoftheUniversitiesofOsijek,PulaandZagrebrespective,sothatstudythere isrankedatthesame levelasstudyattheUniversity'sother faculties.Adegree fromtheAcademyofArtsandofMusic is identical inevery respectwithallotherdegreesawardedby theUniversity.TheAcademyofMusicinZagrebhasthefollowingdepartments:

Composition,Conducting,Musicology,MusicPedagogy,Singing,and instrumentdepartments, as do other European institutions of higher music learning. TheAcademiesofArtsinOsijekandSplitdonotofferbutthe study of orchestralinstruments(someofthem),singingandmusicpedagogy(musiceducation).

Apartfromdegreecourses,postgraduatecourselastingoneyear socalledperfection

course is also available in all orchestral instruments and in singing, without anydiploma.Thecandidateonlyreceivesacertificatetohavebeenattendingthecourse.

3rdcycle Sofar,doctoratestudy ispossibleonly intraditionalMusicology.Beginningwithinthe

academic year 2007/2008, the doctoral studies in Musicology and Music Pedagogy(MusicEducation)willbeavailableaccordingtotheprinciplesofBolognaDeclaration.There are also plans to organise the doctoral studies in some (probably not all)instruments/singing.Thesestudiesarenot likelytocommencepriortoacademicyear2008/2009.

Qualityassurance CroatiahasanewLawonResearchWorkandHigherEducation,whichwasapprovedbyParliament toward the end of 2003. The Ministry of Science, Education and Sportcontinuestohaveanimportantroleinhighereducation,althoughmanyresponsibilities

such as financing, study programmes, the election of teaching staff, etc. have beenattributedtotheuniversities.TheNationalCouncilfortheHigherEducationisabodyofexpertsresponsibleforthedevelopmentandqualityofthecompletesystemofhighereducation inCroatia. Inaddition, there is theNationalCouncil forScience, aparallelbody.Thetwoorganizationshavesomecommontasks.Anotherbody,whichbelongstobothcouncils,istheCouncilforFinancingScientificWorkandHigherEducation.

TheAgency forQualityAssuranceoftheMinistryofScience,Education,andSport,oftheRepublicofCroatia isanew, specializedentity, responsible forevaluationof theinstitutionsofhighereducationattheuniversityandcollegelevel(thelatterarecalledhighschools).TheAgencycarriesouttheaccreditationprocess,whichincludesastudyofprogrammesandcurricula,asystemofimprovementandcontrolofqualityrequiredofinstitutionsofhighereducation,aswellastheprocessofrecognitionofdegrees.TheAgency engages domestic and foreign individual experts in specific fields of highereducation.

Publicinstitutionswhicharefinancedbythestateareevaluatedatleastonceeveryfiveyears.Privateinstitutionsareevaluatedonlyforthepartwhichisfinancedbythestate.Following a selfevaluation and an external evaluation of the institution, the Agencyreports to the National Council for Higher Education on the proceedings and theoutcome.Onthebasisoftheresultsoftheevaluation,theNationalCounciladvisesthe


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Ministerto:

Issuepermissionforthestudyprogramme

Sendaletterofexpectation

Denypermissionforthestudyprogramme

TheMusicAcademyhasbeenevaluated(accordingtothepreviousLaw),onlyonce,in1999 by a team of international experts, upon which the Academy receivedaccreditationfromtheMinistry.

Academicyear Theacademicyearstartson1st.ofOctober,andendsonthe30thofSeptembernextyear.The lecturesbegin inthefirstweekofOct.andend inthefirsthalfofJunenextyear. The obligatory examination periods are February, June and September, butmostly,allthemonthsareopentoexamsexceptAugust.Theacademicyearisdividedintotwosemesters.Februaryismainlyfreefromanylectures.


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EDUCATION

AlmostallstudentscomefromSecondaryMusicSchools.

SPECIALFACILITIESFORTALENTED

STUDENTSAT

PRE

COLLEGELEVEL

Thereisacompetitionforallstudentsofmusiconanationallevel,basically for

all instruments/singing, on a biannual basis. There are some internationalcompetitionstakingplaceinCroatiaaswell.


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Music teacher training takes place at A distinction is made between instrumental/vocal teachers, and musicteachersforgeneraleducation.


Institutions Instrumental/vocal music teacher training is offered as part of performanceMasterprogrammesat theUniversityofZagreb, theUniversityofSplitand theUniversity of Osijek. The three institutions run specific Music Pedagogy studyprogrammes as well, but these focus more on preparing music teachers forgeneraleducation(seedescriptionbelow).

Structureandcurriculum Pedagogicaltrainingisanelectivepartofthe1yearMasterofMusicprogramme.

StudentscanchoosethespecialisationPerformanceandTeaching.

Employability Mastergraduateswhofollowedpedagogicalclassesareallowedtoworkasinstrumental/vocalmusicteachers.


Noinformationavailable.


Institutions AccordingtoCroatianlegislation,aMastersdegreemustbeobtainedtobecomeageneralmusicteacheroraspecialisedmusicteacher.Thistypeofstudycanbecarriedoutatoneoffourinstitutions:UniversityofZagreb,AcademyofMusic,

DepartmentforMusicPedagogy;UniversityofSplit,AcademyofArts,DepartmentofMusicalArt;JosipJurajStrossmayerUniversityofOsijek,AcademyofArts,DepartmentofMusic;JurijDobrilaUniversityofPula,DepartmentofMusic.

Structureandcurriculum TheAcademyofMusicinZagreboffers twoprogrammes:MusicPedagogy(4yearBachelor and 1year Master) and Music Culture (3year Bachelor and 2yearMaster). These programs attend to the qualification of primary school musicteacher(5th8thclass,1114yearoldpupils)andsecondaryschoolmusicteacher(1518 year old pupils). Students can also qualify to teach in music relatedsubjects in music schools (e.g. music theory, solfeggio). Graduates are alsoqualifiedtoleadchoirsandbands.TheotherwaytoacquireaqualificationforthemusicteachingistoenterandfinishtheotherBachelorandMasterprogrammes:

music theory, musicology (a two subject study programme) or church music;withinoneofthese,thestudentshouldtakeamodulewithpedagogicalsubjects.

TheMusicPedagogystudyprogrammeattheAcademyofArtsinSplitincludesaBachelorsdegree(4years,240ECTS,qualificationawarded:BachelorofMusicinMusicEducation)andaMastersdegree(1year,60ECTS,qualificationawarded:Master of Music in Music Education). Graduates of the Music Culture studyprogramme(4yearBachelorand1yearMaster)arealsoqualifiedtoteachmusic


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intheprimaryandsecondaryschool.

Employability Graduatesmayfindemploymentasprimaryschoolmusicteacher(5th8thclass,

1114yearoldpupils)andsecondaryschoolmusicteacher(1518yearoldpupils),orasachoirorband leader.Graduatesarequalifiedmusicarrangers,andcouldalsocarryouteditorialworkinmusicprogrammesofvariousmedia.




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CZECHREPUBLIC

OVERVIEWOFHIGHERMUSICEDUCATIONSYSTEMBasicprofessionaltrainingofmusiciansisprovidedbytheconservatoiresintheCzechRepublic,wherestudentsattheageoffourteenstartattendinga6yearprogramme.Atpresent,therearefourteenpublicandsixprivateconservatoiresandachurchconservatoireintheCzechRepublic.TheirgraduatesarequalifiedtoteachatMusicSchools(BasicSchoolsofArt)andtheirtrainingisusuallyofasufficientleveltobeacceptedinoneofthesymphonyorchestras.TheJaroslavJeekConservatoireinPragueofferseducationinpopularmusic,jazzandmusicaldrama.TheneedsofthechurcharecoveredbythechurchsecondaryschoolfororganplayersandbythechurchconservatoireinKrom.InRoudnicenadLabemisaconservatoireforsoldiers.Thisschoolpreparesthestudents,besidestheregularmusiceducation,forworkinarmyensembles. IntheCzechRepublic,conservatoiresarenotconsideredashighermusiceducationinstitutions.

StudentswithahigherleveloftalentandskillscancontinuetheirstudyathighermusiceducationinstitutionstheacademiesofmusicinPrague(AMU)orinBrno(JAMU).Athreecycleeducationalsystem(Bachelor,MasterandDoctoraldegree)hasbeenimplementedatbothacademies.Attheseinstitutionsalargeemphasisisputonprofessionalismandspecialisationinthegivenstudyfield.Highlyindividualtuitionbasedononetooneteachingguaranteesahighqualityofeducation.Studentshavethepossibilitytospendpartoftheirstudiesabroad.TheyareallowedtoobtaintheacademictitleofBachelorofArtsBcA.,MasterofArtsMgA.andDoctorPh.D.

Besidestheconservatoiresandtheacademiesofmusic,thereisalsothepossibilityofattendingthepedagogicalfacultyofauniversity.


20conservatoires(nothighereducationlevel),2musicacademies(universitylevel).


Approximately550

Funding StatefundingthroughMinistryofEducation,MinistryofCulture,otherstateauthorities(regions,CzechScienceFoundation),cultureinstitutions,foundations,privatefunding.

Curricula CurriculaforprofessionalmusictrainingarecontrolledbytheState;implementationofnewstudysubjectsincludingtheircurriculamustbeapprovedbytheBoardofArtistsatfirst,thenthecurriculamustgothroughtheaccreditationprocedure.

2cyclesystem 1stcycle: 3years (Bachelor)

2nd

cycle:2years(Master)

Qualifications BachelorofArts(BcA.) Notonlyartisticqualityonthelevelofsoloistisexpected,theprofileofthemusicianmustincludealsopedagogicalabilityandtheoreticalknowledge(methodology,psychology,pedagogy).

MasterofArts(MgA.)

Doctor(Ph.D)

Entryrequirements(2n

cycle)Artisticpracticerequirement,performanceskillsonthehighsoloperformance level,aconcrete study programme (students propose it themselves), some kind of


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specialisationinthegivenfield,e.g.interpretationofEarlyMusic,contemporarymusic.

%ofstudentswho

continuewith2ndcycle

Brno:ThefirstentranceexaminationsfortheMasterdegreestudieshavetakenplacein

June2003,meaningthattheMasterdegreestudies(2nd

cycle)startedinOctober2003.Atthemoment16%ofthestudentsiscontinuingwitha2

ndcycle.

3rcycle The Doctoral study programme lasts 3 years. The objectivebased Doctoral studies

containaresearchandaperformancecomponent;thereisalsoarequirementforparttime teaching.3rdCycle studies areofferedat two institutions: JanacekAcademyofMusicandPerformingArtsandtheAcademyofPerformingArtsinPrague.

Creditpointsystem AttheFacultyofMusicinBrnoacreditpointsystem,compatiblewithECTS,isused.AtthePragueMusicAcademy,acreditpointsystemisbeingdeveloped.

Qualityassurance Highereducation institutionsare linkedtotheMinistryofEducation,Youth,andSportand since 1998 have to go through the accreditation procedure every five to seven

years.Thus,no studyprogramme canbe inoperationwithout thepermissionof theAccreditationCommissionof theGovernmentof theCzechRepublic,an independentgovernmentbody.Theprocessisorganisedthroughevaluationquestionnaires,studentevaluation, and Internet inquiries and questionnaires from former students. Theprocessmakesuseofaselfevaluationreport,butnotavisitationsystem.Theprocessisobligatoryandpublicandcanbeinstitutionalordisciplinespecific.AccreditationreviewisconductedeveryfiveyearsbytheMinistryofEducation,baseduponan institutionsselfevaluation.Brnohasaccrediteditsmusiccoursesasawhole;thePragueAcademyhasaccreditedallofitscourses(violin,tuba,piano,etc.)separately.

Employability Graduates from these academies can work as performers, but also as teachers ofconservatoires or music academies. For teaching at Music Schools (Basic School ofMusic)adiplomafromaconservatoireissufficient,foracademicstaffaMgA(Masters)

isrequiredatminimum.

Academicyear Theacademicyearisdividedinto2semesters:winterandsummer.Theacademicyearstartson1Octoberandfinisheson30September.


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ThereareseveralpossibilitiesinCzechRepublictobemusically trainedpriortoenteringhighereducation:


BasicArtSchools/ElementarySchoolsofArt

BasicArtSchools(alsoknownasElementarySchoolsofArt)offerartseducationto children and adults.Most schoolshave threeor fourdepartments:music,dance, drama and painting (depending on the size of the school). There arearound 800 schools situated all over the country. Basic Art Schools provideamateurmusictraining,butpreparestudentsfortheentrancetohighermusiceducationaswell.

Childrenusuallyenterthepreparatoryclassoftheschoolaroundtheir5thyear

of age after they have completed an entrance test; almost all students whoapplyareabletoenter.StudentsstudyatBasicArtSchoolsuntiltheyare16.

Basic Art Schools follow a national curriculum which is divided in two levels(primaryandsecondary);there isadifferent level foradults.Studentshavetotake examinations every year. Curricula include instrumental lessons (mostlyonetoone tuition) and theory subjects.Most schoolsprovide classicalmusiceducation only, but some providejazz and pop music lessons as well. ManygraduatescontinuetheireducationatConservatories.

There are a number of highlevel Basic Art Schools that are well known forpreparing students for conservatories. This mainly has to do with specificteachers.

The Ministry of Education has implemented an accreditation system. Allaccredited schools follow the national curriculum and receive state funding.Someschoolsmayreceivefundingbythecityorachurch(aswell).Inallcases,students only pay a small tuition fee. Virtually all Basic Art Schools areaccredited.

PrivateMusicSchool There are many Private Music Schools, which even have their ownassociation.PrivateMusicSchoolsmainlyprovideamateurmusictraining.Their service is often different from Basic Art Schools, including moreteachingingroups.SomeschoolsdofollowtherulessetbytheMinistryofEducationandthereforereceivestatefunding.

Conservatoire Conservatories inCzechRepublicarevocational training institutions that trainstudentstobeprofessionalmusicians.Conservatoriesprovidemusiceducationataveryhighlevel,combinedwithgeneraleducation.Theydonotoffertrainingatacademiclevel(noBachelororMasterDegrees).

StudentscanenterConservatories from14or15yearsofageafter theyhavepassed an entrance exam. There is no preparatory class. The nationalcurriculum includesmanymusic related subjectsand somegeneraleducationsubjectsaswell.It isthereforedifficultforstudentstostudyanyothersubject


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thanmusicinhighereducation. Themusicrelatedsubjectsincludeinstrumentaltuition(onetoone),theorysubjectsandorchestraandensemblelessons.Someschools have a Jazz Department. Conservatories do not only traininstrumentalistsandvocalistsbutconductorsandcomposersaswell.

Thecurriculumtakes6yearsandisfinishedwithafinalexaminationinaforeignlanguage, theoretical subjects, main subject, students need to write a thesiswhich they need to defend, and they need to take a test in artpedagogicalsubjects.

It is possible to switch to aUniversity orAcademy of Performing Arts/Musicafter 4 years of studying. Graduates go on to study further or enter theprofessional field. Graduates that have taken pedagogy classes receive adiplomawhichallowsthemtoteachatBasicArtSchools.

Stateconservatoiresarefreeofcharge.Therearesomeprivateconservatoriesand conservatories owned by churches which charge tuition fees. In these

cases,thestatepaysthecostsofteachingmaterialandsalariesofteachersandotheremployees,studentspayforallothercosts.

Thereisoneconservatoryforsoldiers;ittrainsnotonlyclassicalmusicians,butalsomusiciansforarmyensembles.Thereisaconservatoryforchurchmusicaswell.

One special conservatory focuses on handicapped students; it trains, forinstance,blindstudents.Theschoolalsoeducatestunerstrainedtotunepianosandcembalosandtoimplementeasyreparations.

Therearealsoconservatoiresfocusingonotherartdisciplines(dance,drama).

MusicGymnasium Music Gymnasia provide high level general education combined with musiceducation.StudentscanenterMusicGymnasiafromtheageof10afterpassinganentranceexamination.Itisalsopossibletoenterlater.

MusicGymnasiaaimtopreparestudentsforhighermusiceducationaswellasfor any other study area. They follow a national curriculum including a fullgeneraleducationprogrammeat thehighest levelandmusic relatedsubjects,such as instrumental tuition (onetoone), theory subjects and orchestra andensemblelessons.MusicGymnasiafocusonclassicalmusic.

Many graduatesproceed tohighermusiceducation,but therealso is a largeamount of students who continue their education at Universities in otherdisciplines.

MusicGymnasiaownedbythestatedonotchargetuitionfees.

Privatetuition Thereareprivateteacherswhoteachmusicoutsideofanyinstitution.However,theymostlyprovideamateur training;hardlyany students continue tohighermusiceducation.


There are quite a few teachers from the Academies (higher education) teaching at Conservatories and Music


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Gymnasia.Therefore,studentsarewellpreparedfortheentrancelevelofhighereducation.

HighermusiceducationinstitutionsdonothaveJuniorDepartmentsorPreparatoryCourses.

STUDENTS

ENTERING

HIGHER

MUSIC

EDUCATION AlmostallstudentscomefromConservatoriesorMusicGymnasia.

SPECIALFACILITIESFORTALENTED

STUDENTSATPRECOLLEGELEVEL

Therearemany facilities for talented students; thereare competitions forallkindsofinstruments,atdifferent levelsandfordifferentagegroups.Therearealsocompetitionsforschoolorchestrasandchoirs.

TalentedstudentsatBasicArtSchoolscanreceivemoreinstrumentallessons.


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CzechRepublicknowsadistinctionbetweenthetrainingofInstrumental/vocalmusicteachers,andmusicteachersfor general education. Teachers can be trained at vocational training institutes, called conservatoires, and atMusicAcademies(highermusiceducationinstitutions).


Institutions InstrumentalandvocalmusicteachersareeducatedatconservatoiresandMusicAcademies. There are eight conservatoires inCzechRepublic: inPrague, eskBudjovice,Plze,Teplice,Pardubice,Brno,KromandOstrava.Therearetwohighereducationmusicacademies:inPragueandBrno.

Structure Studiesatconservatoireslastsixyearsandthegraduatesfromtheseschoolscan

teach at state or private elementary art schools. These institutions offerspecialisedmusiceducationtotalentedchildren,youngpeopleand,toacertaindegree,adults.

AcademiesofPerformingArtsofferprogrammestotrainteachersforelementaryartschoolsandconservatories,andartistswithacertificateinartisticeducation.Theyprovidea3yearBachelorand2yearMastersprogramme.

Usually, candidatesmustpass a specialentranceexamination.Every institutionpreparesitsownrequirementsforeachtypeofstudyprogramme.

Curriculum Eachmusicdepartmentandevery institutionhas itsown curriculum,however,themajorityofsubjectscanbefound inallstudyprogrammes.Theseare:Music

PsychologyandDiagnostics,PedagogywithMethodology,MethodologyofMusicTeaching,SpecialMusicMethodology,andTeachingPractice. Conservatoiresalsoprovidesomegeneraleducationsubjects,astheirstudentsenterthe institutionat14or15yearsofage.

At Music Academies, the pedagogical orientation of students is developedespecially in the Master programmes. Within the general studies they acquirenecessaryknowledgeinpsychologyandpedagogy,whichcorrespondswithmusicpsychological and pedagogical education. Teaching methodology is combinedwithobservationpractice(1week)andthenwithteachingpractice(2weeks)atelementaryandsecondaryschoolsaswellasatelementaryartschools.Thefinalpractice lasts 46 weeks. Students who are being prepared for a professionalmusiccareeralsohaveongoingpracticeintheirspecificdisciplines.

Employability Dependingontheeducationreceived,graduatescanteachatstateorprivateelementaryartschools,andsometimesatconservatoiresaswell.




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Institutions Music teacher training of music teachers for primary and secondary schools iscarriedoutattheuniversity,withinthefacultiesofeducation.Therearenine in

the Czech Republic: Prague, t and Labem, Plze, esk Budjovice, HradecKrlov,Liberec,Brno,OstravaandOlomouc.

Structure Theseuniversitiesofferthefollowingtypesofmusicteachingprogrammes:

Teachingmusicinprimaryschools,

Teaching music in secondaryschools (at most of the Faculties ofEducation),

Conducting children choirs and young people choirs (at most of theFacultiesofEducation),

Teaching in Elementary art schools (at most of the Faculties ofEducation).

Students following the programmes for teaching music at elementary andsecondary schools usually study one more subject (Czech language, Englishlanguage, German language, History, Psychology etc.) so as to be qualified toteach this alongside Music. However, they can study Music teaching incombinationwithanotherartistic specialisationconducting,playing thepiano(violin,accordion)andsolosinging.

Curriculum Primary and secondary schools teacher trainees study for three years on theBachelor programme. This programme includes courses in artistic/musicperformance skills, Music theory and history. An additional two year Master

course focuses on teaching skills and pedagogical practice. In most MusicDepartmentsFacultiesofEducation,bothBachelorandMasterprogrammesforteachingmusic inElementaryArtSchoolsareaccredited,aswellasprogrammesforconductingchoirs.

Thedurationoftheprogrammes(yearsandsemesters):

Bachelor programme (3 years = 6 semesters), Master programme (2 years =4semesters),

BeforetheBolognaDeclarationtherewasalsoafullyfledgedMasterprogrammelasting4or5years(8or10semesters).

Thefollowingisabreakdownofthetaughthoursofeachprogramme:

MusicteachertrainingBachelorprogrammeatotalof741hours(180credits),

MusicteachertrainingMasterprogrammeatotalof325hours(120credits).

Employability Graduatesareallowedtoteachattheinstitutionsmentionedabove,accordingtothetypeoftrainingreceived.


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DENMARK

OVERVIEWOFHIGHERMUSICEDUCATIONSYSTEMThepresentsystemofprofessionalmusictraininginDenmarkhasexistedsince2004,whentheoldsystemofaMusicteacherdegree (4 yearsof study) andDiplomadegree (1 year of study)was replaced with the 2cycle system inaccordancewiththeBolognaDeclaration.

Theeducationalsystem iscomparable tothegeneralhighereducationsystemwithoneexception:contrary to theuniversities,themusicacademiesarenotyetabletoofferathirdcycle(PhD)bythemselves.Onlyincooperationwitha university (who formally will be the responsible partner) will music academies be allowed to offer such aneducation.Theonlyformalpostgraduatedegreethatcanbeofferedbyanacademyofmusicisbythesoloistexam.

Ithasbeenanimportantgoalforthegovernment,whenimplementingthenewsystem,tomakeabettercoherence

intheeducationalsystemnationallyand internationally. Mostrecently ithasbeenamajorconcernforthemusicaltraininginDenmarktostrengthenthepedagogicalelementsintheeducationsaswellasthecoherencewithinthesocalledfoodchaininmusiceducation(talentdevelopment).


Asofthiswriting in2010,therearefour conservatoriesforprofessionalmusictraininginDenmark.


1.300+

Funding TheConservatoriesarefundedbytheState,throughtheMinistryofCulture.

Curricula ThecurriculaforprofessionalmusictrainingarecontrolledbytheState.

2cyclesystem 1stcycle:Bachelor(3years)

2nd

cycle:Master(2years)

Qualifications 1stcycle:Anallroundbasiceducationasamusicianwhichincludes15%ofpedagogyas

a minimum and qualifies to further studies. There is a proposal for using thequalificationBachelorofMusic.

2ndcycle:Candidateasamusician,orinmusicpedagogy.

Entryrequirements(2ndcycle)

Arelevantbachelordegreenormallyfromaconservatoire,butstudentswithaBachelorfromtheuniversitycanalsobeintakeniftheypasstheaudition.

%ofstudentswhocontinuewith2ndcycle

Approximately90%

3rcycle Asoloistexam isretained.APhDcanbeobtained incollaborationwithauniversityor

theDanishUniversityofEducation(DPU).


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Creditpointsystem TheECTScreditpointsystemisusedinthestudyprogrammes..

Qualityassurance There have been no regular external quality assurance processes for the music

academies.However,according toanew law,anationalaccreditation institutionwasestablishedonApril1,2007.ItcameinpowerasofJanuary1,2008andisintendedtoprovideapprovalallneweducationalprogrammeswithinthehighereducationarea inDenmark. The educational institutions have to pay the costs of the accreditationprocess. The programmes are accredited for the length of the programme plus twoyears. As of January 1, 2008, all new programmes were accredited. Existingprogrammeswillbeaccreditedaccordingtoaspecifiedplan,whichhastobeproposedbytheInstitution.TheresponsiblebodyistheAkkrediteringsinstitutionen(AccreditationInstitution), consisting of Akkrediteringsrdet (Accreditation Council) and twosecretariats (a council secretariat and an accreditation secretariat). The agency wasestablishedphysically in fall2007. Individualprogrammeshavebeenaccredited, andtheresultshavebeenmadepublicandmayhave influenceonthesubsidyprovidedtothe university. The accreditation is carried out as an external evaluation of theaccreditationsecretariat,whichcanchoosetouseexternal (international)partnerstoassist.Theprocedurewhich isusedbythesecretariat isbeingdefined(sitevisitsetc.)andmayincludetrainingforexperts.

Employability According to an investigation of the labour market for graduates from the Danishacademiesofmusic,completedin2004,theunemploymentrateisabout10%.

Academicyear EndofAugust endofJune,2semesters


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ThereareseveralpossibilitiesinDenmarktobemusicallytrainedpriortoenteringhighereducation.


MusicSchool Thereareabout100MusicSchoolsorganisedbymunicipalitiesspreadalloverthecountry.Theseschoolsprovidemusiceducationtostudentsbetween0and25yearsofage.

Thereisnonationalcurriculumformusiceducation,butasetofguidelineshasbeenpublishedbytheNationalMusicCouncil;MusicSchoolsarefreetochoosewhethertheywanttouseit.Afewschoolsdesigntheirowncurriculum.

MusicSchoolsoffer instrumental/vocal lessons (mostlyonetoone)aswellastheory classes and ensemble playing/choir. Almost all Music Schools haveorchestras. Music Schools provide amateur training but may prepare somestudentsfortheentranceexaminationsofhighermusiceducationaswell.Manystudents will go to the Musikalsk Grundkursus (see text below) first beforeapplyingtohighermusiceducationinstitutes.

Inprinciple,the lessontimefor instrumental/vocal lessonsatMusicSchools isnot very long (20/25 minutes). However, most Music Schools have specialTalentClasses.Entrancetosuchaclassgoesbyaudition.Studentswhostudyina Talent Class receive longer instrumental/vocal lessons. Music schools canapplyforastategranttocoverexpensesfortalentedstudentswhoarenotableto pay for their education. The exact outlines of Talent Classes differ from

schooltoschool,andaredecidedonthelocallevel.

Music Schools should have a broad offer of both musical s

Documents

National Music Education Systems AEC