National Non-communicable Diseases Risk Factors Survey 2007

National Non-communicable Diseases Risk Factors Survey 2007

iiNational Non-Communicable Diseases Survey 2007

Report of the National Non-communicable Diseases Step-wise Survey

Edited by Dr. Jamal Alsayyad

Chief of Medical review Office Dr. Ahmed Omran

Medical Consultant, Medical Review Office

Revised by Dr. Fawzi A. Amin

Assistant undersecretary for Planning and Training Prof. Randah Hamadeh

Chairperson of Family and Community Medicine Arabian Gulf University Medical College

Ministry of Health Published in 2009

iiiNational Non-Communicable Diseases Survey 2007

© All rights reserved. Ministry of Health, 2009 National Library Cataloguing No. 000000000 ISBN 000000000001

ivNational Non-Communicable Diseases Survey 2007

Health Research Committee

Dr. Abdulaziz Y. Hamza (Chairman)

Dr. Fawzi A. Amin (Deputy Chiarman)

Dr. Jamal J. Alsayyad

Prof. Fazel Karim Dar

Prof. Randah Hamadeh Dr. Shawqi A. Amin

Dr. Qassim Al-Shboul

Dr. Ahmed A. Omran

Dr. Fadheela Almahroos

Dr. Ebtisam E. Fakhro

Dr. Aysha Alshaikh

NCD Survey Technical Committee

Dr. Jamal Alsayyad (Chiarman)

Dr. Ahmed Omran

Dr. Qassim Al-Shboul

Dr. Ebtihal Alreefy

Mr. Hasan Albasry

Ms. Layla Al-Nashmi

Mr. Khalifa Mohammed

Dr. Nahla Madan

Dr. Maha Almoqla

Dr. Maha Altajer

Dr. Majida Hasan

Dr. Sonia Mohammed

Dr. Basim Abbas

Mrs. Mariam Al-Manaseer

Ali Yousif

vNational Non-Communicable Diseases Survey 2007

Forward

Chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs), such as hypertension, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes, pose a major burden and threat to the Bahraini community. Together, these NCDs account for more than half of the deaths registered annually, i.e. more than one thousand deaths a year, and many more are living with the agony of one or more of these diseases. Having said that, there is enough evidence on preventability of these diseases, that came from some parts of the world, on significant reductions in the burden of these diseases by applying sets of effective preventive and curative measures. On this ground, establishing an efficient surveillance system using the step-wise approach to collect information on occurrence, prevalence and mortality due to these diseases, and on their known risk factors is of paramount importance for planning and evaluating preventive and curative interventions against them. This report, presents very important and extensive base-line data on eight major preventable risk factors of NCDs. These are; smoking, obesity, lack of physical activity, hypercholesterolemia, poor intake of fruits and vegetables, alcohol intake, hypertension and diabetes. As such, its value as a guidance to our fight against those killing diseases extends beyond the health care workers to engage the whole community, both the government as well as civic organizations and individuals, in this important battle against ill-health in our kingdom. Finally, such valuable work and great achievement that is documented in this report would have not been made possible without the sincere and sustainable efforts exerted by all survey team members to translate one of our dreams into reality. A word of thanks may not be a sufficient reward for this magnificent achievement, and such efforts will definitely be highly accredited and appreciated.

Once again, I express my deep gratefulness and thankfulness to everybody who

made this mission possible and brought this report to the sunlight.

(HE signature)

Dr. Faisal Bin Yagoub Alhamar H.E. The Minister of Health

viNational Non-Communicable Diseases Survey 2007

Table of Contents

I. Introduction 1

II. Aim 2 III. Objectives 2

Ch. 2 Subjects and Methods 2

Ch. 3 Results 8

1National Non-Communicable Diseases Survey 2007

2.�� Introduction:

Chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are major causes of morbidity and

mortality in the Kingdom of Bahrain. Every year, one out of every 1000 persons

develop cancer1 and one out of every 2000 persons die of the disease2. Out of 2222

total deaths reported in 2005, 434 (19.5%) were due to circulatory system diseases

(CSDs), 267 (12%) were cancer-related deaths and 233 (10.5%) were due to

endocrine and metabolic disorders, including mainly Diabetes Mellitus. Together,

with fatalities of injuries and poisoning (205 deaths (9.2%)), these disease categories

accounted for half of all deaths reported in that year2.

Unless tackled and brought under control, such growing NCD burden would result in

more losses of years of life due to death or disability, and could threaten to

overwhelm already-stretched health services and resources. In this respect, primary

prevention is the most cost-effective strategy to contain this emerging epidemic, as it

is already known that most of this burden can be attributed to some key risk factors

(namely; Diabetes Mellitus, Hypertension, Hypercholesterolemia, Obesity, Physical

inactivity, alcoholism and unhealthy dietary habits) that are amenable to

intervention3.

Surveillance of these risk factors is a key component in the NCD prevention and

control programme providing information necessary to plan and to evaluate the

effectiveness of preventive and control interventions. It involves systematic

collection, analysis and interpretation of data on Non-communicable diseases (NCD)

and these modifiable risk factors.

Earlier community surveys and studies carried out in the kingdom were based either

on self-reported history of NCD and their risk factors, or used specifically old

population4-7. Therefore, there is a need to establish nation-wide baseline estimates

of NCD major �ravelling� risk factors using standardized methods and laboratory

diagnostic tests.

Unlike ad hoc studies or surveys done before, this survey is going to be part of the

NCD surveillance system using the World Health Organization (WHO) Step-wise

Approach and instruments for this purpose, and will be repeated periodically.


II. Aim:

To establish and maintain a national database for major NCD risk factors in the

kingdom that is part of NCD prevention and control programme.

2.�� Objectives:

1. To determine the prevalence of the eight key NCD risk factors in the Kingdom

of Bahrain, namely; smoking, obesity, diabetes mellitus, high blood pressure,

high serum lipids, alcohol use, inadequate fruits and vegetable intake and

physical inactivity.

2. To determine the distribution of these key risk factors across age, gender and

geographic location (governorates).

3. To assess the correlation of newly diagnosed diabetes and hypertension with

other risk factors

III. Subjects and Methods:

1. Sample Size and Design:

The study population was Bahraini adults who were 20 to 64 years old on 1st

of January 2007. A random sample of 20037 households with at least one

eligible individual was obtained from the Central Population Register at the

Central Informatics Organization (CIO). This was achieved by withdrawing a

two-stage proportionate stratified probability sample according to

governorates and gender; i.e. a random sample of households resided by at

least one eligible member was selected from each governorate with

probability proportionate to the size of the target population of that

governorate. For each selected household, a family roaster of eligible

members (those aged 20-64 years) was created by the interviewer from which

one member was selected for the study using the kish table (see appendix A).

The selected person was interviewed if he agreed to participate in the study.

In case of refusal or unavailability, the person was deleted from the roaster

and Kish table was applied to the remained members. Except for two

households that were located in Huwar Island, unreachable or non-national

households were replaced by a randomly selected neighboring household.


2.�� Data Collection:

2.1 The instrument:

Data was collected using an Arabic translation of the 3-steps questionnaire of

the World Health Organization (Version 1.4)8, with some added questions to

fill some knowledge gaps for the purpose of programme planning (Appendix

B).

2.2 Interview and physical measurements (Steps one & two):

The steps1 and 2 of the questionnaire were done in the field by paying home

visits to the selected households, interviewing the selected individuals and

taking blood pressure, weight and height measurements. Measurements were

done according to the procedure outlined in the WHO Steps Field Manual9,

and in the following sequence: blood pressure (using portable pneumatic

sphygmomanometer), weight and height.

2.3 Biochemical measurements (Step three):

Following the house interview, the interviewers instructed the participants to

proceed to the health centre of their �ravelling�od with which they are

registered, preferably within a week, to complete the next step. Participants

were instructed to be fasting for at least 10 hours before they go to health

centre. A venous blood sample was collected and then sent to the Neaim

Health Centre for analyzing fasting blood glucose, total serum cholesterol,

high-density and low-density lipoproteins and triglycerides levels using wet

chemistry technique. Participants with abnormally high readings were

subjected to further confirmatory tests before their referral for therapy. Those

who did not do the tests or for whom laboratory results reports have not been

received at the survey central office, they were traced through the

computerized laboratory system, and results of the requested analyses were

recorded for them if they were done within the survey period or three months

prior to it.


2.�� Data cleaning and validation:

Questionnaires of Completed interviews were checked by the field

supervisors, for incompleteness and missing information. The completed ones

were then sent to the governorates’ coordinators for double checking, coding

and cross-item verification. The checked questionnaires were then submitted

to the Central Office for data entry, validation and analysis using Microsoft

Access (version 2003) and SPSS (version 15.0).

3.1 Variable item verification and classification: For each variable, odd

readings in frequency analyses were rechecked against the original data in

the data collection forms and corrected accordingly, before variable being

classified and used in final analysis.

A) Response: The selected household was visited for three times under

different circumstances until it is found and interviewed. For households who

were not available after three visits, or could not be reached (wrong address)

were replaced, if possible, by randomly choosing one of the two close

�ravelling on either side of the original household. This process was done by

the field worker after consulting his field supervisor. Households whom were

found but refused to participate were not replaced.

b) Age in years: It was calculated from date of birth, if known, or as given by

the respondent. In the second option, the respondent’s answer is checked

against the first two digits of his or her Central Population Register (CPR)

number (unique ID number), which represents the year of birth. Because of

presence of year of birth in the person’s CPR number, there was no missing

age data. Respondents’ age was classified into 10-year classes; 10-29, 30-

39, etc., and last class was made 60-64 years.

c) Smoking: Participants were classified according to their smoking status

into; current daily, current occasional, ex- and non-smokers. Smokers were

classified according to tobacco types as cigarette (manufactured and hand-

rolled), shisha (water pipe) or other types (cigar or pipe) smokers. For

calculation of prevalence rates of each type, the participant was counted in

each type he / she currently smokes or used to smoke.

Age at start of smoking was either directly obtained or derived from the

questions on duration of smoking and date of birth. In case of discrepancy


between the two, when both were present, the one derived from duration and

date of birth was recorded.

Average number of cigarettes smoked daily was calculated for daily smokers

only.

d) Vegetables and Fruits Intake: Responses were classified into: daily

intake, less than daily intake and no intake.

e) Physical Activity: Physical activity was measured into three situations:

− Physical activity at work, − Physical activity during �ravelling to and from routine places such as

shopping and masjid, − Physical activity at leisure time. Further, the intensity of physical activity was classified into: − Vigorous-intensity activity: activities such as lifting heavy weights and labor

works for at least 10 minutes continuously, − Moderate-intensity activity: activities such as fast walking and lifting light

weights for at least 10 minutes continuously, − Low-intensity activity: those not included in the previous categories.

f) Obesity: According to WHO definition, readings less than 25 were

considered normal or low. Whereas reading between 25 and < 30 were

considered overweight, and readings ≥ 30 as obese. In this classification

women who stated they were pregnant at the time of the interview, were

excluded from the analysis.

g) Hypertension: According to WHO classification for blood pressure

measurement, individuals with systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥ 140 mmHg or

diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥ 90 mmHg are considered hypertensive. The

estimated prevalence of hypertension was derived by adding up the

prevalence of self-reported hypertension and that of subjects found to have

high average reading of systolic or diastolic pressure.


h) Hyperglycemia & Diabetes: The respondent was considered

hyperglycaemic if his or her fasting blood sugar was ≥ 7.0 mmol/L. Fasting

blood sugar of > 5.8 and < 7.0 mmol/L was considered impaired FBS.

The estimated prevalence of diabetes was derived by adding up the

prevalence of self-reported diabetes and that of newly discovered

hyperglycaemia. For the addition to be done, prevalence of hyperglycaemia

was calculated from the total respondents (not from those who performed the

blood testing), leaving behind a number of respondents with unknown blood

glucose measurement to raise assumptions about.

2.�� Survey Management:

4.1 Survey Staff:

The survey was organized, managed and conducted through the following

committees and teams; The Health Research committee (? Members), a

technical team (17 members), six governorate coordinators, eight field

supervisors, 66 interviewers, one computer programmer, four data entry staff,

two secretaries and one laboratory technician.

4.2 Training and testing the instrument:

Six training workshops were conducted by the head of technical team and the

general coordinator of the survey. All governorate coordinators, field

supervisors and interviewers participated in these workshops in small groups.

The training was for four hours and included the following main modules;

general idea about the survey and its’ objectives, survey management process

and responsibilities of different categories of survey staff, method used for the

random selection of the household in nuclear families and interviewees, detail

explanation of the content of the questionnaire, interview skills, anthropometric

measurements and methods used to encourage participation. The theoretical

part was followed by practical sessions for conducting interview and taking

anthropometric measurements.


4.3 Implementation Plan:

The survey was prepared for and undertaken during the period from January

until December 2007, followed by data cleaning, validation and examination.

Data analysis and publication of draft report extended from September 2008 till

April 2009 after which draft was reviewed and approved by the Ministry’s

Research Committee and then sent for printing, as below:


Results


2.�� Results

2.�� The sample and the response rate:

Table 1 shows the proportional distribution of the selected study sample in the five

governorates of the Kingdom of Bahrain. Out of the 2037 households randomly selected for

the study, a total of 1769 (86.8%) were reached and participated in the household interview

(Figure 1). The response rate was highest in southern governorate (92.7%) followed by

Central governorate (91.0%), Northern governorate (89.2%), Muharraq governorate

(84.4%) and Capital governorate (72.8%), respectively (Table 2).

Of those responded to the Interview, the response rates for step 2 of the study (valid

readings of body measurements) were 99.5% for blood pressure and 99.0% for weight and

height. For step 3 (laboratory tests) the responses were 62.7% for blood sugar and 63% for

cholesterol measurements.

: ��1ول �� ز�� ا� �� ا�� اض ا� 2007 Table 1: Distribution of NCD Survey Sample 2007

Governorate ا�!�د

Number % "#$% ا�

Capital 279 13.7 ا��

Muharraq 352 17.3 ا��ق

Northern 665 32.6 ا��

Central 632 31.0 �� ا�

Southern 109 5.4 �� ا��

Total 2037 100.0 ع� ' ا�

5 6$+5 �4 ا�!� ا� 3,$رة #� ا� �� 0/ ا.-,'$+ ا�!$�:1*()� Figure1: Overall response rate of the selected study subjects for interview

11.9%

2421.3%

26

86.8%

1769

Participated

Not Participated

Not Reached


#� ا� %$#"$ت�5 6$+5 �0/ ا.-,'$+ : ��2ول Table2: Response rate for interview by governorates

"#$% ا�

Governorate Response

ا�!8$Capital

ا� %�قMuharraq

��$ ا�:Northern

ا��->;Central

�+� ا�'Southern

Total +$',-.ا

203 297 593 575 101 1769 Responded

72.8% 84.4% 89.2% 91.0% 92.7% 86.8% ا��رآ�!

68 42 67 57 8 242 Not responded

24.4% 11.9% 10.1% 9.0% 6.4% 11.9% %�� $��رآ�!

8 13 5 0 0 26 Not reached

2.9% 3.7% 0.8% 0.0% 0.0% 1.3% �ل �'&�� & *(& ا�

279 352 665 632 109 2037 Total

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% �ع' ا�

2.�� Socio demographic characteristics

2.1 Age and gender

The proportion of females was slightly higher than males (51.2% versus 48.8%). The female: male ratio is close to the ratio in last census (2001).

The highest proportion of the respondents were in the age group 40-49 years (29.7%) followed respectively by the age groups 30-39 (26.9%), 20-29 (23.8%), 50-59 (16.1%) and 60-64 years (3.4%) – Table3.

B�C ا�'A وا�@? ا�! ��ا� :$رآ�4��ز�� : ��3ول

Table3: Distribution of participants by age- group and gender

Sex- A ا�@? ا�! �� 0ع ا�'Age – Group Male ذآ� Female ;E0أ

�ع' ا�Total

236 185 421 20 – 29

27.3% 20.4% 23.8%

215 261 476 30 – 39

24.9% 28.8% 26.9%

252 274 526 40 – 49

29.2% 30.2% 29.7%

137 148 285 50 – 59

15.9% 16.3% 16.1%

23 38 61 60 – 64

2.7% 4.2% 3.4%

863 906 1769 Total ع� ' ا�

100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


:$رآ�4��ز�� ا: ��4ول�A B�C ا� %$#"$ت و�0ع ا�'Table4: Distribution of participants by governorate and gender

Sex A �0ع ا�'Governorate

Male ذآ� Female ;E0أ

�ع' ا�Total

"#$% ا�

109 94 203 Capital

12.6% 10.4% 11.5% ا��

143 154 297 Muharraq

16.6% 17.0% 16.8% ا��ق

294 299 593 Northern

34.1% 33.0% 33.5% ا��

266 309 575 Central

30.8% 34.2% 32.5% �� ا�

51 50 101 Southern

5.9% 5.5% 5.7% �� ا��

863 906 1769 Total

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% �ع' ا�

2.2 Marital Status

Seventy-one percent of the respondents were married, while 22.6% were single. The rest were divorced (3.3%), widowed (2.7%) or separated (0.3%) – Table 5.

�� وا�� ا��رآ�� ز ا : ��5ول � "! ��ع ا�

Table 5: distribution of participants by marital status and gender

Sex A �0ع ا'� Marital Status

Male ذآ� Female ;E0أ �ع' ا�Total

��$ ا�%$� ا.�,

233 166 399 Single

27.0% 18.3% 22.6% أ-,ب

609 650 1259 Married

70.6% 71.7% 71.2% $(,وج

19 39 58 Divorced

2.2% 4.3% 3.3% 12�$

1 46 47 Widow

0.1% 5.1% 2.7% أر3$

1 5 6 Separated

0.1% 0.6% 0.3% 345�$

863 906 1769 Total

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% �ع' ا�


2.3 Education and Employment:

Majority of participants had general secondary school certificate or less and 27.5% had diploma or more (26.3% for males and 28.5% for females) – Table 6.

�� وا��!��ى ا��%$��#��رآ�� ز ا� :��6ول� "! ا�Table 6: Participants distribution by highest education and gender

2.4 Employment Male participants were predominantly government employees (41.3%) while females were predominantly housewives (54.4%). Overall unemployment was 5.9% and was nearly equal for males (5.9%) and Females (6.0%) – Table 7.

Sex A �0ع ا�'High Education Completed


�ع' ا�Total

�5 �أ�5; !��,�ى

11 92 103 Illiterate

1.3% 10.2% 5.8% أ6$

25 52 77 Read and Write

2.9% 5.7% 4.4% � *��; ا�:�اءة وا�7(�

81 82 163 Primary

9.4% 9.1% 9.2% ا�(;ا>6

145 108 253 Intermediate

16.8% 11.9% 14.3% ��A ( إ-;ادي )$(

374 314 688 Secondary

43.3% 34.7% 38.9% �يC�D

122 109 231 Diploma or Associate

14.1% 12.0% 13.1% 2�م $��رك�2�م أو د� د

79 131 210 Bachelor Degree

9.2% 14.5% 11.9% �سا�GH'�دة *��7

26 18 44 Post-graduate

3.0% 2.0% 2.5% أو آ�2�$�J K*�L

863 906 1769 Total

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% �ع' ا�


)ا� �'$لB�C ا� :$رآ�4 ��ز��: �7ول�!) @�Lا��(A وا�'

Table7: Distribution of participants by working field and sex

Sex A �0ع ا�'Working field

Male ذآ� Female ;E0أ �ع' ا�Total $'�( ل ا�!

356 155 511 Government employee

41.3% 17.1% 28.9% 6$�7M NO�$

300 115 415 Private sector employee

34.8% 12.7% 23.5% ��R NOع �Lص$

74 10 84 Business man

8.6% 1.1% 4.7% ر3J أ-��ل

0 5 5 Unpaid voluntary work

0.0% 0.6% 0.3% 6-��;ون أ6S 3$�-)�J ا��ل ا�(�(

2 1 3 Part-time paid job

0.2% 0.1% 0.2% ,J ع�S;$ 3�-�ً�<

35 59 94 Student

4.1% 6.5% 5.3% V��W

0 493 493 House wife

0.0% 54.4% 27.9% X�� ر

45 14 59 Retired

5.2% 1.5% 3.3% ;-�:)$

45 49 94 Unemployed-Capable

5.2% 5.4% 5.3% J�- ��% 3W�-,3ا�� !-

6 5 11 Unemployed-Incapable

0.7% 0.6% 0.6% -�J�- 3W, -! ا��3

863 906 1769 Total

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% �ع' ا�


3. Behavioural risk factors

3.1 Smoking

A. Smoking any type of Tobacco

There were 352 tobacco current smokers among the study participants, yielding an

overall prevalence of 19.9%. Of those, 316 (17.9%) were current daily smokers - Figure

2. The prevalence rates of different types of tobacco were, 13.8% (244) for cigarette

smoking, 8.4% (149) for shisha smoking and 0.9% (16) for other types - Figure 3.

()*2 :� B�C Nأ�0ا� ��'+ O/,4 ا��P��در� �(�ار ا�,�4�P!�.ت ا0,:$ر Figure 2: Prevalence rate of tobacco smoking according to usage frequency

Never Smoker

70.5%

Ex-Smoker

9.6%

Non-Daily

Tobacco

Smoker

2.0%

Daily Tobacco

Smoker

17.9%


()*3:O/,4 ا�� 5,3@ �!�.ت ا0,:$ر ��4�P ا�0Qاع ا�

Figure 3: Prevalence rates of smoking different types of tobacco

The Prevalence rate of tobacco smoking among males was 33.4% compared to 7.1%

among females. Current daily smoking rates among them were 30.6% and 5.7%

respectively. Overall ex-smoking rate was 9.6% and it was markedly higher among

males (15.3%) compared to females (4.1%) - Table 8.

Aا� B�C +�4 ا� :$رآ��04/ ا0,:$ر ��4�P ا�,/O : ��8ول '

Table 8: Prevalence of Smoking tobacco among participants by gender

O/,4 ا��P�� !�ل Tobacco smoking frequency

A �0ع ا�'Sex

Daily Tobacco

smoker

�� ():+ O/,4 ا�P��

Non-Daily Tobacco Smoker

�� R ():+ O/,4 ا�P��

Ex-Smoker

4�P�,�56 �4 ا�� Never smoker

4P�� R

�ع' ا�Total

264 24 132 443 863 Male ذآ�

30.6% 2.8% 15.3% 51.3% 100.0%

52 12 37 805 906 Female �ZCأ

5.7% 1.3% 4.1% 88.9% 100.0%

316 36 169 1248 1769 Total ع� ' ا�

17.9% 2.0% 9.6% 70.5% 100.0%

13.8%

0.9%

8.4%

19.9%

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Cigarettes Shisha Other Tobacco Any Type


Of participants, smokers use mainly one kind only (either cigarettes or shisha), and

only 4.1 % were smoking more than one type of tobacco - Figure 4.

Figure 4: Prevalence of tobacco smoking according to tobacco type

@? ا�! ��0/ ا0,:$ر ��4�P ا�,/O +�4 ا� :$رآ�B�C 4 ا�: ��9ول Table 9: Prevalence of Smoking tobacco among participants by age-group

O/,4 ا��P�� !�ل

Tobacco smoking frequency �� ا�@? ا�!

Age – Group

Daily Tobacco Smoker

():+ 4P��

Non-Daily Tobacco smoker

�� R ():+ O/,4 ا�P��

Ex-Smoker

4�P�,�56 �4 ا�� Never Smoker

4P�� R

�ع' ا�Total

92 11 27 291 421 20 -29

21.9% 2.6% 6.4% 69.1% 100.0% 82 12 39 343 476

30 – 39 17.2% 2.5% 8.2% 72.1% 100.0%

79 5 57 385 526 40 – 49

15.0% 1.0% 10.8% 73.2% 100.0%

51 8 34 192 285 50 – 59

17.9% 2.8% 11.9% 67.4% 100.0%

12 0 12 37 61 60 – 64

19.7% 0.0% 19.7% 60.7% 100.0%

316 36 169 1248 1769 Total ع� ' ا�

17.9% 2.0% 9.6% 70.5% 100.0%

Cigarette only

10.7%

189

Shisha only

5.3%

93

Cigar-Pipe only

0.8%

14

Cigarette and Shisha

3.1%

54

All three types

0.1%

1

Cigar-pipe and Shisha

0.1%

1

Not current smokers

80.1%

1417

Cigarette only

Shisha only

Cigar-Pipe only

Cigarette and Shisha

Cigar-pipe and Shisha

All 3 type

Not current smokers


ا� %$#"$ت�B �0/ ا0,:$ر ��4�P ا�,/O +�4 ا� :$رآ�C 4: ��10ول

Table 10: Prevalence of Smoking tobacco among participants by governorate

O/,4 ا��P�� !�ل Tobacco smoking frequency

Governorate Daily Tobacco Smoker

�� ():+ 4P��

Non-Daily Tobacco Smoker �� R ():+ O/,4 ا�P��

Ex-Smoker 4�P�,�56 �4 ا��

Never Smoker 4P�� R

�ع' ا�Total

"#$% ا�

43 2 23 135 203 Capital

21.2% 1.0% 11.3% 66.5% 100.0% ا��

50 12 28 207 297 Muharraq

16.8% 4.0% 9.4% 69.7% 100.0% ا��ق

92 5 49 447 593 Northern

15.5% 0.8% 8.3% 75.4% 100.0% ا��

104 16 60 395 575 Central

18.1% 2.8% 10.4% 68.7% 100.0% �� ا�

27 1 9 64 101 Southern

26.7% 1.0% 8.9% 63.4% 100.0% �� ا��

316 36 169 1248 1769 Total

17.9% 2.0% 9.6% 70.5% 100.0% �ع' ا�

B. Cigarettes Smoking Status

(1) Prevalence rates The overall prevalence of smoking cigarettes (manufactured or hand-rolled) was 13.8%. The prevalence among males was twenty-two folds that among female participants (27% compared to 1.2%). One of the explanations of the low prevalence of smoking among females might be the social barriers that make females unhappy to admit that they are smokers. In age-specific smoking rate of cigarettes, the study revealed that the prevalence is highest in the age group 20-29 years (20.0%) followed by the age group 30-39 years (15.1%), while in the older age groups it was almost similar (11.5-12.3%). It was also noticed that the prevalence among males was higher in younger age groups (29-39 years) and elderly people (60-64 years) reaching around 30-35%. On the other hand, prevalence of smoking cigarettes/cigars/pipe in females was highest in the age group 50-59 years (2.7%) followed by the age group 20-29 (1.6%).

Meanwhile, the prevalence was highest in the southern governorate (23.8%) and lowest in northern governorate (12.1%). Interestingly, the study also revealed that all smokers of cigarettes/cigars/pipe participants in the southern governorate are male and constituted almost half of them (47.1%). On the other hand, the prevalence among females was highest in central governorate (2.6%) followed by Capital governorate (2.1%).


��4�P ا��'$�S �0/: ��11ول B�C�� 4�(�ار �5 :$رآ�4 وا�@? ا�!�P�,ا� Table 11: Prevalence of cigarette smoking among participants by

Age-group and smoking frequency

()*5 :0/� �S$'4 ا��P��A ا� :$رك و � B�C 4�P�,ار ا��)�

Figure 5: Relative distribution of participants by cigarettes, cigars and pipe smoking categories and sex

�S$'4 ا��P�� !�ل Cigarette Smoking Frequency ع� ' ا�

Total

Non-Cigarette Smokers ��R4P��

Ex-Smokers �56�4�P�,4 ا��

Non-Daily Smoker 4P�� R ():+

Daily Smokers 4P�� ():+

�� ا�@? ا�!Age- Group

421 318 23 4 76

100.0% 75.5% 5.5% 1.0% 18.1% 20-29

476 376 31 2 67

100.0% 79.0% 6.5% 0.4% 14.1% 30-39

526 427 44 1 54

100.0% 81.2% 8.4% 0.2% 10.3% 40-49

285 228 24 2 31 100.0% 80.0% 8.4% 0.7% 10.9%

50-59

61 46 8 0 7

100.0% 75.4% 13.1% 0.0% 11.5% 60-64

1769 1395 130 9 235

100.0% 78.9% 7.3% 0.5% 13.3% Total �ع' ا�

�S$'4 ا��P�� !�ل Cigarette Smoking Frequency ع� ' ا�

Total

Non-Cigarette Smokers ��R4P��


Non-Daily Smoker 4P�� R ():+



421 318 23 4 76

100.0% 75.5% 5.5% 1.0% 18.1% 20-29

476 376 31 2 67

100.0% 79.0% 6.5% 0.4% 14.1% 30-39

526 427 44 1 54 100.0% 81.2% 8.4% 0.2% 10.3%

40-49

285 228 24 2 31

100.0% 80.0% 8.4% 0.7% 10.9% 50-59

61 46 8 0 7

100.0% 75.4% 13.1% 0.0% 11.5% 60-64

1769 1395 130 9 235

100.0% 78.9% 7.3% 0.5% 13.3% Total �ع' ا�

13.8% 1.0%

26.0%

59.2%

Daily Smokers Non-Daily Smoking

Ex-Smokers Non-Smokers

97.6%

1.2%

0.0%

1.2%

Daily Smokers Non-Daily Smoking

Ex-Smokers Non-Smokers


��4�P ا��'$�S �0/: ��12ول B�C"#$% و�(�ار ا�,�4�Pا�Table 12: Relative distribution of participants by cigarettes, cigars and pipe smoking

categories and governorate

�S$'4 ا��P�� !�ل Cigarette Smoking Frequency

Governorate

Daily Smokers �� ():+ 4P��

Non- Daily smoking �� R ():+ 4P��

Ex-Smokers 4�P�,�56 �4 ا��

Non-cigarette Smokers 4P�� R

�ع' ا�Total

"#$% ا�

33 0 16 154 203

Capital 16.3% 0.0% 7.9% 75.9% 100.0%

ا��

38 4 29 226 297 Muharraq

12.8% 1.3% 9.8% 76.1% 100.0% ا��ق

59 0 30 504 593 Northern

9.9% 0.0% 5.1% 85.0% 100.0% ا��

82 4 43 446 575 Central

14.3% 0.7% 7.5% 77.6% 100.0% �� ا�

23 1 12 65 101 Southern

22.8% 1.0% 11.9% 64.4% 100.0% �� ا��

235 9 130 1395 1769 Total

13.3% 0.5% 7.3% 78.9% 100.0% �ع' ا�

(2) Average age at start of smoking cigarette

� +�ا� ا�,�B�C 4�P �0ع ا�' A�U-�, ا�!� � : ��13ول Table 13: Average age at start of smoking cigarettes by gender

A �0ع ا�'

Sex ا�!�د

Number U-�, ا�Mean

Std. Deviation

U-وQا�%� ا Median

ا�%� اQد0;Minimum

;VWQا�%� ا Maximum

Male 46.0 10.0 18.0 5.2 18.4 229 ذآ�

Female �ZC30.0 10.0 22.0 5.4 21.9 11 أ

Total ع� ' 46.0 10.0 18.0 5.3 18.6 240 ا�

�� +�ا� ا�,�B�C 4�P ا�@? ا�!� � : ��14ول �,�-U ا�!

Table 14: Average age at start of smoking cigarettes by age-group

�� ا�@? ا�!Age-Group

ا�!�دNumber

U-�, ا�Mean

Std. Deviation




20 – 29 79 17.5 3.6 17.0 10.0 26.0

30 – 39 69 17.8 4.6 17.0 10.0 28.0

40 – 49 53 20.1 6.0 20.0 10.0 40.0

50 – 59 33 20.8 7.7 20.0 12.0 46.0

60 – 64 6 18.2 3.9 18.0 13.0 25.0 Total ع� ' ا� 240 18.6 5.3 18.0 10.0 46.0


� +�ا� ا�,�B�C 4�P ا� %$#"$ت � � : ��15ول �,�-U ا�!

Table 15: Average age at start of smoking cigarettes by governorate

Governorate �!�دا


Std. Deviation




"#$% ا�

Capital 32 18.2 4.4 18.0 10.0 26.00 ا��Muharraq 40 19.7 6.8 18.5 11.0 46.00 ا��ق Northern 58 17.3 4.8 16.0 10.0 30.00 ا��

Central 86 19.2 5.0 18.0 10.0 40.00 �� ا�Southern 24 18.3 5.1 18.5 10.0 35.00 �� ا��Total 240 18.6 5.3 18.0 10.0 46.00 ع� ' ا�

(3) Daily Consumption of Cigarettes

A ا� :$رآ�4: 16 ��ول� B�C �S$'�5� ��ك ا��XY,-.ل ا�!�

Table 16: Average Number of cigarettes consumed daily according to gender

Sex A �0ع ا�' ا�!�د


Std. Deviation

ا�%� اQد0; Minimum


Male 80 1 12.5 19.35 224 ذآ� Female �ZC20 1 7.2 10.18 11 أ

Total ع� ' 80 1 12.5 18.92 235 ا�

�!�ل ا.-,XYك ا�� B�C �S$'�5 ا�@? ا�! �� ا� :$رآ�4: 17 ��ول

Table 17: Average Number of cigarettes consumed daily according to age-group

�� ا�@? ا�!

Age-Group ا�!�د


Std. Deviation



20 – 29 76 16.87 9.8 1 40

30 – 39 67 19.52 12.5 1 60

40 – 49 54 19.52 13.3 1 60

50 – 59 31 20.35 16.1 1 80

60 – 64 7 24.57 13.9 12 48

Total ع� ' 80 1 12.5 18.92 235 ا�

�!�ل ا.-,XYك ا�� B�C �S$'�5 ا� %$#"$ت: 18 ��ول Table 18: Average number of cigarettes consumed

daily according to governorate

Governorate ا�!�د


Std. Deviation



"#$% ا�

Capital 33 20.24 16.3 1 60 ا��Muharraq 38 19.13 12.1 1 60 ا��ق Northern 59 18.78 10 1 50 ا��

Central 82 17.15 10.3 1 40 �� ا�Southern 23 23.39 18.6 1 80 �� ا��

Total 235 18.92 12.5 1 80 ع� ' ا�


(4) Categories of Daily amount of smoking cigarettes

4��ز�� ا� : ��19ول �P�?# B�C �S$'ك ا��XY,-و اA ا�'

Table 19: Cigarette amount category by sex

��4�P ا��'$�S$ت #? Cigarette smoking amount category

A �0ع ا�'Sex

4� �E10أآ�S$'-

Up to 10 cigarettes

ة -�'$ر20- 11�4 11-20 cigarettes

-�'$رة 30- 21�4 21-30 cigarettes

-�'$رة40- 31�4 31-40 cigarettes

4� �Eرة40أآ$'�- >40 cigarettes

�ع' ا�Total

67 104 23 23 7 224 Male ذآ�

29.9% 46.4% 10.3% 10.3% 3.1% 100.0% 7 4 0 0 0 11

Female �ZCأ 63.6% 36.4% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 100.0%

74 108 23 23 7 235 Total ع� ' ا�

31.5% 46.0% 9.8% 9.8% 3.0% 100.0%

4��ز�� ا� :�20ول ��Pو� �S$'ك ا��XY,-ا ?# B�C �� ا�@? ا�! Table 20: Cigarette amount category by age-group

�� ا�@? ا�!

Age-group Cigarette smoking amount category

20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-64

Total �S$'4 ا��P�� #?$ت

29 16 20 9 0 74 Up to 10 cigarettes

38.2% 23.9% 37.0% 29.0% 0.0% 31.5% !$ �Z10أآ�<��

33 35 22 13 5 108 11-20 cigarettes

43.4% 52.2% 40.7% 41.9% 71.4% 46.0% ة ��ر$11-20!

8 7 4 4 0 23 21-30 cigarettes

10.5% 10.4% 7.4% 12.9% 0.0% 9.8%

��رة $21-30!

6 7 5 4 1 23 31-40 cigarettes

7.9% 10.4% 9.3% 12.9% 14.3% 9.8% ��رة$31-40!

0 2 3 1 1 7 40 cigarettes

0.0% 3.0% 5.6% 3.2% 14.3% 3.0% !$ �Zرة40أآ��

76 67 54 31 7 235 Total

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% �ع' ا�

�B�C 4 : ��21ول P� ��ز�� ا�?# �S$'ك ا��XY,-تاو ا$"#$% � Table 21: Cigarette amount category by governorate

"#$% ا�

Governorate Cigarette smoking amount category ا�!8$

Capital ا� %�ق

Muharraq ��$ ا�:

Northern ا��->;

Central �+� ا�'

Southern

�ع' ا�Total

�S$'4 ا��P�� #?$ت

10 12 16 30 6 74 Up to 10 cigarettes

30.3% 31.6% 27.1% 36.6% 26.1% 31.5% !$ �Z10أآ�<��

13 18 30 37 10 108 11-20 cigarettes

39.4% 47.4% 50.8% 45.1% 43.5% 46.0% ة ��ر$11-20!

3 4 7 7 2 23 21-30 cigarettes

9.1% 10.5% 11.9% 8.5% 8.7% 9.8% ��رة $21-30!

4 3 5 8 3 23 31-40 cigarettes

12.1% 7.9% 8.5% 9.8% 13.0% 9.8% ��رة$31-40!

3 1 1 0 2 7 40 cigarettes

9.1% 2.6% 1.7% 0.0% 8.7% 3.0% !$ �Zرة40أآ��

33 38 59 82 23 235 Total

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% �ع' ا�


C. Smoking shisha / water-pipe

The overall prevalence of smoking shisha/water-pipe (8.4%) was around half of that of smoking cigarettes (???%), and was highest in the age group 20-29 (12.4%), followed by the age group 60-64 (9.8%). It was lowest in middle age groups of 30-49 (6.1-6.7%)-Table24. The sex specific smoking shisha/water-pipe prevalence rate was 10.8% among males compared to 6.2% among females-Figure 4. The prevalence was highest among the very young males in the age group 20-29 (17.8%). On the other hand, among females it was highest in the older age groups of 50-64 (11.5-13.2%)-Table 25.

The prevalence of smoking shisha/water-pipe was highest in Capital governorate (10.8%) and lowest in Northern governorate (6.7%) –Table 29. Regarding sex specific prevalence rate of smoking shisha/water-pipe, the study revealed that the prevalence among males in the Southern governorate was the highest (17.6%), while among female was the lowest (2.0%) compared to other governorates. On the other hand, The prevalence among females was highest in Capital governorate (8.5%) and among males was lowest in northern governorate (7.8%).

()*6 :A �0/ ا0,:$ر ��4�P ا�:�: +�4 ا� :$رآ�B�C 4 �0ع ا�'Figure 6: Prevalence of currently Smoking shisha/water-pipe by sex

Yes

10.8%

No

89.2%

Yes

6.2%

NO

93.8%

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

70.0%

80.0%

90.0%

100.0%

Male Female


��4�P ا�:�: +�4 ا� :$رآ�B�C 4 ا�@? ا�! �� : ��22ول /�0

Table 22: Prevalence of currently smoking shisha/water-pipe By age-group

��4�P ا�:�: /�0 Currently Smoking shisha /water-pipe

�� ا�@? ا�!Age Group

Yes ]!0 No .

�ع' ا�Total

52 369 421 20 - 29

12.4% 87.6% 100.0%

33 443 476 30 - 39

6.9% 93.1% 100.0%

32 494 526 40 - 49

6.1% 93.9% 100.0%

26 259 285 50 - 59

9.1% 90.9% 100.0%

6 55 61 60 - 64 9.8% 90.2% 100.0%

149 1620 1769 Total ع� ' ا�

8.4% 91.6% 100.0%

�(�ار��ز�� ا� :$رآ�B�C 4 : ��23ول A��4�P ا�:�: وا�' Table 23: Relative distribution of participants by shisha

smoking category and sex

�!�ل ��4�P ا�:�:Shisha Smoking Frequency

A �0ع ا�'

sex Daily Smokers

��4P�� ():+ Non- Daily smoking

4P�� R ():+ Ex-Smokers

�56�4�P�,4 ا�� Non-Smokers

��R4P��

�ع' ا�Total

40 53 92 678 863 Male ذآ�

4.6% 6.1% 10.7% 78.6% 100.0%

41 15 31 819 906 Female �ZCأ

4.5% 1.7% 3.4% 90.4% 100.0%

81 68 123 1497 1769 Total ع� ' ا�

4.6% 3.8% 7.0% 84.6% 100.0%


�(�ار��ز�� ا� :$رآ�B�C 4 : ��24ول �� 4�P ا�:�: وا�@? ا�!

Table 24: Relative distribution of participants by shisha smoking Category and age-group

�!�ل ��4�P ا�:�:

Shisha Smoking Frequency �� ا�@? ا�!Age – Group


Non- Daily smoking 4P�� R ():+


Non-Smokers ��R4P��

�ع' ا�Total

21 31 40 329 421 20 -29

5.0% 7.4% 9.5% 78.1% 100.0%

14 19 37 406 476 30 – 39

2.9% 4.0% 7.8% 85.3% 100.0%

23 9 23 471 526 40 – 49

4.4% 1.7% 4.4% 89.5% 100.0%

18 8 18 241 285 50 – 59

6.3% 2.8% 6.3% 84.6% 100.0% 5 1 5 50 61

60 – 64 8.2% 1.6% 8.2% 82.0% 100.0%

81 68 123 1497 1769 Total ع� ' ا�

4.6% 3.8% 7.0% 84.6% 100.0%

�(�ار��ز�� ا� :$رآ�B�C 4 : ��25ول "#$% ��4�P ا�:�: وا�

Table 25: Relative distribution of participants by shisha smoking category and Governorate

�!�ل ��4�P ا�:�:

Shisha Smoking Frequency Governorate





�ع' ا�Total

"#$% ا�

14 8 15 166 203 Capital

6.9% 3.9% 7.4% 81.8% 100.0% ا��

15 13 12 257 297 Muharraq

5.1% 4.4% 4.0% 86.5% 100.0% ا��ق

24 16 34 519 593 Northern

4.0% 2.7% 5.7% 87.5% 100.0% ا��

24 25 53 473 575 Central

4.2% 4.3% 9.2% 82.3% 100.0% �� ا�

4 6 9 82 101 Southern

4.0% 5.9% 8.9% 81.2% 100.0% �� ا��

81 68 123 1497 1769 Total

4.6% 3.8% 7.0% 84.6% 100.0%


D. Cigar & Pipe Smoking Status

Figure 7: Cigar or Pipe Smoking Status

ا�/$�B�C B ا�@? ا�! ��/ �!�ل ��4�P ا��'$ر : ��26ول

Table 26: Cigar or Pipe Smoking Status by age-group

ا�/$�B�C B �0ع ا�'A / �!�ل ��4�P ا��'$ر : ��27ول Table 27: Cigar or Pipe Smoking Frequency by sex

ا�/$�B / �!�ل ��4�P ا��'$ر

Smoking Cigar / Pipe Frequency A �0ع ا�'Sex

Daily Smokers 4P�� ():+ ��




�ع' ا�Total

14 1 21 827 863 Male ذآ�

1.6% 0.1% 2.4% 95.8% 100.0%

1 0 2 903 906 Female �ZCأ

0.1% 0.0% 0.2% 99.7% 100.0% 15 1 23 1730 1769 Total ع� ' ا�

0.8% 0.1% 1.3% 97.8% 100.0%

ا�/$�B/ �!�ل ��4�P ا��'$ر

Smoking Cigar / Pipe Frequency ع� ' ا�Total Non-Smokers

4P�� R Ex-Smokers 4�P�,�56 �4 ا��

Non-Daily Smoker �� R ():+ 4P��



421 413 4 0 4

100.0% 98.1% 1.0% 0.0% 1.0% 20-29

476 467 5 0 4

100.0% 98.1% 1.1% 0.0% 0.8% 30-39

526 511 9 1 5 100.0% 97.1% 1.7% 0.2% 1.0%

40-49

285 280 3 0 2 100.0% 98.2% 1.1% 0.0% 0.7%

50-59

61 59 2 0 0

100.0% 96.7% 3.3% 0.0% 0.0% 60-64

1769 1730 23 1 15

100.0% 97.8% 1.3% 0.1% 0.8% Total ع� ' ا�

Daily Smokers

0.8%

15

Non-Cigar or

PipeSmokers

97.8%

1730

Non-Dialy

Smokers

0.1%

1Ex-Smokers

1.3%

23


+�4 ا� %$#"$تا�/$�B/ �!�ل ��4�P ا��'$ر : ��28ول

Table 28: Cigar or Pipe Smoking Status by Governorate

ا�/$�B / �!�ل ��4�P ا��'$ر Smoking Cigar / Pipe Frequency

Governorate

Daily Smokers 4P�� ():+ ��




�ع' ا�Total

1 0 5 197 203 Capital

0.5% 0.0% 2.5% 97.0% 100.0%

0 0 3 294 297 Muharraq

0.0% 0.0% 1.0% 99.0% 100.0%

13 0 11 569 593 Northern

2.2% 0.0% 1.9% 96.0% 100.0%

1 1 3 570 575 Central

0.2% 0.2% 0.5% 99.1% 100.0%

0 0 1 100 101 Southern

0.0% 0.0% 1.0% 99.0% 100.0%

15 1 23 1730 1769 Total

0.8% 0.1% 1.3% 97.8% 100.0%

3.2 Nutrition

A. Fruits and vegetables consumption

Respondents were asked about the number of days per week and the number average number of servings each day they usually consume fruits or vegetables. The study revealed that only 5.5% of the respondents do not take fruits and only 5.0% do not take vegetables. The daily intake of vegetables among respondents was higher than the daily intake of fruits (62.9% and 49.6% respectively).

�4 ا�@$آYا��ا� :$رآ�4 ا-,XYك �!�ل: ��29ول

Table 29: Participants' average daily consumption of fruits

Consumption Number of subjects % كXY,-.ا Do not take 97 5.5 ول أ*;ا��)* ]

Less than 7 days a week 788 44.5 !$ 3Rع 7أ�H�^6 اS أ*�م

Daily intake 877 49.6 $�*��

Unknown 7 0.4 وف��$ ��%

Total 1769 100.0

�ع' ا�


ا�3_$را� :$رآ�4 ا�� 4 ا-,XYك �!�ل : ��30ول

Table 30: Participants' average daily consumption of vegetables

Consumption Number كا` % ا�!�دXY,-

Do not take 89 5.0 * ]ا;��ول أ)

Less than 7 days a week 566 32.0 !$ 3Rع 7أ� أ*�م 6S ا^��

Daily intake 1113 62.9 �$�*�

Unknown 1 0.1 وف��$ ��%

Total 1769 100.0 ع� ' ا�

B. Other dietary habits:

ا�,�ز�� ا��/� �0Qاع ا�% � ا�,� �,/!Y$ ا� :$رآ�ن : ��31ول

Table 31: Relative distribution of types of dieting practiced by participants

� Type of dieting ا�!�د Number % �0ع ا�%

�عC أي `H)* ] 84.3 1492 Don't follow any type

��R�:- 0.2 4 Medicines

Herbs 5 0.3 أ-��ب

%aا>��M 14.1 250 Dieting

�عC !$ �Z15 0.8 أآ More than one type

Unknown 3 0.2 %�� $��وف

�ع' Total 1769 100.0 ا�

Figure 8:

Daily intake,

49.6%

Less than 7 days

a week, 44.5%

Do not take

5.50%


+�4 ا� :$رآ�4) +�اS) ا��(�(ا�,�ز�� ا��/� .-,�3ام ا� �اد ا� %�5 : ��32ول Table 32: Relative distribution of usage of sweeteners by participants

�5% Use of sweeteners ا�!�د Number % ا-,�3ام ا� �اد ا�

��و�'� أ�;ا)* ] 1614 91.2 Never use it

�'5�b* �$ درا�C 2.1 37 Rarely adding it

�'5�b* �C��M46 2.6 أ Occasionally adding it

5�b* 0.8 14 Very often adding it'�آ��Z ا^��Mن

�'5�b* ��<47 2.7 دا Always adding it

��وفاc)�d;ام %�� $ 0.7 11 Unknown

�ع' Total 1769 100.0 ا�

�4 ا� :$رآ +�4 ا-,XYك ا� :�و+$ت ا�c$ز� : ��33ول

Table 33: Relative distribution of soft drinks consumption by participants

Consumption of soft drinks ا�!�د Number % ا-,XYك ا� :�و+$ت ا�c$ز�

&�C 66.8 1181 Yes ] 33.2 588 No

�ع' Total 1769 100.0 ا�

ا-,XYك ا� :�و+$ت ا�c$ز� +�4 ا� :$رآ�4 : ��34ول Table 34: Relative distribution of types soft drinks consumed

by participants

Type of soft drink ا�!�د Number % �0ع ا� :�وب

Regular 950 53.7 -�دي

2R ات��f3 ا��)X*دا( 8.3 146 Diet

!�-�� Both 85 4.8 ا�

1H��* ] 33.2 588 Not applicable

Total 1769 100.0 ا��ع

5 :$رآ�B�C 4 �0ع ا��f ا� �,�3م #� ا�>/e : ��35ول � �/� ا�,�ز�� ا�Table 35: Relative distribution of participants by type of cooking oil

ا��0fع % Number ا�!�د Type of oil

6g�HC 97.2 1719 Vegetable 6Cا��M !�� 15 0.8 ده! أو Butter or Ghee

Margarine 2 0.1 $�ر�Jر*!

�Li ع�C 0.6 10 Other type �ع $��!C م;c)f* ] 0.9 16 No specific type

�عC م أي;c)f* ] 0.3 5 Do not use any type Unknown 2 0.1 %�� $��وف

�ع' Total 1769 100.0 ا�


5 :$رآ�B�C 4 : ��36ول � �/� �ن ا��,ا-,�3ام ز�fا�,�ز�� ا�Table 36: Relative distribution of participants by use of olive oil

Use of olive oil ا�!�د Number % ا-,�3ام ز�f ا��,�ن

c)f* &� 32.3 571 Never;م أ�;ارا *c)f;م�Cد 13.5 238 Rarely

Occaisionally 535 30.2 أc)f* �C��M;م

c)f* �$ �H2��% 8.0 142 Very frequently;م Always 283 16.0 دا>�� *c)f;م

�ع' Total 1769 100.0 ا�

اQ-/�� .ا� ,�-U :��37ول !�Qا g!+ كXY,- Table 37: Weekly average frequency of food items intake

Percentiles %

Food intake ا�!�د


Median

Mode

Std. Deviation


;VWQا�%� ا Maximum 25 75

�Sاhcك ا�XY,-.ا

Dates 1766 3.76 3.00 7 3.221 0 21 1.00 7.00 ��)ا� Beef 1766 1.52 1.00 1 1.260 0 7 1.00 2.00 &�2ا� Beef Product 1761 1.64 1.00 0 1.848 0 7 0.00 2.00 &�2ت ا��)�$ Chicken 1757 3.06 3.00 3 1.723 0 7 2.00 4.00 ج�J;ا� Fish 1767 2.75 3.00 3 1.778 0 7 1.00 4.00 j�fا� Prawn 1765 0.74 1.00 0 0.927 0 7 0.00 1.00 ن�� ا��Egg 1768 2.36 2.00 1 2.084 0 14 1.00 3.00 k�Hا� Nuts 1762 1.40 1.00 0 2.080 0 31 0.00 2.00 ات�f7ا�� Milk 1764 6.07 7.00 7 4.589 0 42 3.00 7.00 V�2ا�� Milk Product 1768 5.56 7.00 7 2.840 0 21 3.00 7.00 V�2ت ا��)�$ Rice 1769 5.82 7.00 7 2.171 0 14 5.00 7.00 ا^رز Bread 1769 7.27 7.00 7 3.333 0 30 7.00 7.00 ,Hcا�

3.3 Physical Activity:

A) Physical Activity at work:

The survey revealed that 27.7% of the working respondents practice any type of the three categories of physical activity. The rate was higher in males compared to females (30.1% and 25.5% respectively). It was also highest in the age group 20-29 years (30.0%) and decreased with increasing age. Further, it was highest in Muharraq governorate (38.3%) and lowest in Northern governorate (19.6%). Part time paid job workers reported the highest rate (33.3%) and unpaid voluntary workers reported the lowest rate (20.0%).

A ا�!$�) : ��38ول � B�C ( $ء ا�!jط ا�/��0 أ$:��ز�� ا�

Table 38: Distribution of physical activity at Work among workers by Sex

( $ء ا�!jط ا�/��0 أ$: ا�Doing physical activity at work

Sex A �0ع ا�'

$ء ا�!jط +��0 أ$:)+�6م + Does activity at work

( $ء ا�!jي 0:$ط +��0 أm+ �6م� . No activity at work

��R �!�وفUnknown

�ع' ا�Total

220 512 0 732 Male ذآ�

30.1% 69.9% 0.0% 100.0%

197 575 7 779 Female �ZCأ

25.3% 73.8% 0.9% 100.0%

417 1087 7 1511 Total ع� ' ا�

27.6% 71.9% 0.5% 100.0%


$ء ا�! ) B�C ا�@? ا�! �� 5!$�) : ��39ول jط ا�/��0 أ$:��ز�� ا�

Table 39: Distribution of physical activity at Work among workers by age-group



( $ء ا�!jط +��0 أ$: +�6م +Does activity at work



�ع' ا�Total

85 198 0 283 20-29

30.0% 70.0% 0. 0% 100.0%

124 319 1 444 30-39

27.9% 71.8% 0.2% 100.0%

144 345 2 491 40-49

29.3% 70.3% 0.4% 100.0%

54 189 3 246 50-59

22.0% 76.8% 1.2% 100.0%

10 36 1 47 60-64

21.3% 76.6% 2.1% 100.0% 417 1087 7 1511

Total ع� ' ا�27.6% 71.9% 0.5% 100.0%

$ء ا�! ) B�C ا� : ��40ول j) أ�ط ا�/��0 �5!$$:��ز�� ا�"#$% Table 40: Distribution of physical activity at Work among

Workers by governorate


Governorate


$ء ا�! ). ��6م +mي 0:$jط +��0 أ No activity at work


�ع' ا�Total

"#$% ا�

40 126 0 166 Capital

24.1% 75.9% 0.0% 100.0% ا��

101 161 2 264 Muharraq

38.3% 61.0% 0.8% 100.0% ا��ق

96 404 1 501 Northern

19.2% 80.6% 0.2% 100.0% ا��

155 335 4 494 Central

31.4% 67.8% 0.8% 100.0% �� ا�

25 61 0 86 Southern

29.1% 70.9% 0.0% 100.0% �� ا��

417 1087 7 1511 Total

27.6% 71.9% 0.5% 100.0% �ع' ا�


A ا�!$�) : ��41ول � B�C ( $ء ا�!jط ا�/��0 أ$:��ز�� ا�"#$% وا�

Table 41: Distribution of physical activity at Work among workers by sex and governorate


A �0ع ا�'Sex

Governorate




�ع' ا�Total

"#$% ا�

21 68 89 Capital

23.6% 76.4% 100.0% ا��

52 71 123 Muharraq

42.3% 57.7% 100.0% ا��ق

55 199 254 Northern

21.7% 78.3% 100.0% ا��

78 146 224 Central

34.8% 65.2% 100.0% �� ا�

14 28 42

ذآ�Male

Southern 33.3% 66.7% 100.0%

�� ا��

220 512 732 Total

30.1% 69.9% 100.0% �ع' ا�

19 58 0 77 Capital

24.7% 75.3% 0.0% 100.0% ا��

49 90 2 141 Muharraq

34.8% 63.8% 1.4% 100.0% ا��ق

41 205 1 247 Northern

16.6% 83.0% 0.4% 100.0% ا��

77 189 4 270 Central

28.5% 70.0% 1.5% 100.0% �� ا�

11 33 0 44

;E0أ Female

Southern 25.0% 75.0% 0.0% 100.0%

�� ا��

197 575 7 779 Total

25.3% 73.8% 0.9% 100.0% �ع' ا�

��ز�� ا�:$ط ا�/��0 �5!$�) : ��42ول ( $ء ا�! ) B�C �'$ل ا�!jأ Table 42: Distribution of physical activity at Work

among workers by work field


Work Status




�ع' ا�Total

( �0ع ا�!

146 365 0 511 Government employee

28.6% 71.4% 0.0% 100.0% 6$�7M NO�$

110 305 0 415 Private sector employee

26.5% 73.5% 0.0% 100.0% �6S NO ا�:��ع ا��cص$

17 67 0 84 Business man

20.2% 79.8% 0.0% 100.0% ر3J أ-��ل

1 4 0 5 Unpaid voluntary work

20.0% 80.0% 0.0% 100.0% �J^ع ا�S;$ ��% 6-��g 3�-

1 2 0 3 Part-time paid job

33.3% 66.7% 0.0% 100.0%

142 344 7 493 House wife

28.8% 69.8% 1.4% 100.0% �,ل $ � -رJزو

417 1087 7 1511 Total

27.6% 71.9% 0.5% 100.0% �ع' ا�


The prevalence of vigorous physical activity among working group was only 2%. It was much higher among male workers compared to female (3.4% and 0.6% respectively). Further, it was also highest in the age group 30-39 years (2.9%). The prevalence of moderate physical activity was 15.6% with higher rate among females compared to males (16.9% and 14.1% respectively). The prevalence of doing both vigorous and moderate physical activities among working group was 4.2% and the rate among males was three folds that among females (6.4% and 2.2% respectively). Doing both types of physical activity (vigorous and moderate) was highest in Muharraq governorate (4.2% and 23.5%) and lowest in Northern governorate (0.6% and 11.6%). The survey also revealed that all types of physical activities decreased with increasing age. On the other hand, around 72% of workers practice no activity at work. Part time paid job workers had the highest rate of physical activity at work (33.3%), while unpaid voluntary workers had the lowest rate (20.0%).

$ء ا�! ) B�C *�ة ا�:$ط و�A ا�!$�) : ��43ول jط ا�/��0 أ$:��ز�� ا� Table 43: Distribution of physical activity at Work among workers

by activity intensity and sex

$ءآE$# ا�:$ط jأ( ا�!Intensity of activity at work

A �0ع ا�'Sex �Eآo/ط$:p�EC ا�

Vigorous activity

�,�-U ا�:$طModerate activity

آo�E و �,�-U ا�:$طVigorous & moderate

Light activity

. ��6م +mي 0:$طNo activity


�ع' ا�Total

25 103 47 41 512 4 732 Male ذآ�

3.4% 14.1% 6.4% 5.6% 69.9% 0.5% 100.0%

5 132 17 36 575 14 779 Female �ZCأ

0.6% 16.9% 2.2% 4.6% 73.8% 1.8% 100.0%

30 235 64 77 1087 18 1511 Total ع� ' ا�

2.0% 15.6% 4.2% 5.1% 71.8% 1.2% 100.0%


$ء ا�! ) B�C *�ة ا : ��44ول jط ا�/��0 أ$:)��ز�� ا��5!$� �� :$ط وا�@? ا�! Table 44: Distribution of physical activity at Work among workers

by activity intensity and age-group

$ءآE$# ا�:$ط jأ ( ا�!Intensity of activity at work


o�Eط/آ$:p�EC ا� Vigorous activity



Light activity



�ع' ا�Total

5 44 23 13 198 0 283 20-29

1.8% 15.5% 8.1% 4.6% 70.0% 0.0% 100.0%

13 62 19 26 319 5 444 30-39

2.9% 14.0% 4.3% 5.9% 71.8% 1.1% 100.0%

9 92 16 23 345 6 491 40-49

1.8% 18.7% 3.3% 4.7% 70.3% 1.2% 100.0%

3 33 5 12 189 4 246 50-59

1.2% 13.4% 2.0% 4.9% 76.8% 1.6% 100.0%

0 4 1 3 36 3 47 60-64

0.0% 8.5% 2.1% 6.4% 76.6% 6.4% 100.0% 30 235 64 77 1087 18 1511

Total ع� ' ا�2.0% 15.6% 4.2% 5.1% 71.9% 1.2% 100.0%

��ز�� ا�:$ط ا�/��0 : 45 ��ول "#$% $ء ا�! ) B�C *�ة ا�:$ط وا�j4�5 أ�5!$� Table 45: Distribution of physical activity at work among workers

by activity intensity and governorate

( آE$# ا�:$ط #� ا�!Intensity of activity at work

"#$% ا�Governorate




Light activity . ��6م +mي 0:$طNo activity


�ع' ا�Total

4 20 5 7 126 4 166 ا��Capital 2.4% 12.0% 3.0% 4.2% 75.9% 2.4% 100.0%

ا��ق 264 2 161 18 10 62 11Muharraq 4.2% 23.5% 3.8% 6.8% 61.0% 0.8% 100.0%

3 58 17 15 404 4 501 ا��Northern 0.6% 11.6% 3.4% 3.0% 80.6% 0.8% 100.0%

11 81 28 31 335 8 494 �� ا�Central 2.2% 16.4% 5.7% 6.3% 67.8% 1.6% 100.0%

1 14 4 6 61 0 86 �� ا��Southern 1.2% 16.3% 4.7% 7.0% 70.9% 0.0% 100.0%

30 235 64 77 1087 18 1511 Total ع� ' ا�

2.0% 15.6% 4.2% 5.1% 71.9% 1.2% 100%


��ز�� ا�:$ط ا�/��0 : ��46ول "#$% $ء ا�! ) B�C *�ة ا�:$ط وا�j4�5 أ�5!$� Table 46: Distribution of physical activity at work among workers

by activity intensity, worker’s sex and governorate

( آE$# ا�:$ط #� ا�!Intensity of activity at work

A �0ع ا�'

Sex





Light

activity



�ع' ا�Total

3 6 5 4 68 3 89 ا��Capital 3.4% 6.7% 5.6% 4.5% 76.4% 3.4% 100.0%

ا��ق 123 0 71 11 8 22 11Muharraq 8.9% 17.9% 6.5% 8.9% 57.7% 0.0% 100.0%

3 31 16 5 199 0 254 ا��Northern 1.2% 12.2% 6.3% 2.0% 78.3% 0.0% 100.0%

8 36 15 18 146 1 224 �� ا�Central 3.6% 16.1% 6.7% 8.0% 65.2% 0.4% 100.0%

0 8 3 3 28 0 42

ذآ�Male

�� ا��Southern 0.0% 19.0% 7.1% 7.1% 66.7% 0.0% 100.0%

25 103 47 41 512 4 732 Total ع� ' ا�

3.4% 14.1% 6.4% 5.6% 69.9% 0.5% 100.0%

1 14 0 3 58 1 77 ا��Capital 1.3% 18.2% 0.0% 3.9% 75.3% 1.3% 100.0%

ا��ق 141 2 90 7 2 40 0Muharraq 0.0% 28.4% 1.4% 5.0% 63.8% 1.4% 100.0%

0 27 1 10 205 4 247 ا��Northern 0.0% 10.9% 0.4% 4.0% 83.0% 1.6% 100.0%

3 45 13 13 189 7 270 �� ا�Central 1.1% 16.7% 4.8% 4.8% 70.0% 2.6% 100.0%

1 6 1 3 33 0 44

;E0أ Female

�� ا��Southern 2.3% 13.6% 2.3% 6.8% 75.0% 0.0% 100.0%

5 132 17 36 575 14 779 Total ع� ' ا�

0.6% 16.9% 2.2% 4.6% 73.8% 1.8% 100.0%

B) Physical Activity during travel to routine places (transportation):

Although around one third of the respondents (26.0%) reported walking to and from routine places for at least 10 minutes at a time, only around half of them (48.8%) practice walking on a daily bases. Another 50.8% walk 6 days or less in a week. There was no much variation between males and females (51.6% and 48.4% respectively). The prevalence was also highest in the age group 40-49 years (29.2%) and declined with increasing age. The rate was also highest in Northern governorate (35.5%) and lowest in Southern governorate (3.6%).


A ا� :$رآ��04/ ا0,:$ر: 47 ��ول� B�C تX6$ء ا�,jط ا�/��0 أ$: ا�Table 47: Prevalence of physical activity during transportation

by participant’s sex

$ء ا�,X6تjط ا�/��0 أ$: ا�Physical activity during transportation

A �0ع ا�'Sex

Yes ]!0 No . Unknown وف�!� ��R

�ع' ا�Total

329 532 2 863 Male ذآ�

38.1% 61.6% 0.2% 100.0%

308 598 0 906 Female �ZCأ

34.0% 66.0% 0.0% 100.0%

637 1130 2 1769 Total ع� ' ا�

36.0% 63.9% 0.1% 100.0%

$ء ا�,X6ت B�C �0/ ا0,:$ر : 48 ��ولjط ا�/��0 أ$:5 :$رآ��4 ا�@? ا�! �� ا� Table 48: Prevalence of physical activity during

Transportation by Age-Group

$ء ا�,X6ت jط ا�/��0 أ$:ا� Physical activity during transportation

�� ا�@? ا�!

Age- Group Yes ]!0 No . Unknown وف�!� ��R

' �عا� Total

152 269 0 421 20-29

36.1% 63.9% 0.0% 100.0% 151 324 1 476

30-39 31.7% 68.1% 0.2% 100.0%

186 339 1 526 40-49

35.4% 64.4% 0.2% 100.0%

122 163 0 285 50-59

42.8% 57.2% 0.0% 100.0%

26 35 0 61 60-64

42.6% 57.4% 0.0% 100.0%

637 1130 2 1769 Total ع� ' ا�

36.0% 63.9% 0.1% 100.0%

637

36.0%

1130

63.9%

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

Yes No

Figure 9: Prevalence of physical activity during

daily transpotation

Yes No


5 :$رآ�4 : ��49ول � �� $ء ا�,X6ت B�C ا�'A وا�@? ا�!jط ا�/��0 أ$: �0/ ا0,:$ر ا�Table 49: Prevalence of physical activity during transportation

by Age-Group and Sex

$ء ا�,X6تjط ا�/��0 أ$: ا�Activity during transportation

Sex A �0ع ا�'�� ا�@? ا�!

Age-Group Yes ]!0 No . Missing

Total

87 149 0 236 20-29

36.9% 63.1% 0.0% 100.0 75 139 1 215

30-39 34.9% 64.7% 0.5% 100.0

90 161 1 252 40-49

35.7% 63.9% 0.4% 100.0

68 69 0 137 50-59

49.6% 50.4% 0.0% 100.0

9 14 0 23

ذآ�Male

60-64 39.1% 60.9% 0.0% 100.0

329 532 2 863 Total ع� ' ا�

38.1% 61.6% 0.2% 100.0

65 120 185 20-29

35.1% 64.9%

100.0

76 185 261 30-39

29.1% 70.9%

100.0

96 178 274 40-49

35.0% 65.0%

100.0

54 94 148 50-59

36.5% 63.5%

100.0

17 21 38

;E0أ Female

60-64 44.7% 55.3%

100.0

308 598 906 Total ع� ' ا�

34.0% 66.0%

100.0

$ء ا�,X6ت B�C ا� %$#": 50 ��ولjط ا�/��0 أ$: �0/ ا0,:$ر ا�

Table 50: Prevalence of physical activity during transportation by governorate


Governorate


�ع' ا�Total

"#$% ا�

84 119 0 203 Capital

41.4% 58.6% 0.0% 100.0% ا��

96 201 0 297 Muharraq

32.3% 67.7% 0.0% 100.0% ا��ق

226 366 1 593 Northern

38.1% 61.7% 0.2% 100.0% ا��

208 366 1 575 Central

36.2% 63.7% 0.2% 100.0% �� ا�

23 78 0 101 Southern

22.8% 77.2% 0.0% 100.0% �� ا��

637 1130 2 1769 Total

36.0% 63.9% 0.1% 100.0% �ع' ا�


$ء ا�,X6ت B�C ا� %$#" و�0ع ا�'A: ��51ول jط ا�/��0 أ$: �0/ ا0,:$ر ا�Table 51: Prevalence of physical activity during transportation

by governorate and Sex


A �0ع ا�'Sex



�ع' ا�Total

50 59 0 109 ا��Capital 45.9% 54.1% 0.0% 100.0%

ا��ق 143 0 97 46Muharraq 32.2% 67.8% 0.0% 100.0%

117 176 1 294 ا��Northern 39.8% 59.9% 0.3% 100.0%

104 161 1 266 �� ا�Central 39.1% 60.5% 0.4% 100.0%

12 39 0 51

ذآ�Male

�� ا��Southern 23.5% 76.5% 0.0% 100.0%

329 532 2 863 Total ع� ' ا�

38.1% 61.6% 0.2% 100.0%

34 60 94 ا��Capital 36.2% 63.8% 100.0%

ا��ق 154 104 50Muharraq 32.5% 67.5% 100.0%

109 190 299 ا��Northern 36.5% 63.5% 100.0%

104 205 309 �� ا�Central 33.7% 66.3% 100.0%

11 39 50

;E0أ Female

�� ا��Southern 22.0% 78.0% 100.0%

308 598 906 Total ع� ' ا�

34.0% 66.0% 100.0%

$ء ا�,X6ت B�C $ر- ا�:$ط ا� �,�-U ��د أ�$م اQ-/�ع � : ��52ول j�0 أ�/A :$رآ�4ا �� Table 52: Average days per week of physical activity during

Transportation by sex

Sex A ا�%� اMaximum ;VWQ ا�%� اQدStd.Deviation Minimum ;0 ا� ,�-Mean U ا�!�د Number �0ع ا�'

Male 7 1 2.018 5.53 328 ذآ�

Female �ZC7 1 2.392 4.27 308 أ

Total ع� ' 7 1 2.294 4.92 636 ا�

5 :$رآ�4 �,�-U ��د أ�$م اQ-/�ع � : ��53ول � �� $ء ا�,X6ت B�C ا�@? ا�!jط ا�/��0 أ$: $ر- ا� Table 53: Average days per week of physical activity

during transportation by Age-group

Age-Group �� ا�%� اMaximum ;VWQ ا�%� اQدStd.Deviation Minimum ;0 ا� ,�-Mean U ا�!�د Number ا�@? ا�!

20-29 152 4.85 2.237 1 7

30-39 151 4.37 2.399 1 7 40-49 185 4.85 2.288 1 7

50-59 122 5.70 2.028 1 7

60-64 26 5.38 2.334 1 7

Total ع� ' 7 1 2.294 4.92 636 ا�


أ�$م اQ-/�ع ��,�-U ��د : ��54ول "#$% $ء ا�,X6ت B�C ا�jط ا�/��0 أ$: $ر- ا�

Table 54: Average days per week of physical activity during transportation by Governorate

Governorate Number ا�!�د Mean U-�, ا� %$#" ا�%� اMaximum ;VWQ ا�%� اQدStd.Deviation Minimum ;0 ا�

Capital 84 4.94 2.136 1 7 ا��Muharraq 96 4.98 2.321 1 7 ا��ق Northern 225 4.78 2.335 1 7 ا��Central 208 4.93 2.328 1 7 �� ا�Southern 23 5.96 1.894 1 7 �� ا��

Total 636 4.92 2.294 1 7 ع� ' ا�

C) Activity at leisure time:

Figure 9: Prevalence of physical activity at leisure among participants

Does ph.

Activity

42.9%

No activity

57.1%

$ء ا�@�اغ B�C *�ة ا�:$ط و�A ا� :$رك: ��55ول j0:$ط +��0 أ او��ا0,:$ر �0/ Table 55: Prevalence of physical activity at leisure time by intensity of activity and

sex of participant

$ء ا�@�اjط ا�/��0 أ$:غا� #$Eآ Intensity of physical activity at leisure

A �0ع ا�'Sex




Light activity

. ��6م +mي 0:$طDoes not do any

activity

�ع' ا�Total

75 209 114 56 409 863 Male ذآ�

8.7% 24.2% 13.2% 6.5% 47.4% 100.0%

18 205 17 65 601 906 Female �ZCأ

2.0% 22.6% 1.9% 7.2% 66.3% 100.0%

93 414 131 121 1010 1769 Total ع� ' ا�

5.3% 23.4% 7.4% 6.8% 57.1% 100.0%


$ء ا�@�اغ B�C *�ة ا�:$ط و�A ا� :$رك�0/ ا0,:$ر ��او� 0: ��56ول jط +��0 أ$: Table 56: Prevalence of physical activity at leisure time by intensity of activity and

age-group

$ء ا�@�اغjط ا�/��0 أ$: آE$# ا�Intensity of physical activity at leisure





Light activity


activity

�ع' ا�Total

33 91 64 32 201 421 20-29

7.8% 21.6% 15.2% 7.6% 47.7% 100.0%

34 101 33 27 281 476 30-39

7.1% 21.2% 6.9% 5.7% 59.0% 100.0%

17 138 28 39 304 526 40-49

3.2% 26.2% 5.3% 7.4% 57.8% 100.0%

7 72 6 20 180 285 50-59

2.5% 25.3% 2.1% 7.0% 63.2% 100.0%

2 12 0 3 44 61 60-64

3.3% 19.7% 0.0% 4.9% 72.1% 100.0%

93 414 131 121 1010 1769 Total ع� ' ا�

5.3% 23.4% 7.4% 6.8% 57.1% 100.0%

$ء ا�@�اغ B�C *�ة ا�:$ط و�A ا� :$رك: ��57ول j0:$ط +��0 أ او��ا0,:$ر �0/ Table 57: Prevalence of physical activity at leisure time by intensity of activity and

governorate

$ء ا�@�اغjط ا�/��0 أ$: آE$# ا�Intensity of physical activity at leisure





Light activity


activity

�ع' ا�Total

6 51 15 9 122 203 ا��Capital 3.0% 25.1% 7.4% 4.4% 60.1% 100.0%

ا��ق 297 164 16 17 89 11Muharraq 3.7% 30.0% 5.7% 5.4% 55.2% 100.0%

40 127 41 34 351 593 ا��Northern 6.7% 21.4% 6.9% 5.7% 59.2% 100.0%

33 129 51 47 315 575 �� ا�Central 5.7% 22.4% 8.9% 8.2% 54.8% 100.0%

3 18 7 15 58 101 �� ا��Southern 3.0% 17.8% 6.9% 14.9% 57.4% 100.0%

93 414 131 121 1010 1769 Total ع� ' ا�

5.3% 23.4% 7.4% 6.8% 57.1% 100.0%


3.4 Physical Measurements

The vast majority of the respondents participated in STEP II of the survey for blood pressure and anthropometric measurements (height and weight). On the other hand, in spite of the different motivations provided to the respondents the response rate for step III (laboratory tests; FBS, Total Cholesterol, HDL, LDL and Triglyceride) was 63.6% of respondents who participated in the interview (55.2% of the total sample).

A) Blood pressure measurements

According to WHO classification for blood pressure measurement, individuals with systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥ 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥ 90 are considered hypertensive. The study results showed that the mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure of the study participants with valid measurements (1760) were 134.6 mmHg and 80.6 mmHg respectively. The means were higher in male respondents than females (137.2 mmHg and 82.1 mmHg compared to 132.1 mmHg and 79.2 mmHg). The prevalence of high blood pressure reading was 38.2%. It was higher among males compared to females (42.9% Vs 33.7%). As expected, the prevalence increases steadily with increasing age group reaching to 80.3% in the elderly (age group of 60-64 years). The overall prevalence of hypertension among participants was 42.7%. Those with history of diagnosed disease constituted 16.3% and the newly detected disease was 26.4% of participants.

A ا� :$رآ�4 : ��58ول � B�C ا��م Ucr س$�W ع$@� �0/ ا0,:$ر ار

Table 58: Prevalence of high blood pressure reading by sex

Sex A �0ع ا�'Blood pressure reading

Male ذآ� Female ;E0أ Total عا� ' �W$س Ucr ا��م �

370 305 675 High

42.9% 33.7% 38.2% 6��-

487 598 1085 Normal / low

56.4% 66.0% 61.3% 6��HW

6 3 9 Not measured

0.7% 0.35% 0.5% �& g:�س

863 906 1769 Total

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% �ع' ا�


)90≥ أو ا��,!�+# 140≥ا.Ucr ) �r$/60 ا��معا0,:$ر ار�@$�0/ : ��59ول

�� 5 :$رآ�B�C4 ا�@? ا�!�

Table 59: Prevalence of hypertension (Systolic ≥ 140 or Diastolic ≥ 90 mm/Hg)

among participants by age–group

�� ا�@? ا�!Age – Group

Blood pressure measurement

20-29 30 - 39 40 - 49 50 - 59 60 - 64

�ع ' ا�Total

�W$س Ucr ا��م

87 143 232 164 49 675 High

20.7% 30.0% 44.1% 57.5% 80.3% 38.2% 6��-

332 332 292 118 11 1085 Normal / low

78.9% 69.7% 55.5% 41.4% 18.0% 61.3% 6��HW

2 1 2 3 1 9 Not measured

0.5% 0.2% 0.4% 1.1% 1.6% 0.5% �& g:�س

421 476 526 285 61 1769 Total

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% �ع' ا�

ا�'B�C A +�4 ا� :$رآ�4ا� :Ucr t3 ا��م -��ة ار�@$ع�0/ ا0,:$ر: ��60ول Table 60: Prevalence of self-reported history of hypertension by sex of participant

Sex A �0ع ا�'History hypertension

Male ذآ� Female ;E0أ Total ع� ' -��ة ار�@$ع Ucr ا��م ا�

120 169 289 Positive

13.9% 18.7% 16.3% �� إ*��

742 736 1478 Negative

86.0% 81.2% 83.6% �H2�

1 1 2 Unknown

0.1% 0.1% 0.1% Sو��$ ��%

863 906 1769 Total

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% �ع' ا�

Ucr ا��م ا� :t3 +�4 ا� :$رآ�B�C 4 ا�@? ا�! �� ار�@$ع �0/ ا0,:$ر -��ة : ��61ول

Table 61: Prevalence of self-reported history of hypertension by age-group


History of hypertension

20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-64

�ع' ا�Total

-��ة ار�@$ع Ucr ا��م

21 45 87 99 37 289 Positive

5.0% 9.5% 16.5% 34.7% 60.7% 16.3% �� إ*��

400 430 438 186 24 1478 Negative

95.0% 903% 83.3% 65.3% 39.3% 83.6% �H2�

0 1 1 0 0 2 Unknown

0.0% 0.2% 0.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% Sو��$ ��%

421 476 526 285 61 1769 Total

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% �ع' ا�


وا�'A ا�! ��B�C ا�@? Ucr ا��م ا� :t3 +�4 ا� :$رآ�4ار�@$ع �0/ ا0,:$ر -��ة : ��62ول Table 62: Prevalence of self-reported history of

hypertension by age-group and sex


A �0ع ا�'Sex

-��ة ار�@$ع Ucr ا��مHistory of hypertension

20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-64

�ع' ا�Total

15 21 36 39 9 120 Positive history �� إ*��

6.4% 9.8% 14.3% 28.5% 39.1% 13.9%

221 184 215 98 14 742 Negative history �H2�

93.6% 90.2% 85.3% 71.5% 60.9% 86.0%

0 0 1 0 0 1

ذآ�Male

Unknown history Sو��$ ��% 0.0% 0.0% 0.4% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1%

236 215 252 137 23 863 Total ع� ' ا�

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0 % 100. 0% 100.0%


3.2% 9.2% 18.6% 40.5% 73.7% 18.7%


96.8% 90.4% 81.4% 59.5% 26.3% 81.2%

0 1 0 0 0 1

;E0أ Female


185 261 274 148 38 906 Total ع� ' ا�

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

ا� %$#"Ucr ا��م ا� :t3 +�4 ا� :$رآ�B�C 4 ار�@$ع �0/ ا0,:$ر -��ة : ��63ول

Table 63: Prevalence of self-reported history of hypertension by Governorate


History of hypertension ا�!8$





Southern

�ع' ا�Total

-��ة ار�@$ع Ucr ا��م

22 60 79 107 21 289 Positive

10.8% 20.2% 13.3% 18.6% 20.8% 16.3% �� إ*��

181 237 512 468 80 1478 Negative

89.2% 79.8% 86.3% 81.4% 79.2% 83.6% �H2�

0 0 2 0 0 2 Unknown

0.0% 0.0% 0.3% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% Sو��$ ��%

203 297 593 575 101% 1769 Total

100.0 % 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% �ع' ا�


ا�'Aا� %$#" وUcr ا��م ا� :t3 +�4 ا� :$رآ�B�C 4 ار�@$ع �0/ ا0,:$ر -��ة : ��64ول

Table 64: Prevalence of self-reported history of hypertension by Governorate and sex


A �0ع ا�'Sex

-��ة ار�@$ع Ucr ا��مHistory of hypertension ا�!8$





Southern

�ع' ا�Total

12 22 34 43 9 120 Positive history إ*��

11.0% 15.4% 11.6% 16.2% 17.6% 13.9%


89.0% 84.6% 88.1% 83.8% 82.4% 86.0% 0 0 1 0 0 1

ذآ�Male


109 143 294 266 51 863 Total ع� ' ا�

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


10.6% 24.7% 15.1% 20.7% 24.0% 18.7%


89.4% 75.3% 84.6% 79.3% 76.0% 81.2%

0 0 1 0 0 1

;E0أ Female


94 154 299 309 50 906 Total ع� ' ا�

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Aا�B�C ��6 ا`آ,:$ف و+�4 ا� :$رآ�4 �@$ع Ucr ا��م �0/ ا0,:$ر ار: ��65ول ' Table 65: Prevalence of hypertension among participants by

Method of detection and sex

A �0ع ا�'Sex Hypertension-Category


�ع' ا�Total

��6 اآ,:$ف ا.ر�@$ع #� Ucr ا��م

120 169 289 Self-reported hypertension

13.9% 18.7% 16.3% 6gذا

278 189 467 Newly detected hypertension

32.2% 20.9% 26.4% �Z*;M N�)اآ

490 546 1006 Not hypertensive

53.3% 60.3% 56.9% %�� $�4ب Amn ا�;م

5 2 7 Unknown Hypertension status

0.6% 0.2% 0.4% % ا��Sو��$ ��

863 906 1769 Total

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% �ع' ا�


ا�@? ا�! ��B�C ��6 ا`آ,:$ف و +�4 ا� :$رآ�4 �0/ ا0,:$ر ار�@$ع Ucr ا��م: ��66ول Table 66: Prevalence of hypertension among participants by

Method of detection and age-group

�� ا�@? ا�!Age- Group Hypertension-Category

20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-64

Total ��6 اآ,:$ف ا.ر�@$ع #�

Ucr ا��م

21 45 87 99 37 289 Self-reported hypertension

5.0% 9.5% 16.5% 34.7% 60.7% 16.3% 6gذا

72 121 164 93 17 467 Newly detected hypertension

17.1% 25.4% 31.2% 32.6% 27.9% 26.4% �Z*;M N�)اآ

326 309 273 92 6 1006 Not hypertensive

77.4% 64.9% 51.9% 32.3% 9.8% 56.9% %�� $�4ب Amn ا�;م

2 1 2 1 1 7 Unknown Hypertension status

0.5% 0.2% 0.4% 0.4% 1.6% 0.4% Sو��$ ��% ا��

421 476 526 285 61 1769 Total

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% �ع' ا�

وا� %$#"ا.آ,:$فB�C ��6 +�4 ا� :$رآ�4 �0/ ا0,:$ر ار�@$ع Ucr ا��م : ��67ول

Table 67: Prevalence of hypertension among participants by method of detection and governorate


Hypertension-Category ا�!8$





Southern

�ع' ا�Total

��6 اآ,:$ف ا.ر�@$ع #� Ucr ا��م

22 60 79 107 21 289 Self-reported hypertension

10.8% 20.2% 13.3% 18.6% 20.8% 16.3% 6gذا

56 79 164 142 26 467 Newly detected hypertension

27.6% 26.6% 27.7% 24.7% 25.7% 26.4% �Z*;M N�)اآ

125 158 349 321 53 1006 Not hypertensive

61.6% 53.2% 58.9% 55.8% 52.5% 56.9% %�� $�4ب Amn ا�;م

0 0 1 5 1 7 Unknown Hypertension status

0.0% 0.0% 0.2% 0.9% 1.0% 0.4% Sو��$ ��% ا��

203 297 593 575 101 1769 Total

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% �ع' ا�

B) Anthropometric measurements (1) Body Mass Index (BMI) According to WHO definition, readings less than 25 were considered normal or low. Whereas reading between 25 and < 30 were considered overweight, and readings ≥ 30 as obese. Pregnant women where excluded from the analysis.

5 :$رآ�B�C 4 ا�'A� U-�,�u*� آ,5 ا��زن : ��68ول � Table 68: Average body Mass Index (BMI) for participants with valid weight and

height readings by Sex

Sex A Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean ا� ,�-Mean U ا�!�د Number �0ع ا�'

Male 0.19669 5.74783 27.8758 854 ذآ�

Female �ZC0.23427 6.86208 29.2143 858 أ

Total ' �ع ا� 1712 28.5466 6.31112 6.3647

* Fourty pregnant women were excluded


(2) Overweight and obesity

The study revealed that the overall prevalence of obesity was 36.2% and was higher in female respondents than the males (40.0% Vs 32.4%). On the other hand the overall prevalence of overweight was 33.4% and was higher in male respondents than females (34.8% Vs 32.0%). Regarding age-groups specific prevalence of obesity, the study showed that among male respondents the prevalence was highest in the age group 40-49 years (43.5%), while in female respondents the prevalence was highest in the age group 50-59 years (51.4%). In contrary, the prevalence of obesity was the lowest in the age group 20-29 years for both male and female respondents. Furthermore, the overall prevalence of obesity and obesity in male and female respondents were highest in southern governorate. Slightly more than half of the respondents (53.1%) in southern governorate where obese. Surprisingly, around two third of female respondents in southern governorate (66.7%) were obese and also two-fifth (40%) of male respondents were obese. On the other hand the overall prevalence of obesity and obesity among female respondents were in Capital governorate (27.0% and 23.9% respectively), while the prevalence among male respondents was lowest in northern governorate.

+�4 ا� :$رآ�B�C 4 ا�'Aو �0/ ا0,:$ر ز�$دة ا��زن : ��69ول ا��Table 69: Prevalence of overweight and obesity among participants by Sex

A �0ع ا�'Sex Obesity


�ع' ا�Total

ا�� )ا�/�ا0(

281 245 526 Normal or Low

32.9% 28.6% 30.7% 'k5c� 6��HW أو $

297 267 564 Overweight

34.8% 31.1% 32.9% 6S ا��زنز*�دة

276 346 622 Obese

32.3% 40.3% 36.3% Cا;�

854 858 1712 Total

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% �ع' ا�


+�4 ا� :$رآ�B�C 4 : ��70ول ا�@? ا�! ��0/ ا0,:$ر ز�$دة ا��زن وا��Table 70: Prevalence of overweight and obesity among

Participants by age-group


Obesity

20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-64

�ع' ا�Total

)ا�/�ا0( ا��

212 131 107 65 11 526 Normal or Low

53.0% 28.9% 20.6% 23.2% 18.3% 30.7% 'k5c� 6��HW أو $

108 160 173 92 31 564 Overweight

27.0% 35.3% 33.3% 32.9% 51.7% 32.9% ز*�دة 6S ا��زن

80 162 239 123 18 622 Obese

20.0% 35.8% 46.1% 43.9% 30.0% 36.3% Cا;�

400 453 519 280 60 1712 Total

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% �ع' ا�



+�4 ا� :$رآ�B�C 4 : ��71ول Aا�@? ا�! �� وا�'�0/ ا0,:$ر ز�$دة ا��زن وا��Table 71: Prevalence of overweight and obesity among participants

by age-group and sex


A �0ع ا�'Sex

Obesity

20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-64

�ع' ا�Total

)ا�/�ا0( ا��

129 60 49 39 4 281 Normal or Low

55.1% 28.2% 19.5% 29.1% 18.2% 32.9% ' و $�6��HWk5c أ

62 83 93 47 12 297 Overweight

26.5% 39.0% 37.1% 35.1% 54.5% 34.8% ز*�دة 6S ا��زن

43 70 109 48 6 276

ذآ�Male

Obese 18.4% 32.9% 43.4% 35.8% 27.3% 32.3%

Cا;�

234 213 251 134 22 854 Total ع� ' ا�

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% �ع' ا�

83 71 58 26 7 245 Normal or Low

50.0% 29.6% 21.6% 17.8% 18.4% 28.6% 'k5c� 6��HW أو $

46 77 80 45 19 267 Overweight

27.7% 32.1% 29.9% 30.8% 50.0% 31.1% ز*�دة 6S ا��زن

37 92 130 75 12 346

;E0أ Female

Obese 22.3% 38.3% 48.5% 51.4% 31.6% 40.0%

Cا;�

166 240 268 146 38 858 Total ع� ' ا�

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% �ع' ا�


: ��72ول %$#" +�4 ا� :$رآ�B�C 4 ا�0/ ا0,:$ر ز�$دة ا��زن وا�� Table 72: Prevalence of overweight and obesity among

participants by governorate


Obesity ا�!8$





Southern

�ع' ا�Total

)ا�/�ا0( ا��

80 65 189 173 19 526 Normal or Low

41.7% 22.4% 32.9% 30.8% 20.2% 30.7% 'k5c� 6��HW أو $

58 99 207 176 24 564 Overweight

30.2% 34.1% 36.0% 31.4% 25.5% 32.9% ز*�دة 6S ا��زن

54 126 179 212 51 622 Obese

28.1% 43.4% 31.1% 37.8% 54.3% 36.3% Cا;�

192 290 575 561 94 1712 Total

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% �ع' ا�



+�4 ا� :$رآ�B�C 4 ا: ��73ول %$#" وا�'�0A/ ا0,:$ر ز�$دة ا��زن وا��

Table 73: Prevalence of overweight and obesity among participants by governorate and sex

<#$% ا�Governorate

A �0ع ا�'

Sex Obesity

ا�!8$Capital



ا��->;Central

�+� ا�'Southern

�ع' ا�Total

)ا�/�ا0( ا��

45 38 95 91 12 32.9% Normal or Low

41.7% 26.8% 32.3% 35.0% 24.0% 297 ' 6��HWk5c� أو $

31 49 118 81 18 34.8% Overweight

28.7% 34.5% 40.1% 31.2% 36.0% 276 ز*�دة 6S ا��زن

32 55 81 88 20 32.3%

ذآ�Male

Obese 29.6% 38.7% 27.6% 33.8% 40.0% 854

Cا;�

108 142 294 260 50 100.0% Total

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 245 �ع' ا�

35 27 94 82 7 28.6% Normal or Low

41.7% 18.2% 33.5% 27.2% 15.9% 267 'k5c� 6��HW أو $

27 50 89 95 6 31.1% Overweight

32.1% 33.8% 31.7% 31.6% 13.6% 346 ز*�دة 6S ا��زن

22 71 98 124 31 40.3%

;E0أ Female

Obese 26.2% 48.0% 34.9% 41.2% 70.5% 858

�;ا C

84 148 281 301 44 100.0% Total

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 281 �ع' ا�


3.5 Biological Measurements In spite of the different motivations provided to the respondents the response rate for step III (laboratory tests; FBS, Total Cholesterol, HDL, LDL and Triglyceride) was 63.6% of respondents (55.2% of the total sample). A) Hyperglycaemia and Diabetes (1) Fasting blood glucose The respondents were considered hyperglycaemic when fasting blood sugar was ≥ 7.0 mmol/L, while fasting blood sugar > 5.8 and < 7.0 mmol/L was considered impaired FBS. Accordingly, the prevalence of hyperglycemia was 13.5%. The rate was higher among female respondents compared to male (15.0% compared to 11.7%). On the other hand, the prevalence of impaired FBS was 12.0%.


5 :$رآ��W B�C 4$س ��,�ى ا��(� #� ا��م وا�'A: ��74ول � �/� ا�,�ز�� ا�

Table 74: Distribution of participants according to fasting blood sugar level and sex

Sex A �0ع ا�'

Hyperglycemia Male ذآ� Female ;E0أ

�ع' ا�Total

ا��$دة #� ��,�ى ا��(� #� ا��م

57 93 150 Hyperglycemia

6.6% 10.3% 8.5% ا�6S �7f ا�;مHfC 6S �5عgار

56 77 133 Impaired FBS

6.5% 8.5% 7.5% ��HW ��% &<�� ا��7f وهHfC

372 454 826 Normal

43.1% 50.1% 46.7% ��HW 6 ا�;مS �7fا� HfC

378 282 660 Unknown

43.8% 31.1% 37.3% Sو��$ ��%

863 906 1769 Total

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% �ع ' ا�

5 :$رآ��W B�C 4$س ��,�ى ا��(� #� ا��م وا�@? ا�! ��: ��75ول � �/� ا�,�ز�� ا�

Table 75: Distribution of participants according to fasting blood sugar level and age-group

�0/ ا��(� #� ا��مHyperglycemia �� ا�@? ا�!

Age – group �)ا�� ع #� �0/$@� ارHyperglycemia

��R ا�>/�!�وه� S$8[ �0/ ا��(� Impaired FBS

�/�!�ا��(� �0/ Normal

��R �!�و#Unknown

�ع ' ا�Total

5 7 198 211 421 20 – 29

1.2% 1.7% 47.0% 50.1% 100.0% 17 22 248 189 287

30 – 39 3.6% 4.6% 52.1% 39.7% 100.0%

57 48 243 178 348 40 – 49

10.8% 9.1% 46.2% 33.8% 100.0%

56 48 111 70 215 50 – 59

19.6% 16.8% 38.9% 24.6% 100.0%

15 8 26 12 49 60 – 64

24.6% 13.1% 42.6% 19.7% 100.0%

150 133 826 660 1769 Total

8.5% 7.5% 46.7% 37.3% 100.0%


5 :$رآ��W B�C 4$س ��,�ى ا��(� #� ا��م وا� %$#": ��77ول � �/� ا�,�ز�� ا�

Table 76: Distribution of participants according to fasting blood sugar level and governorate

"#$% ا�

Governorate Hyperglycemia

ا�!8$Capital



ا��->;Central

/�� ا�'Southern

�ع ' ا�Total

�0/ ار�@$ع ا��(�

13 36 43 50 8 150 Hyperglycemia

6.4% 12.1% 7.3% 8.7% 7.9% 8.5% ا�6S �7f ا�;م $�HfC �5g

14 37 42 37 3 133 Impaired FBS

6.9% 12.5% 7.1% 6.4% 3.0% 7.5% ��HW ��% &<�� ا��7f دم وهHfC

94 124 304 259 45 826 Normal

46.3% 41.8% 51.3% 45.0% 44.6% 46.7% ��HW 6 ا�;مS �7fا� HfC

82 100 204 229 45 660 Unknown

40.0% 33.7% 34.4% 39.8% 44.6% 37.3% Sو��$ ��%

203 297 593 575 101 1769 Total

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% �ع' ا�

(2) Self-reported history of diabetes mellitus

Eleven point five percent of the respondents gave history of diabetes mellitus with a higher prevalence among females as compared to males (13.4% Vs 9.5%). The prevalence increased steadily with increasing age group reaching to 37.7% in the age group of 60-64 years. Meanwhile, the prevalence of hyperglycemia among those with history of Diabetes Mellitus and those with no history were 63.3% and 5.3% respectively.

ا�'�0Aع ا� :$رآ�B�C 4 ا�,:t�3 ا� �/w ��5(�ي و��ز��: ��77ول

Table 77: Distribution of participants by self–reported history

of diabetes mellitus and sex

Sex A ��ض ا��(�ي ا�'History of diabetes mellitus Male ذآ� Female ;E0أ

�ع' ا�Total

82 121 203 Yes &�C

9.5% 13.4% 11.5% 781 785 1566

No ] 90.5% 86.6% 88.5%

863 906 1769 Total ع� ' ا�

100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


��ر�� ا� :$رآ�B�C 4 ا�,:t�3 ا� �/w ��5(�ي وا�@? ا�! ��: ��78ول

Table 78: Distribution of participants by self–reported history

of diabetes mellitus and age-group

�(�ي��ض ا� History of diabetes mellitus

�� ا�@? ا�!Age - group

Yes ]!0 No .

�ع' ا�Total

7 414 421 20 – 29

1.7% 98.3% 100.0%

24 452 476 30 – 39

5.0% 95.0% 100.0%

72 454 526 40 – 49

13.7% 86.3% 100.0%

77 208 285 50 – 59

27.0% 73.0% 100.0%

23 38 61 60 – 64

37.7% 62.3% 100.0%

203 1566 1769 Total ع� ' ا�

11.5% 88.5% 100.0%

��ز��: ��79ول "#$% ا� :$رآ�B�C 4 ا�,:t�3 ا� �/w ��5(�ي وا�

Table 79: Distribution of participants by self–reported history of

diabetes mellitus and governorate


��ض ا��(�ي History of diabetes

mellitus ا�!8$




Central /�� ا�'

Southern

�ع' ا�Total

13 50 58 70 12 203 Yes &�C

6.4% 16.8% 9.8% 12.2% 11.9% 11.5%

190 247 535 505 89 1566 No ]

93.6% 83.2% 90.2% 87.8% 88.1% 88.5%

203 297 593 575 101 1769 Total ع� ' ا�

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

��ر�� ا� :$رآ�B�C 4 ا�,:t�3 ا� �/w ��5(�ي وا�'A وا� %$#" : ��80ول

Table 80: Distribution of participants by self–reported history of

diabetes mellitus and sex and governorate

"#$% ا�Governorate A �0ع ا�'

Sex

��ض ا��(�يHistory of diabetes

mellitus ا�!8$




Central /�� ا�'

Southern

�ع' ا�Total

7 18 30 21 6 82 Yes &�C

6.4% 12.6% 10.2% 7.9% 11.8% 9.5%

102 125 264 245 45 781

ذآ�

Male

No ] 93.6% 87.4% 89.8% 92.1% 88.2% 90.5%

109 143 294 266 51 863 Total ع� ' ا�

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

6 32 28 49 6 121 Yes &�C

6.4% 20.8% 9.4% 15.9% 12.0% 13.4%

88 122 271 260 44 785

;E0أ Female

No ] 93.6% 79.2% 90.6% 84.1% 88.0% 86.6%

94 154 299 309 50 906 Total ع� ' ا�

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


(3) Prevalence of diabetes mellitus:

Accordingly, the calculated prevalence of diabetes mellitus in the kingdom of Bahrain in the age group 20-64 is 14.3% (253 cases; 203 self-reported cases and 50 newly diagnosed cases).

Both self-reported diabetes mellitus and prevalence of hyperglycemia were highest in the Muharraq governorate (16.8% and 18.3% respectively) and lowest in Capital governorate (6.4% and 10.7% respectively). Similarly, the calculated prevalence of diabetes mellitus was highest in Muharraq governorate (19.5%) followed by the central governorate (15.0%), the southern governorate (13.9%) and the northern governorate (12.6%). As self-reported diabetes mellitus and hyperglycemia, the calculated prevalence of 0 mellitus was the lowest in Capital governorate (9.9%).

�0/ ا0,:$ر ا��(�ي +�4 ا� :$رآ�B�C 4 ��6 اآ,:$ف ا� �ض وا�'A: ��81ول

Table 81: Estimated prevalence of diabetes among participants by method of diabetes detection and sex

A �0ع ا�'

Sex Diabetes category


�ع' ا�Total

��6 اآ,:$ف ��ض ا��(�ي

82 121 203 Self-reported diabetes

9.5% 13.4% 11.5% ذا6g ا��7fي

19 31 50 Newly detected diabetes (≥7.0 mmol.)

2.2% 3.4% 2.8% �Z*;M N�)اآ

45 54 99 Impaired FBS (> 5.8 - <7.0 mmol.)

5.2% 6.0% 5.6% &<�� ا��7f وهHfC

365 437 802 Not diabetic ( ≤5.8 mmol)

42.3% 48.2% 45.3% %�� $�4ب ��7fي

352 263 615 Unknown status

40.8% 29.0% 34.8% Sو��$ ��% ا��

863 906 1769 Total

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% �ع ' ا�

�6 اآ,:$ف ا� �ض وا�@? ا�! ��0/ ا0,:$ر ا��(�ي +�4 ا� :$رآ�B�C 4 �� : ��82ول

Table 82: Estimated prevalence of diabetes among participants by method of diabetes detection and age-group

#? داء ا��(�ي

Diabetes category �� ا�@? ا�!

Age – Group ا��(�ي �� ذاSelf-reported

diabetes

N�)اآ�Z*;M Newly detected diabetes

(≥7.0 mmol.)

&<�� ا��7f وهHfC Impaired FBS

(> 5.8 - <7.0 mmol.)

%�� $�4ب ��7fيNot diabetic

( ≤5.8 mmol.)

Sو��$ ��% ا��Unknown

status

�ع' ا�Total

7 1 7 196 210 421 20 – 29

1.7% 0.2% 1.7% 46.6% 49.9% 100.0% 24 9 19 242 182 476

30 – 39 5.0% 1.9% 4.0% 50.8% 38.2% 100.0%

72 23 35 237 159 526 40 – 49

13.7% 4.4% 6.7% 45.1% 30.2% 100.0%

77 15 32 105 56 285 50 – 59

27.0% 5.3% 11.2% 36.8% 19.6 100.0%

23 2 6 22 8 61 60 - 64

37.7% 3.3% 9.8% 36.1 13.1% 100.0%

203 50 99 802 615 1769 Total ع ا�� '

11.5% 2.8% 5.6% 45.3% 34.8% 100.0%


�0/ ا0,:$ر ا��(�ي +�4 ا� :$رآ�B�C 4 ��6 اآ,:$ف ا� �ض وا�@? ا�! �� وا�'A: ��83ول

Table 83: Estimated prevalence of diabetes among participants by method of diabetes detection, age-group and sex

�� ا�@? ا�!

Age-group A �0ع ا�'

Sex Diabetes category

20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-64

�ع' ا�Total

��6 اآ,:$ف ��ض ا��(�ي

2 8 35 29 8 82 Self-reported diabetes

0.8% 3.7% 13.9% 21.2% 34.8% 9.5% ذا6g ا��7fي

1 4 9 4 1 19 Newly detected diabetes (=>7.0 mmol.) 0.4% 1.9% 3.6% 2.9% 4.3% 2.2%

�Z*;M N�)اآ

6 11 12 14 2 45 Impaired FBS (> 5.8 - <7.0 mmol.) 2.5% 5.1% 4.8% 10.2% 8.7% 5.2%

� ا��7f وهHfC &<��

99 97 106 55 8 365 Not diabetes (< 5.8 mmol ) 41.9% 45.1% 42.1% 40.1% 34.8% 42.3%

%�� $�4ب ��7fي

128 95 90 35 4 352

ذآ�Male

Unknown 54.2% 44.2% 35.7% 25.5% 17.4% 40.8%

Sو��$ ��% ا��

236 215 252 137 23 863 Total

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% �ع' ا�


2.7% 6.1% 13.5% 32.4% 39.5% 13.4% ذا6g ا��7fي


�Z*;M N�)اآ

1 8 23 18 4 54 ImpairedFBS (> 5.8 - <7.0 mmol.) 0.5% 3.1% 8.4% 12.2% 10.5% 6.0%

�7fا� HfC � وه &<��

97 145 131 50 14 437 Not diabetes (< 5.8 mmol 52.4% 55.6% 47.8% 33.8% 36.8% 48.2%

%�� $�4ب ��7fي

82 87 69 21 4 263

;E0أ Female

Unknown 44.3% 33.3% 25.2% 14.2% 10.5% 29.0%

Sو��$ ��% ا��

185 261 274 148 38 906 Total

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% �ع' ا�

�0/ ا0,:$ر ا��(�ي +�4 ا� :$رآ�B�C 4 ��6 اآ,:$ف ا� �ض وا�@? ا�! ��: ��84ول

Table 84: Estimated prevalence of diabetes among participants by method of diabetes detection and governorate


Diabetes – category ا�!8$





Southern

�ع' ا�Total

��6 اآ,:$ف ��ض ا��(�ي


6.4% 16.8% 9.8% 12.2% 11.9% 11.5% ذا6g ا��7fي


�Z*;M N�)اآ


&<�� ا��7f وهHfC

93 119 295 252 43 802 Not diabetes (≤ 5.8 mmol.) 45.8% 40.1% 49.7% 43.8% 42.6% 45.3%

%�� $�4ب ��7fي

77 92 192 212 42 615 Unknown

37.9% 31.0% 32.4% 36.9% 41.6% 34.8% Sو��$ ��% ا��

203 297 593 575 101 1769 Total

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% �ع' ا�


�0/ ا0,:$ر ا��(�ي +�4 ا� :$رآ�B�C 4 ��6 اآ,:$ف ا� �ض وا�@? ا�! ��: ��85ول

Table 85: Estimated prevalence of diabetes among participants by method of diabetes detection, governorate and sex

"#$% ا�

Governorate A �0ع ا�'Sex

Diabetes-Category ا�!8$





Southern

�ع' ا�Total

��6 اآ,:$ف ��ض ا��(�ي

7 18 30 21 6 82 Self-reported diabetes 6.4% 12.6% 10.2% 7.9% 11.8% 9.5%

ذا6g ا��7fي

4 3 6 4 2 19 Newly detected diabetes (=>7.0 mmol.)

3.7% 2.1% 2.0% 1.5% 3.9% 2.2% �Z*;M N�)اآ



41 53 135 119 17 365 Not diabetes (< 5.8 mmol ) 37.6% 37.1% 45.9% 44.7% 33.3% 42.3%

%�� $�4ب ��7fي

53 53 108 113 25 352

ذآ�Male

Unknown 48.6% 37.1% 36.7% 42.5% 49.0% 40.8%

Sو��$ ��% ا��

109 143 294 266 51 863 Total

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% �ع' ا�

6 32 28 49 6 121 Self-reported diabetes 6.4% 20.8% 9.4% 15.9% 12.0% 13.4%

ذا6g ا��7fي

3 5 11 12 0 31 Newly detected diabetes (=>7.0 mmol.)

3.2% 3.2% 3.7% 3.9% 0.0% 3.4% �Z*;M N�)اآ

9 12 16 16 1 54 ImpairedFBS (> 5.8 - <7.0 mmol.) 9.6% 7.8% 5.4% 5.2% 2.0% 6.0%


52 66 160 133 26 437 Not diabetes (< 5.8 mmol 55.3% 42.9% 53.5% 43.0% 52.0% 48.2%

%�� $�4ب ��7fي

24 39 84 99 17 263

;E0أ Female

Unknown 25.5% 25.3% 28.1% 32.0% 34.0% 29.0%

Sو��$ ��% ا��

94 154 299 309 50 906 Total

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% �ع' ا�

B) Total serum cholesterol

Total serum cholesterol ≥ 5.2 mmol/l was considered high. The mean total serum cholesterol was 5.0 mmol/l among the 1117 participants who performed the test. Both males and females had nearly equal means (5.0 and 4.9 mmol/l respectively).

The survey results revealed that the overall prevalence of hypercholesterolemia was 40.6% with no significant differences between male and female respondents (41.1% Vs 40.3%). There was an evident increase in the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia with increasing age groups reaching to 61.2% in elderly (age group of 60-64 years). On the other hand, the prevalence was slightly higher in the Muharraq governorate (44.4%) and lowest in northern governorate (39.3%).


ا�(��,��ول #� ا��م +�4 �4 �[ #%YV[ �4 ا� :$رآ�B�C 4 ا�'A ار�@$ع�0/ ا0,:$ر: ��86ول

Table 86: Prevalence of hypercholesterolemia among tested

participants by Sex

ا�(��,��ول #� ا��م +�4 �4 �[ #%YV[ �4 ا� :$رآ�B�C 4 ا�@? ا�! ��ار�@$ع�0/ ا0,:$ر : ��87ول

Table 87: Prevalence of hypercholesterolemia among tested Participants by age-group

#� ا��ما�(��,�ول�0/

Hypercholesterolemia �� ا�@? ا�!Age-Group

High �@�� !�/� /g@3�

Normal / Low

�ع' ا�Total

46 163 209 20 – 29

22.0% 78.0% 100.0% 103 189 292

30 – 39 35.3% 64.7% 100.0%

162 189 351 40 – 49

46.2% 53.8% 100.0%

113 103 216 50 – 59

52.3% 47.7% 100.0%

30 19 49 60 – 64

61.2% 38.8% 100.0%

454 663 1117 Total ع� ' ا�

40.6% 59.4% 100.0%

�0/ ا�(��,�ول #� ا��مHypercholesterolemia A �0ع ا�'

Sex High �@��

�!�/� /g@3� Normal / Low

�ع' ا�Total

202 288 490 Male ذآ�

41.2% 58.8% 100.0%

252 375 627 Female �ZCأ

40.2% 59.8% 100.0%

454 663 1117 Total ع� ا��

40.6% 59.4% 100.0%


B�C ا�'A وا�@? ا�! �� 0/ ا0,:$ر #�ط ا�(��,��ول #� ا��م +�4 �4 �[ #%YV[ �4 ا� :$رآ�4: ��88ول

Table 88: Prevalence of hypercholesterolemia among tested participants by Sex and age-group

#� ا��م�0/ ا�(��,�ول

Hypercholesterolemia A �0ع ا�'Sex


High �@�� !�/� /g@3�

Normal / Low

�ع' ا�Total

25 83 108 20-29

23.1% 76.9% 100.0%

50 68 118 30-39

42.4% 57.6% 100.0%

74 79 153 40-49

48.4% 51.6% 100.0%

44 50 94 50-59

46.8% 53.2% 100.0%

9 8 17

ذآ�Male

60-64 52.9% 47.1% 100.0%

202 288 490 Total ع� ' ا�

41.2% 58.8% 100.0%

21 80 101 20-29

20.8% 79.2% 100.0% 53 121 174

30-39 30.5% 69.5% 100.0%

88 110 198 40-49

44.4% 55.6% 100.0%

69 53 122 50-59

56.6% 43.4% 100.0%

21 11 32

;E0أ Female

60-64 65.6% 34.4% 100.0%

252 375 627 Total �ع' ا�

40.2% 59.8% 100.0%

�[ #%YV[ �4 ا� :$رآ�B�C 4 ا� %$#"�0/ ا0,:$ر #�ط ا�(��,��ول #� ا��م +�4 : ��89ول 4�

Table 89: Prevalence of hypercholesterolemia among

tested participants by governorate

#� ا��م�0/ ا�(��ول Hypercholesterolemia

Governorate High �@��

�!�/� /g@3� Normal / Low

�ع ' ا�Total "#$% ا�

51 73 124 Capital

41.1% 58.9% 100.0% ا��

88 110 198 Muharraq

44.4% 55.6% 100.0% ا��ق

154 238 392 Northern

39.3% 60.7% 100.0% ا��

139 209 348 Central

39.9% 60.1% 100.0% �� ا�

22 33 55 Southern

40.0% 60.0% 100.0% �� ا��

454 663 1117 Total

40.6% 59.4% 100.0% �ع ' ا�


�0/ ا0,:$ر #�ط ا�(��,��ول #� ا��م +�4 �4 �[ #%YV[ �4 ا� :$رآ�4: ��90ول

"#$% B�C ا�'A وا�

Table 90: Prevalence of hypercholesterolemia among tested participants by Sex and governorate

#� ا��م�0/ ا�(��ولHypercholesterolemia �0Aع ا�'

Sex Governorate

High �@�� !�/� /g@3�

Normal / Low

�ع' ا�Total "#$% ا�

20 32 52 Capital

38.5% 61.5% 100.0% ا��

33 51 84 Muharraq

39.3% 60.7% 100.0% ا��ق

78 102 180 Northern

43.3% 56.7% 100.0% ا��

60 90 150 Central

40.0% 60.0% 100.0% �� ا�

11 13 24

ذآ�Male

Southern 45.8% 54.2% 100.0%

�� ا��

202 288 490 Sub-total

41.2% 58.8% 100.0% �ع' ا�

31 41 72 Capital

43.1% 56.9% 100.0% ا��

55 59 114 Muharraq

48.2% 51.8% 100.0% ا��ق

76 136 212 Northern

35.8% 64.2% 100.0% ا��

79 119 198 Central

39.9% 60.1% 100.0% �� ا�

11 20 31

;E0أ Female

Southern 35.5% 54.5% 100.0%

�� ا��

252 375 627 Sub-total

40.2% 59.8% 100.0% �ع' ا�


Appendices

@? ا�! �� ا��0ع ا�'A و�0/ ا0,:$ر ��4�P ا�,/O +�4 ا� :$رآ�B�C 4 : ��ول Table: Prevalence of Smoking tobacco among participants by sex and age-group

(Appendix) P��4 ا�,/O �!�ل

Tobacco smoking Frequency A �0ع ا�'

Sex


Daily Tobacco Smoker

4P�� O/,ا� �� ():+

Not-Daily Tobacco Smoker �� R ():+ O/,4 ا�P��

Ex-Smoker 4�P�,�56 �4 ا��

Never Smoker 4P�� R

Total

84 8 26 118 236 20-29

35.6% 3.4% 11.0% 50.0% 100.0%

74 6 35 100 215 30-39

34.4% 2.8% 16.3% 46.5% 100.0%

66 4 40 142 252 40-49

26.2% 1.6% 15.9% 56.3% 100.0%

33 6 23 75 137 50-59

24.1% 4.4% 16.8% 54.7% 100.0%

7 0 8 8 23

ذآ�Male

60-64 30.4% 0.0% 34.8% 34.8% 100.0%

264 24 132 443 863 Total ع� ' ا�

30.6% 2.8% 15.3% 51.3% 100.0% 8 3 1 185

20-29 4.3% 1.6% 0.5%

173 93.5% 100.0%

8 6 4 261 30-39

3.1% 2.3% 1.5%

243 93.1% 100.0%

13 1 17 274 40-49

4.7% 0.4% 6.2% 243

88.7% 100.0%

18 2 11 148 50-59

12.2% 1.4% 7.4% 117

79.1% 100.0%

5 0 4 38

;E0أ Female

60-64 13.2% 0.0% 10.5%

29 76.3% 100.0%

52 12 805 906 Total ع� ' ا�

5.7% 1.3%

37 4.1% 88.9% 100.0%

ا� %$#"$ت �0ع ا�'�0A/ ا0,:$ر ��4�P ا�,/O +�4 ا� :$رآ�B�C 4: ��ول


Table: Prevalence of Smoking tobacco among participants by sex and governorate

(Appendix) O/,4 ا��P�� !�ل

Tobacco smoking Frequency A �0ع ا�'

Sex �� ا�@? ا�!

Age-Group

Daily Tobacco Smokers 4P�� ():+

Not-Daily Tobacco Smokers 4P�� R ():+

Ex-Smokers �,�4�P �4 ا��56

Never Smokers � ��R4P�

�ع' ا�Total

36 1 17 55 109 ا��Capital 33.0% 0.9% 15.6% 50.5% 100.0%

ا��ق 143 64 27 9 43Muharraq 30.1% 6.3% 18.9% 44.8% 100.0%

77 3 35 179 294 ا��Northern 26.2% 1.0% 11.9% 60.9% 100.0%

82 10 45 129 266 �� ا�Central 30.8% 3.8% 16.9% 48.5% 100.0%

26 1 8 16 51

ذآ� Male

�� ا��Southern 51.0% 2.0% 15.7% 31.4% 100.0%

264 24 132 443 863 Total

30.6% 2.8% 15.3% 51.3% 100.0%

7 1 6 94 ا��Capital 7.4% 1.1% 6.4%

80 85.1% 100.0%

�قا�� 154 1 3 7 Muharraq 4.5% 1.9% 0.6%

143 92.9% 100.0%

15 2 14 299 ا��Northern 5.0% 0.7% 4.7%

268 89.6% 100.0%

22 6 15 309 �� ا�Central 7.1% 1.9% 4.9%

266 86.1% 100.0%

1 0 1 50

;E0أ Female

�� ا��Southern 2.0% 0.0% 2.0%

48 96.0% 100.0%

52 12 805 906 Total ع� ' ا�

5.7% 1.3%

37 4.1% 88.9% 100.0%


��4�P ا��'$B�C �S ا�@? ا�! �� و�0ع ا�'A : ��ول

Table: Cigarettes only smoking status by sex and age-group (Appendix)

'$�S�!�ل ��4�P ا�� Cigarettes smoking frequency

A �0ع ا�'Sex



Non- Daily smoking �� R ():+ 4P��

Ex-Smokers 4�P�,�56 �4 ا��

Non-cigarette Smokers 4P�� R

�ع' ا�Total

73 4 22 137 236 20- 29

30.9% 1.7% 9.3% 58.1% 100.0%

66 2 29 118 215 30- 39

30.7% 0.9% 13.5% 54.9% 100.0% 51 1 38 162 252

40- 49 20.2% 0.4% 15.1% 64.3% 100.0%

27 2 24 84 137 50- 59

19.7% 1.5% 17.5% 61.3% 100.0%

7 0 6 10 23

ذآ�Male

60- 64 30.4% 0.0% 26.1% 43.5% 100.0%

224 9 119 511 863 Total ع� ' ا�

26.0% 1.0% 13.8% 59.2% 100.0%

3 1 181 185 20- 29

1.6% 0.5% 97.8% 100.0%

1 2 258 261 30- 39

0.4% 0.8% 98.9% 100.0%

3 6 265 274 40- 49

1.1% 2.2% 96.7% 100.0%

4 0 144 148 50- 59

2.7% 0.0% 97.3% 100.0%

0 2 36 38

;E0أ Female

60- 64 0.0% 5.3% 94.7% 100.0%

11 11 884 906 Total ع� ' ا�

1.2% 1.2% 97.6% 100.0%


��4�P ا��'$B�C �S ا� %$#" و�0ع ا�'A : ��ول

Table: Cigarettes only smoking status by sex and governorate (Appendix)

�/ ر( – �� ( �S$'4 ا��P�� Cigarettes only smoking status

A �0ع ا�'Sex


Daily Smokers

4P�� ():+ ً

Not-Daily Smokers 4P��$ً�� R ():+


Non-cigarette Smokers ��R4P��

�ع' ا�Total

31 0 15 63 109 ا��Capital 28.4% 0.0% 13.8% 57.8% 100.0%

ا��ق 143 74 28 4 37Muharraq 25.9% 2.8% 19.6% 51.7% 100.0%

58 0 30 206 294 ا��Northern 19.7% 0.0% 10.2% 70.1% 100.0%

75 4 36 151 266 �� ا�Central 28.2% 1.5% 13.5% 56.8% 100.0%

23 1 10 17 51

ذآ�Male

�� ا��Southern 45.1% 2.0% 19.6% 33.3% 100.0%

224 9 119 511 863 Total ع� ' ا�

26.0% 1.0% 13.8% 59.2% 100.0%

2 1 91 94 ا��Capital 2.1% 1.1% 96.8% 100.0%

ا��ق 154 152 1 1Muharraq 0.6% 0.6% 98.7% 100.0%

1 0 298 299 ا��Northern 0.3% 0.0% 99.7% 100.0%

7 7 295 309 �� ا�Central 2.3% 2.3% 95.5% 100.0%

0 2 48 50

;E0أ Female

�� ا��Southern 0.0% 4.0% 96.0% 100.0%

11 11 884 906 Total ع� ' ا�

1.2% 1.2% 97.6% 100.0%


4�P ا�:�: +�4 ا� :$رآ�B�C 4 �0ع ا�'A وا�@? ا�! ��0/ ا0,:$ر ��: ��ولTable: Prevalence of currently smoking shisha/water-pipe by sex

and age-group (Appendix)

��4�P ا�:�: /�0 Currently Smoking shisha/water-pipe

A �0ع ا�'Sex

�� ا�@? ا�!Age - Group

Yes ]!0 No .

�ع ' ا�Total

42 194 236 20 - 29

17.8% 82.2% 100.0%

21 194 215 30 - 39

9.8% 90.2% 100.0%

20 232 252 40 - 49

7.9% 92.1% 100.0%

9 128 137 50 - 59

6.6% 93.4% 100.0%

1 22 23

ذآ�Male

60 - 64 4.3% 95.7% 100.0%

93 770 863 Total �ع ا�'

10.8% 89.2% 100.0%

10 175 185 20 - 29 5.4% 94.6% 100.0%

12 249 261 30 - 39

4.6% 95.4% 100.0%

12 262 274 40 - 49

4.4% 95.6% 100.0%

17 131 148 50 - 59

11.5% 88.5% 100.0%

5 33 38

;E0أ Female

60 - 64 13.2% 86.8% 100.0%

56 850 906 Total ع� ' ا�

6.2% 93.8% 100.0%

��4�P ا�:�:�0/ ا0,:$ر: ��ول "#$% و �0ع ا�'A +�4 ا� :$رآ�B�C 4 ا�


Table: Prevalence of currently smoking shisha/water-pipe

by sex and governorate (Appendix)

��4�P ا�:�: /�0 Currently Smoking shisha/water-pipe

0A�ع ا�' Sex

Governorate

Yes ]!0 No .

�ع' ا�Total

"#$% ا�

14 95 109 Capital

12.8% 87.2% 100.0% ا��

19 124 143 Muharraq

13.3% 86.7% 100.0% ا��ق

23 271 294 Northern

7.8% 92.2% 100.0% ا��

28 238 266 Central

10.5% 89.5% 100.0% �� ا�

9 42 51

ذآ�Male

Southern 17.6% 82.4% 100.0%

�� ا��

93 770 863 Total

10.8% 89.2% 100.0% �ع' ا�

8 86 94 Capital

8.5% 91.5% 100.0% ا��

9 145 154 Muharraq

5.8% 94.2% 100.0% ا��ق

17 282 299 Northern

5.7% 94.3% 100.0% ا��

21 288 309 Central

6.8% 93.2% 100.0% �� ا�

1 49 50

;E0أ Female

Southern 2.0% 98.0% 100.0%

�� ا��

56 850 906 Total

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Documents

National Non-communicable Diseases Risk Factors Survey 2007