National Quali cations EXEMPLAR PAPER ONLY - St Andrew's ...€¦ · St Jude’s Mount Gould 5 5. MARKS Page eleven Question 12 (continued) Wind Rose Q12: Plymouth 1-10 Knots 20%

H NationalQualicationsEXEMPLAR PAPER ONLY

©

Total marks — 60

SECTION 1 — PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTS — 15 marks

Attempt ALL questions.

SECTION 2 — HUMAN ENVIRONMENTS — 15 marks

Attempt ALL questions.

SECTION 3 — GLOBAL ISSUES — 20 marks

Attempt TWO questions.

SECTION 4 — APPLICATION OF GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLS — 10 marks

Attempt the question.

Credit will be given for appropriately labelled sketch maps and diagrams.

Write your answers clearly in the answer booklet provided. In the answer booklet you must clearly identify the question number you are attempting.

Use blue or black ink.

Before leaving the examination room you must give your answer booklet to the Invigilator; if you do not, you may lose all the marks for this paper.

EP20/H/01 Geography

Date — Not applicable

Duration — 2 hours and 15 minutes

*EP20H01*

MARKS

Page two

SECTION 1: PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTS — 15 marks

Attempt ALL questions

Question 1

“The Lake District is an area of outstanding glaciated scenery which attracts an increasingly high number of visitors each year, leading to environmental conflicts.”

Explain the environmental conflicts that may occur due to this high influx of visitors.

Question 2

Study Diagram Q2.

Explain how human activities, such as those shown on Diagram Q2, can impact on the hydrological cycle.

Diagram Q2: Human activities affecting the hydrological cycle

Mining

Human activities

Deforestation

Reservoirs

Irrigation

Urbanisation Dam building

Question 3

For a podsol soil, explain the main conditions and soil-forming processes which have led to its formation.

5

5

5

MARKS

Page three

SECTION 2: HUMAN ENVIRONMENTS — 15 marks

Attempt ALL questions

Question 4

Beijing, like many developing world cities, suffers from severe traffic congestion. It is estimated that commuting time has increased by 19% in the last 5 years.

For Beijing, or any named city you have studied in the developing world, evaluate the strategies employed to manage traffic congestion.

Question 5

With reference to a developed world city you have studied, explain the impact of recent housing changes that have taken place in the inner city.

Question 6

Study Diagram Q6.

Explain the problems the Scottish Government may face as a result of the changes in Scotland’s population structure.

Diagram Q6: Scotland’s population 2012(Change from 1974 in brackets)

Working age

Pensioners

Children

63%(+6%)

20%(+4%)

17%(−10%)

5

6

4

MARKS

Page four

SECTION 3: GLOBAL ISSUES — 20 marks

Attempt TWO questions

Question 7 River Basin Management Page 5

Question 8 Development and Health Page 6

Question 9 Global Climate Change Page 7

Question 10 Trade, Aid and Geopolitics Page 8

Question 11 Energy Page 9

MARKS

Page five

Question 7 — River Basin Management

(a) Study Map Q7.

“The Mississippi river basin extends into 31 states of the USA as well as into southern Canada. It is the third largest river basin in the world.”

For the Mississippi or any other river basin management project, explain the political problems that may have resulted from the project.

Map Q7: Mississippi river basin

Denver

CANADA

20 Major dams in the Mississippi River Basin

Selected cities with a population of over 300,000

Boundary of Mississippi River Basin

National Boundary

High Quality farmland

New Orleans

Memphis

Minneapolis

Mississippi

Mou

ntain

s

Mountains

(b) Evaluate the social, economic and environmental benefits of a named water control project you have studied.

4

6

MARKS

Page six

Question 8 — Development and Health

(a) Referring to named developing countries that you have studied, explain why there is such a wide range in levels of development between developing countries.

(b) Evaluate the effectiveness of some specific primary health care strategies employed in developing countries you have studied.

4

6

MARKS

Page seven

Question 9 — Global Climate Change

(a) Explain the physical factors affecting climate change.

(b) Evaluate the effectiveness of the strategies used to:

(i) reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases;

(ii) manage the local effects of climate change.

4

6

MARKS

Page eight

Question 10 — Trade, Aid and Geopolitics

(a) Study Table Q10.

Explain how the data in the table shows inequalities in the pattern of world trade.

Table Q10: Trade patterns of selected countries

Country Population(million)

GDPper capita

(US $)

Exports(billion US $)

Imports(billion US $)

Balance of trade

(billion US $)

USA 319 52,800 1,575 2,273 −698

Turkey 82 15,300 168 243 −75

Nigeria 177 2,800 94 56 +38

China 1,356 9,800 2,210 1,950 +260

(b) Evaluate the effectiveness of trading alliances in attempting to reduce world trade inequalities.

4

6

MARKS

Page nine

Question 11 — Energy

(a) Study Graph Q11.

Using the information in the graph, explain the reasons for the patterns of renewable energy production in the countries shown.

Graph Q11: Renewable energy production in selected countries

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

USA Brazil Norway Italy Germany

terr

awat

t ho

urs

per

year

Country

HEP Wind Biomass/Waste Solar Geothermal

(b) Evaluate the effectiveness of any non-renewable source of energy you have studied, in meeting the energy demands of a named country.

4

6

MARKS

Page ten

SECTION 4: APPLICATION OF GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLS — 10 marks

Attempt the question

Question 12

Study the following resources:

• Map Q12: Location of Chelson Meadow landfill site;

• OS Map Q12: (Extract 2006/OL20: Plymouth);

• Wind Rose Q12: Plymouth;

• Information Q12: BBC Headline.

(a) Discuss the suitability of Chelson Meadow as a site for landfill.

(b) Evaluate the social, economic and environmental impacts of the closure of this site.

Map Q12: Location of Chelson Meadow

Cattewater

LairaBridge

ChelsonMeadow

RiverPlym

Plymstock

Oreston

Cattedown

Prince Rock

St Jude’s

Mount Gould

5

5

MARKS

Page eleven

Question 12 (continued)

Wind Rose Q12: Plymouth

1-10

Knots

20%

10%

5%

0%

11-16

17-27

28-33

33+

Wind rose for the period 1991−2000at Plymouth (50 metres a.m.s.l.)

MARKS

Page twelve

Question 12 (continued)

Information Q12: BBC Headline, August 2011

“Plymouth’s Chelson Meadow tip restored to grassland”

Plymouth City Councillor Michael Leaves said the restoration of the site would “make a huge difference to the people who live nearby”, the work to revert the site to its natural state cost £18 m. Domestic waste is now transported 20 miles away to a private landfill in Liskeard, Cornwall.

[END OF EXEMPLAR QUESTION PAPER]

Acknowledgement of CopyrightQuestion 10(a), Table Q10 Data is taken from CIA World Fact book 2014. Public Domain.Question 12(b) Article is adapted from “Plymouth’s Chelson Meadow tip restored to

grassland,” taken from BBC News, 16 August 2011. Reproduced by kind permission of BBC News.

HEP20/H/01 Geography

NationalQualicationsEXEMPLAR PAPER ONLY

The information in this publication may be reproduced to support SQA qualifications only on a non-commercial basis. If it is to be used for any other purpose, written permission must be obtained from SQA’s Marketing team on [email protected].

Where the publication includes materials from sources other than SQA (ie secondary copyright), this material should only be reproduced for the purposes of examination or assessment. If it needs to be reproduced for any other purpose it is the user’s responsibility to obtain the necessary copyright clearance.

These Marking Instructions have been provided to show how SQA would mark this Exemplar Question Paper.

©

Marking Instructions

Page two

General Marking Principles for Higher Geography This information is provided to help you understand the general principles you must apply when marking candidate responses to questions in this paper. These principles must be read in conjunction with the detailed Marking Instructions, which identify the key features required in candidate responses.

a) Marks for each candidate response must always be assigned in line with these general marking principles and the detailed Marking Instructions for this assessment.

b) Marking should always be positive. This means that, for each candidate response, marks are accumulated for the demonstration of relevant skills, knowledge and understanding: they are not deducted from a maximum on the basis of errors or omissions.

c) Where the candidate violates the rubric of the paper and answers two parts in one section, both responses should be marked and the better mark recorded.

d) Marking must be consistent. Never make a hasty judgement on a response based on length, quality of hand writing or a confused start.

e) Use the full range of marks available for each question. f) The detailed Marking Instructions are not an exhaustive list. Other relevant points

should be credited. g) For credit to be given, points must relate to the question asked. Where candidates give

points of knowledge without specifying the context, these should be rewarded unless it is clear that they do not refer to the context of the question.

h) For knowledge/understanding marks to be awarded, points must be: a. relevant to the issue in the question b. developed (by providing additional detail, exemplification, reasons or evidence) c. used to respond to the demands of the question (ie evaluate, analyse, etc)

Marking principles for each question type There are a range of types of question which could be asked within this question paper. For each, the following provides an overview of marking principles, and an example for each. Explain Questions which ask candidates to explain or suggest reasons for the cause or impact of something, or require them to refer to causal connections and relationships: candidates must do more than describe to gain credit here. Where this occurs in a question asking about a landscape feature, candidates should refer to the processes leading to landscape formation. Where candidates are provided with sources, they should make use of these and refer to them within their answer for full marks. Where candidates provide a purely descriptive answer, or one where development is limited, no more than half marks should be awarded for the question. Other questions look for higher-order skills to be demonstrated and will use command words such as analyse, evaluate, to what extent does, discuss.

Page three

Analyse Analysis involves identifying parts, the relationship between them, and their relationships with the whole. It can also involve drawing out and relating implications. An analysis mark should be awarded where a candidate uses their knowledge and understanding/a source, to identify relevant components (eg of an idea, theory, argument, etc) and clearly show at least one of the following:

links between different components

links between component(s) and the whole

links between component(s) and related concepts

similarities and contradictions

consistency and inconsistency

different views/interpretations

possible consequences/implications

the relative importance of components

understanding of underlying order or structure

Where candidates are asked to analyse they should identify parts of a topic or issue and refer to the interrelationships between, or impacts of, various factors, eg analyse the soil-forming properties which lead to the formation of a gley soil. Candidates would be expected to refer to how the various soil formatting properties contributed to the formation. Evaluate Where candidates are asked to evaluate, they should be making a judgement of the success, failure, or impact of something based on criteria. Candidates would be expected to briefly describe the strategy/project being evaluated before offering an evidenced conclusion. Account for Where candidates are being asked to account for, they are required to give reasons, often (but not exclusively) from a resource, eg for a change in trade figures, a need for water management, or differences in development between contrasting developing countries. Discuss These questions are looking for candidates to explore ideas about a project, or the impact of a change. Candidates will be expected to consider different views on an issue/argument. This might not be a balanced argument, but there should be a range of impacts or ideas within the answer. To what extent This asks candidates to consider the impact of a management strategy or strategies they have explored. Candidates would be expected to briefly describe the strategy/project being evaluated before offering an evidenced conclusion. Candidates do not need to offer an overall opinion based on a variety of strategies, but should assess each separately.

Page four

Detailed Marking Instructions for each question

SECTION 1: Physical Environments

Question General marking principles for this

type of question Max mark

Specific Marking Instructions for this question

1 Candidates should explain the conflicts relating to high visitor numbers and impact on the environment. Making reference to causal relationships for full marks. Candidates need not refer to all factors for full marks. Marks may be awarded as follows:

For 1 mark, candidates may give one

detailed explanation. Detail should

include relevant causal relationships.

A maximum of 2 marks should be

awarded for answers consisting entirely

of limited descriptive points, with two

such points required for one mark or

where answers are vague or

overgeneralised.

1 mark Limited explanation — the use of the names of at least two factors with no development of these. 2 marks The use of the names of at least two factors with development of these, but no other reference to environmental conflicts. or Limited use of the names of at least two factors, with at least two descriptive points

5 Possible answers might include:

Increased traffic congestion especially on narrow rural roads and in car parks

especially at peak holiday periods leading to increased air and noise

pollution. (1 mark)

Increased holiday home ownership which leaves rural areas empty during the

week or off peak leading to overgrown gardens. (1 mark)

Visitors/walkers wandering off identified paths leading to increased footpath

erosion especially on popular and easily accessible areas by roads. (1 mark)

Increased litter and the danger of animal wildlife choking on discarded plastic

bags. (1 mark)

Modern building not fitting into the landscape leading to visual pollution, eg

including hotels, leisure complexes, caravan sites. (1 mark)

Increased pollution impact on lakes, due to diesel pollution from water sports

and pleasure craft. (1 mark)

Use of jet skis and speedboats lead to bank erosion of beaches. (1 mark)

Page five




about environmental conflicts. 3 marks Two factors with limited explanation of environmental conflicts but with at least three descriptive points about the environmental conflicts. 4 marks Two detailed explanations about environmental conflicts with at least two descriptive points. 5 marks Two detailed explanations about environmental conflicts, with three descriptive points.

2 Candidates should explain the impact relating to human activities on the hydrological cycle. Making reference to causal relationships for full marks. Candidates must refer to at least two relevant factors for full marks. Marks may be awarded as follows:

For 1 mark, candidates may give one detailed explanation. Detail should include relevant causal relationships.

A maximum of 2 marks should be awarded for answers consisting entirely of limited descriptive points, with two such points required for 1 mark or where answers are vague or overgeneralised.

5 Candidates may refer to any human activities. Possible answers might include:

For deforestation:

The cutting down of trees increases run-off and the potential for soil erosion. (1 mark)

Decreases in evapo-transpiration and therefore cloud formation impacts on local rainfall patterns. (1 mark)

Changes to vegetation cover can lead to more extreme river flows as water is not intercepted and stored by the trees. (1 mark)

For irrigation:

Taking water from a river or ground water storage can reduce river flow.

(1 mark)

Lowering water tables and increasing evaporation/evapo-transpiration by

placing water in surface stores, eg ditches/canals. (1 mark)

Increased farming opportunities provided by irrigating crops removes water

Page six




from the hydrological cycle as the crops grow. (1 mark)

For urbanisation:

The removal of natural vegetation and replacement with impermeable

concrete/hard surfaces and drains (1 mark) can speed up overland flow and

can lead to higher river levels. (1 mark)

As more urban land is concreted over the rate of evaporation from these

surfaces increases as the rate of percolation through the land surface

decreases. (1 mark). It also decreases the amount of water which returns to

groundwater storage, possibly reducing the water table. (1 mark)

For mining:

The silting up of lakes, rivers and reservoirs leads to reduced storage capacity

in these areas. (1 mark)

Mining may also lead to reduced vegetation cover leading to increased run-off

(1 mark), higher evaporation and cloud formation altering the rainfall

pattern. (1 mark)

3 Candidates should explain the factors relating to podsol soil forming conditions and processes making reference to causal relationships for full marks. Candidates need not refer to all factors for full marks. Check any diagram(s) for relevant points not present in the text and award accordingly. Well-annotated diagrams that explain conditions and processes can gain full marks. Marks may be awarded as follows:


Thin, black and acidic humus (pH 3·5–4) produced from the slow decomposition of coniferous needles and cones and cold climate. (1 mark)

There is limited bacterial activity caused by the cold climate which results in the slow formation and hence thin/shallow soil. (1 mark)

Precipitation is greater than evaporation and/or snowmelt results in the downward leaching of clays, humus, iron and aluminum resulting in an ash grey A horizon. (1 mark)

An iron pan develops in the illuviation zone in the upper B horizon as a result of the redeposition of iron and this can impede drainage, resulting in waterlogging and gleying in the B horizon. (1 mark)

Due to the cold climate present for most of the year, there are few soil biota to vertically mix the soil, so the horizons are well defined. (1 mark)

The C horizon parent material is generally of weathered (fluvio) glacial material with a mixture of particle sizes and shapes. (1 mark)

Page seven






include relevant causal factors.


awarded for answers consisting

entirely of limited descriptive points,

with two such points required for

1 mark or where answers are vague or

overgeneralised.

Page eight

SECTION 2: Human Environments




4 Answers will depend on the case study referenced by the candidate. Candidates must evaluate how strategies actually help to manage traffic congestion and not just describe or list different methods, eg one-way systems, parking restrictions, limited use of vehicles, using public transport. Evaluation points should also be developed points for a mark to be awarded, eg encouraging public transport and trying to reduce car ownership in a city. Avoid giving marks for candidate comments which are the opposite/reverse of points already credited. Marks may be awarded as follows:


detailed evaluative point. Detail should

include reference to relevant strategies.




such points required for 1 mark or where

answers are vague or overgeneralised.

5 For candidates who write about Beijing, possible answers might include:

Odd and even last numbers on registration plates are allowed into the cities

on particular days. However wealthy residents have more than one car, ie a

car for either day. (1 mark)

Parking restrictions and fines have been increased to discourage people

from using on street parking therefore creating more space on narrow city

roads. (1 mark)

Multi-storey car parks/car stacking using high-tech equipment have been

built to reduce on street parking. However this may have the effect of

encouraging traffic into the city. (1 mark)

New roads — seven new highways from Beijing are planned by 2015,

including the Beijing to Tibet Highway. This means that through traffic does

not need to travel into the city centre. (1 mark)

Road widening projects, for example on Wanshou Road, have also increased

the capacity of major routes into the city. (1 mark)

5 Answers will depend on the city referenced by the candidate and the impact of recent

6 For candidates who write about Glasgow, possible answers might include:

Page nine




housing changes in the inner city. No marks should be awarded for references outwith the inner city. Although no mark is to be awarded for the naming of the city, vague/generic answers that do not relate to a specific city should get a maximum of 4 marks. Marks may be awarded as follows:



include relevant causal factors.






1 mark can be awarded where

candidates refer to two specific named

examples within the inner city area.


candidates refer to details that may

include relevant exemplification of

specific changes.

The Clyde Gateway Project has transformed the housing stock and economic opportunities for residents within inner city Glasgow (Bridgeton, Dalmarnock and Parkhead) (1 mark), eg by building new social and private housing (1 mark); clearing old industrial wasteland to provide new factory and commercial space (1 mark); attracting new commercial investment, improved transport facilities; and long term recreational space linked to the Commonwealth games. (1 mark)

The “Athletes’ village” which was built to accommodate the Commonwealth Games competitors will be transformed into 1,440 houses (apartments, terraced, semi-detached and detached). (1 mark) Over 1,100 will be available to buy, 300 provided as social rented housing, plus 120-bed elderly care home. (1 mark) However, not all of the original residents will be able to afford to live there. Some residents reported that the money offered in compensation was insufficient to cover the costs of a move. (1 mark)

Local residents can now enjoy the new services of the local area, which includes primary schools, shops and a community centre, the Dalmarnock Legacy Hub. Improved sports facilities, including the velodrome, will also bring benefits. (1 mark) Improvements made to the local infrastructure, including the upgrading of Dalmarnock train station and M74 access routes, will attract new investment. (1 mark) Local shops will benefit from the increase in income, and it is hoped that the area will benefit from an additional 20,000 jobs by 2028. (1 mark)

6 Candidates should explain the problems caused by changes in Scotland’s population structure. Making reference to causal relationships for full marks. Marks may be awarded as follows:

4 Possible answer might include:

To allow levels of taxation to remain constant the government may need to

raise the retirement age. (1 mark)

To ensure there are no future shortages in workforce they may need to

recruit immigrant labour. (1 mark)

Page ten






include relevant causal relationships.






In times of recession/high unemployment this can lead to civil unrest/ethnic

tension. (1 mark)

To make public services such as schools and maternity hospitals efficient,

some may need to close. (1 mark)

Ageing population leads to increased cost of pension provision and unpopular

decisions for government about how pensions should be funded. (1 mark)

Page eleven

SECTION 3: Global Issues River Basin Management




7 a Answers will depend on the case study referenced by the candidate. Candidates must explain the political factors resulting from a water management project. Marks may be awarded as follows:



include reference to relevant political

factors.







For the Mississippi:

Difficulties sharing allocation of water rights between the 31 states which are

represented by different political parties who will be defending their own

interests. (1 mark)

As the needs of different states change because of increasing populations,

irrigation disagreements may arise over reallocations of water. (1 mark)

Increased salinity downstream affecting water quality impacts on the shared

costs of desalination plants. (1 mark)

Dams may prevent some tributaries being navigable and thus freight

routes/local economies. (1 mark)

7 b Answers will depend on the case study referenced by the candidate. The candidate response must relate to a specific water control project and account for the possible benefits within the project. Marks may be awarded as follows:



include reference to relevant benefits.

6 Possible answers might include: For the Hoover Dam and Lake Mead:

Fresh water supply for growing desert cities, eg Phoenix, which now has a population of over 1 ½ million people, up from only 100,000 in 1950. (1 mark)

Lake Mead national recreational area gives opportunities for tourism, water sports, fishing, which attracts more than 9 million visitors a year. (1 mark)

Regulation of river greatly improves flood control on river, saving billions over the years of the project. (1 mark)

Cheap hydroelectric power attracted magnesium and aviation industries to take advantage of the area’s cheap land. (1 mark)

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1 mark may also be awarded for

description exemplified by data/named

species etc, up to a maximum of 2

marks.


candidates refer to two specific named

examples within the case study area.






Expansion of irrigated land led to agribusiness-style farming to 2 million acres in California and Arizona. (1 mark)

Reservoirs provide new wildlife habitats for waterfowl and wading birds like the blue heron. (1 mark)

Page thirteen

Development and Health




8 a Candidates must explain the wide range in levels of development between countries. No marks should be awarded for purely descriptive points (eg “South Africa is more developed than Zimbabwe”). Marks may be awarded as follows:



include reference to levels of

development between countries.


awarded if the candidate refers to

differences in development within a

single country — providing the points

explained could also reasonably be used

to explain differences in levels of

development between countries.







Some countries have natural resources that they can sell to help generate money and improve their standard of living and level of development (1 mark) — eg oil in Saudi Arabia/Brunei/UAE; or tropical hardwoods, copper, tin and iron ore in Brazil; or gold and diamonds in South Africa. (1 mark)

Newly industrialising countries such as China, South Korea or Taiwan have been able to attract manufacturing industries by offering a large, low-cost labour pool, and so have increased their level of development. (1 mark) Government policies such as banning trade unions and so reducing the risk of strikes have also made some countries more attractive for manufacturing industries. (1 mark) The lack of strict pollution laws has also made some countries more attractive for manufacturing industries. (1 mark)

Some countries have more potential for tourism than others, which earns foreign currency, creates job opportunities and helps improve that country’s level of development — for example beaches in Jamaica; coral reefs in Kenya; safari opportunities in Botswana etc. (1 mark)

Widespread corruption and mismanagement have hindered the development of many developing countries — with money destined to improve living conditions of the people often being intercepted and spent elsewhere. (1 mark)

Political instability and civil wars (for example in Syria and Iraq in 2014) can destroy the infrastructure needed for an adequate standard of living. (1 mark) It also stops development in the area as money is spent on weapons rather than improving the standard of living, and there are no job opportunities or ways for local people to make money. (1 mark)

Many countries repeatedly suffer natural disasters which destroy infrastructure and wipe out efforts for development — for example drought in sub Saharan Africa; floods in Pakistan/Bangladesh; hurricanes in the Caribbean; earthquakes in Haiti/Iran; or tsunamis in Indonesia. (1 mark)

Some countries are very mountainous which makes building and attracting investment more difficult — for example Nepal. (1 mark)

Some countries have a very hot and dry climate, which can cause

Page fourteen




desertification and make it very difficult to grow crops to feed a productive population — hindering development (for example Burkina Faso). (1 mark)

The geographical position of some countries on the coast makes trade with other parts of the world easier and so encourages investment and development — for example Taiwan/Malaysia. (1 mark) Alternatively some countries are landlocked which makes trade and so investment and development more difficult — for example Chad/Paraguay. (1 mark)

8 b Candidates must evaluate the effectiveness of specific primary health care strategies. Avoid crediting evaluative points more than once (for example “cheaper” or “cheapest”). Avoid giving marks for candidate comments which are the opposite/reverse of points already credited.

Marks may be awarded as follows:









Answers that only describe PHC strategies, without giving any evaluative comments, should score a maximum of 3 marks.


Barefoot doctors have been particularly effective in China because: — individuals were chosen by each village to be trained to a basic level

of health care and so were fully trusted by the community. (1 mark) — in countries with large rural areas it is very difficult to ensure that

every village has access to a fully trained doctor/hospital. (1 mark)

The use of Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT) has been particularly effective because:

— it is an easy, cheap and effective method of treating dehydration through diarrhoea — allowing even the poorest developing country to tackle this health problem. (1 mark)

— the World Health Organization estimates that ORT saves about 1 million babies each year in developing countries. (1 mark)

Organised Health Education Programmes have been effective because: — they educate people about how to prevent diseases spreading (for

example by the use of mosquito nets to prevent Malaria). (1 mark) — preventing disease is easier and more cost-effective than trying to

cure someone once they have a disease. (1 mark) — the use of village meetings, songs, plays and posters to pass on health

education messages are particularly effective in places with an illiterate population where a written leaflet would be of limited use. (1 mark)

Small-scale health projects (such as building clean water supplies and pit latrines) can be effective because:

— using local labour and building materials for these projects reduces

Page fifteen




the cost. (1 mark) — they also provide the locals with training and transferable skills, which

can help them to improve their standard of living in other ways. (1 mark)

— using local labour also ensures that the projects gain faster acceptance and usage in the local and wider community. (1 mark)

Organised Vaccination Programmes to immunise against preventable diseases like polio, cholera, measles, tetanus etc are estimated by the World Health Organization to save between 2 and 3 million lives every year. (1 mark) These preventative measures are less costly to fund than the long-term cost of caring for people suffering from these diseases.

Page sixteen

Global Climate Change




9 a Candidates must explain the physical factors affecting climate change. Avoid crediting human causes of climate change. Avoid crediting a list of factors. Marks may be awarded as follows:

1 mark should be awarded for each point

of explanation that makes clear the

relationship between a physical factor

and climate change, eg solar energy and

sun spot activity altering global

temperatures.







Solar activity: variations in solar energy and sun spot activity can alter global temperatures. Scientists have shown that variations in sun spot activity follow an 11-year pattern. (1 mark) Scientists at Cardiff University have discovered that periods of low sun spot activity corresponded with colder ocean currents. (1 mark) This caused high pressure to build in the North Atlantic Ocean, “blocking” of warmer ocean currents, and subsequently caused more extreme winters, in 2010 and 2013. (1 mark) In the current cycle, a peak in sun spot activity was anticipated in 2013, but in fact there was more sun spot activity in 2011. (1 mark)

Changes in the Earth’s orbit and tilt: Milankovitch’s research suggested that every 41,000 years there is a change in the tilt of the Earth’s axis. A greater tilt means more sunlight in polar regions and colder temperatures. (1 mark) Over a 97,000 year cycle, the Earth’s orbit stretches from circular to eliptical, affecting the amount of energy received. (1 mark)

Volcanic eruptions: Dust particles in the atmosphere after violent eruptions reduce the Earth’s temperatures by shielding the Earth from incoming solar radiation and reflecting energy. (1 mark) This was apparent when Mount Pinatubo erupted in 1991, sending millions of tonnes of ash and gas 21 miles high into the atmosphere, resulting in average temperatures falling by up to 0·5⁰C. (1 mark)

Ice cap/sheet melting: Melting of ice caps releases additional fresh water into the oceans, which in turn alters oceanic circulation with cold and warm ocean currents being affected. (1 mark)

Page seventeen




This also reduces the albedo effect as there is less energy being reflected as more land is exposed. (1 mark)

Melting permafrost: As permafrost melts within the Arctic tundra, frozen organic matter is decaying, and methane and carbon dioxide, which have been stored for thousands of years, is being released. (1 mark)

9 b Candidates must evaluate the effectiveness of specific strategies to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases and manage the local effects of climate change. A maximum of 4 marks may be awarded for either part (i) or (ii) of the question. Avoid crediting evaluative points more than once (for example “few” or “fewer”). Avoid giving marks for candidate comments which are the opposite/reverse of points already credited. Marks may be awarded as follows:










awarded for an answer which is

descriptive and lacks evaluation of

6 Possible answers might include: For reducing emissions of greenhouse gases:

At a local level, individuals are encouraged to reduce, reuse and recycle

products so that less refuse is sent to landfill sites. The amount of waste

being received at landfill sites has fallen dramatically, which shows that

council policies and education campaigns have been effective. (1 mark)

To reduce the amount of carbon dioxide generated by the burning of fossil

fuels, households are encouraged to reduce energy consumption by insulating

their homes, flooring lofts or switching lights off, etc. Studies have shown

that the amount of energy being used by households has fallen significantly,

showing these measures have been effective. (1 mark)

Studies by the government have shown that greenhouse gas emissions have

fallen by a fifth over the last 20 years, therefore local and national policies

to encourage the use of environmentally-friendly vehicles and to monitor

emissions carefully are proving effective. (1 mark)

The Kyoto Protocol outlined agreements between developed countries to

reduce their carbon emissions by 5% between 2008 and 2012. Developing

countries were also encouraged to reduce their emissions. In 2012, the Doha

Amendment replaced the Kyoto Protocol). (1 mark)

However, on a global scale, emissions continue to rise, and methane levels

are predicted to continue to rise due to emissions from landfill sites and rice

fields. (1 mark)

For managing the local effects of climate change:

Flood defences have been built to manage the local effects of extreme

weather events. The Thames Barrier has successfully protected London from

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effectiveness.

flooding on numerous occasions and is predicted to provide protection from

“one in a thousand year” flood events. (1 mark)

However, a second barrier may be needed to cope with flooding beyond 2070

and advance warning systems need to be further developed to advise

householders of the potential risks of flooding. (1 mark)

To manage the effects of drought during periods of extended rainfall, the UK

has implemented hose-pipe bans but these are unpopular and difficult to

enforce. (1 mark)

London has built a desalination plant, which is only intended to be used in

periods of extreme drought due to the high operational costs. (1 mark)

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Trade, Aid and Geopolitics




10 a Candidates should make clear the relationship between the data and inequalities in the pattern of world trade. Marks may be awarded as follows:



include reference to relevant factors

showing inequalities.






4 Possible answers may include:

Some countries are able to spend larger amounts on imports showing their wealth, eg USA with $2,273 billion, in contrast to $56 billion for Nigeria. (1 mark)

China is one of the countries which earns large amounts of money through its exports due to its large manufacturing base ($2,210 billion) whereas countries such as Turkey with $168 billion don’t make as much. (1 mark)

With a figure of $260 billion, China has the biggest trade surplus in the table with the USA having the largest deficit of $698 billion due to balance of exports minus imports. (1 mark)

USA has the highest GDP ($52,800 per capita) which is 25 times greater than Nigeria’s figure of $2,800 but with a population of 319 million, the USA is not even double the Nigerian population of 177 million. (1 mark)

10 b Candidates should evaluate the effectiveness of trading alliances in reducing inequalities in world trade. No marks for named examples. Marks may be awarded as follows:



include reference to the effectiveness of

relevant trading alliances.




6 Possible answers may include:

The Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM) was established to promote trade between Caribbean countries by:

— removing customs duties between member states, so that even the smallest Caribbean countries have access to a regional market, reducing their costs. (1 mark)

— encouraging member countries to purchase raw materials from other CARICOM countries, generating more trade and wealth. (1 mark)

— spreading the benefits of industrialisation and encouraged industries to locate in the smaller countries, creating employment and raising GDP. (1 mark)

— establishing within CARICOM, the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS), which groups together the seven smallest countries in terms of their population, and has created a single currency which makes trade between OECS countries much easier as money is not lost in transactions. (1 mark)

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awarded for an answer which is

descriptive and lacks evaluation of

effectiveness.

Trading alliances such as the EU can: — control the trade terms for the benefit of its members and make it

difficult for non-members to compete on the same basis. (1 mark) — set up tariffs and import duties that they charge non-member

countries, protecting employment and industries within the EU. (1 mark)

— introduce quotas, putting a limit on the amount of products that a non-member country can sell, to protect vulnerable groups/industries. (1 mark)

Page twenty-one

Energy




11 a Candidates should make clear the reasons for the patterns of renewable energy production as shown in the graph. Marks may be awarded as follows:

For 1 mark, candidates may give one detailed explanation. Detail should include reference to the relevant patterns.


A maximum of 2 marks should be awarded where candidates have only described the data.

A maximum of 2 marks should be awarded for a list of reasons, unrelated to the information in the graph.


Hydroelectric power is currently the largest producer of renewable power (over 60%) in the USA due to high rainfall and steep drops provided by mountainous areas. (1 mark)

USA gets over 20% of its renewable energy from wind power due to its vast, open, exposed plains with no breaks allowing the wind to pick up speed. (1 mark)

Geothermal energy also accounts for a significant amount of USA renewable energy, due to magma reaching close to the surface in tectonically active areas such as Alaska, California and Hawaii. (1 mark)

Brazil has the largest amount of hydroelectric power because it has large amounts of tropical precipitation and major rivers that can be harnessed. (1 mark)

Brazil also harnesses large amounts of biofuels, mainly from sugar cane due to its arable land and favorable climate. (1 mark)

Norway produces large amounts of hydroelectric power because of its high levels of rainfall, due to its mid latitude location and its steep slopes allowing energy to be harnessed. (1 mark)

Italy has a large amount of geothermal energy because it is located at a plate boundary where the heat of magma is closer to the surface and so can be harnessed efficiently. (1 mark)

11 b Answers will depend on the energy source referenced by the candidate. Candidates should evaluate in detail the effectiveness of the energy source in meeting a country’s demands. Candidates must evaluate a non-renewable source of energy. No marks for evaluating a renewable source of energy.

6 Possible answers for hydroelectric power might include:

Plants can generate large amounts of electricity to meet surges in demand at peak times such as early evening reducing the need for conventional power stations running constantly. (1 mark)

Plants don't require a lot of space, but they need a large body of water for generating purposes so locations can be limited. (1 mark)

Plants do not contribute to carbon emissions — no CO2 is given out — it therefore does not contribute to global warming. (1 mark)

Plants do not produce smoke particles to pollute the atmosphere or emit gases that contribute to acid rain. (1 mark)

http://www.cyberphysics.co.uk/topics/energy/global_warming.htm

http://www.cyberphysics.co.uk/topics/energy/acid_rain.htm

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Marks may be awarded as follows:

For 1 mark, candidates may give one detailed evaluative point. Detail should include reference to the effectiveness of the chosen energy source.


A maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for an answer which is descriptive and lacks evaluation of effectiveness.

Plants produce a small volume of waste so they are environmentally friendly. (1 mark)

Unlike some renewable sources of energy like solar and wind, energy can be produced from plants in all weather conditions. They can produce power 24/7 and need to be shut down for maintenance purposes only. (1 mark)

Plants are very expensive, therefore not always an option for developing countries. They can also take 5-10 years to construct as there are possible legal formalities between nations to be completed, and they are often opposed by local populations. (1 mark)

Page twenty-three

Section 4: Application of Geographical Skills




12 a Candidates should make reference to all sources, including the OS map to discuss the suitability of the landfill site. The candidate can focus on positive and/or negative factors. There are a variety of ways for candidates to use OS map evidence in their responses, eg including written descriptions, appropriate grid references and place names. Marks may be awarded as follows:

For 1 mark, candidates may give one detailed point of discussion. Detail should include reference to the suitability of the landfill site.



Flat area of land on outskirts of city so likely to be less expensive land as a large area is needed. (1 mark)

Good assess by road for transporting waste from city and suburbs, for example A379. (1 mark)

Increase in demand for landfill required a large area of land — around 1km2

available here. (1 mark)

The site is out of sight/screened by planting/trees and River Ply embankment. (1 mark)

The land is unlikely to have other commercial/residential use due to risk of flooding due its location close to the mudflats (1 mark). Prevailing winds (SW) will blow smell, in the main away from much of the city for much of the time, although the eastern suburbs may be affected by smell. (1 mark)

12 b Candidates should make reference to all the sources, including the OS map to evaluate the impacts of the site closure. Impacts could be positive or negative. There are a variety of ways for candidates to use OS map evidence in their responses, eg including written descriptions,

5 Possible answers might include: Positive impact because:

The closure of the site is likely to increase tourism in the area particularly at Saltram House. (1 mark)

Increase in recreational use of the new area, with traffic free cycle routes which reduce pollution levels, and new grassland areas. (1 mark)

It will make the area more pleasant for locals, reducing the smell/visual pollution, and increased housing prices in Billacombe/Underwood areas.

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appropriate grid references and place names. Marks may be awarded as follows:

For 1 mark, candidates may give one detailed evaluative point. Detail should include reference to impacts of closure.


(1 mark)

Fewer refuse lorries on the roads to the site leading to fewer emissions, less accidents and less noise for residents. (1 mark)

Increase in use of nearby tourist/leisure attractions, for example Golf Driving range (532,543)/Hayes Road Nursery (garden centre) (534,544). (1 mark)

Negative impact because:

The £18 million and the increased cost for transport/disposal of waste in Cornwall may have impact on local taxes/services. (1 mark)

Increased congestion on rural roads leading to the new site in Cornwall due to increase transport of refuse lorries. (1 mark)

Potential costs of leaks of pollutants and gasses from the site which may be dangerous and require costly engineering. (1 mark)

Possibility of green energy retrieval from the methane gas as the waste degrades. (1 mark)

[END OF EXEMPLAR MARKING INSTRUCTIONS]

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National Quali cations EXEMPLAR PAPER ONLY - St Andrew's ...€¦ · St Jude’s Mount Gould 5 5. MARKS Page eleven Question 12 (continued) Wind Rose Q12: Plymouth 1-10 Knots 20%