LANDSCAPE CHARACTER ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT

Ankara 2014

ISBN: 978-605-136-201-4

AT THE REGIONAL AND SUB-REGIONAL

(PROVINCIAL) LEVELS

NATIONAL TECHNICAL GUIDELINE FOR

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AMBLEM-LOGOTYPE RENK DEERLER

NATIONAL TECHNICAL GUIDELINE FORLANDSCAPE CHARACTER ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT AT THE REGIONAL AND SUB-REGIONAL (PROVINCIAL) LEVELS

Republic of Turkey Ministry of Interior General Directorate of Local Administrations

Republic of Turkey Ministry of Environment and Urbanization General Directorate of Spatial Planning

Republic of Turkey Ministry of Forestry and Water AffairsGeneral Directorate of Nature Conservation and National Parks

PANTONE 159 C

C0 M74 Y100 K7

PANTONE 355 C

C100 M0 Y100 K0

PANTONE 294 C

C100 M70 Y0 K30

Amblem-Logotype 3 renkten oluflmaktadr.Trigromi (CMYK) ve Pantone kullanm aflada detayl olarak belirtilmifltir.

AMBLEM-LOGOTYPE RENK DEERLER

NATIONAL TECHNICAL GUIDELINE FORLANDSCAPE CHARACTER ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT AT THE REGIONAL AND SUB-REGIONAL (PROVINCIAL) LEVELS

Ankara 2014

Republic of Turkey Ministry of Interior General Directorate of Local Administrations

Republic of Turkey Ministry of Environment and Urbanization General Directorate of Spatial Planning

Republic of Turkey Ministry of Forestry and Water AffairsGeneral Directorate of Nature Conservation and National Parks

Authors:kran ahin (Republic of Turkey Ankara University) Halim Perin (Republic of Turkey Ankara University)Ekrem Kurum (Republic of Turkey Ankara University)Osman Uzun (Republic of Turkey Dzce University)

Bayram Cemil Bilgili (Republic of Turkey Karatekin University)

Authors : kran ahin (Republic of Turkey Ankara University) Halim Perin (Republic of Turkey Ankara University) Ekrem Kurum (Republic of Turkey Ankara University) Osman Uzun (Republic of Turkey Dzce University) Bayram Cemil Bilgili (Republic of Turkey Karatekin University)

Reference: ahin, ., Perin, H., Kurum, E., Uzun, O. and Bilgili, B.C. (2014). National Technical Guideline for Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the Regional and Sub-Regional (Provincial) Levels. TBTAK KAMAG 1007 Program PEYZAJ-44 Project No 109G074 outcome, where Ministry of Interior, Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, and Ministry of Forest and Water Affairs are the Beneficiary Institutions and Ankara University is the Coordinating Institution, 146 Pages, Ankara.

About PEYZAJ-44 Project;

Funding Institution: TBTAK (The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey) Public Institutions Research Funding Program (KAMAG), 1007 Program

Project Owners as Beneficiary Institutions:Republic of Turkey Ministry of Interior General Directorate of Local AdministrationsRepublic of Turkey Ministry of Environment and Urbanization General Directorate of Spatial Planning Republic of Turkey Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs General Directorate of Nature Conservation and National Parks

Project Representatives from the Beneficiary Institutions:By the name of Republic of Turkey Ministry of Interior; Yavuz Selim Kger (Genel Director) and Levent Tlay PusatloluBy the name of Republic of Turkey Ministry of Environment and Urbanization; Mehmet Ali Kahraman (Genel Director) and Sedat YlmazBy the name of Republic of Turkey Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs; Ahmet zyank (Genel Director), Glhan etin Snmez, Serap Kargn and Seluk zmen

Coordinating Institution:Republic of Turkey Ankara University

Core Project Team: Prof. Dr. kran ahin (Project Coordinator), Prof. Dr. Halim Perin, Assist. Prof. Dr. Ekrem Kurum, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Osman Uzun, Assist. Prof. Dr. Bayram Cemil Bilgili, Prof. Dr. hsan iek, Prof. Dr. Hakan Yiitbaolu, Assoc. Prof. Levent Tezcan, Res. and Teach. Assist. Volkan Mftolu, Res. and Teach. Assist. mer Ltf orbac, Simten Stn, Duygu Doan, Ersin Ate, Bilge Tarm, zlem Ko, Gzde Kurtolu, Elif Namal, H.Volkan Gkmenolu and Res. and Teach. Assist. Yeliz Kako Arc

Translation to English: Pelin YiitPrint: Elma Technical Press Printing House,

atal Sokak 11/A Maltepe / ANKARA, Tel: 0312 229 92 65, www.elmateknikbasim.com

Number of issues: 500

ISBN Number: 978-605-136-201-4

National Technical Guideline for Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the

Regional and Sub-Regional (Provincial) Levels

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis guideline has been prepared in close collaboration with the General Directorate of Local Administrations under the Ministry of Interior; General Directorate of Spatial Planning under the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization and General Directorate of Nature and National Parks under the Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs. The guideline has been developed on the works of the 2,5 years lasting project entitled Provincial Scale Landscape Character Analysis and Its Assessment for Tourism and Recreation in the pilot area of Malatya province, financed by KAMAG (Public Institutions Research Funding Program) 1007 Program of TBTAK (The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey), in which the mentioned Ministries took part as Beneficiary Institutions and Ankara University was the Coordinating Institution.

The project has been realized by the contributions Mr. Halil brahim Daz, the Governor of Malatya province from 2006 to 2009. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mehmet Ulvi Saran, the Governor of Malatya province from 2009-2012, has ensured the continuity of the project in the pilot area and has also contributed his sincere support. Mr. Vasip ahin, assuming the post of Governor in 2012, hosted the meeting for the results of the project. As the Malatya Province was proclaimed a Metropolitan Municipality at the time of harvesting project results, Mr. Ahmet akr; Mayor of Malatya Metropolitan Municipality also attended the meeting for results of the project. Mr. Ali Kazgan, former Secretary General of Special Administration of Malatya Province, defended the project powerfully on legal grounds during the application panel of TBTAK at the project initial phase. Prof. Dr. ner Demirel and Prof. Dr. Sevgi Ylmaz, panelists of the project, contributed positively to the quality of the project with their interim reports about project execution. Mr. Basri Dadelen, project personnel from Malatya Special Provincial Administration, has committed himself to project for a total of six years; three years in the preparation phase and three years during implementation. Mr. Dadelen has provided active and efficient service to the project as much as the project core team in supporting the project in managerial and bureacratic functioning, coordination, workshop organizations, personnel training for pilot area and in many more areas on a voluntary basis. Mrs. Esra Yavaolu and Mrs. Tuba Tansel Engin, project personnel from Special Provincial Administration, has been easily accessible and supporting for three years.

Director General for Environmental Impact Assessment from the repealed Ministry of Environment and Forestry, a beneficiary institution as per TBTAK KAMAG 1007 Program, Mr. Fevzi bilirs foresighted contributions and role in the development phase of the project bear an unquestionable significance. He claimed a critically important role in the initiation of the project in believing the necessity of applying landscape knowledge into the environment plans in line with the European Landscape Convention (ELC). Environmental Development Plan for six regions were initiated just around the time of initiation of the project. Changes had to be

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made to the Technical Specification for integration of the project outcomes to these planning activities. Mr. Sedat Ylmazs realistic and rational approaches directed the project in that sense. He made great efforts, provided his opinions and support thoroughout the project and made his permanent to the project. There is another unit responsible for the project in the same repealed Ministry, Nature Protection and National Parks General Directorate. General Director Prof. Dr. Mustafa Kemal Yalnkl during the development of first project report from the time of project initiation in June 2010 until December 2010, and followingly his successor Mr. Yaar Dostbil, did not refrain their supports from the project. Division of Landscape Protection founded under this General Directorate fulfills the implementation of ELC in Turkey. Hence, General Directorate of Nature Protection and National Parks played active role in the coordination with the General Directorate of EIA and Planning which is established under the above mentioned repealed Ministry. This General Directorate is responsible for environmental development plans in which the outcomes of this guideline will be integrated. The intensive efforts exerted by Mrs. Aynur Gnl, the Division Director of Landscape Protection at the time, are invaluable without a doubt.

Another beneficiary institution of PEYZAJ-44 Project that creates the grounds of this guideline is the Ministry of Interior. Governor is the responsible legal entity for provincial environmental development plans, and Local Administrations General Directorate under the Ministry of Interior is the higher authority as per Law of Special Provincial Administration. Mr. Ercan Topaca being General Director at the initial phase of the project facilitated the startup and following processes. Mr. Yavuz Selim Kger, being next General Directorate, strongly supported the organization of training programs for disseminating the subject of Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment to other provinces in Turkey.

Ministry of Environment and Forestry was split into two Ministries at the time of project realization; Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, and Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs. Thus, General Directorate of Spatial Planning under Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, and General Directorate of Nature Protection and National Parks under the Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs became two separate beneficiary institutions. Director of the Spatial Strategies and Environment Development Plans Division of General Directorate of Spatial Planning under the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, Mr. Sedat Ylmaz took key role in the preparation of new Project Outcomes Implementation Plan (POIP) as he was the contact point of the beneficiary institution, as well as the finalization of the project. Likewise, Director of Landscape Protection Division of the Deparment for Sensitive Areas, General Directorate of Nature Protection and National Parks under the Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs, Mrs. Glhan etin Snmez and her colleagues Mrs. Serap Kargn and Mr. Seluk zmen played key role in the project due to the fact that they were the contact points of the beneficiary institution and also their institutional responsibilities covers the national implementation of ELC.

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General Director of Local Administrations under the Ministry of Interior, Mr. Yavuz Selim Kger strongly supported the training program directed to the local administrators about the introduction of Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment. Mr. Levent Tlay Pusatlolu, the contact point for this beneficiary institution contributed continous support with her constructive and facilitative approach.

Academic members from nn University, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Taner Tatar, Assist. Prof. Dr. Vehbi Bayhan, Assoc. Prof. Dr Hsniye Canbay Tatar and Assist. Prof. Dr. Ersan Ersoy have finalized the image analysis, user profile and demand analysis of the pilot area of the project very effectively in short time with exerting intensive effort.

Assist. Prof. Dr. Hakan Uygugil; Ender Kelleci, Serdar Ergen ve ar Sandkolu carried out a vary meticulous performance in the preparation of Interactive Landscape Information System.

Successive Rectors of Ankara University during project period; Prof. Dr. Cemal Talu and Prof. Dr. Erkan bi provided supports for the execution of both administrative and financial works of the project. In that context, Dean of Ankara University Prof. Dr. Ahmet olak, and succesive Heads of the Department of Landscape Architecture Prof Dr Hayran elem and Prof. Dr. Yaln Memlk contributed significantly to the project providing the work place for project team, especially for scholarship holding students.

PEYZAJ-44 scholarship holding students Res. and Teach. Assist. Volkan Mftolu, Res. and Teach. Assist. mer Ltf orbac, Simten Stn (PhD student), Duygu Doan (PhD student) Ersin Ate (MSc Student), zlem Ko (MSc Student), Bilge Tarm (MSc student) , Gzde Kurdolu (MSc student), Hamdi Volkan Gkmenolu (MSc student), Elif Namal (MSc student), Res. and Teach. Assist. Yeliz Kako; they all have played key role in realization of the project with their energy, perseverance, hardworkingness and positive attitudes. Department of Landscape Architecture moved its location to the new premise during the project. These students maintained their performance and enabled project to come to a conclusion despite the challenges before and after moving.

Participation of Mr. Dirk Wascher, executor of the EU FP6 Project entitled LANMAP European Landscape Character Areas: Typologies, Cartography and Indicators for the Assessment of Sustainable Landscapes to the project for the initial phase has yielded positive results in finding direction.

Officers from a lot of public institutions attended the LCAA Method National Applicability and Coordination Workshops organized during the project, and contributed greatly.

Deputy undersecretaries from the beneficiary institution showed interest and supported the project since the iniation of the project by being informed comprehensively and showing sensivite attention to functioning of the works. In this context, Deputy Undersecretaries from

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Ministery of Interior; respectively, Dr. Hasan Canpolat, Mr. Necmettin Kl; Deputy Undersectary of repealed Ministry of Environment and Forestry Mr. Sedat Kadolu, Deputy Undersecretary of Ministry of Environment and Urbanization Mr. rfan Uzun and Deputy Undersecretary of Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs Mr. Mustafa Eldemir ensured the continuity of the project.

Mr. Mustafa Ay, the Executive Commitee Secretary of TBTAK KAMAG 1007 program, together with the officers Mr. Fatih Mehmet Akaya and Ms. Name Buse ener replied our numerous questions about realization of the project patiently and conscientiously.

This project was put to design with Assist. Prof. Dr lgen Bekiolu Yenil, who made it possible for a few academic member from Ankara University to have an appointment with the Governor of Malatya province in 2006, and thus prioritised the development of tourism and recreation policies for Malatya within the scope of the project.

Malatya MP Mr. mer Faruk z, showed that he has a high opinion of the project by honoring the First National Applicability and Coordination Worshop and keeping track of the project.

Numerous experts got involved in the preparation of this guideline during the project with their assessments and comments. Endless thanks to those all mentioned above and those unmentioned academicians, bureaucrats and experts who provided valueable contributions.

The project was brought to life thanks to the supports of the Minister of Industry for the 57th and 58th government, Mr. Ali okun in the initial phase and after, and thanks to him the target was met.

kran ahin, Halim Perin, Ekrem Kurum, Osman Uzun and B. Cemil Bilgili

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FOREWORDThe development of urban and rural areas bring along several environmental problems in Turkey. One of the main reasons of this problem is the phenomenon that the environmental problems which focus on the dirturbed areas and spread to world scale is not provided as it should within the framework of landscape science that defines the relationship between human and nature. The human-nature relationship should be addressed within the context of landscape in the current legal practice related to shaping the habitats. Basically, the foundation of the environmental or ecological problems is social. Because while the modern era has made human the master of the nature, it also made human forget that he/she is a part of the nature. Being a part of something reflects the existence of a whole. The whole is more than the aggregation of pieces as the totalitarian view puts forwards, the scope includes more than that. This scope is about interaction among different pieces. In other words, the ongoing interaction among pieces creates the whole. The character of a place is shaped by the certain patterns of continuous events. However; in Turkey especially in urban places the human-nature relationship concept has still not taken its place properly in the social dynamics, and thus the nature has become the other and more important than that, the concepts of landscape and the integrity of the landscape is ignored in the legal processes. If it stays like this in our country, the landscapes will keep on changing against the survival and even quality of the habitats and the landscapes will be transferred to the future generations in a degraded way. The future generations will ascribe the reasons to todays practises and they will tackle with trying to restore, rehabilitate and recreate the degraded landscapes in other words the damaged natural processes and interactions. These action fields which are described with the concepts of landscape planning and landscape management are recognized in our country legally with the European Landscape Convention. Hence it is necessary to transfer the legal process into practice and claim the responsibility of continuous and rapid deterioration on behalf of our future generations. The aim of this guideline is to light the way for the activities of landscape planning and management.

Yavuz Selim Kger General Director, Republic of Turkey Ministry of Interior General Directorate of Local Administrations

Mehmet Ali Kahraman General Director, Republic of Turkey Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, General Directorate of Spatial Planning

Ahmet zyank General Director, Republic of Turkey Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs General Directorate of Natural Protection and National Parks

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ContentsACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................. vFOREWORD .............................................................................................................................. ixLIST OF FIGURES .....................................................................................................................xivLIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................xviLIST OF BOXES ......................................................................................................................xviiiDEFINITIONS ...........................................................................................................................xixABBREVIATIONS .....................................................................................................................xxii

PART 1 GENERAL FRAMEWORK ............................................................................................... 1

INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 21.1 Why does this guideline exist? ...................................................................................... 21.2 How was this Guideline developed? ................................................................................ 31.3 Who can use this Guideline?........................................................................................... 51.4 Concept of landscape ...................................................................................................... 81.5 LIS (Internet Based Landscape Information System).................................................... 10

1.6 How to use the Guideline of Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment ............... 11

2. METHOD .............................................................................................................................142.1 Landscape Inventory (LI) .............................................................................................. 17

2.2 Landscape (Character) Analysis (LCAn)........................................................................ 17

2.2.1 Definition and mapping of landscape structure (landscape character types ......... 172.2.2 Analysis and mapping of landscape functions ...................................................... 202.2.3 Landscape change and pressure analysis ............................................................. 222.3 Landscape (Character) Assessment (LCAs) ............................................................. 232.3.1 Formation of general landscape vision ................................................................. 232.3.2 Targets for each landscape component, functions and potentials ........................ 232.3.3 Production of Landscape Protection- Development- Management Strategies ......242.3.4 Landscape Plan ....................................................................................................24

2.4 Landscape Management ...............................................................................................24

PART 2 STAGES OF LANDSCAPE CHARACTER ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT ...................... 25

3. DETERMINATION OF SCOPE (STAGE 1) .............................................................................. 263.1 Aim ............................................................................................................................... 263.2 Scale and Level of Detail ............................................................................................... 283.3 Human Resources and Timing ...................................................................................... 313.4 Subjective and Objective Evaluation .............................................................................. 31

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3.5 Assessments at Different Scales: Landscape Hierarchy ................................................ 31

3.6 Outputs ......................................................................................................................... 31

4. DATA COLLECTION AND ESTABLISHMENT OF DATABASE: LANDSCAPE INVENTORY AND LIS (STAGE 2) ........................................................................ 33

4.1 Preparation of Data Layers............................................................................................ 33

4.2 Baseline Data ................................................................................................................ 354.2.1 Climate ................................................................................................................. 354.2.2 Geology ................................................................................................................ 364.2.3 Geomorphology .................................................................................................... 384.2.4 Topography ......................................................................................................... 394.2.5 Hydrology ............................................................................................................. 394.2.6 Soil ....................................................................................................................... 394.2.7 Vegetation Cover .................................................................................................. 394.2.8 Wildlife .................................................................................................................404.2.9 Socio-cultural Landscape Features .......................................................................404.2.9.1 Demographic features and dynamics .................................................................404.2.9.2 Land cover/land use ..........................................................................................45

4.2.10 Landscape Pattern ..............................................................................................45

4.3 Hierarchical LIS structure .............................................................................................46

5. LANDSCAPE SURVEY (STAGE 3) ........................................................................................475.1 Conducting Survey .......................................................................................................475.2 Method for Landscape Survey ......................................................................................47

5.2.1 Registration method and form of landscape element ...........................................485.2.2 Visual landscape assessment field survey form .................................................... 55

5.2.3 Field survey form for aesthetics-perceptual assessment ...................................... 555.3 Survey route determination and landscape survey in the field ...................................... 56

6. LANDSCAPE CHARACTER ANALYSIS (STAGE 4) ................................................................ 59

6.1 Landscape Structure Analysis ....................................................................................... 596.1.1 LU, LCT and LCA overlaying map layers at regional and sub-regional level .......... 59

6.1.2 Landscape Unit (LU) ............................................................................................. 596.1.2.1 Landscape Units Level 1 ............................................................................... 60

6.1.2.2 Landscape Units Level 2 ............................................................................... 67

6.1.3 Landscape Character Type (LCT) .......................................................................... 73

6.1.3.2 Landscape Character Types Level 2 .............................................................. 78

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6.1.4 Landscape Character Areas .................................................................................. 816.1.5 Encoding of Landscape Units and Landscape Character Types, and Naming of Land-scape Character Areas ................................................................................................... 83

6.1.6 Landscape Character Area Catalogue ....................................................................846.2 Landscape Function Analysis ........................................................................................ 87

6.3 Landscape Change Analysis .......................................................................................... 90

7. LANDSCAPE CHARACTER ASSESSMENT (STAGE 5) .......................................................... 917.1 Landscape Vision and Goals ......................................................................................... 937.2 Landscape Protection and Development Strategies ...................................................... 93

7.2.1 Landscape Protection Strategies .......................................................................... 987.2.1.1 General landscape protection strategies ....................................................... 987.2.1.2 Comprehensive landscape protection strategies .........................................104

7.2.1.3 Landscape Policies ..................................................................................... 108

7.2.2 Sectoral Landscape Guidances ........................................................................... 109

7.2.3 Landscape Corridors .......................................................................................... 113

REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................... 116

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LIST OF FIGURESFigure 1: Rhythym of landscape. Thayer (1994) defines the perceived landscape as the surface values, and the related processes as core values. The system is balanced when these two elements are in harmony. ...........................................................................................................9

Figure 2: LIS Malatya province sample (provisional internet address: peyzaj44.ankara.edu.tr) 12

Figure 3: General framework of landscape identification and assessment/landscape planning process ....................................................................................................................................15

Figure 4: Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment (LCAA) Process National Approach 16

Figure 5: Components forming landscape pattern (Wascher, 2004) ........................................18

Figure 6: Landscape character in the functional hierarchy of abiotic, biotic and cultural pheno-mena by Mcher et al. (2003) ..................................................................................................19

Figure 7: The relation between Landscape Character Types and Landscape Character Areas and their formation .........................................................................................................................21

Figure 8: The scope of Landscape Protection-Development-Management Strategies ..............24

Figure 9: Example of how landscape type boundaries do not coincide with administrative bor-ders ..........................................................................................................................................27

Figure 10: Hierarchy of LCAA ...................................................................................................30

Figure 11: Landscape survey method of PEYZAJ-44 Project ...................................................58

Figure 12: Overlaying maps of Landscape Units Level 1 for Malatya Province .........................66

Figure 13: Malatya Province Landscape Units Level 1 Map ......................................................67

Figure 14: Overlaying maps of Landscape Units Level 2 for Malatya Province .........................72

Figure 15: Malatya Province Landscape Units Level 2 Map ......................................................73

Figure 16: Malatya Province Landscape Character Types Level 1 overlaying maps .................76

Figure 17: Malatya Province Landscape Character Types Level 1 Map ....................................77

Figure 18: Malatya Province Landscape Character Types Level 2 overlaying maps .................80

Figure 19: Malatya Province Landscape Character Types Level 2 Map ....................................81

Figure 20: Malatya Province Landscape Character Areas Map .................................................83

Figure 21: Technique of encoding and naming LUs and LCTs. ................................................84

Figure 22: Catalogue Info of Malatya Castle Apricot Gardens Landscape Catalogue Info .........85

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Figure 23: Malatya province natural landscape function maps .................................................88

Figure 24: Malatya province visual and cultural landscape function maps ...............................89

Figure 25: Malatya province landscape changes ......................................................................90

Figure 26: Landscape Planning and LCAA in the entire management process .........................92

Figure 27: Clustering map of natural landscape functions used in PEYZAJ-44 Project for produ-cing protection strategies .........................................................................................................97

Figure 28: Clustering map for tourism/recreation sector used in PEYZAJ-44 .........................98

Figure 29: General Landscape Protection Strategies Map of Malatya Province ......................100

Figure 30: Malatya Province Kale Apricot Gardens General Landscape Protection Strategies Map ........................................................................................................................................101

Figure 31: Comprehensive Landscape Protection Strategies Map of Kale Apricot Garden Land-scape .....................................................................................................................................107

Figure 32: Landscape Policy Map of Kale Apricot Garden Landcape ......................................109

Figure 33: Tourism and Recreation Sectoral Landscape Guidance for Malatya province, prepared under the scope of PEYZAJ-44 Project. .................................................................................110

Figure 34: Agricultural Use Sectoral Landscape Guidance for Malatya province, prepared under the scope of PEYZAJ-44 Project ............................................................................................112

Figure 35: Malatya province Ecologic and Cultural Corridors (Doan, 2012). ........................113

Figure 36: Malatya province Landscape Corridors (Doan, 2012) .........................................114

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LIST OF TABLESTable 1: National data sources and the inventory prepared with PEYZAJ-44 Project ................ 34

Table 2: ornthwaites climate classification ............................................................................ 35

Table 3: Climate classification developed according to ornthwaite ........................................ 37

Table 4: Main geomorphologic units at Ankara province (Erol, 1973) ...................................... 38

Table 5: Demographic indicators to be used in Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at regional and sub-regional scale (Adapted from Diner and zaslan, (2004). ............................ 42

Table 6: Demographic indicators and variables to be used at regional and sub-regional scale Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment .......................................................................... 43

Table 7: List of Natural and Cultural Entities for Landscape Survey ......................................... 49

Table 8: LIS T&R Structure ..................................................................................................... 53

Table 9: A Part from Landscape Survey Element Registry form for Malatya Province .. under the scope of PEYZAJ-44 Project ..................................................................................................... 54

Table 10: Visual Landscape Assessment Land Form for Malatya Province under the scope of PEYZAJ-44 Project (Uzun et al., 2010; BLM, 2011; Uzun and Mderrisolu, 2011 and chan-ged from BLM, 2014) LC: Contribution to Landscape Character ............................................ 56

Table 11: Field survey form for aesthetical and perceptual assessment ....................................... 57

Table 12: Data classes regarding LU Level 1 climate, geology, geomorphography and landscape pattern ..................................................................................................................................... 61

Table 13: LU Level 1 and 2 geomorphological unit classes that are defined based on Erol (1973)s geomorphological map model ..................................................................................... 62

Table 14: Main geomorphological units in PEYZAJ-44 Project for pilot area of Malatya province ...................................................................................................................... 63

Table 15: Landscape classification and coding standard based on CORINE land cover/land use classification ............................................................................................................................. 64

Table 16: Data classes regarding LU Level 2 climate, geology, geomorphography and landscape pattern ..................................................................................................................................... 68

Table 17: Geological structure classification based on European Soil Database (ESDB) developed by Mcher et al. (2003) ............................................................................................................ 71

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Table 18: Data classes regarding LCT Level 1 climate, geology, geomorphography and landscape pattern ..................................................................................................................................... 75

Table 19: LCT Level 1 and 2 geomorpholocial unit classes based on geomorphology map model developed by Erol (1973) ......................................................................................................... 78

Table 20: Data classes regarding LCT Level 2 climate, geology, geomorphography and landscape pattern ..................................................................................................................................... 79

Table 21: Malatya Province Landscape Character Areas ............................................................ 82

Table 22: Goals related with the landscape functions for Malatya province ............................... 94

Table 23: Assessment criteria of SC .......................................................................................... 95

Table 24: Variables used in the clustering analyses, cluster numbers and SC values for provincial data sets .................................................................................................................................... 96

Table 25: General Landscape Protection Strategies ................................................................... 99

Table 26: Comprehensive Landscape Protection Strategies for Kale Apricot Gardens Landscape in Malatya Province ................................................................................................................ 105

Table 27: Database used for Comprehensive Landscape Protection Strategies in Kale Apricot Gardens in Malatya Province .................................................................................................. 106

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LIST OF BOXESBox 1: Some remarks related to LU and LCT mapping ............................................................. 20

Box 2: Scope and aim determination questions in LCAA activities ........................................... 27

Box 3: Some important notes with regards to scale of data and level of detail: ....................... 29

Box 4: Important points on map overlays for LU, LCT and LCA detection within the context of regional and sub-regional scale LCAA ...................................................................................... 60

Box 5: Certain significant matters in respect of the landscape character assessment process 91

Box 6: PEYZAJ-44 Project function clustering technique ......................................................... 95

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DEFINITIONSMeanings of the terms related to the consept of landscape used within the scope of the guideline are given below. Public project called shortly PEYZAJ-44, prepared as a necessity of European Landscape Contract and creates the base of this guideline provides the necessary accumulation of scientific knowledge for the definitions which do not yet have a place in the legislation. National and international legislation are definitive for the definitions such as landscape, biodiversity, basin, recreation, etc.

European Landscape Convention: The Convention which was ratified in Florence (Italy) on 20.10.2000, went into force on 01.03.2004 (Council of Europe Treaty Series No 176). The Convention promotes the protection, management and planning of the European landscapes and European cooperation on landscape issues.

According to the European Landscape Convention, Each Party undertakes: (i) to identify its own landscapes throughout its territory; (ii) to analyse their characters and the forces and pressures transforming them; (iii) to take note of changes; and to assess the landscapes thus identified, taking into account the particular values assigned to them by the interested parties and the population concerned. On the other hand, Each Party undertakes to integrate landscape into its regional and town planning policies and in its cultural, environmental, agricultural, social and economic policies, as well as in any other policies with possible direct or indirect impact on landscape. The Convention came into force with the Law Pertaining to the Approval of Ratification of European Landscape Convention, no. 4881, and was promulgated in the Official Gazette no. 24141 , dated 17.06.2003.

Landscape: Landscape means an area, as perceived by people, whose character is the result of the action and interaction of natural and/or human factors (European Landscape Convention)

Landscape Element/Component: They are the components that make up the landscape and are in reciprocal interaction among themselves.

Landscape Character: The distinctive and recognisable components and/or the pattern created by those components in the landscape that makes it different from another.

Identification of Character: It is the process of determining, defining, classifying, mapping and assessing the character of an area.

Landscape Unit: They are the smallest, homogenous areas that are different from others, which display the same resistance, development opportunities and need for care; in other words, they need similar measures for the safety and endurance of natural potential. They have similarities

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among themselves in structural components of the landscape such as climate, geological structure, physiography, landscape design and soil.

Landscape Character Types: These are distinct types of landscapes that are relatively homogeneous in character. While landscape units provides descriptive information about the structural character of a landscape, landscape character types mean the smallest distinctive areas that can be recognized by people and may occur in different areas in different parts of the landscape. Landscape units can be reclassified to describe the landscape character types.

Landscape Character Areas: These are idiocratic, unique and/or extraordinary areas. Thus they reflect the geographical features of its region and are called with a special name.

Landscape Character Assessment (LCA): Fuction-character based landscape planning and management process to be able to make judgements on the protection, enhancement and management of landscapes.

Landscape Pattern: It is the spatial and temporal structure of land coverage created by land use and biophysical conditions together with areal, point and linear landscape elements as well as perceptual features.

Landscape Function: Ecological, cultural and visual processes that shape and sustain a landscape.

Landscape Quality: This term express the value of a landscape in terms of structure, ecology, aesthetics and function.

Landscape Change: It is the phenomena of landscapes demonstrating different characters in the time and space dimensions due to natural events and human intervention.

Landscape Vision: These entail the targets that are desired to be achieved in terms of aesthetics, ecological and cultural quality of a certain landscape within a reasonable time scale. Target defines the quality, potential and function of the landscape that needs improvement and enhancement.

Landscape Strategies: These are function-pattern and/or function-character based targets for future, which is developed with a holistic assessment of each landscape element and function, and realised after determination of a vision for a certain landscape.

The following definitions are taken from Vision 2023den (Saner et al., 2002).

Data: Data are numerical or alphanumerical symbols series that are collected with the aims of reflecting the current situation of any subject, transforming it into information and enabling the indicators to be calculated which will cast light upon the path of decision makers.

Database: It is a storage operation, in which the data acquired are organized according to a

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specific order by considering the relations among them.

Metadata: It is the name of the data clusters in which the information about the stored data is defined.

Information System: It is the chain of operations that starts with the planning of collection of the data, and covers the range of collection, storage and analyse of the acquired information right until the usage.

Geographical Information Systems (GIS): GIS is a system that enables all spatial information to be associated with maps and those data to be examined and analysed within the information system.

Portal: They are the web sites that provide content and service in great amounts. It is an access point that directs one to other resources for the topics they deliver information and service about. The examples of services provided simultaneously on a portal can be listed as; free e-mail address, customizable web pages and news contents, chat and discussion rooms, personal agendas and etc.

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ABBREVIATIONSCORINE : Coordination of Information on the Environment

DPT : State Planning Organization

EIA : Environmental Impact Assessment

ELC : European Landscape Convention

ESDB : European Soil Database

EU : European Union

EUNIS : European Nature Information System

GIS : Geographical Information Systems

INSPIRE : Infrastructure for Spatial Information in Europe

KAMAG : Public Institutions Research Funding Program (1007 Program), TBTAK (The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey)

LANDMAP : Landscape Assessment and Decision Making Process

LCA : Landscape Character Alan

LCAA : Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment

LCAn : Landscape Character Analysis

LCAs : Landscape Charact r Assessment

LCT : Landscape Character Type

LI : Landscape Inventory

LIS : Landscape Information System

LU : Landscape Unit

MTA : General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration

PEYZAJ-44 : The acronym of the project entitled Provincial Scale Landscape Character Analysis and Its Assessment for Tourism and Recreation

RS : Remote Sensing

T&R : Tourism and Recreation

TMMOB : The Union of Chambers of Turkish Engineers and Architects

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PART 1GENERAL FRAMEWORK

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INTRODUCTION1.1 Why does this guideline exist? The fundamental reasons that encouraged the preparation of this guideline are the Law Pertaining to the Approval of Ratification of European Landscape Convention with Law no. 4881 promulgated in the Official Gazette no. 24141 dated 17.06.2003, and also the European Landscape Convention1 which was opened for signatures in the framework of Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Landscape organized in Florence on 20.10.2010 and signed by our Minister of Environment who attended the meeting on behalf of our country. Numerous countries have become the signatories of the convention until so far.

The mentioned international convention is a legal enforcement that defines the scope of the landscape concept and designates common goals in planning, protection and management of European landscapes.

Our country is responsible for protecting, planning and managing all the landscape on our land (natural, rural, urban and peripheral places, fields, inlands and seas) within the framework of European Landscape Convention (ELC). Besides this, our country has undertaken to put into practice and without any deviation from the Convention to adapt the provisions to its own policies.

According to the Article 5 and Each Party undertakes (i) to identify its own landscapes throughout its territory; (ii) to analyse their characters and the forces and pressures transforming them; (iii) to take note of changes; and to assess the landscapes thus identified, taking into account the particular values assigned to them by the interested parties and the population concerned. The Project encoded TBTAK KAMAG Project No. 109G074 and entitled Provincial Scale Landscape Character Analysis and Its Assessment for Tourism and Recreation (PEYZAJ-44) in which the preparation phase of this technical guideline had been included, was developed within the scope of those articles.

The scientific and practical endeavors on the identification and assessment of the landscapes have been in progress since 1950s within the field of occupation in landscape planning in the scientific and artistic field of landscape architecture. ELC defines landscape planning as strong forward- looking actions to enhance, restore or create landscapes. Other action fields defined by ELC are developing landscape policies, designating landscape quality goals landscape protection are in the process of landscape planning. Even though the issues of identification and assessment of the landscapes academically dates back to 1960s, they still do not appear in the legislation that designates the spatial planning processes. ELC is a pioneering power that caters enforcement in this issue.

1 http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/cultureheritage/heritage/landscape/

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The obsolete Ministry of Environment and Forestry (currently the Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs) had established the Branch Office of Landscape Protection in order to examine the legal dimension of the Convention in Europe, enable exchanges of experience and knowledge; and coordinate the national activities such as plans, projects, meetings, practises and actions of awareness raising in the field of landscape planning, protection and management under the Department of Nature Conservation in the General Directorate of Nature Conservation and National Parks. One of the important goals of this unit is the preparation of technical guidelines which can be used in the identificaition of landscapes that can adapt to the national spatial planning processes that covers different scales. This guideline has been developed for the activities on provincial (sub-regional) and regional scales. There is still need for technical guidelines for the scales of national, local and basin in order to identify and assess the landscapes.

On the other hand, Each Party has also undertaken to integrate landscape into its national, cultural, environmental, agricultural, social and economic policies, as well as in any other policies with possible direct or indirect impact on landscape as per ELC. As it can be inferred from this text, the implementation of this convention requires participation especially of the public institutions. The main function of the unit responsible for the implementation of ELC is the coordination. The institutions who are responsible from every action about the spatial planning and management are to fulfil their responsibilities that ELC brings along. Related legislation that defines the usage fields of LCAA method is laid out with the 1.3 Who can use this guideline. Supplementary Document 3 of technical guideline explains the enforcements that this guideline can be used within the framework of LCAA in the legislation.

On the other side during the implementation of PEYZAJ-44 Project, which was carried out for the preparation of this document, in the National Applicability and Coordination Workshop I and II (2010-2012) the possibilities, problems and strategies about the adaptation of LCAA into national spatial planning process were determined. Supplementary Documents 4 of technical guideline consists of those outcomes acquired during those workshops.

1.2 How was this Guideline developed?This guideline is one of the important outcomes of the Provincial Scale Landscape Character Analysis and Its Assessment for Tourism and Recreation2 project funded by KAMAG (Public Institutions Research Funding Program) 1007 Program of TBTAK (The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey). The information of the project is as follows:

Project Title: Provincial Scale Landscape Character Analysis and Its Assessment for Tourism and Recreation (PEYZAJ-44). The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TBTAK) KAMAG Project No 109G074.

2 Reference: ahin, , Perin, H., Kurum, E., Uzun, O, Bilgili, B. C., Tezcan, L., iek, ., Mftolu, V., orbac, .L., Stn, S., Doan, D., Ko, ., Ate, E., Tarm, B., Kurdolu, G., Gkmenolu, H. V., Namal, E., and Kako Arc, Y., 2013. Provincial Scale Landscape Character Analysis and Its Assessment for Tourism and Recreation (PEYZAJ-44). Final Project Report, TBTAK KAMAG 1007 Program, Project No 109G074.

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Coordinating Institution: Ankara University

Beneficiary Institutions: General Directorate of Local Administrations under the Ministry of Interior, General Directorate of Spatial Planning under the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, and General Directorate of Nature Conservation and National Parks under the Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs

Project Coordinator: Prof. Dr. kran ahin

Project Researchers: Prof. Dr. Halim Perin, Assitant Prof. Dr. Ekrem Kurum, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Osman Uzun, Assistant Prof. Dr. Bayram Cemil Bilgili

Project Consultants: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Levent Tezcan, Prof. Dr. hsan iek, Prof. Dr. Hakan Yiitbaolu

Scholarship Holders: Volkan Mftolu (Research and Teaching Asstistant and PhD Student), mer Ltf orbac (Research and Teaching Asstistant and PhD Student), Simten Stn (PhD Student), Duygu Doan (PhD Student), Ersin Ate (MSc Student), zlem Ko (MSc Student), Bilge Tarm (MSc Student), Gzde Kurdolu (MSc Student), Hamdi Volkan Gkmenolu (MSc Student), Elif Namal (MSc Student), Yeliz Kako Arc (Research and Teaching Asstistant and PhD Student)

Project Duration3: June 2010-December 2013

Coordinating Institution for this project is Ankara University, and the beneficiary institutions are Ministry of Interior (General Directorate of Local Administrations General Directorate), Ministry of Environment and Urbanization (General Directorate of Spatial Planning) and Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs (General Directorate of Nature Protection and National Parks). Project was initiated on June 2010 and completed in December 2013. Pilot area for the project is Malatya province, and the stages to carry out the Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment (LCAA) is explained with the example of pilot area. Malatya-Tunceli-Bingl-Elaz planning region was open to bids for tender by the General Directorate of EIA and Planning of the repealed Ministry of Environment and Forestry around the time project was initiated. Following additions were put into technical specification of the tender in order to integrate the outcomes of the project into the Environmental Development Plans.

Landscape means an area, as perceived by people, whose character is the result of the action and interaction of natural and/or human factors.4

Landscape protection means actions to conserve and maintain the significant or characteristic features of a landscape, justified by its heritage value derived from its natural configuration and/or from human activity.4

3 Plan for Implementing Project Results that covers the years from 2014 until 2017 is ongoing.4 ELC, 2000. e European Landscape Convention. European Treaty Series - No 176.

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Landscape planning means strong forward-looking action to enhance, restore or create landscapes. 4

Landscape character is the features that differentiate one landscape from another, and conveys the judgement of good or bad, that is describable and continuous. Landscape character defines the type of cover of a certain area and its other spatial relations and features.

Landscape character areas should be defined and the strategies for protection, development and improvement of landscapes should be produced by using the method provided by the Ministry (as submitted project outcome), based on the main inventory (topography, climate, geology, soil, flora, land use and other necessary data) gathered during the preparation of Environmental Development Plan and the data provided by field works according to a specific method.

The Project entitled Landscape Management, Protection and Planning for Bozkr-Seydiehir-Ahrl-Yalhyk Districts and Sula Lake of Konya province, which was put out the tender by General Directorate of Nature Protection and National Parks under the repealed Ministry of Environment and Forestry, and was carried out by Uzun et al. (2010), provided significant input to the above mentioned project.

1.3 Who can use this Guideline?Landscape Character Analysis is addressed as one of the increasing number of tools that is used with the aim of providing sustainable development (Swanwick, 2002). The need to include the landscape assessments into decision taking processes is nothing new, whereas as the focus to sustainable development has increased, its importance is gradually increasing too.

Guiding methods and practises for landscape character assessment are available for the use of people and institutions that affect the landscape with legal foundations. Some examples from different countries can be found in IUCN Commission on Environmental Law, 2000; Bastian, 2000; Swancwick, 2002; Wascher, 2005; Ikebe, 2012 and Lambrick et al., 2013.

Questions and possibilities about applicability of the ELC in Turkey was discussed by the public institutions in I. Applicability and Coordination Workshop (Supplementary Document 4) organized in Ankara on 27.09.2010 while efforts on PEYZAJ-44 Project which actually is the ground work for the preparation of this guideline were ongoing. Also, which institutions would need to implement the LCAA process, thus this guideline, was defined as a result of this workshop by considering the national legislation. Following points summarize some of the main responsibilities of the Ministerial level public institutions in transferring the landscape information as a preliminary action field. Detailed information is given in Supplementary Document 3.

Ministry of Environment and Urbanization: Spatial planning, Environment Development Plans, Provincial Environmental Development Plans, Construction Plans, Development

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Plans, sectoral plans on basin or regional level; planning and management of urban open green areas; rural areas planning and management; determination of urban transformation zones and related improvement activities and planning; Environmental Impact Assessment, landscape and/or nature restoration works; Strategical Impact Assessment; detection, registry, planning and management of protected areas.

Ministry of Forestry and Water Works: Detection, planning and management of nature protection areas; protection and management of water resources, basin management plans; forestation, protection, improvement and management of forest areas, land degradation and erosion prevention activities, green belt activities; detection of areas for hunting; plans and policies for climate change.

Ministry of Culture and Tourism: Detection of Culture and Tourism Development Regions; detection and registry of historical, archaeological and cultural landscape elements.

Ministry of Science, Industry and Technology: Site selection and management of industrial areas.

Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock: Agricultural and rural development plans, and preparation of implementation projects, agricultural land use plans, management of agricultural soil.

Public institutions that are responsible for planning, protection and management of natural and cultural areas/resources make up the target group that is to benefit from this guideline in transferring the landscape knowledge into their activities at regional and sub-regional scale. On the other hand, the existing legislation should be reviewed so as to guarantee the reflection of guideline, hence the LCAA process on the mentioned action fields. Mentioned issue was discussed and targets were set by the public institutions in the II. Applicability and Coordination Workshop organized in Malatya on 28-29.05.2012 while efforts on PEYZAJ-44 Project which actually is the groundwork for the preparation of this guideline were ongoing (Supplementary Document 4).

Some of the current legislation that could be referred to for this guideline was summarized as follows: Law Pertaining to Approval of the Participation of Turkey to the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage with Law no. 2658 promulgated in the Official Gazette no. 17670 on 20.04.1982, Decision on the Approval of the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats with Decision no. 84/7601 promulgated in the Official Gazette no. 18318 on 20.02.1984, Law Pertaining to Approval of the Convention for the Protection of European Architectural Heritage with Law no 3534 promulgated in the Official Gazette no. 20145 on 20.04.1989, Law on Pertaining to Approval of Participation of Turkey to the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat with Law no. 3958 promulgated in the Official Gazette no. 21937 on 17.05.1994, Law Pertaining to Approval Decision of the Convention on Biological Diversity with Law no. 4177 promulgated in

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the Official Gazette no. 22746 on 03.09.1996, Decision Pertaining to Approval of the Participation of Turkey to the Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Biological Diversity in the Mediterranean with Decision no. 2002/4545 promulgated in the Official Gazette no. 24854 on 22.08.2002, Law Pertaining to Approval Decision of the European Landscape Convention with Law no. 4881 promulgated in the Official Gazette no. 25141 on 17.06.2003, Law Pertaining to Approval Decision of UN Framework Convention on Climate Change with Law no. 4990 promulgated in the Official Gazette no. 25266 on 21.10.2003, Law of National Parks with Law No. 2873 promulgated in the Official Gazette no. 18132 on 11.08.1973, Law of Tourism Incentives with Law no. 2634 promulgated in the Official Gazette no. 17635 on 16.03.1982, Law Pertaining to Protection of Cultural and Natural Assets with Law no. 2863 promulgated in the Official Gazette no. 18113 on 23.07.1983, Law of Agricultural Reform Pertaining to Land Regulation of Irrigated Lands with Law no. 3083 promulgated in the Official Gazette no. 18592 on 01.12.1984, Construction Law with no. 3194 promulgated in the Official Gazette no. 18749 on 09.05.1985, Mining Law with no. 3213 promulgated in the Official Gazette no. 18785 on 15.06.1985, Law of Coasts with no. 3621 promulgated in the Official Gazette no. 20495 on 17.04.1990, Law of Pastures with no. 4342 promulgated in the Official Gazette no. 23272 on 28.02.1998, Law on Organized Industrial Zones with Law no. 4562 promulgated in the Official Gazette no. 24021 on 15.04.2000, Law of Hunting on Land with Law no. 4915 promulgated in the Official Gazette no. 25165 on 11.07.2003, Law of Metropolitan Municipalities with law no. 5216 promulgated in the Official Gazette no. 25531 on 23.07.2004, Law of Special Administration of Provinces with Law no. 5302 promulgated in the Official Gazette no. 25745 on 04.03.2005, Regulation on Protection of Wetlands promulgated in the Official Gazette no. 25818 on 17.05.2005, Law on Soil Protection and Land Use with Law no. 5403 promulgated in the Official Gazette no. 25880 on 19.07.2005, Law of Agriculture with no. 5488 promulgated in the Official Gazette no. 2614 on 25.04.2006, Law on Geothermal Resources and Waters with Natural Minerals with Law no. 5686 promulgated in the Official Gazette no. 26551 on 13.06.2007, Regulation on Restoration of Degraded Nature due to Mining Activities promulgated in the Official Gazette no. 27471 on 23.01.2012, Regulation Pertaining to Plans to be Developed for the Protected Areas promulgated in the Official Gazette no. 28242 on 23.03.2012, Regulation on Protection of Underground Water from Pollution or Deterioration promulgated in the Official Gazette no. 28257 on 07.04.2012, National Basin Management Strategy promulgated in the Official Gazette no. 28358 on 19.07.2012, Regulation on Protection of Water Basins and Preparation of Management Plans promulgated in the Official Gazette no. 28444 on 17.10.2012, Implementation Regulation of the Law Pertaining to Transition of the Areas Under Disaster Risk promulgated in the Official Gazette no. 28498 on 15.12.2012, Regulation on Environmental Impact Assessment promulgated in the Official Gazette no. 28784 on 03.10.2013, Regulation on Spatial Plans Development promulgated in the Official Gazette no. 29030 on 14.06.2014, National Basin Management Strategy promulgated in the Official Gazette no. 29050 on 04.07.2014.

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1.4 Concept of landscapeLandscape has been defined in numerous ways, but the two most widely accepted definitions are as follows:

Landscape is an area where human and nature interaction is reflected upon. Landscape is the natural and cultural properties that fall in a single viewpoint.

There are two main disciplines benefitted from in defining the landscape; the natural sciences (landscape ecology) and the social sciences (cultural processes). Rather than adapting a fragmented approach in understanding the nature-human relationship, the natural sciences should be analysed and assessed in a system approach. This system is a whole covering not only the biological phenomena but also the non-livings (for exp. geomorphological processes). This system includes the landscape units within the scope of human-nature relationship that are hierarchically structured from earth scale to organism level.

The landscape ecology discipline provides the most important basis to define the complex structure of nature in planning and management purposes. The landscape ecology is a discipline that deals with the complex relation between the dominant environmental conditions in any section of the landscape and the living species in a holistic way (Odum & Barrett, 2008). In other words, landscape ecology is the scientific field of occupation that examines the structure, function and the transformation of landscape from the perspective of ecology (Ko & ahin, 2008).

The concept of landscape embodies the following statements within the integrity of meaning (ahin, 2009):

1. Dynamism and sustainability: ELC defines landscape as an area, as perceived by people, whose character is the result of the action and interaction of natural and/or human factors. However, this perception does not represent a snapshot, it represents a dynamic, continuously improving and changing area. Thus, the protection concept in landscape planning not only covers the areas of protection and conservation but also management.

2. Perception and reality: The natural and cultural processes shape a landscape perceived by people. The rhythm of the landscape (Thayer, 1994) is revealed by the ceaselessness of the processes that creates it (Figure 1). The structure of an ecosystem (or landscape) is the physical scope of the organizational pattern. The process covers the entirety of activities in organizational pattern (Capra, 1996). Then it is necessary to examine the mechanisms that shape the landscape in order to research what kind of results may arise due to decisions taken in the field of landscape development.

3. Change: Landscape changes constantly. Todays environmental conditions are the results of events that have taken place since past. It is important to realise that the landscape changes may take place in such a long term that exceeds a human life as well as very instantly in some certain conditions.

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4. Scale and hierarchy: Landscape covers local, regional, national and global scales hierarchically. This hierarchy is significant in terms of landscape characters and its dynamics before the fact that it should be considered by its scale of plan. For instance , a population of species may show a decreasing trend on a local scale study, while a contrary situation may come up in an upper scale assessment which also covers the very same area. Alternatively, the local scale water reserves might be in good condition while the indicators might show that water sources could be under risk in terms of feeding under the scope of the landscape mechanisms in an upper scale assessment.

5. Interaction: The interaction between the components of landscape designates the mechanisms that shape that landscape. For example two areas with the same level of erosion according to the current national soil data might have very different values in components and processes of landscape in terms of the flora quality, biomass process, hydrogeological landscape structure, surface water flows according to slopes (natural drainage pattern), and be of different importance.

6. Distinctness: Each landscape is different concerning its elements and processes that create it. Even though there are spatial repetitions of elements (valley, spring, wetland, etc.), the result of interactions of elements; the landscape is unique to its area.

7. Boundary: Landscape entails different boundaries on every level of spatial hierarchy in consequence of its structural and functional characteristics in time and space dimension. For instance, while the boundaries of the basin should be taken into account when defining landscape within the scope of water cycle; different spatial boundaries may be taken into account when working on different analyses such as, biomass process, biodiversity, visual quality or cultural landscape value.

Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment (LCAA) activities assess data from various disciplines under the above mentioned framework and transforms them into information which could be used for spatial planning. In other words, firstly the complex structure of the nature which human affects and in which human exists is analysed and made comprehensible, and after that the landscape prioritised spatial assessments are made based on that information. These assessments consist of strategies, plans and plan notes towards spatial protection,

Figure 1: Rhythym of landscape. ayer (1994) defines the perceived landscape as the surface values, and the related processes as core values. e system is balanced when these two elements are in harmony.

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development, improvement and rehabilitation. Only after that, the policies, plans and programs should be developed on the balance of protection and utilization for a sustainable future. In this context, LCAA is the preliminary action field that prioritises landscape with regards to spatial planning processes.

1.5 LIS (Internet Based Landscape Information System)IV. Working Group; Turkish Symposium towards the Implementation of European Landscape Convention organized in 2007 by the obsolete Ministry of Environment and Forestry, General Directorate of Nature Conservation and National Parks in cooperation with the TMMOB Chamber of Landscape Architects determined the information that the Landscape Information System (LIS) design should comprise of, and content of the LIS structure (ahin et al., 2008). LCAA database design is based on the above mentioned study. Following issues should be resolved in establishing Landscape Information System (ahin et al., 2008).

Data sources, metadata

Data warehousing and storage method

Object catalogue, coding and description

Database architectural design and associated interfaces

Landscape Information System (LIS) should cover various scales of Landscape Character Analysis and Assessments (LCAA) hierarchically. In other words, the scope of LCAA defines the framework of LIS. The material of the LIS is comprised of the existing spatial and/or textual data resources, systems and e-governance5 applications. Legislation as an intervention tool over the landscapes is as indicative as existing information resources to improve the method in establishment of LIS. Internet Based LIS structure of PEYZAJ-44 can be seen at Supplementary Document 1 of this guideline. LIS interface is developed for the pilot area of PEYZAJ-44 Project and the portal of PEYZAJ-44 Project and it can be found in provisional internet address of peyzaj44.ankara.edu.tr (Figure 2).

5 e-government: European Commission has launched e-Europe Action Plan in June 2000 in order to transfer EU to an informati-on based economy, to create a competitive structure through R&D and investment in educated human power as well as to disseminate internet cheaper, faster and safer. Emergency Action Plan prepared by 58th Government included e-Transformation Turkey Project. Prime Ministry Circular No 2003/12 specified the aims, institutional structure and implementation principles of e-Transformation Turkey project. According to Prime Ministry Circular 2003/12, the fundamental aim of e-Transformation Turkey Project is to prepare the conditions that will set up a state structure whose principles are to be participatory, transparent, eective and possessing simple work processes in order to serve citizens better quality and faster public services (DPT, 2005).

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1.6 How to use the Guideline of Landscape Character Analysis and AssessmentGuideline comprises of two main chapters:

Part 1: General Framework

Part 2: Stages of Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment

Following explanations are given in the Part 1; the aim of the guideline, by whom it can be used, under which legislation it can be referenced to and what landscape concept means. Apart from these, a general framework is presented about the method of Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment.

Part 2 gives detailed information about the stages of Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment; such as, preparation of landscape inventory, determination of landscape character types, scope of the landscape function analysis, as well as useful techniques and methods for landscape protection and development strategies and landscape assessments for preparing the sectoral landscape guidelines.

There are four supplementary documents of the guideline as follow:

LIS Database Structure, Coding and Symbologies

PEYZAJ-44 LCAA Report: Provincial Scale Landscape Character Analysis and Its Assessment for Tourism and Recreation - Pilot Area of Malatya Province

Legislation that can be referenced to LCAA

Proceedings of the I. and II. National Applicability and Coordination Workshops

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