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National University of Sciences & Technology
• Developed and Developing Countries
• Little Known Facts About Pakistan
• Govt initiatives in Bridging Digital Divide
• Pakistan Educational Research Network Architecture
• NUST-CERN-Caltech Research Collaboration initiative
• Research Performance Analysis
• Conclusion
• Recommendations
Overview
A “Developed Country” (not necessarily a rich one) has gone, sometime in its past history, through the cycle:
• improvements to its population’s level of education
• progress in (and application of) science & technology
• deployment of its own (and other’s) natural resources
• wealth generation through manufacture or services
• improvement to infrastructure (of education, industry, energy supply, services, communications…)
leading to competitivity and productivity, better social conditions and higher standard of living
““Developed Countries”Developed Countries”
Arshad Ali, NUST, Pakistan 23-24 Oct 03
A “Developing Country” (not necessarily a poor country) is in the process of deploying:
- its human resources (educated people)
- its natural resources (prospecting, exploiting and transforming into higher-value items), and
- its infrastructure (of education, health, industry, transport & communications, water & energy supply, environmental, etc) in order to make its economy more efficient and competitive
““Developing Countries”Developing Countries”““Developing Countries”Developing Countries”
Arshad Ali, NUST, Pakistan 23-24 Oct 03
2002
Iran
Afghanistan
India
China
Kashmir
India
Afghanistan
China
Arabian Sea
Iran
Karachi
Islamabad
LahoreMultanQuetta
Dr Abdus Salam
Pakistan (little known facts)
Government-Parliamentary form
Capital – Islamabad
Languages :
English (official)
Urdu (national)
140 million people
Per capita income - $ 460 (US)
Hospitals – 830
Professional colleges - 161
Universities - 43
One million internet users
Over 400 cities connected to internet
VoIP capability
Islamabad ranked among best cities in Asia
by Asiaweek Magazine (April 2002)
Outside of U.S. and U.K. 10% of all English
speaking people in the world live in Pakistan.
Pakistan (little known facts)
Violent Crime Rate(Per 1000 People)
Seventh United Nation Survey of Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice System. Covering 1998-2000 for Country Data FBI Uniform Crime Report for City Data
9.7710.8 13.21 13.53 14.16 14.32 16.3
13.09
49.5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Talented people are born anywhere in the world they are not a privilege of developed countries!
Talented people without education, however, will remain talented but uneducated people!
Talented, but uneducated people:
• will not contribute much to their country’s development
• some of them will even use their talents in a detrimental way
Human Resources: Human Resources: Talented and Educated PeopleTalented and Educated People
Educated, not just Talented Educated, not just Talented
PeoplePeopleMaxwell, Thomson, Rutherford, Curie, Fermi, Dirac, Einstein (physics), Watson, Crick (biology), Mendeleev, Pauling (chemistry), Fleming, Pasteur (medicine)….have dramatically changed our world through their research followed by its technological applicationsAll these scientists were not just talented, they were found to be talented as they were educated!Therefore, without education their talents would have been lost for the progress of mankind!
Natural Resources & Natural Resources &
InfrastructureInfrastructure
Educated people are a necessary, but not a sufficient condition for the development of a country:
A country’s wealth thus depends on its educated people producing items or a providing service - commerce or just selling natural resources does not produce wealth
S&E Researchers per Million Inhabitants
72
149
291
454
2,193
2,319
2,799
3,676
4,828
4909
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
Pakistan
India
Turkey
China
Korea
Ireland
Finland
United States
Israel
Japan
Council of Higher Education, Turkey-Web Site
Numbers
Best Capital Investment Country = Talented and Best Capital Investment Country = Talented and Educated PeopleEducated People
Japan is a striking example: it was a poor island nation with few natural resources and bad infrastructure (as well as closed ports until the late 19th century) - but Japan always had a strong tradition for good education.
Some 30 years after its “opening to the World” Japan’s navy destroyed the Russian fleet at Tsushima. One generation later later, and (like Germany) following its total destruction, Japan (with less inhabitants than Pakistan) succeeded to rebuild its country to become the second most powerful economy on the globe
When Japan “opened up ” in about 1880, it When Japan “opened up ” in about 1880, it began to complement the education of its began to complement the education of its most talented people by sending them to most talented people by sending them to study in “developed countries”.study in “developed countries”.
Need of a Need of a Modern Modern InfrastructureInfrastructure
An obsolete or decrepit infrastructure in universities, institutes or hospitals, inadequate equipment, poor communication networks, and to a certain degree also low salaries etc. cause the best scientists to migrate to better equipped countries whilst the other scientists “stay at home”
Next to the need for educated people, a country needs modern and competitive infrastructure and proper tools as the working environment
--> A very negative “Darwinistic process” <----> A very negative “Darwinistic process” <--
The “Negative” Development The “Negative” Development AidAid A “Developing Country” with a
poor infrastructure (in particular in the area of science, research and education) is often providing, “free of charge”, its most talented people (who’s education it paid from its scarce resources) to Developed Countries
Therefore, investments in education are wasted if no investments are also made in the science, research and education infrastructure (+ salaries)
EXPORT PERFORMANCE
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
1960 1980 1985 1990 1995 1999 2000 2001 2002
Pakistan Thailand Malaysia Korea China
1960 2002
Pakistan 0.16 9.88
Thailand 0.43 68.62
Malaysia
1.23 95.65
Korea 0.03 162.47
China 2.79 325.56
US$ BILLIONUS$ BILLION
CHINA
KOREAKOREA
MALAYSIAMALAYSIA
THAILANDTHAILAND
PAKISTANPAKISTAN
Source: WTO, Database
COMPARISON: SELECTED COUNTRIESCOMPARISON: SELECTED COUNTRIES
1960-80 in Korea employment of GMs doubled while that of engineers Increased Ten Fold.
Help scientists from Developing Countries to Help scientists from Developing Countries to work “at home”work “at home”
Governments should therefore make their best effort to provide opportunities to its scientists to work in their home country, and make it also attractive for them work there. Governments should also provide good communications with the rest of the world
Arshad Ali NUST Pakistan 23-24 Oct 03
Science cannot progress in Science cannot progress in IsolationIsolation However, science has become rather
complex, and only very few scientists can make any progress in isolation: “to limit the community of scientists to a small group leads to common spiritual poverty” (A. Einstein)
Most scientists in isolation will soon cease to be scientists - as such they will no longer be able to educate younger talents, and their “knowledge” will eventually have become obsolete.
This was recognized by Abdus Salam, and others when they promoted institutions like the ICTP, …….Arshad Ali NUST Pakistan 23-24 Oct 03
International Basic Science International Basic Science CollaborationsCollaborations At the same time, scientists must be
also able to collaborate with their colleagues from other countries - as otherwise they would soon be “out of touch”, i.e. they would become much less useful (or quite useless) for the development of their own country… and there are plenty of opportunities for international basic science collaborations (CERN, FNAL, ICTP, GENOME etc which are a good training ground - or an opportunity to make a major contribution to mankind
2003
Iran
Afghanistan
India
China
SDH/PDH (525/622 Mb/s) backbone being
upgraded to DWDM
10 Gb/s
Arshad Ali NUST Pakistan 23-24 Oct 03
Bandwidth Available
Operative Data bandwidth
-
50
100
150
200
250
300
Jan-
96
Jul-9
6
Jan-
97
Jul-9
7
Jan-
98
Jul-9
8
Jan-
99
Jul-9
9
Jan-
00
Jul-0
0
Jan-
01
Jul-0
1
Jan-
02
Mb/
s Operative Data bandwidth
today
Start point
October 2000: 32 Mb/s Mar 2002: 265 Mb/s
Aug 2003: 610 Mb/s
Plummeting costs….
Cost /E1
-
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
US
$
Cost /E1
Start point
Today
June 2000: US$ 87,000/E1 October 2003: US$ 5,400/E1
Internet user growth
Internet users
-
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
Internet users
Start point
Today
June 2000: 130,000 Oct 2003: 5,400,000
Total users more than 5
Million!
Dial up
Cellular explosion
Cellular Users
-
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
Jan-
95
Jan-
96
Jan-
97
Jan-
98
Jan-
99
Jan-
00
Jan-
01
Jan-
02
Ce
llula
r U
se
rs
Cellular Users
Start point
Today
CPP
Jan 2001: 225,000 Oct 2003: 2,450,000
Educational Intranet Network Topology
International4 MB
LahoreNTC IP/ATM Core
KarachiNTC IP/ATM Core
International2 MB
RawalpindiNTC IP/ATM Core
2 X 2 Mbps 2 X 2 Mbps
Replica of Kr./Iba
International2 MB
12 Universities
2 X 2 Mbps
22 Universities 22 Universities
LAN Switch
AccessRouter
LAN Switch
AccessRouter
Customer
Microwave towerMicrowave tower Microwave tower Microwave tower
Customer
OFNODE
OFNODE
Customer Customer Customer Customer
DXX DXX DXX DXX DXX DXX
Dec 2000: CERN scientists visited NUST
Feb 2001: WISDOM II Project started at NUST with CERN and University of West England (UWE) UK
April 2001: Monalisa module development started with Caltech, USA
(Thanks to Ian Willers, Harvey Newman and Richard McClatchey for their role in making this a success)
NUST-CERN Collaboration
Collaboration Projects
• End Host Monitoring Agent (EMA) for MonaLisa -- Caltech, USA
• IP Network Topology Discovery Module -- Caltech, USA
• Grid Enabled Analysis Application for Handheld Devices --Caltech, USA
• Java Based Claren Server for Physics Analysis -- Caltech, USA
• Data Warehousing Services for Grid -- Caltech, USA
• Establishment of CMS Production Centre and LCG Grid deployment -- CMS CERN
• Integration of Agents and Web Services in Semantic Grid -- Comtec Japan
• FIPA Compliant Multi Agent System -- Comtec Japan
• Mobilen Grid for Ubquitous computing – KHU Korea
Collaboration Projects
JAS interfacing to Clarens being developed in collaboration NUST Scientists
Annual Report For Award #0218937Harvey B Newman ; California Inst of Tech
(ITR) CMS Analysis: an Interactive Grid-Enabled Environment (CAIGEE)
• Participant Individuals: Senior personnel(s) : Conrad Steenberg; Ian Fisk; Julian J Bunn; Eric Aslakson;
Iosif LegrandGraduate student(s) : Ashiq Anjum (NUST)
NUST CALTECH collaboration on JClarens, JASOnPDA/WiredOnPDA.
Source: http://monalisa.cacr.caltech.edu/tests_SC2002.html
• MonaLisa is running and being developed at : Caltech, UCSD, Fermilab, UFL, CERN, UPB, NUST
Pakistan
(Nust)
MonaLisa
Grid analysis demo by Caltech, CERN, KEK (Japan), Sinica (Taiwan), NUST (Pakistan), UERJ (Rio de Janeiro), PUB (Bucharest).
Pakistan
Establishment of LHC Grid Node at NUST
• Establishment of LHC Grid node at NUST
– Grid node will help in developing state of the art technologies in Pakistan for socio-economic development
– Strengthen research in priority areas
– Breed technologies for Pakistani industrial sector
– Enhance scientific research profile of Pakistan
Collaborative activities by VRVS
VRVS at NUST Pakistan
IEPM/PingER
Internet End-to-end Performance Monitoring and the PingER project
IEPM/PingER
Internet End-to-end Performance Monitoring and the PingER project
NIIT & SLAC Research Collaboration
Measurements of Internet performance for NIIT, Pakistan Jan 2004
Karachi
NIIT/Rawalpindi
Islamabad
Lahore
Loss %
RTT ms
Routes: ESnet (hops 3-6) - SNVSINGTEL (7-12) - KarachiPakistan Telecom
KarachiRawalpindi
Routes: ESnet (hops 3-6) - SNVSINGTEL (7-12) - KarachiPakistan Telecom
KarachiLahore
Routes: ESnet (hops 3-8) - DCATT (9-21) - Karachi
NIIT performance from U.S. (SLAC)
Ping RTT & Loss
Nb. Heavy losses during congested day-times
Bandwidth measurements using packet pair dispersion & TCPABW (pkt-pair dispersion):Average To NIIT: ~350Kbits/s From NIIT: 365 Kbits/sIperf/TCP: Average: To NIIT: ~320Kbits/s From: NIIT 40Kbits/s
Can also derive throughput (assuming standard TCP) from RTT & loss using: BW~1.2*S(1460B)/(RTT*sqrt(loss)This yields about 160Kbits/s
Preliminary results, started measurements end Dec 2003.
Avg daily:
loss~2%,
RTT~320ms
APNIC
APNIC Services & Activities
Resources Services• IPv4, IPv6, ASN,
reverse DNS• Policy development
– Approved and implemented by membership
• APNIC whois db– whois.apnic.net– Registration of resources
Information dissemination• APNIC meetings• Web and ftp site• Mailing lists
– Open for anyone!
• Training Courses– Subsidised for members
• Co-ordination & liaison– With membership, other RIRs
& other Internet Orgs.
Research Performance Measures
Need to look at investment vis-à-vis benefits
accrued to the nation
Intellectual input by Faculty and UG/PG students
Output
No of Research Students (MS/PhD) Completed
Research Funding attracted
Research Papers Published
Research Team
Number of Researchers at NIIT
14
18
31
1/1/00
Time (Years)
Nu
mb
er
of
Stu
de
nts
Number of Researchers at NIIT
14
18
31
1/1/00
Time (Years)
Nu
mb
er
of
Stu
de
nts
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Five MS and One MPhil studies completed under joint supervision of International and NUST Faculty
Caltech (39000)
European Commission (468110)
MamoGrid (108000)
Korean Univ (388800)
CERN (115800)
NUST Attracted Research Funding in USD
Total: 1.69 Mil USD
Form of Funding• Ms/PhD funding• Students visits• Lab equipment• CERN fellowship • PC-1 Govt of Pakistan
Pakistan
(18750)
Research Papers
Years International Publications
Internal Papers &
Report2001 0 3
2002 3 8
2003 8 10
Total 11 21
Current Status
Six students undergoing PhD studies (UWE, CERN, Caltech, KOREA, Univ of Portsmouth) as continuation of their initial CERN related research conducted at NUST
Four team members Trained in Korea for Embedded Systems Training
Nine students benefited from visits to CERN
Rich research culture established at NUST
Conclusion
• Knowledge is expanding at an exponential rate
• Important to address the digital divide in an aggressive manner
• Failure will threaten peace and development to the humanity
• Scientific collaborations can play key role in bridging the digital divide
Arshad Ali, NUST, Pakistan 23-24 Oct 03
Recommendation
• Developed countries scientists shall identify and form
research collaboration partnership of mutual interest
in developing countries
• Retiring Profs from developed countries, willing to
spend some time with academic institutions in
developing countries can play major role in this effort
• Help/support in building academic strength is much
more beneficial than pledging money by international
organizations
• World Bank/UN shall ensure that a good percentage of the loan / donation is spent on education by the developing countries
• International scientific community can play key role in making developing countries aware about need for high speed network requirements:
( Thanks to Harvey Newman and Ian Willers )
Recommendation
Thanks
The 2nd International Workshop on Distributed Computing,
Communication and ApplicationsIWDCCA 2005
March 10 – 12, 2005 (Islamabad, Pakistan)
Email: [email protected]: www.niit.edu.pk