Nationalism TriumphsNationalism Triumphs18401840--19001900

Germany, Italy andGermany, Italy andthe Dual Monarchythe Dual Monarchy

Steps Toward German UnitySteps Toward German UnityBetween 1807 and 1812, Between 1807 and 1812, Napoleon made important Napoleon made important territorial changes in Germanterritorial changes in German--speaking lands.speaking lands.Many Germans resented Napoleon Many Germans resented Napoleon and his changes. As people fought and his changes. As people fought to free their lands from French to free their lands from French rule, they began to demand a rule, they began to demand a unified state: sparked nationalismunified state: sparked nationalism

In the 1830s, Prussia created an In the 1830s, Prussia created an economic union called the economic union called the Zollverein. Revolutionary feelings Zollverein. Revolutionary feelings were mounting.were mounting.

In 1848, liberals again demanded In 1848, liberals again demanded German political unity. They German political unity. They offered the throne of a united offered the throne of a united German state to Frederick William German state to Frederick William IV of Prussia, but he refused an IV of Prussia, but he refused an offer from the”gutter” (the offer from the”gutter” (the people). Same year a failed people). Same year a failed revolution.revolution.

Prussia Begins to IndustrializePrussia Begins to IndustrializeThe wealthy “junker” The wealthy “junker” class dominates class dominates parliament and passes parliament and passes government support of government support of industry.industry.They become the newly They become the newly emerging industrial emerging industrial capitalists of Prussia.capitalists of Prussia.Industry added to Industry added to Prussian wealth.Prussian wealth.The Ruhr Valley in The Ruhr Valley in Germany controlled by Germany controlled by Prussia rich in coal and Prussia rich in coal and iron ore: key to success!iron ore: key to success!In the 1850s and 1860s, In the 1850s and 1860s, Germans had founded Germans had founded large companies and built large companies and built many railroads. many railroads.

How Did Bismarck Unify Germany?How Did Bismarck Unify Germany?Bismarck was a master ofBismarck was a master ofRealpolitikRealpolitik,, or realistic politics or realistic politics based on the needs of the state. based on the needs of the state. He valued power over principles. He valued power over principles. Bismarck strengthened the army Bismarck strengthened the army in preparation for pursuing an in preparation for pursuing an aggressive foreign policy.aggressive foreign policy.

In 1862, Otto von Bismarck was made chancellor, or prime minister, of Prussia. By William I (1861-1887). Within a decade, Bismarck had united the German states under Prussia.

“Germany does not look to Prussia’s liberalism, but to her power… The great questions of the day are not to be decided by speeches and majority resolutions-that was the mistake of 1848 and 1849-but by blood and iron!” ---Otto Von Bismarck

The Iron ChancellorThe Iron ChancellorForeign policy goalsForeign policy goals::

Bismarck wanted to keep France Bismarck wanted to keep France weak and isolated while building weak and isolated while building strong links with Austria. strong links with Austria. Later, Bismarck competed with Later, Bismarck competed with Britain for colonies to expand Britain for colonies to expand Germany’s overseas empire.Germany’s overseas empire.Massive military buildMassive military build--up up

Domestic goalsDomestic goals::Bismarck sought to erase local Bismarck sought to erase local loyalties and crush all opposition loyalties and crush all opposition to the imperial state. to the imperial state. He targeted the Catholic Church He targeted the Catholic Church and the socialists, both of which and the socialists, both of which he saw as a threat to the new he saw as a threat to the new German state.German state.AntiAnti--Semitic propaganda Semitic propaganda increasesincreasesRapid Industrialization

Called the Iron Chancellor, Bismarck applied ruthless methods to achieve his goals.

Rapid Industrialization

In 1864, Bismarck formed an In 1864, Bismarck formed an alliance with Austria. Together, alliance with Austria. Together, they seized the provinces ofthey seized the provinces ofSchleswigSchleswig and Holstein from and Holstein from Denmark and divided up the Denmark and divided up the spoils.spoils.In 1866, Bismarck attacked In 1866, Bismarck attacked

and defeated Austria in the and defeated Austria in the AustroAustro--Prussian War, and then Prussian War, and then annexed,annexed, or took control of, or took control of, several north German states. several north German states. Bismarck dissolved the Bismarck dissolved the

AustrianAustrian--led German led German Confederation and created a Confederation and created a new confederation dominated new confederation dominated by Prussia. by Prussia. In 1870, Bismarck provoked In 1870, Bismarck provoked

France into the FrancoFrance into the Franco--Prussian Prussian War and quickly claimed War and quickly claimed victory. victory.

Unification of Germany,1865Unification of Germany,1865––18711871

Over a six year period, Bismarck created a united Germany. Which areas were added to Germany in 1871? What long-time enemy was made as a result?

The German Industrial GiantThe German Industrial GiantBy the late 1800s, German chemical and electrical industries were setting the standard worldwide. German shipping was second only to Britain’s among the European powers.

Germany possessed several Germany possessed several characteristics that made characteristics that made industrialization possible:industrialization possible:

Ample iron and coal Ample iron and coal resourcesresourcesDisciplined and Disciplined and educated work forceeducated work forceRapidly growing Rapidly growing populationpopulation

German industrialists were the German industrialists were the first to see the value of applied first to see the value of applied science in developing new science in developing new products such as synthetic products such as synthetic chemicals and dyes.chemicals and dyes.

“For the state, in contrast to the individual, self-preservation is the supreme law. The state must survive at any price; it cannot go into the poorhouse, it cannot beg, it cannot commit suicide; in short, it must take wherever it can find the essentials of life.”

--Otto von Bismarck

The Second Reich: 1871The Second Reich: 1871Wilhelm I of Prussia was given the Wilhelm I of Prussia was given the titletitle kaiserkaiser,, or emperor. In 1871, or emperor. In 1871, German nationalists proclaimed German nationalists proclaimed the birth of the Second the birth of the Second Reich,Reich, or or empire. The Holy Roman Empire empire. The Holy Roman Empire was the First Reich (German word was the First Reich (German word for empire).for empire).

Bismarck drafted a constitution Bismarck drafted a constitution with a twowith a two--house legislature:house legislature:

TheThe BundesratBundesrat, or upper house, , or upper house, was appointed by the rulers of was appointed by the rulers of the German states.the German states.The Reichstag, or lower house, The Reichstag, or lower house, was elected by universal male was elected by universal male suffrage. suffrage.

Because theBecause the BundesratBundesrat could veto could veto any decision of the Reichstag, real any decision of the Reichstag, real power remained in the hands of power remained in the hands of the emperor and his chancellor.

Wilhelm I of Prussiathe emperor and his chancellor.

Kaiser Wilhelm IIKaiser Wilhelm II

asked Bismarck to resign, believing asked Bismarck to resign, believing that his right to rule came from God. that his right to rule came from God. Most Germans were not happy about Most Germans were not happy about his decision.his decision.resisted efforts to introduce resisted efforts to introduce democratic reforms.democratic reforms.

expanded expanded social welfare programssocial welfare programsstarted by Bismarck and his started by Bismarck and his grandfather: medical care, grandfather: medical care, inexpensive transportation, and inexpensive transportation, and electricity. electricity.

spent heavily on the German military spent heavily on the German military machine. machine.

launched an ambitious campaign to launched an ambitious campaign to expand the German navy and win an expand the German navy and win an overseas empire. overseas empire.

When Wilhelm II came to power, he wanted to put his own stamp on Germany. During his reign, he

“There is only one master in the Reich, that is I.”Kaiser Wilhelm II

Building A Unified GermanyBuilding A Unified Germany

What early changes promoted German unity?What early changes promoted German unity?

How did Bismarck unify Germany?How did Bismarck unify Germany?

What was the basic political organization of What was the basic political organization of the new German empire?the new German empire?

What marked Germany as an industrial giant?What marked Germany as an industrial giant?

Why was Bismarck called the Iron Chancellor?Why was Bismarck called the Iron Chancellor?

What policies did Kaiser William II follow?What policies did Kaiser William II follow?

Obstacles to Italian UnityObstacles to Italian UnityFor centuries, Italy had For centuries, Italy had been a battleground for been a battleground for ambitious foreign and local ambitious foreign and local princes. Frequent warfare princes. Frequent warfare and foreign rule had led and foreign rule had led people to identify with local people to identify with local regions. regions.

The Congress of Vienna The Congress of Vienna divided Italy up among divided Italy up among Austrian rulers, Hapsburg Austrian rulers, Hapsburg monarchs, and a French monarchs, and a French Bourbon king. Bourbon king.

Nationalist attempts to Nationalist attempts to expel Austrian forces from expel Austrian forces from northern Italy were northern Italy were repeatedly crushed. repeatedly crushed. 19th Century Italian City

“Risorgimento” – Young Italy Movement• Founded by Giuseppe Mazzini; a secret organization, formed in the late 1820. Really begins to grow in the 1830s.

•Goal to achieve nationalistic ideals: self-government. But the movement is toppled by French forces in 1848-1849. However, it does not die even though Garibaldi and other leaders are in exile.•Giuseppe Garibaldi one of Mazzini’s “students” is forced out of Italy in 1849 but not before his wife Anita a companion at arms dies in his arms during a retreat.

“Ideas grown quickly when watered by the blood of martyrs.”

--Mazzini

The Struggle for ItalyThe Struggle for Italy

Prime minister who believed inRealpolitik = real political gains for the state.Worked as a political operative

to help the unification. Coming from the noble class, he had connections and education.Led Sardinia to provoke a war

with Austria. With help from France, Sardinia defeated Austria and annexed Lombardy. Wins support of Napoleon III.

Long-time nationalist leader who wanted to create an Italian republic. While in exile after the defeat

of 1849, he fought in Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina.

He would return to Italy in the mid 1850s and raise an army called the “Red Shirts.” He would continue to fight for unification.

CAVOUR GARIBALDI

First Italian Premier

Great Guerrilla Fighter!

Unification of Italy, 1858Unification of Italy, 1858––18701870Garibaldi's Red Shirts in 1860 fighting to unite Italy! Mission accomplished in 1870! A gifted leader and a man of the people.

A Unified Italy, 1870!

It has been said that Cavour was the head of the Italian unification movement, while Mazzini was the heart and Garibaldi was the sword!

What Challenges Faced What Challenges Faced the New Nation of Italy?the New Nation of Italy?

Italy had no tradition of unity. Strong regional ties left Italy had no tradition of unity. Strong regional ties left Italy unable to solve critical national issues. Italy unable to solve critical national issues.

An enormous gap existed between the north, which was An enormous gap existed between the north, which was richer and had more cities, and the south, which was richer and had more cities, and the south, which was poor and rural.poor and rural.

Hostility between Italy and the Roman Catholic Church Hostility between Italy and the Roman Catholic Church further divided the nation. further divided the nation.

In the late 1800s, unrest increased as radicals on the In the late 1800s, unrest increased as radicals on the left struggled against a conservative right. left struggled against a conservative right.

Unifying ItalyUnifying Italy

What were the key obstacles to What were the key obstacles to Italian unity?Italian unity?

What roles did CountWhat roles did Count Camillo Camillo CavourCavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi play and Giuseppe Garibaldi play in the struggle for Italy?in the struggle for Italy?

What challenges faced the new What challenges faced the new nation of Italy?nation of Italy?

Decline of the Austrian EmpireDecline of the Austrian EmpireHapsburgs oldest ruling family in Europe. Hapsburgs oldest ruling family in Europe. Austrian rulers upheld conservative goals Austrian rulers upheld conservative goals against liberal forces. against liberal forces.

It was against the law to use the word It was against the law to use the word constitution constitution in the newspapers!in the newspapers!

After Austria was defeated by France and After Austria was defeated by France and Sardinia in 1859, Emperor Francis Joseph Sardinia in 1859, Emperor Francis Joseph made some limited reforms. made some limited reforms.

The reforms failed to satisfy the many The reforms failed to satisfy the many nationalist groups that wanted selfnationalist groups that wanted self--rule.rule.

Austria’s defeat in the 1866 war with Austria’s defeat in the 1866 war with Prussia brought renewed pressure for Prussia brought renewed pressure for change from Hungarians within the empire. change from Hungarians within the empire. This pressure led to the creation of a new This pressure led to the creation of a new political power known as the Dual Monarchy political power known as the Dual Monarchy of Austriaof Austria--Hungary.

of Vienna plans.

Clemens Metternich

Foreign Minister that set the conservative tone of Austria in the early 1800s

He created the Congress

Hungary.

Dual MonarchyDual MonarchyUnder the Dual Monarchy:Under the Dual Monarchy:

Austria and Hungary were Austria and Hungary were separate states. separate states.

Francis Joseph ruled both, as Francis Joseph ruled both, as emperor of Austria and king of emperor of Austria and king of Hungary. Hungary.

The two states shared ministries The two states shared ministries of finance, defense, and foreign of finance, defense, and foreign affairs, but were independent of affairs, but were independent of each other in all other areas. each other in all other areas.

The emperor/king presided over The emperor/king presided over a multinational empire: a multinational empire: Germans, Magyars, Czechs, Germans, Magyars, Czechs, Slovaks Poles, Ukrainians, Serbs, Slovaks Poles, Ukrainians, Serbs, Croatians, Slovenes, and Croatians, Slovenes, and Romanians. Romanians. Yet the monarchy continued to Yet the monarchy continued to ignore the urgent demands of ignore the urgent demands of nationalists.

Franz Joseph Ruled 68 years!

1848-1916

nationalists.

“My people are strangers to one another. And yet it is for the best. They never have the same ills at the same time… Each is suspicious of the other, and because they cannot understand one another, it iseasier to keep the peace.”

--Franz Joseph, Emperor and King

What do these facts

tell you?

What do 200 noble families owned 200 noble families owned half the landhalf the landOver a million peasants Over a million peasants

existed on seven acres or existed on seven acres or less per personless per personGovernment was Government was

controlled by the controlled by the aristocrats (nobles)aristocrats (nobles)AustriaAustria--Hungary gave Hungary gave

universal male suffrage in universal male suffrage in 19071907Both Austrians and Both Austrians and

Magyars (Hungarians) Magyars (Hungarians) were minorities in their were minorities in their own land.own land.

these facts tell you?

Balkan Balkan Nationalism vs. Nationalism vs. Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire

A complex web of competing interests A complex web of competing interests contributed to a series of crises and contributed to a series of crises and wars in the Balkans.wars in the Balkans.

Serbia and Greece had won Serbia and Greece had won independence in the early 1800s. independence in the early 1800s. However, there were still many Serbs However, there were still many Serbs and Greeks living in the Balkans under and Greeks living in the Balkans under Ottoman rule. Ottoman rule.

The Ottoman empire was home to other The Ottoman empire was home to other national groups, such as Bulgarians and national groups, such as Bulgarians and Romanians. Romanians.

During the 1800s, various subject During the 1800s, various subject people staged revolts against the people staged revolts against the Ottomans, hoping to set up their own Ottomans, hoping to set up their own independent states. independent states.

European powers stepped in to divide European powers stepped in to divide up Ottoman lands, ignoring the up Ottoman lands, ignoring the nationalist goals of various Balkan nationalist goals of various Balkan peoples. peoples. Created a powder keg ready toCreated a powder keg ready toexplode! The Balkans - 1878explode!

Can you see why there were desires for self-rule? What about today?

Nationalism Threatens Old Nationalism Threatens Old EmpiresEmpires

How did nationalism contribute to the decline How did nationalism contribute to the decline of the Austrian empire?of the Austrian empire?

What were the main characteristics of the Dual What were the main characteristics of the Dual Monarchy?Monarchy?

How did the growth of nationalism affect the How did the growth of nationalism affect the Balkans?Balkans?

What Were Sources of Stress in What Were Sources of Stress in the Muslim World?the Muslim World?

3

By the 1700s, all three Muslim empires were in By the 1700s, all three Muslim empires were in decline.decline.

In the 1700s and early 1800s, reform movements In the 1700s and early 1800s, reform movements sprang up across the Muslim world. Most sprang up across the Muslim world. Most stressed religious piety and strict rules of stressed religious piety and strict rules of behavior. behavior.

The old Muslim empires faced western The old Muslim empires faced western imperialism. imperialism.

The Ottoman EmpireThe Ottoman Empire3

By the early 1800s, the Ottoman empire faced serious challenges.

Ambitious Ambitious pashas,pashas, or provincial rulers, had increased their power.or provincial rulers, had increased their power.As ideas of nationalism spread from Western Europe, internal As ideas of nationalism spread from Western Europe, internal revolts weakened the multiethnic Ottoman empire.revolts weakened the multiethnic Ottoman empire.European states sought to benefit from the weakening of the European states sought to benefit from the weakening of the Ottoman empire by claiming lands under Ottoman control. Ottoman empire by claiming lands under Ottoman control. Attempts at westernization by several Ottoman rulers increased Attempts at westernization by several Ottoman rulers increased tensions. Many officials objected to changes that were inspiredtensions. Many officials objected to changes that were inspired by by foreign cultures. foreign cultures. A reform group called the Young Turks overthrew the sultan. A reform group called the Young Turks overthrew the sultan. Nationalist tensions triggered a brutal genocide of the ArmenianNationalist tensions triggered a brutal genocide of the Armenians, a s, a Christian people in the eastern mountains of the empire.Christian people in the eastern mountains of the empire.

The Modernization of EgyptThe Modernization of Egypt3

Called the “father of modern Egypt,” Muhammad Ali introduced political and economic reforms. Before he died in 1849, he had set Egypt on the road to becoming a major Middle Eastern power.

During his reign, Muhammad Ali:During his reign, Muhammad Ali:improved tax collectionimproved tax collectionreorganized the landholding systemreorganized the landholding systembacked large irrigation projects to increase farm output backed large irrigation projects to increase farm output expanded cotton production and encouraged local industry, expanded cotton production and encouraged local industry, thereby increasing Egyptian participation in world trade thereby increasing Egyptian participation in world trade brought in western military experts to modernize the armybrought in western military experts to modernize the armyconquered Arabia, Syria, and Sudan conquered Arabia, Syria, and Sudan

European Challenges to the European Challenges to the Muslim WorldMuslim World

3

What were sources of stress in the Muslim What were sources of stress in the Muslim world?world?

What problems did the Ottoman empire face?What problems did the Ottoman empire face?

How did Egypt seek to modernize?How did Egypt seek to modernize?