Nationalism Triumphs in Europe

Chapter 10

Nationalist Revolution-Introduction• Enlightenment ideas + nationalism create

revolution• Nationalism-1. The belief that people’s greatest loyalty

should not be to a king or empire but to a nation of people who share common culture and history.

2. Pride or feeling of superiority in one’s countryRevolution-1. The overthrow of one government and its

replacement with another 2. Many territories revolt against empires

Nationalists• Along with different political groups

Nationalism emerges in Europe.• People wanted to create their own

Nation State and separate from empire control.

• Nation states would include people that share the same culture, history, language and geographic space

• Most nationalists were from the liberal groups in Europe.

Europe faces Revolutions• Nationalism will cause some countries to

revolt and separate from empires and monarchies.

• Nationalism will cause other territories in Europe to unite into a new country. (Examples-Italy, Germany)

• So what’s the point?A: Nationalism helps shape the modern world

by influencing revolutions and new countries.

Section 1

Building a German Empire

Unification of Germany

• Germany was the last of the great European powers to achieve complete political unity.

• In 1815, 39 independent German states existed. By 1871, however, the German states–excluding Austria and Switzerland– had united into a single nation

Unification of Germany• The Congress of Vienna had created

the German Confederation in 1815 as a buffer against possible future French expansion.

• The German Confederation loosely tied together the numerous German states with a diet, or assembly, sitting at Frankfurt

Unification of GermanyConfederation of German states.

Territories are not yet combined into one united Germany.

Unification of Germany

• People looked to Prussia to help unite Germany.

• Wilhelm I came to power in Prussia• Wilhelm I appointed Otto Von Bismarck

as Prime Minister.• Both leaders believed in a strong

government and military to unite German states under Prussian control.

He became prime minister in 1862, then rose to Otto Von Bismarck.Bismarck was determined to unite Germany under Prussian rule and used a policy of “blood and iron” to do so.Realpolitik- politics based on needs of the state.

Otto Von Bismarck

Unification of Germany• 1871 William I became Kaiser or emperor of

German states

Wilhelm IOtto Von Bismarck

Unification of Germany

• Bismarck used wars to achieve unification of Germany.

Wars that helped to unite Germany• 7 Weeks War -Prussia vs. Austria• Franco Prussian War-Prussia vs. France• War against Denmark

Leaders in many German states urged William I of Prussia to take the title

Kaiser (emporer).

•German nationalists celebrated the beginning of the second Reich, the second German empire after the Holy Roman Empire.-Germany independent by 1871

• Bismarck wrote a constitution and set up a two-house legislature. However, real power remained with the emperor and chancellor.

Skip Section 2

Section 3Unifying Italy

1861 Unification of Italy

• Before the 1800’s Italy was broken into small city states headed by monarchs

• People spoke the same languages but had not been united since the Roman Empire

• Groups of people ( Giuseppe Mazzini’s Young Italy Group)come together unite Italian states (nationalism)

• Unification would bring together cultural barriers, transportation barriers and language barriers.

Nationalism leads to a united Italy

• Nationalism leads to a united Italy: Desire for a politically united

country caused Italians to overthrow Austrian rule.

Nationalists look to Sardinia as a unifying force

Fighting starts and many people overthrow their rulers in city states and unite with Sardinia to become the nation of Italy.

• By 1861 Victor Emanuel II was crowned king of Italy

Cavour

Garibaldi

Victor Emanuel II

Why do you think Italian unification was difficult?

Section 4Nationalism Threatens Old Empires-

Austrian and Ottoman Empires

Nationalism in Austria-Hungary• Austrian empire contained more than 11

different national groups.• Austrian Empire included much of Balkan

region. Austrian Empire lacked national and cultural unity.

• Revolutionary movements started to spread in the Austrian Empire because the different Nationalist movements were influenced by France’s democratic Revolution in 1848.

Hapsburgs Decline• The ruling family in Austria

were the Hapsburgs. They were the oldest ruling family in Europe

• Austria started to industrialize and had many social problems-overcrowded cities and unhappy people in poor working conditions

• __________________ groups were growing

Revolution in Austrian Empire• Different nationalist groups

were fighting within Austrian Empire for their own nationality's purpose.

• Example-Hungarian nationalists revolted from the Austrian Empire. The Austrian Empire crushed revolt but decided to make the Austrian Empire into Austria-Hungary_.

• Result-Austria-Hungary established.

Powder Keg in the Balkans• Different slavic nationalist groups in the

Balkans wanted political independence.• Fighting among nationalist groups

threatened the unity of Austria-Hungary and would end up being the spark that set off WWI.

• See page 345• Result-the Austrian Empire becomes

weak during the late 1800’s.

Ottoman Empire Collapses• The ottoman Empire also collapsed during the

1800’s.• The Ottomans were forced to grant equal

citizenship to all people under their rule by the British and French. European countries did not like the idea of Muslims controlling Christian people in Europe.

• Ottomans slowly lost territory and by 1918 the empire was gone

• The Ottoman Empire became what is present day Turkey.

Section 5Reform and Reaction in Russia

Nationalism in Russia 1800’s Russian Empire stretched from Europe to the

Pacific Ocean. Russian Empire included many nationalities and over 60

different languages Oppressive autocratic government (1 person ruler) Russia enacts reform in order to industrialize (ends serfdom and this frees up workers for industry) Large working class grew unhappy with working and

living conditions Growth of Radical movements to get rid of the old type

of government under the czar. The people rebel against the Czar’s policy of Russification

Russification• Making the citizens Russian

through forced language, education and religion

Result of Nationalism in Russia

• Separate groups have their own ideas of how Russia should be governed making up several different nationalist groups

• Many radical movements and attempts for revolt. Example-Poland

• Russia’s government was filled with reaction and upheaval during the late 1800’s into the 1900’s.

Nationalism in Russia

• One radical group that looked after the working class were the Bolsheviks.

• Bolsheviks were led by Vladimir Lenin and his ideas were based on Karl Marx teachings. ( this group would eventually overthrow the czar, lead the Russian Revolution, and establish communism in Russia.)

Nationalism

Divide

Italy Germany

City state of Sardinia led unification

Leaders-

Leaders-

SpanishFrenchPortugueseBritishEmpires

Austrian Empire

Russian Empire

OttomanEmpire

Nation States Formed

Nation States Formed

Nation States Formed

Nation States Formed

Empires

• Ottoman http://www.uncp.edu/home/rwb/Ottoman_map.jpg

• Austrianhttp://encarta.msn.com/media_461520427_761579967_-1_1/Austria-Hungary.html