Native Americans of Georgia What was the Influence of Native Americans on the History and Development of Georgia

Native Americans of GeorgiaNative Americans of Georgia

What was the Influence of Native What was the Influence of Native Americans on the History and Americans on the History and

Development of GeorgiaDevelopment of Georgia

Where Did They Come From?Where Did They Come From?

Where did the people to be Where did the people to be called “Native Americans” called “Native Americans” come from?come from?

Scientists believe that they Scientists believe that they came from Asia and came from Asia and crossed the Bering Straits crossed the Bering Straits during the last ice age. during the last ice age. Massive glaciers removed Massive glaciers removed so much water from the so much water from the seas that a “land bridge” seas that a “land bridge” between the Asian and between the Asian and North American continents North American continents appeared. appeared.

www.americanindian.net/ links7.html

http://www.americanindian.net/links7.html

http://www.americanindian.net/links7.html

Prehistoric Indians of GeorgiaPrehistoric Indians of Georgia

There were four time periods of Indian life in There were four time periods of Indian life in prehistoric Georgia:prehistoric Georgia:

Paleo Period – 10,000 BC to 8000 BCPaleo Period – 10,000 BC to 8000 BC Archaic Period – 8000 BC to 1000 BCArchaic Period – 8000 BC to 1000 BC Woodland Period – 1000 BC to 1000 ADWoodland Period – 1000 BC to 1000 AD Mississippian Period – 1000 to 1600 ADMississippian Period – 1000 to 1600 AD

Paleo IndiansPaleo Indians10,000 B.C. to 8000 B. C10,000 B.C. to 8000 B. C..

http://www.cr.nps.gov/seac/ssteller.htm

Weapons of the Paleo IndiansWeapons of the Paleo Indians

Made from antlers and rocksMade from antlers and rocks

Knives, spearheads, and axesKnives, spearheads, and axes

Used cane or tree trunks for shaftsUsed cane or tree trunks for shafts

Clovis Points were the earliest known spear Clovis Points were the earliest known spear points of the Paleo Indianspoints of the Paleo Indians

Clovis PointClovis Point

These points were These points were made from flint rocks made from flint rocks using a technique using a technique called ‘flint knapping”.called ‘flint knapping”.

This point is about 2 ½ This point is about 2 ½ inches long. inches long.

http://www.stlcc.edu/fv/users/mfuller/martens/Pottery.html

Clovis Spear PointsClovis Spear Points

These are other examples These are other examples of Clovis Points. of Clovis Points.

Notice that the back of Notice that the back of several are plain.several are plain.

Later Paleo Indians began Later Paleo Indians began to notch the ends of the to notch the ends of the points to better tie them to points to better tie them to their spears.their spears.

http://www.150.si.edu/150trav/remember/r112a.htm

Paleo Food SourcesPaleo Food Sources

Primarily ate fruit and berriesPrimarily ate fruit and berries

Hunted large game such as the mammath, Hunted large game such as the mammath, the mastodon, giant bison, giant sloths, and the mastodon, giant bison, giant sloths, and other large mammals.other large mammals.

They hunted in groups and had to get very They hunted in groups and had to get very close to their game in order to kill it (they close to their game in order to kill it (they were using spears, see picture on page 43). were using spears, see picture on page 43).

Wooly MammothsWooly Mammoths

Over 9 feet tall at the Over 9 feet tall at the shouldershoulder

Over 15 feet long from Over 15 feet long from tusk to tailtusk to tail

The longest tusks The longest tusks found were over 17 found were over 17 feet in length.feet in length.

Heavier than the Heavier than the mastadons.mastadons.

http://www.unmuseum.org/mastodon.htm

MastodonMastodon

Stood from 6 to 9 feet Stood from 6 to 9 feet tall at the shoulder.tall at the shoulder.

Were up to 15 feet Were up to 15 feet long from tusk to tail.long from tusk to tail.

Weighed from 4 to 6 Weighed from 4 to 6 tons.tons.

Evolved from the Evolved from the wooly mammoth.wooly mammoth.

http://www.museum.state.il.us/exhibits/larson/mammut.html

Paleo Indians Attacking a MammothPaleo Indians Attacking a Mammoth

Mammoths could weight 8,000 Mammoths could weight 8,000 to 10,000 pounds.to 10,000 pounds.

The spears used by the Paleo The spears used by the Paleo Indians were crude weapons, Indians were crude weapons, the men had to get very close to the men had to get very close to their game to kill it. They risk their game to kill it. They risk injury or death trying to kill one injury or death trying to kill one of these beasts.of these beasts.

If injured, there were no doctors If injured, there were no doctors or hospitals.or hospitals.

http://www.crt.state.la.us/crt/ocd/arch/laprehis/paleo.htm

Ground SlothGround Sloth

The giant sloths weighed The giant sloths weighed about 100 pounds.about 100 pounds.

They became extinct about They became extinct about 10,000 years ago.10,000 years ago.

Hunting pressure and Hunting pressure and environmental changes environmental changes due to climate changes.due to climate changes.

http://www.museum.state.il.us/exhibits/larson/sloth.html

Giant Sloth Claw and ToothGiant Sloth Claw and Tooth

http://www.museum.state.il.us/exhibits/larson/mgjf_bones.html

Giant BisonGiant Bison

They were about twice as They were about twice as big as our modern day big as our modern day buffalo.buffalo.

Their horns could be Their horns could be seven feet from tip to tip seven feet from tip to tip (modern buffalo will reach (modern buffalo will reach about 2 feet).about 2 feet).

They may have weighed They may have weighed as much as 4,000 pounds.as much as 4,000 pounds.

http://www.sd4history.com/Unit1/giantbison.htm

Shelter of the Paleo IndiansShelter of the Paleo Indians

Paleo Indians were Paleo Indians were nomadic, they moved from nomadic, they moved from place to place, following place to place, following animals they killed for animals they killed for food.food.

They did not build They did not build permanent houses, but permanent houses, but rather lived in shallow pits rather lived in shallow pits or crude shelters covered or crude shelters covered with animal skins or tree with animal skins or tree bark.bark.

http://www.cabrillo.cc.ca.us/~crsmith/anth7_paleo.html

Religion and the Paleo IndianReligion and the Paleo Indian

There is only limited evidence of religious There is only limited evidence of religious practices of the Paleo Indians living in Georgia.practices of the Paleo Indians living in Georgia.

Two skeletons were found buried with several Two skeletons were found buried with several artifacts and covered with a red powder.artifacts and covered with a red powder.

This suggested that they practiced some form of This suggested that they practiced some form of burial ceremony.burial ceremony.

Lifestyle of the Paleo IndiansLifestyle of the Paleo Indians

They lived in small family groups, usually no more than 20 They lived in small family groups, usually no more than 20 to 30 people per group.to 30 people per group.

The family groups were small because they could not get The family groups were small because they could not get enough food (animals they killed plus nuts and berries they enough food (animals they killed plus nuts and berries they gathered) to support larger numbers.gathered) to support larger numbers.

They usually only lived to be 30 to 40 years old due to They usually only lived to be 30 to 40 years old due to disease and accidental death (for example - being stepped disease and accidental death (for example - being stepped on by a mastodon).on by a mastodon).




Archaic Period IndiansArchaic Period Indians8000 B.C. to 1000 B.C.8000 B.C. to 1000 B.C.

About 7000 B.C. the climate began to About 7000 B.C. the climate began to change. Large mammals such as the change. Large mammals such as the mammoth, mastodon, giant sloth, and giant mammoth, mastodon, giant sloth, and giant bison died out.bison died out.

A new tradition of Native Americans, known A new tradition of Native Americans, known as the Archaic Indians adapted to the as the Archaic Indians adapted to the warming climate of Georgia. warming climate of Georgia.

Archaic Weapons and ToolsArchaic Weapons and Tools

Archaic points were more Archaic points were more defined and often had a barb on defined and often had a barb on the end. This helped hold the the end. This helped hold the point on the spear shaft.point on the spear shaft.

An axe head and two grinding An axe head and two grinding stones.stones.

The axe was not just used as a The axe was not just used as a weapon but also used to cut weapon but also used to cut down trees, hollow out holes for down trees, hollow out holes for storage, etc.storage, etc.


Weapons/Hunting Tools, Archaic Weapons/Hunting Tools, Archaic PeriodPeriod

The atlatl became the The atlatl became the weapon of choice for the weapon of choice for the Archaic Period Indians.Archaic Period Indians.

They still used spears to They still used spears to kill their game, but since kill their game, but since the large mammals had the large mammals had disappeared, the spear disappeared, the spear was not as effective as a was not as effective as a hunting tool.hunting tool.

Atlatl (pronounced – (at/lat/l)Atlatl (pronounced – (at/lat/l)

An atlatl was a stick about two An atlatl was a stick about two feet long with a notch on the feet long with a notch on the back.back.

It would throw a spear about six It would throw a spear about six feet long.feet long.

The spear could be thrown The spear could be thrown accurately about 100 yards (the accurately about 100 yards (the length of a football field).length of a football field).

The world record distance is The world record distance is over 700 feet.over 700 feet.


Animals Hunted by Archaic IndiansAnimals Hunted by Archaic Indians

http://www.bcadventure.com/adventure/wilderness/animals/raccoon.htm

www.bearbiology.com/bbdesc.html http://www.esf.edu/pubprog/brochure/turkey/turkey.htm

http://www.bowhunting.net/Scouting/default.htm

Archaic IndiansArchaic Indians

Small villages of people living together Small villages of people living together was possible because they used more was possible because they used more variety in their diet, eating more variety in their diet, eating more vegetables.vegetables.

They also ate shellfish and used barbed They also ate shellfish and used barbed hooks to catch fish. Huge piles of shells hooks to catch fish. Huge piles of shells (called middens) were found in coastal (called middens) were found in coastal areas, for example, the midden at areas, for example, the midden at Stallings, GA is 1,500’ long, 500’ wide Stallings, GA is 1,500’ long, 500’ wide and 6’ to 12’ thick. and 6’ to 12’ thick.

Grinding stones and large storage pits Grinding stones and large storage pits for food were common.for food were common.

They would burn areas of the woods so They would burn areas of the woods so new plants would grow, attracting wild new plants would grow, attracting wild animals which they used for food.animals which they used for food. http://archive.ncsa.uiuc.edu/Cyberia/RiverWeb/History/Cahokia/archaic/settle.html

Archaic Indian PotteryArchaic Indian Pottery

The first use of pottery The first use of pottery was found at the end of was found at the end of the Archaic Period.the Archaic Period.

Pottery allowed the people Pottery allowed the people to store food, cook with to store food, cook with oils, and water.oils, and water.

Primitive markings and Primitive markings and symbols were used to symbols were used to decorate the outside of decorate the outside of some pottery pieces.some pottery pieces.

http://www.cr.nps.gov/seac/outline/04- /

Evidence of Religion – Archaic Evidence of Religion – Archaic IndiansIndians

There is evidence that the Archaic Indians There is evidence that the Archaic Indians believed in life after death.believed in life after death.

They buried tools, weapons, body They buried tools, weapons, body ornaments and food with the dead person.ornaments and food with the dead person.

Lifestyles of the Archaic IndiansLifestyles of the Archaic Indians

They were the first to make fiber They were the first to make fiber tempered pottery.tempered pottery.

They decorated their pottery They decorated their pottery with simple designs.with simple designs.

There is evidence that they There is evidence that they were primitive mound builders.were primitive mound builders.

There is evidence that they There is evidence that they traded with other native traded with other native peoples.peoples.

They moved in limited areas, They moved in limited areas, often spending a lifetime within often spending a lifetime within a small area.a small area.

They moved seasonally rather They moved seasonally rather than following their food than following their food animals.animals.

They invented new ways of They invented new ways of hunting and fishing, using hunting and fishing, using barbed fishhooks and fish traps.barbed fishhooks and fish traps.

Woodland and Mississippian Woodland and Mississippian Indian CulturesIndian Cultures

ContinueContinue




Woodland/Mississippian FoodsWoodland/Mississippian Foods

http://free-stock-photos.com/food/beans.htmlhttp://www.funnytummy.com/posters_asst_vegetables.html

•http://www.cr.nps.gov/seac/woodland.htm

Woodland Period ShelterWoodland Period Shelter Sometimes referred to as Sometimes referred to as

“longhouses” these were often “longhouses” these were often permanent locations.permanent locations.

Covered with tree bark or often Covered with tree bark or often animal skins.animal skins.

In the later part of the period In the later part of the period they also used “wattle and they also used “wattle and daub” constructed houses.daub” constructed houses.

Wattle and daub houses were Wattle and daub houses were constructed from interwoven constructed from interwoven sticks and twigs and covered sticks and twigs and covered with mud and allowed to dry.with mud and allowed to dry.

http://www.germantown.k12.il.us/html/homes.html

Woodland Indians SheltersWoodland Indians Shelters

Woodland Indians began to Woodland Indians began to build permanent settlements. build permanent settlements.

They began to use horticulture They began to use horticulture with their corps, they would with their corps, they would harvest grains, beans, and harvest grains, beans, and squash/gourds to carry into the squash/gourds to carry into the winter months.winter months.

They would burn off areas in the They would burn off areas in the forest so that the new growth forest so that the new growth that appeared in the spring that appeared in the spring would attract small game.would attract small game.

http://archive.ncsa.uiuc.edu/Cyberia/RiverWeb/History/Cahokia/woodland/settle.html

Woodland Period PotteryWoodland Period Pottery

Woodland Indian pottery was Woodland Indian pottery was more useful, they had not yet more useful, they had not yet learned to color their works.learned to color their works.

The early Woodland pottery did The early Woodland pottery did exhibit markings and designsexhibit markings and designs

The pottery was fiber tempered The pottery was fiber tempered to begin with but later shells and to begin with but later shells and grit and sand were used to add grit and sand were used to add strength to the temper.strength to the temper.

http://archive.ncsa.uiuc.edu/Cyberia/RiverWeb/History/Cahokia/woodland/tech.html

Late Woodland PotteryLate Woodland Pottery

The late Archaic Period The late Archaic Period Indians made fiber Indians made fiber tempered pottery using tempered pottery using Spanish moss and other Spanish moss and other plant fibers.plant fibers.

The Woodland Indians The Woodland Indians began using grit and shells began using grit and shells in the tempering of their in the tempering of their pottery, making it much pottery, making it much more durable and able to more durable and able to withstand higher cooking withstand higher cooking temperatures. temperatures.

http://www.cr.nps.gov/seac/outline/04-woodland/index-3.htm

Making a Bow and ArrowMaking a Bow and Arrow

They would select the branch of They would select the branch of a tree that was fairly straight a tree that was fairly straight and strip the bark from it.and strip the bark from it.

The Indians shaped a piece of The Indians shaped a piece of flint into an arrow head using a flint into an arrow head using a process called “knapping”.process called “knapping”.

They would attach the stone They would attach the stone point to the branch and then put point to the branch and then put feathers on the other end feathers on the other end (fletching) to give the arrow (fletching) to give the arrow stability in flight.stability in flight.

http://www.virtualmuseum.ca/Exhibitions/Traditions/English/archery_02.html

Making a Bow and ArrowMaking a Bow and Arrow

A long straight tree limb was A long straight tree limb was selected, stripped of its bark, selected, stripped of its bark, and allowed to dry.and allowed to dry.

They would then string the bow.They would then string the bow.

Each bow was made to fit the Each bow was made to fit the person using it, according to the person using it, according to the “draw” of the bow – how hard it “draw” of the bow – how hard it was to pull it back. A smaller was to pull it back. A smaller person would need a bow with a person would need a bow with a lighter draw than a larger lighter draw than a larger person.person.

http://www.virtualmuseum.ca/Exhibitions/Traditions/English/archery_02.html

Woodland Stone PointsWoodland Stone Points

The Woodland Indians The Woodland Indians developed the bow and developed the bow and arrow. It replaced the arrow. It replaced the spear and atlatl as the spear and atlatl as the primary hunting weapon.primary hunting weapon.

The stone points for the The stone points for the arrows were much smaller arrows were much smaller in order to fit and allow the in order to fit and allow the arrow to fly straight and arrow to fly straight and far.far.

http://www.cr.nps.gov/seac/outline/04-woodland/




Mississippian Period WarriorMississippian Period Warrior

The Mississippian warrior presented The Mississippian warrior presented a very interesting figure.a very interesting figure.

Notice the tattos on his body, meant Notice the tattos on his body, meant to scare his opponents.to scare his opponents.

The bow and arrow became the The bow and arrow became the weapon of choice, it was accurate weapon of choice, it was accurate and could kill at great distances.and could kill at great distances.

The warrior would carry 15 to 20 The warrior would carry 15 to 20 arrows in a quaver on his back. arrows in a quaver on his back.

He could fire about 4 to 5 arrows He could fire about 4 to 5 arrows per minute in a battle situation.per minute in a battle situation.

Mississippian Village/MoundsMississippian Village/Mounds The Mississippian Period The Mississippian Period

Indians were prolific mound Indians were prolific mound builders.builders.

The mounds were generally The mounds were generally used for worship or for an used for worship or for an elevated area for the chief-priest elevated area for the chief-priest to live on.to live on.

When the chief-priest died they When the chief-priest died they would burn his house down and would burn his house down and often bury him under the ashes.often bury him under the ashes.

The next chief-priest would then The next chief-priest would then build his house on the site, build his house on the site, above the former house.above the former house.

http://www.mississippian-artifacts.com/html/main.html

Mississippian Indian VillageMississippian Indian Village

Mississippian Indians became Mississippian Indians became permanent residents of the permanent residents of the areas. areas.

Warm climate and longer Warm climate and longer growing seasons made growing seasons made permanent settlements possible.permanent settlements possible.

Mississippian Indian villages Mississippian Indian villages were often surrounded by logs were often surrounded by logs and a moat on the outside.and a moat on the outside.

Notice how the houses had mud Notice how the houses had mud covered walls and thatch roofs.covered walls and thatch roofs.

http://www.cr.nps.gov/seac/outline/05-mississippian/index.htm

Mississippian Period PotteryMississippian Period Pottery

The Mississippian Indians made The Mississippian Indians made beautiful pottery and ceremonial beautiful pottery and ceremonial and decorative pieces.and decorative pieces.

They used grit and shell They used grit and shell tempered materials that were tempered materials that were much more durable and able to much more durable and able to withstand greater heat.withstand greater heat.

They not only drew intricate They not only drew intricate figures but also used coloring figures but also used coloring such as ochre colored clays to such as ochre colored clays to decorate them.decorate them.

http://ngeorgia.com/history/early.html

Mounds and Indian Religious Mounds and Indian Religious BeliefsBeliefs

Both Woodland Indians and Both Woodland Indians and Mississippian Indians believed Mississippian Indians believed in life after death.in life after death.

This was demonstrated by the This was demonstrated by the great mounds they built.great mounds they built.

The effigy mound at Rock Eagle The effigy mound at Rock Eagle and the seven mounds built and the seven mounds built near the present city of near the present city of Cartersville are examples of Cartersville are examples of their skills.their skills.

http://roadsidegeorgia.com/site/rock_eagle.html

http://ngeorgia.com/history/early.html

One of the Etowah Mounds Found One of the Etowah Mounds Found at Cartersville, Georgiaat Cartersville, Georgia

http://ngeorgia.com/parks/etowah.html

Late Mississippian IndiansLate Mississippian Indians

Mississippian Indians developed highly structured Mississippian Indians developed highly structured societies, taking care of their elderly and those unable to societies, taking care of their elderly and those unable to care for themselves.care for themselves.

They traded with other Indian cultures from Arkansas, They traded with other Indian cultures from Arkansas, Kentucky, and other distant states.Kentucky, and other distant states.

These were the Indians that Hernando de Soto These were the Indians that Hernando de Soto encountered when he began to explore Georgia in 1540.encountered when he began to explore Georgia in 1540.

These Mississippian Indians were to become the Creek These Mississippian Indians were to become the Creek and Cherokee Indian tribes that played such an influential and Cherokee Indian tribes that played such an influential role in the development of Georgia history.role in the development of Georgia history.

That’s All Folks That’s All Folks

Mississippian IndiansMississippian Indians

http://www.cabrillo.cc.ca.us/~crsmith/anth7_formative.html

Mississippian Indian VillageMississippian Indian Village

This was an earlier This was an earlier Mississippian Indian Mississippian Indian village.village.

http://www.cr.nps.gov/seac/outline/05-mississippian/index.htm

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Native Americans of Georgia What was the Influence of Native Americans on the History and Development of Georgia